独立主格结构
一、概念
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是一种特殊的结构，前一部分是名词或主格代词（作为逻辑主语），后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式和分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 在句中做状语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子其它部分分开。它有以下几个特点：
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
3. 做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语、伴随状语等时候，通常可转换成状语从句或并列句。
二、独立主格结构的三种类型：
（一）非谓语动词独立主格结构
逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
分词作状语,当其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。用名词(代词)+现在分词时，名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。此时的
现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。
a) Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.
如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
b) He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
c) Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground.
他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。(表示一般情况的状态或动作)
2. 名词(代词)+ 过去分词
名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 表示被动意义或完成意义。
a) She walked along hurriedly, her purse held tightly in her hand.
她急匆匆地往前走，手里紧攥着钱包。
b) The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大改善，他们工作得更起劲了。
3. 名词(代词)+ 不定式
名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的动宾或主谓关系，表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。
a) So much work to do, we have no time to play.
要做的事儿太多，我们没时间玩。
b) The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。（二）无动词独立主格结构
逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)
1. 名词(代词)+ 名词
a) His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
b) Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
2. 名词(代词)+(being)+形容词
a) The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．
特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
b) Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
3. 名词(代词)+ (being)+副词
a) Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
b) He pulled on his socks in a hurry, wrong side out.
他匆忙中竟将袜子穿反了。
4. 名词(代词)+ 介词短语
a) A robber burst into the room, a knife in his hand.
=A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
b) Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．
每天下午，一位背着一大捆柴火的老妇都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
（三）with/without + 复合结构
英语中只有两个介词后可跟复合结构，即with和without。“介词with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构即是with或without复合结构，亦称“with结构”。宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。在句中常做状语，也可做定语。上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种构成形式都能用在此结构中，也就是说，几乎所有的独立主格结构前都可加with/without，即：
with/without +名词/代词+现在分词／过去分词／不定式／形容词／副词／介词短语
1.with/without＋名词／代词＋现在分词。用现在分词表示主
动、正在进行或发生的动作。
a) The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
b) The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
c) Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.
2. with/without 名词／代词+ 过去分词。用过去分词表示被
动或已完成的动作。
a) Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
b) The boy was crying, with his toy broken.
3. with/without＋名词／代词＋不定式。用不定式表示将要发
生的动作。
a) The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
b) He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
4. with/without＋名词／代词＋形容词。
a) Don’t sleep with the window open.
b) With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
5. with/without+名词／代词＋副词。
a) With her sister out，she had to stay at home alone.
b) The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
6. with/without+名词／代词＋介词短语。
a) He stood at the door，with a computer in his hand.
b) A girl with a necklace around her neck got on the bus.
三、综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构
1. 不定式与过去分词
a) The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
有这么多的事情要处理, 经理看上去很着急。
（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）
b) The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词形式settled表示动作已经结束）
2. 现在分词与过去分词
a) The food being cooked, Helen was watching TV.
海伦一边做饭，一边看电视。
（两个动作同时进行）
b) The food cooked, Helen went out.
饭做好了，海伦出去了。
（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，海伦才出去的）
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
1.作时间状语
a) The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．
= With the governor pondering the matter , more strikers gathered across his path．
= When the governor was pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．
总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
b) My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．
= With my shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．
=After my shoes was removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩
在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
c) Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
= With night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. = When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
2.作原因状语
a) Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.（紧
张的）
= With thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.
=Because thousands of eyes were fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.
b) It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
c) There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
= Because there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了
3.作方式或伴随状语或补充说明
head.
= He was lying on the grass, with his hands crossed under his head.
= He was lying on the grass, and his hands were crossed under his head.
他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
b) He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
= He was listening attentively in class with his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
c) Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
= Close to the bank I saw deep pools with the water blue like the sky.
= Close to the bank I saw deep pools, and the water was blue like the sky.
靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。
4.作条件状语
a) My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
=With my health allowing, I will work far into the night.
=If my health allows, I will work far into the night.
如果健康允许，我将工作到深夜。
b) Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
= With many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。c) Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.
= With everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.
= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.
如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
5.作定语
a) Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.
=Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.
b) The old man, with thick glasses on his nose, is a pianist. = The old man, who wears thick glasses on his nose, is a pianist.
这位带深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。
提醒：with/without复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立
主格结构则不可。
五、独立主格结构的几点注意
1. 在表示方式的独立主格结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，为了使句子简洁,往往将“逻辑主语+介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略，with 复合结构无此用法。
a) The guard stood by the door, (a) gun in (his) hand.
= The guard stood by the door, with a gun in his hand.
警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。
b) She came in, (a) smile on (her) face.
她进来了，脸上带着笑。
2. 有些独立主格结构中没有分词，仅在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语的词或词组，省去的分词一般是being 或having been，这是为了简练。但是独立主格结构中的being 在下列三种情况下一般不能省略：一是在“There being + 名词”结构中；二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下;三是在“being+过去分词”结构中。
a) Breakfast (being) over, he went to school.
b) There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
c) It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
d) The room being painted now, we can't go there.
3. 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用过去分词，不及物动词用现在分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4. 在with/without 复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
(With) his homework done, Peter went out to play.
Without any game to play, the boy looked upset.
5. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing （假设），等等。
a) Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
b) Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率
地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。
a) To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。
b) To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
6. 独立主格结构与分词作状语的异同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
a) If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
b) When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching 短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）
六、独立主格结构和其他句式的结合
1. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _________ invited
to his wedding.
A. whom
B. them
C. which
D. who
【陷阱】容易误选A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在invited 前加上助动词were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A
(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ carried out in their work.
A. which
B. them
C. what
D. that
(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ were carried out in their work.
A. which
B. them
C. what
D. that
(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _________ were carried out in their work.
A. which
B. them
C. what
D. that
2. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the
park, _________ parents seated together joking.
A. their
B. whose
C. which
D. that
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。
(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents were seated together joking.
A. their
B. whose
C. which
D. that
(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _________ parents were seated together joking.
A. their
B. whose
C. which
D. that
(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the
park, _________ parents sitting together joking.
A. their
B. whose
C. which
D. that
(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sat together joking.
A. their
B. whose
C. which
D. that
(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were sitting together joking.
A. their
B. whose
C. which
D. that
七、精选练习
（一）高考试题精选
1. With a lot of difficult problems _______, the
newly-elected president is having a hard time.
( 上海02春季)
A. settled
B. settling
C. to settle
D. being settled
2. _______ the production up by 60 %, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET 2000)
A. As
B. For
C. With
D. Through
3. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back. (MET91, 22)
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
4. _______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004北京卷，33)
A. With
B. Besides
C. As for
D. Because of
5. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _______. (2005年北京卷34)
A. going on
B. goes on
C. went on
D. to go on
6. I send you 100 dollars, the rest _______ in a year.（2005湖南卷34）
A. follow
B. followed。
C. to follow
D. being followed
7. _______ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor's help to end her life. (2005/江西)
A. Having given up hope of cure
B. With no hope for cure
C. There being hope for cure
D. In the hope of cure
8. The children went home from the grammar school, their
lessons _______ for the day. （2007重庆）
A. finishing
B. finished
C. had finished
D. were finished
9. The country has already sent up three unmanned
spacecrafts, the most recent _______ at the end of last March.
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
10. With no one to __________ in such a frightening
situation, she felt very helpless．(2006年陕西卷)
A. turn to
B. turn on C．turn off D. turn over
11. You have no idea how she finished the relay race __
her foot wounded so much.(2008福建)
A. for
B. when
C. with
D. while
12. The old couple often take a walk after supper in the
park with their pet dog___ them. (2012辽宁卷)
A. to follow
B. following
C. followed
D. follows
13. ---Come on, please give me some ideas about the
project
---Sorry. With so much work ____ my mind, I almost
break down.(2007福建)
A. filled
B. filling
C. to fill
D. being filled
14. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work
___ , he gladly accepted it. （2007 安徽）
A. finished
B. finishing
C. having finished
D. was finished
15. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table
already ____ for a meal to be cooked.（2010山东）
A. laid
B. laying
C. to lay
D. being laid
16. at the door before you enter the room,
please.
A. Knock
B. Knocking
C. Knocked
D. To knock
17. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some
a life span of around 20 years. （201 1浙江卷,3）
A. having B had C. have D. to have （二）模拟演练
1. of danger in the street at night, she had to go home with a friend her. （2011浙江学军中学第一次月考）
A. Warned; accompanied
B. Having warned; accompanying
C. Warning; accompanying
D. Having been warned; accompanying
2. , the sun was rising in the east. （2011·浙江学
军中学第一次月考）
A. Arriving there
B. We arriving there
C. Having arrived there
D. We arrived there
3. All things _________, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. （2011·湖南雅礼中学第一次月考）
A. consideration
B. considering
C. considered
D. are considered
4. To test eggs, them in a bowl of water; if they float
they’re bad, if they sink they are good. （2011·福建福州三中第一次月考）
A．put B．putting C．to put D．to be putting 5. With tiny shops all the streets, the city of Cairo arouses tourists' interest in shopping here. (2011 山东实验中学一模)
A. line
B. lined with
C. lining
D. line along
6. to a top high school, as many parents believe, will guarantee their children a good opportunity.
A. Admitted
B. Admitting
C. Being admitted
D. Having been admitted
7. With all the novels he was interested in ___, he left the
library and went back to his dorm. (2011 湖北黄冈模拟)
A. borrowed
B. borrowing
英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5．名词（或代词）+ 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点 一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如： Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
语法重点：独立主格结构。 1. 原文再现。 This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. 2. 独立主格结构定义。 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词) 或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 3. 独立主格结构用法。 A．用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 B. 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 C. 用作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 D. 用作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。 E. 表示补充说明 .We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. .我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 4. 独立主格结构形式。 A. 一般独立主格形式，与主句逻辑关系松散 形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词 B.名词/主格代词+现在分词，名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。 The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
独立主格结构 一、概述 独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点： （1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。 （2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 （3）主要用于书面语。 （4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 （5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行） 名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 ①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件) ②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间) 注意： （1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。 例如： The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。 （2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep. 当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。 2.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成） 名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。 ①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间) ②Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因) ③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours. 若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件） ④He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) . 他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式） 注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop. 工作完成以后，他离开了车间。 3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来含义） (1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用 主动形式。 ①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义） ②He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets). 他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）
独立主格结构小结 一．独立主格结构含义 独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的形式 独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。 1）名词／代词＋形容词 I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry． 我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。 He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open． 月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。 2）名词／代词＋现在分词 Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。 3）名词／代词＋过去分词 More time given，we should have done it much better． 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。 The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。 4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式 Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month． 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 5）名词／代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 6）名词／代词十副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away． 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。 Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking． 午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。 7）名词／代词＋名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon． 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8）There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
例题整理 1. 历年真题 1) The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars______ the most important of these. （1994年第57题） A. have been B. are C. being D. are being 【译文】这个国家的主要出口物有煤、汽车和棉制品, 其中汽车是最重要的一种。【答案】C 【解析】前半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故先排除选项A、选项B与选项D。 再根据句子分析，独立主格结构相当于条件状语从句，故选C。 2) _____no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. (1996年第51题) A. there was B. since C. being D. there being 【译文】因为没有事情需要警惕，老人回到他的卧室里。 【答案】D 【解析】后半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故先排除选项A。选项B不合语法规则，故排除。独立主格结构相当于条件状语从句，表原因。故选D。 - 3) There___ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. （2000年第45题） A. to be B. to have been C. Being D. be 【译文】由于没有什么可讨论的，会议提早半个小时就结束了。 【答案】C 【解析】后半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故排除选项D；第一部分的意思应该是There being nothing more for discussion= Because there was nothing more for discussion,独立主格结构相当于原因状语从句。故选择C。 4) Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop. （2003年第51题） A. is B. been C. be D. being 【译文】农业是这个国家主要的经济来源，到目前为止小麦是最重要的谷类作物。【答案】D 【解析】根据结构，主句已经完整，故排除选项A与C；选项在句子中作状语，因此需要一个非谓语动词构成独立主格结构，故选项D being正确。 5) Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled. （2003年第58题） A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D. permits 【译文】如果时间允许的话，庆祝活动将会如期举行。 @ 【答案】B 【解析】后半句为主句，且已经完整，故排除选项A、选项C与选项D，第一部分的意思应该是Time permitting=If time permits,独立主格结构相当于条 件状语从句。因此只能选择选项B。 2. 模拟题： 1) All the investigations______ before the deadline, the staff decided to have a party as a celebration.
独立主格结构 (要点精讲) 一、总述 1．什么是独立主格结构？ 短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。当句子的主语不能够作这些短语的逻辑主语时就需要给它们加上一个逻辑主语（名词或代词），这种“名词、代词＋短语”的结构就叫做独立主格结构。如： The rain beginning to fall, we took a taxi.雨开始下了，我们坐出租车。 She ran to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬。 2．功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语，相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、方式或补充说明等。这类结构多用于书面语中。如： (1)作时间状语 Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. =When everyone was ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。 (2)作条件状语 Weather permitting, we will go swimming tomorrow. =If weather permits, we will go swimming tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天会去游泳。 (3)作原因状语 The boy being late, his teacher was very angry. =As the boy was late, his teacher was very angry. 因为这个男孩迟到了，他的老师非常生气。 (4)作伴随状语 The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. =The boy lay on the grass, and his eyes were looking at the sky. 那个男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。 (5)表补充说明 All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. =All this time, they were fast asleep, and all of them knew nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 3．特点 (1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)此结构中没有谓语动词，而前面的名词或代词在意思上是后面部分的主语（逻辑主语），后面部分在意思上是前面的名词或代词的谓语（逻辑谓语）。 如： He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk有自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） =When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost）
独立主格结构练习一 1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 8. _____, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _____. A. opened B. open C. opening D to open 10. ____, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_____. A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点
1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构
英语：独立主格结构精讲精练 I. 独立主格结构的基本概念 由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。 II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能 独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。 1、名词或代词主格+ 分词 ①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。 ②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。 2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词 ①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 ② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧! 3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式 The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。 4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语 ① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。 ② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。 5、名词或代词主格+ 副词 ① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 ② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。 ① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为: Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。 ②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为: Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。 2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。