郑州航空工业管理学院
英文翻译
2012届机械设计制造及其在自动化专业1006962班级
姓名郝振兴学号100696208
指导教师贺红霞职称教授
二О一二年三月十二日
New Trends and Problems in Material Processing Machine
Design Theory
Abstract :
Based on reviewing the historical background, prospecting for the development trend ,analyzing the complicacy and mechanism and summing up some achievements and experiences in scientific research , several new problems and the possible direction of development in material processing technology and machine are proposed ,such as ,producing new concept materials possessing some specific and extraovdinary properties by means of integrating and coalescing conelative frontier science and technology ;and thereafter a brief discussion is given.
Keywords: interface; extraordinary physical field; procession machine ; function material
1The Time Background of Material Processing Machine In the long span of history of human progress ,many tools ,machines and methods were created and a variety of materials with different properties were processed. Materials and its processing have become one of pillar and driving force of mankind progress. In pace with multi - polar competition in current world and people’s striving perseveringly for happier life ,material function goes beyond unceasingly men’s knowledge and imagination ,for example ,cryptic function material ,semiconductor material ,energy material ,vibration - absorptive material , super - strength aluminum alloy accounting for 70 percent of application of aeronautics and space ,metal foil of 4～5μm ,deep drawing plate with anisotropy below 1 percent ,electronic aluminum foil with micro - orientation up to 95 percent ,heat resisting aluminum alloy with super strong specific strength used in aeronautics ,space and deep sea ,etc. Thus several important development trends with distinct time features in material processing domain are shaped up as follows :
(1) Creating material processing machine with extraordinary physical field for processing material with special texture structures and functions. For example ,applications of thermal energy and mechanical energy are breaking through unceasingly technology limit ,and some non - tradition energy ,such as microwave ,chemical energy , bioenergy , etc. , are introduced into material processing procedure one after another ,so that some material processing machines with extraordinary energy circumstance are produced.
(2) Breaking through traditional physical limits and integrating melting ,solidifying ,plastic deformation and heat treatment to obtain special function of material and cut down expenses[3 ] . For example ,near - net shaping material processing technology , such as fast rolling , spraying deposition ,over - plastic molding , injection molding , high energy beam ,etc ,is applied.
(3) Material processing process is forged ahead in the direction of high speed ,heavy - duty and high accuracy online control ,for instance , the rolling speed goes up to 130 m·s - 1 ,the deformation pressure rises up to 300 MPa ,accuracy of dimension up to 0.1μm ,accuracy of shape up to 0. 1 I ,strength accuracy comes up to 0.1 MPa. For these reasons ,it is necessary for material processing machine design theory to integrate and coalesce ingeniously correlative frontier science and technology to create and produce some new concept material processing machine with following functions.
2Due Functions of New Concept Material Processing Machine
(1) To have the ability to produce and bear extraordinary physical field and transmit extraordinary energy flow with the aim of providing extraordinary physical circumstances necessary for new concept material processing. For example ,high gradient temperature field with the speed of cool - down of work interface which exceeds 104～106 K·s - 1 , line wave and pulse complex exerted in solidifying - deforming area , super - strength contact stress field of material forming interface ,turbulent flow field of molten metal with very big flakiness ratio ,low frequency magnetic field with random frequency ,microwave field for powder metal heating ,ultrasonic field for large volume solidifying ,etc. [4 ] ,are applied.
(2) To have the ability to work in critical state so that high stability and ideal performance of processing machine is ensured under the circumstance of reinforced technological condition and multi - field coupling operation. For example ,chatter suppressing capability of fast ultra - thin rolling under the condition of boundary lubricating state[5 ] ,the capability of self - excited vibration suppressing under the condition of special friction state ,synergism stability and disturbance stability of flexible connecting parallel shaft with multi - driving system ,etc. [4 ] ,are ensured.
(3) To have the ability to accurately control the material processing in order to obtain low loss ,high efficiency and high quality of material processing. For example , super - high accuracy on - line monitor of products form ,on –line monitor and on - line adjustment of products texture and properties ,precision coordination control of multi - procedure , on - line monitor of micro - orientation of metal plastic deformation ,etc. [4 ] ,are ensured. Some products accuracy index may be enumerated as follows : dimensional accuracy coming to 0.1μm , microstructure uniformity to crystal lattice ,strength error to 0.1 MPa ,etc.
[4 ]In short ,only by new concept material processing machine with extraordinary function being designed and made , can special function material be processed.
3Science Problems and Study Contents of Metal Material Processing Machine
Under the Circumstance of Extraordinary Physical Field
In view of these facts and background mentioned above ,several new research topics can be advanced as follows.
3. 1 Coupling Heat Transfer Mechanism of Multi - Phase Interface
Temperature - Stress Field
A brand - new microstructure can be obtained through continuously large deformation and fast solidifying when melting metal is in critical state of liquid solid. At this very moment ,high density heat flow and dynamic heat resistance are present in material processing circumstance .
A basic theory problem of designing this kind of machine is to study mechanism of heat transmittance and energy conversion ,and to establish mathematical model .
3. 2 Friction Constraint Mechanism of Plastic Flow Interface of
Material Processing Machine
The coupling between operation mechanism and workpiece is very complicated because plastic flow is present in processing interface. The interface state , determined by velocity , load thermodynamic process , elasticity of operation mechanism ,plasticity of workpiece ,dynamic behaviour of interface sticking - sliding and partial hydrodynamic lubrication ,etc ,affect and form friction constraints mechanism peculiar to material processing machine ,because these constraints present strong non - linearity ;and under certain circumstances ,the constraints may be destroyed or mismatched instantaneously and thus dynamic instability is resulted in. Thus following problems can be put forward : Mechanism of “spectre chatter”arose from sticking - sliding friction and partial hydrodynamic lubrication in rolling interface , instability condition and mechanism of constraint between smooth surface and rotating body under the circumstance of high speed ,heavy - duty and boundary lubrication , Lubrication film absorption mechanism and physical chemistry behaviour of interface of unceasingly regenerative surface ,the relationship between rheological characteristic and machine operation parameters.
3. 3 Multi - Body Non - Linear Contact Mechanism Under the
Condition of Extra - High Pressure Field
To build the super strength pressure field on large area is one of basic function of material processing machine , and it is also necessary to
form by once large - size structure element (such as spacecraft , intercontinental vehicles ,car and large - scale aeroplane etc) . The ability to build super strong pressure field is one of important feature and the base of independent national defense. Under the circumstance of super strength pressure field ,multi - body strong nonhertz contact and non - linear friction will be produced ,thus local permanent deformation and degrading of element accuracy may be led. New theory foundation of design of machine with super strength pressure field will be furnished through study of multi - body strong non - hertz contact mechanism , multi - body non - linear friction mechanism (such as providing force - displacement mixed solving process of three - dimension multi - body) . 3. 4 Load Distribution Law in Multi - Sliding Pair With Structure
Bias Load
With regard to statically indeterminate structure ,load distribution of constraint point is determined by deformation compatibility condition. However ,concerning some plane large - size statically indeterminate structure with sliding degree of freedom in third dimension ,load distribution can not be determined by deformation compatibility condition. Thus new theory basis will be provided by analyzing of contact behaviour and mechanism of sliding pair (such as creep ,force of friction ,integral deformation compatibility condition ,etc) .
3. 5 Coupling Mechanism and Stability of Multi - Physical Fields in
Material Processing Systems
In the wake of system function becoming more and more diversified , conventional technology limits in material processing machine is being broke through unceasingly ,system structure also becomes increasingly complicated ,and system performance becomes increasingly multi - causal . For example ,any instantaneous state of roller in fast rolling mills is affected by elastic deformation ,plastic flow ,heat transfer process , hydro - dynamic lubrication process ,interface physical chemistry molecular state and so on . In addition ,electromechanical coupling in processing system have already gone beyond conventional concept ,for instance ,some singular point phenomenon (such as micro - variable can be transformed into macro - variable) ,are present ,thus roller operation instability may be led by perturbation[8 ] . Therefore ,this subject will study the interaction mechanism of multi - physical field and the influence on processing system stability and processing material quality started with analysis of micro - state of executive body.
3. 6 Multi - Technology Integration and Coalescence of Accurate
Control
The material processing machine ,which operate under the circumstance of extraordinary physical field ,is a complicated large - scale system ,and some parameters of the system vary on feasible field boundary ;thereby ,to keep under accurate control and adjustment of multi field circumstance ,multi - dimension coordination ,multi - energy conversion , multi - level information transfer ,interface multi - process coupling ,etc. is of much significance. Since a variety of multi - interaction exists in control model ,it is necessary to establish integration framework of coordination work according to decoupling of control model ,so as to accurate control based on the multi - technology integration and coalescence is realized.
3. 7 Quasi - Reality Design and Concurrent Design Based on
Knowledge Innovation Systems
Digitalization and visualization of material processing technology will promote immediately the quality of design, operation and control . Therefore optimization of material processing technology and material processing machine by means of realization of virtual simulation of processing procedure through quasi - reality design and concurrent design is one of our pressing study subjects.
3. 8 Mechanical Behavior of Special Function Materials in the
Extraordinary Physical Field
Many key elements and parts in material processing machine are often under the circumstance of super strong force field ,temperature field ,electronic magnetic field and flow field ,and must have the functions of constructing special physical interface. However ,it is difficult for common single - substance material such as metal ,ceramic polymer ,etc. to have both high index of single property and excellent overall quality. Therefore we need to use certain material with new functions for key position[9 ],for instance ,multi - dimension function gradient material with ultrahigh physical property ,multi - dimension function gradient material with intelligence. For these reasons ,it is necessary to study basic law and mechanism of these kind of function material mentioned above ,for instance ,stress (strain) distribution function ,failure mechanism and design criteria of material under the circumstance of extraordinary physical field ,static (dynamic) stiffness and damping ,digitalization design and visualization design of processing system made of gradient function material ,etc ,so that the general
mechanics law of element which is under the circumstance of extraordinary physical field and made of anisotropy multi - dimension gradient function material is obtained. Nowadays ,material processing science and technology is forging rapidly ahead. A forward - looking study aiming at key technology problem of material processing machine will provide theory and technology reserve for manufacturing science and industry of 21st century.
4 Design experience
Graduation design is we learned in the university of technology and the basic courses, all course all professional class after the. This is we have all of the course of the first in-depth comprehensive review of the total, is also our into social work in front of a theory with the practice of training. Therefore, it is in our four year university life holds an important position. Personally, I hope I can pass the graduation design for your future will be engaged in the work of a light training, to exercise his analysis problem, problem-solving ability, for the future of our motherland in the four construction lay a good foundation.
Turn an eye for four weeks of mechanical manufacturing technology and special jig design will be over, the design of curriculum review around the feeling of life as a process of ascension, and in the curriculum design, we constantly see the teaching material, look at reference see material, meet the problem and not understand we analyzed together or ask the teacher for advice and so on to find a useful to our design of data and material, and then will they become our design such as raw material, through this design we've learned a lot of knowledge, and learn to and familiar with the look-up table and check reference book, also mastered proe and CAD related operations, for parts of the process design had a deep understanding and the understanding of fixture design also has an understanding of and know some basic fixture the specific structure parts, such as flap, drill set, mandrels...... . Through the cooperation and team members make process and fixture that I understand cooperation is very important, division of labor cooperation can work better and faster.
In this course design, the teacher gave us valuable reference opinions, let us know how to complete a course design, how to put your things done, thanks to the teacher carefully counselling. And we have more analysis and problem solving ability. In the process, we found that the most lack is the social practice experience, empty have books theory knowledge, no perceptual cognition, often will likely and actual apart. In general, do this kind of design can make the we will have learned knowledge system related to link, which exposed the deficiencies. Also hope we in the later study can into society, make more social practice, in order to improve their ability to adapt to society.
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中文译文：
材料制备机械设计理论中的新趋势和新问题
摘要:
在全面综述材料制备机械技术及设备发展动态的基础上,提出了研究领域的几个新问题和发展方向,如通过集成和融合现代相关前沿科学和技术，生产具有超常和特殊性能的新概念材料等,并进行了简要分析和讨论.
关键词:界面;超常物理场;制备机械;功能材料
1 机械材料加工的时代背景
在人类进步的一段长时间范围内，许多工具、机械和方法被提出来；不同的原料用不同的工具来加工。原料及其处理过程已经变成了推动人类进步不可缺的一部份。在当前世界中日益激烈的竞争和人们追求幸福生活的今天，物质的功能已经远远超出了人类现有的并不断增长的知识及想象。例如：神秘原料功能，半导体材料，原料能量有吸力的材料，在航空领域中占有70%份额的强力铝合金4~5um的薄金属片，用各向异性深冲压金属板在1%以下；电子铝箔与强耐热铝合金已经被应用到航空、宇宙及深海领域中，等等；在原料加工加工领域中不同的时间段里，材料重要发展趋势就这样形成了：
（1）在特殊的物理领域里制造原料加工机械，是为了能有特殊的质地结构和辅助性的加工功能。例如：运用热能和机械能能够突破科学技术的极限，将一些不常用的能量，例如：微波、化学能、生物能等等，一个接一个的被引入到材料加工中来，因此一些加工特殊能量原材料的加工设备就被制造出来了。
（2）突破传统的物质限制，将溶化、凝固、造型一体化，然后加热得到具有特殊功能的原料，这样就可以降低加工费用。例如：材料加工整形技术，比如像快速翻滚，喷雾处理、塑胶成型、喷射造型法、高能量射束等等被应用。
（3）原料加工处理正在向高速、重载和高精度在线控制方向上迈进。例如：轧制速度达到130m/s，压力变形已达到300MPa，尺寸精度达到了0.1um，成型精度已达到0.1i；浓度精度已达到0.1MPa。由于这些原因，原料加工机械设备设计理论将科学与技术相关联的领域有机的结合起来设计生产一中新概念材料加工设备是可能的。
2 对于新概念材料加工设备的期望功能
（1）要有能力生产具有特殊物质的领域；能传送那些对于新概念材料加工在特定的物质环境下是非常必要的特殊能流。例如：在高温环境下能使那些高温波或者脉冲以超过104~106K/s的速度冷却下来；将外表面的凝固、变形合成一体，然后在将超强接触面应力重新组合成新的分界面；融化的大金属薄片的湍流；随机的低频率磁场用于金属末加热的微波、用于大量凝固的超声波等等都已经被应用了。
（2）有能力在临界状态下工作，因此高稳定性和理想性能的处理设备是在加强技术条件和室外操作的保证。例如：禁止在润滑状态下边界上的摇晃；在特有的摩擦状态下的抗震能力；有韧性的连接管的合力稳定性和干扰稳定性与轴相比更易驱动系统。
（3）有能力精确的控制原料加工而获得低损耗、高功率、高性能的原料加工。例如：精确的在线监测产品成型；在线监测和在线调整产品品质和器具还有在线控制金属、塑胶成型的程序。产品的精确度指数可以列举如下：宏观上精确度可达到0.1um，微观上的晶状体结构非常均匀，浓度误差在0.1MPa 。简而言之，拥有特别功能的新概念原料加工设备应该被设计和生产出来。这样的话，那些特别性能的原料就能被处理加工了。
3 在特殊的物理领域和环境下金属材料加工设备的问题和
需要学习的内容
由于这些原因和以上提到的背景，如下的一些新的研究主题应该被改进：
3.1 连接传热装置和温度应力场的相界面
当融化金属处于液体和固体的临界状态时通过连续的变形和快速凝固，一种全新的微观结构可以被获得。在这个非常时刻，高浓度的热流和动态的热阻力在材料加工处理中成了主要事项。关于设计这个设备的基本理论问题是要学习核心传动系统合能量转化和建立数学模型。
3.2 材料加工设备表面粘流摩擦力的抑制
操作装置和工件的连接是相当复杂的因为粘流阻挡了加工表面界面态由周转速度、热力学处理工作量、操作装置的弹性、工件的可塑性、滑性界面的动态行为、局部水力的润滑油等等来决定。它们影响着材料加工设备抗摩擦装置的成型。因为它们会会强制其产生很大的非线性，这种强制会在瞬间被损坏或者是失谐，最后会导致动态不稳定性。因此提出了以下的问题：机械装置的噪声可能在晃动的界面引起滑动摩擦、不稳定状态；在高速、重载和边界润滑状态下在光滑表面和旋转式喷灌器之间的装置抑制。润滑油薄膜吸收装置和不断再生的表面的物理化学行为；流变学的特征和操作参数之间的关系。
3.3 在高压场条件下非线性接触式机械装置
在大范围内组建一个超强力压力场是材料加工设备的一个基本功能。当然形成一个大结构的元素也是可能的（例如太空船、大陆洲际间的交通工具、汽车、飞机）。组建一个超强压力场是最重要的特征之一，也是保卫国家独立最基本的装备。在强压力场环境下，接触式和非线性摩擦将会产生；因此将会导致局部的永久的变形和不好的因素。在强压力场下设计过程中，将会涉及到设备的设计新理论，例如：非接触式、非线性摩擦机构。
3.4 负荷分配规律
关于超静定结构，抑制点的负荷分配规律由相容性条件决定。虽然，关于那些大尺寸的、不定的、静止的结构在真实空间中是自由变化的，但负荷分配规律是不能决定相容性条件。因此新的基础理论由分析接触行为和变形装置获得（例如：摩擦力、变形相容性条件，等等）。
3.5 耦合装置和在材料加工系统中物理领域内的稳定性
随着系统的功能越来越多元化；许多限制材料加工进度的传统技术正在不断的被改善；系统结构也逐渐变得越来越复杂，系统性能变得越来越好。例如：钢扎厂的快速瞬间反转受弹性形变、粘流、散热处理、水动力润滑处理的，物理化学分子状态的影响。另外，机电的耦合在处理系统中已经超出了传统的概念；例如，一些奇特的现象（微小的变化可以引起很大的变化）已经出现；因此，滚筒操作的不稳定性可能会导致混乱。所以，这个主题将会在机械装置的物理领域中，在处理系统稳定性的影响和加工助剂质量上被提及和充分关注；
3.6 技术综合和合并精准的控制
在特定的物理条件下进行操作的材料加工设备是一个相当复杂系统，一些系统的参数在领域的边界上也是可以改变的；因此在领域环境下精确的控制与调整，调和尺寸，能量转换，信息传递，界面耦合等等是非常重要的。因为在控制模型中多种交互作用的存在，根据退耦控制模型而建立综合框架是必要的；精确的控制基于综合技术。
3.7 优化的和创新的设计基于创新的知识
材料加工技术能促进产品的设计质量的提高。最优化的材料加工技术和材料加工设备意味着实现实质的仿真通过类似的设计和一致的设计是我们学习的主题。
3.8 在特殊的领域里机械装置的特殊功能和应用
一些重要的元素和部分在材料加工设备中常常在强力场、温度场、电磁场和流场中工作，有建造特别物理界面的功能；虽然对那些普通单一的物质象金属、陶瓷等拥有单一的高指数和卓越的总质量是很困难的。因此我们需要在重要部位采用具有新功能的原料；例如：尺度功能有倾向的材料是想当可贵的。由于这些原因，学习基本法律和以上提到的具有这些功能的机械装置；例如：强调分配功能、破坏机理和在特定领域中的设计标准，静态（动态）的硬度和阻尼，模糊设计和明朗设计处理系统构成了有斜度的材料，等等。
今天，材料加工科学和技术正在快速的向前发展；把学习的目标瞄准材料加工设备的技术问题将会为21世纪的制造业提供技术支持。
4 设计心得
毕业设计是在我们学完了大学的全部基础课、技术基础课以及全部专业课之后进行的。这是我们对所学各课程的一次深入的综合性的总复习，也是我们在走进社会工作岗位前的一次理论联系实际的训练。因此，它在我们四年的大学生活中占有重要的地位。就我个人而言，我希望能通过这次毕业设计对自己未来将从事的工作进行一次适应性训练，从中锻炼自己分析问题，解决问题的能力，为今后参加祖国的“四化”建设打下一个良好的基础。
转眼间4周的机械制造技术和专用夹具的设计就结束了,周围的课程设计审查对生活的感悟作为一个提升的过程,并在课程设计,会不断地看到教材,看参考书看资料,遇到问题却不明白我们一起分析或向老师请教等找到一个有用的与我们的设计数据和资料,然后他们会成为我们的设计为原料,通过这种设计我们学到了很多的知识,学习并熟悉与查表,检查参考书,也掌握了证明和CAD相关的操作,因为部分工艺设计有着深刻的认识和理解的夹具设计也有了一定的了解,知道一些基本的夹具的具体结构部件,如皮瓣,钻套,顶头……。通过合作和团队成员及夹具,使过程中我了解合作是非常重要的,分工合作可以工作更快更好。
在这个课程设计,老师给我们提供了宝贵的参考意见,让我们知道如何完成的课程设计,如何把你的事情,多亏老师的精心辅导。和我们有了更多的分析和解决问题的能力。在这个过程中,我们发现最缺乏的是社会实践经验,空虚有书籍理论知识,没有感性的认知,往往会有可能和实际分开。一般来说,这种设计可以使我们会学会知识体系相关链接,这暴露了不足之处。也希望我们在以后的学习可以进入社会,使更多的社会实践活动,为了提高自己的能力,以适应社会。
参考文献
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外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作
ZigBee：无线技术，低功耗传感器网络 加里莱格 美国东部时间2004年5月6日上午12:00 技师（工程师）们在发掘无线传感器的潜在应用方面从未感到任何困难。例如，在家庭安全系统方面，无线传感器相对于有线传感器更易安装。而在有线传感器的装置通常占无线传感器安装的费用80%的工业环境方面同样正确（适用）。而且相比于有线传感器的不切实际甚至是不肯能而言，无线传感器更具应用性。虽然，无线传感器需要消耗更多能量，也就是说所需电池的数量会随之增加或改变过于频繁。再加上对无线传感器由空气传送的数据可靠性的怀疑论，所以无线传感器看起来并不是那么吸引人。 一个低功率无线技术被称为ZigBee，它是无线传感器方程重写，但是。一个安全的网络技术，对最近通过的IEEE 802.15.4无线标准（图1）的顶部游戏机，ZigBee的承诺，把无线传感器的一切从工厂自动化系统到家庭安全系统，消费电子产品。与802.15.4的合作下，ZigBee提供具有电池寿命可比普通小型电池的长几年。ZigBee设备预计也便宜，有人估计销售价格最终不到3美元每节点，。由于价格低，他们应该是一个自然适应于在光线如无线交换机，无线自动调温器，烟雾探测器和家用产品。 （图1）
虽然还没有正式的规范的ZigBee存在（由ZigBee联盟是一个贸易集团，批准应该在今年年底），但ZigBee的前景似乎一片光明。技术研究公司 In-Stat/MDR在它所谓的“谨慎进取”的预测中预测，802.15.4节点和芯片销售将从今天基本上为零，增加到2010年的165万台。不是所有这些单位都将与ZigBee结合，但大多数可能会。世界研究公司预测的到2010年射频模块无线传感器出货量4.65亿美量，其中77％是ZigBee的相关。 从某种意义上说，ZigBee的光明前途在很大程度上是由于其较低的数据速率20 kbps到250 kbps的，用于取决于频段频率（图2），比标称1 Mbps的蓝牙和54的802.11g Mbps的Wi - Fi的技术。但ZigBee的不能发送电子邮件和大型文件，如Wi - Fi功能，或文件和音频，蓝牙一样。对于发送传感器的读数，这是典型的数万字节数，高带宽是没有必要，ZigBee的低带宽有助于它实现其目标和鲁棒性的低功耗，低成本。 由于ZigBee应用的是低带宽要求，ZigBee节点大部分时间可以睡眠模式，从而节省电池电源，然后醒来，快速发送数据，回去睡眠模式。而且，由于ZigBee 可以从睡眠模式过渡到15毫秒或更少主动模式下，即使是睡眠节点也可以达到适当的低延迟。有人扳动支持ZigBee的无线光开关，例如，将不会是一个唤醒延迟知道前灯亮起。与此相反，支持蓝牙唤醒延迟通常大约三秒钟。 一个ZigBee的功耗节省很大一部分来自802.15.4无线电技术，它本身是为低功耗设计的。 802.15.4采用DSSS（直接序列扩频）技术，例如，因为（跳频扩频）另类医疗及社会科学院将在保持一样使用它的频率过大的权力同步。 ZigBee节点，使用802.15.4，是几个不同的沟通方式之一，然而，某些方面比别人拥有更多的使用权力。因此，ZigBee的用户不一定能够实现传感器网络上的任何方式选择和他们仍然期望多年的电池寿命是ZigBee的标志。事实
Mechanical engineering 1.The porfile of mechanical engineering Engingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement. 2.The history of mechanical engineering 18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering –separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree
（机械制造行业）机械图 纸英语
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普通钻床改造为多轴钻床 目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高, 但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要, 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过强化自身, 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。 多轴加工应用：据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用 数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。 多轴加工优势：虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个“ 20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要 划线工时151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6 小时，划线也简单，只要1.9 小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30 种箱形与杆形零件的2000 多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。 多轴加工的设备：多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个
AVI 影音文件Audio Video Interleaved 声音图象交叉存取。AVI是一种微软媒体文件格式，类似于MPEG和QuickTime。在AVI中，声音和图象是交叉的存取在一个文件中的每个段的。 ADSL 非对称数字用户线路 非对称数字用户线路。这种DSL叫做非对称DSL，将成为广大家庭和小型商业客户最熟悉的一种DSL。ADSL之所以叫做非对称是因为它的两个双工通道都用来向用户传输数据。仅有很小一部分带宽用来回送用户的信息。然而，大部Internet 特别是富于图形和多媒体Web 数据需要很大的下传带宽，同时用户信息相对比较少，上传的带宽也不要很大。使用ADSL时，下传的速率可以达到6.1 Mbps，而上传速率也可以达到640 Kbps。高的下传速率意味着您的电话可以传输动画，声音和立体图形。另外，一小部分的带宽可以用来传输语音信号，您可以同时打电话而不用再使用第二条电话线。不象电视线路提供的相同的服务，使用ADSL，您不需要和您的邻居争用带宽。有时候，现有的电话线可以使用ADSL，而有时候却要升级，除非电话公司提供了无分离器的ADSL，您就必须安装一个DSL调制解调器。 ASP (Application Services Provider) 应用服务提供商 是指配置、租赁、管理应用解决方案，它是随着外包趋势、软件应用服务和相关业务的发展而逐渐形成的。ASP具有三大特点：首先，ASP向用户提供的服务应用系统本身的所有权属ASP，用户租用服务之后对应用系统拥有使用权；并且，应用系统被集中放置在ASP的IDC（Internet数据服务中心）中，具有充足的带宽、电力和空间保证以及具有专业质量的系统维护服务；ASP定期向用户收取服务费。应用服务提供商将以全新的方式推动应用服务产业的巨大发展。ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) 异步传输模式 这是为满足宽带综合业务数据通信，在分组交换技术的基础上迅速发展起来的通信新技术。可以实现语音、数据、图像、视频等信号的高速传输。 AI (Artificial Intelligent) 人工智能 是计算机科学的一门研究领域。它试图赋予计算机以人类智慧的某些特点，用计算机来模拟人的推理、记忆、学习、创造等智能特征，主要方法是依靠有关知识进行逻辑推理，特别是利用经验性知识对不完全确定的事实进行的精确性推理。 AD 网上广告 指一则按规定象素尺寸或字节数设定的标语或图像，通常是以动画表现的。 Baseband 基带 在该方式中，电压脉冲直接加到电缆，并且使用电缆的整个信号频率范围。基带与宽带传输相比较，宽带传输中，来自多条信道的无线信号调制到不同的“载波”频率上，带宽被划分为不同信道，每信道上的频率范围一定。LocalTalk及以太网都是基带网络，一次仅传输一个信号，电缆上信号电平的改变表示数字值0或者1。使用电缆的整个带宽建立起两个系统间的通信对话，然后两个系统轮流传送。在此期间，共享电缆的其它系统不能传送。基带传输系统中的直流信号往往由于电阻、电容等因素而衰减。另外马达、荧光灯等电子设备产生的外部电磁干扰也会加快信号的衰减。传输率越高，信号就越容易被衰减。为此，以太网等建网标准规定了网络电缆类型、电缆屏蔽、电缆距离、传输率以及在大部分环境中提供相对无差错服务的有关细节。 BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子公告板 这是因特网提供的一种信息服务，为用户提供一个公用环境，以使寄存函件，读取通告，参与讨论和交流信息。Bluetooth 蓝牙(一种无线通信的标准) 蓝牙技术涉及一系列软硬件技术、方法和理论，包括：无线通信与网络技术，软件工程、软件可靠性理论，协议的正确性验证、形式化描述和一致性与互联测试技术，嵌入式实时操作系统（Embedded RTOS），跨平台开发和用户界面图形化技术，软/硬件接口技术（如RS232，UART，USB等)，高集成、低功耗芯片技术等。蓝牙的目标是要提供一种通用的无线接口标准，用微波取代传统网络中错综复杂的电缆，在蓝牙设备间实现方便快捷、灵活安全、低成本低功耗的数据和话音通信。因此，其载频选用在全球都可用的2.45GHz ISM（工业、科学、医学）频带。 CA (Certificate Authority）认证中心 是在线交易的监督者和担保人，主要进行电子证书管理、电子贸易伙伴关系建立和确认、密钥管理、为支付系统中的各参与方提供身份认证等。CA类似于现实生活中公证人的角色，具有权威性，是一个普遍可信的第三方。
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
附录1 中文名称：机械加工中心英文名称：machining center 其他名称：自动换刀数控机床 定义：能自动更换工具，对一次装夹的工件进行多工序加工的数控机床。机械加工中心,简称cnc，是由机械设备与数控系统组成的使用于加工复杂形状工件的高效率自动化机床。加工中心又叫电脑锣。加工中心备有刀库，具有自动换刀功能，是对工件一次装夹后进行多工序加工的数控机床。加工中心是高度机电一体化的产品，工件装夹后，数控系统能控制机床按不同工序自动选择、更换刀具、自动对刀、自动改变主轴转速、进给量等，可连续完成钻、镗、铣、铰、攻丝等多种工序，因而大大减少了工件装夹时间、测量和机床调整等辅助工序时间，对加工形状比较复杂，精度要求较高，品种更换频繁的零件具有良好的经济效果。按控制轴数可分为：（1）三轴加工中心 （2）四轴加工中心 （3）五轴加工中心。 项目二机械加工中心设备技术分类加工中心的品种、规格较多，这里仅从结构上对其作一分类。 一、立式加工中心指主轴轴线为垂直状态设置的加工中心。其结构形式多为固定立柱式，工作台为长方形，无分度回转功能，适合加工盘、套、板类零件。一般具有三个直线运动坐标，并可在工作台上安装一个水平轴的数控回转台，用以加工螺旋线零件。立式加工中心装夹工件方便，便于操作，易于观察加工情况，但加工时切屑不易排除，且受立柱高度和换刀装置的限制，不能加工太高的零件。立式加工中心的结构简单，占地面积小，价格相对较低，应用广泛。 二、卧式加工中心指主轴轴线为水平状态设置的加工中心。通常都带有可进行分度回转运动的工作台。卧式加工中心一般都具有三个至五个运动坐标，常见的是三个直线运动坐标加一个回转运动坐标，它能够使工件在一次装夹后完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余四个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类零件。卧式加工中心调试程序及试切时不便观察，加工时不便监视，零件装夹和测量不方便，但加工时排屑容易，对加工有利。与立式加工中心相比，卧式加工中心的结构复杂，占地面积大，价格也较高。
【附录】 英文文献 The Application of one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System Liu Jiangang, Nanyang City, HenanProvince Electric Power Industry Bureau 【ABSTRACT】Spread Spectrum Digital Microwave communication as a communication, because their excellent performance have been widely used. The article in Nanyang City Power Industry Bureau one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System as an example.briefed the spread spectrum communications, the basic concept and characteristics of the power system communication applications .KEYWORDS：one point multiple access; Spread-spectrum communication; Attenuation Nanyang City in the outskirts of Central cloth 35 to 11 kv substation farm terminals, their operation management rights belong to the Council East, Rural Power Company west (the eastern suburb of agricultural management companies -- four, the western suburbs of Rural Power Company Management 7), Scheduling of the various stations of the means of communication to the original M-150 radio and telephone posts. 2002 With the transformation of rural network, the remote station equipment into operation and communication channels to put a higher demand .As PUC Dispatch Communication Building to the east and west of farmers -- the difference between a company linked to fiber, Therefore, if 11 substations and the establishment of a transfer Link Building links Point may be the data and voice were sent to two rural power companies dispatch room, Rural Network scheduling for the implementation of automation to create the necessary conditions. Given the status and power grid substation level, nature, taking into account the carrier and optical-fiber communications to conduct multiple forwarding, increasing the instability factor, considering the cost and conditions of the urban construction, Finally decided to adopt wireless spread-spectrum technology to establish that 11
机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing
关于机械制造的英语文章 Mechanical engineering Engineering Science in life are widely used, especially in mechanical engineering in the application of life is almost throughout life in all its aspects, to automobiles, aircraft, small electric fans, umbrella, all of these and related machinery. The project includes many subjects, but the mechanical engineering is one of the most important subjects, not only because of our life and it is closely related to, but with the progress of the times, people have to rely on mechanical engineering products, in automation today, machine instead of many this is the part of the human labor, improve the efficiency and save time. As a result of mechanical engineering in every aspect of life, therefore, as an engineer, be faced with a great many challenges, in addition to a solid with knowledge, but also keep pace with the times, familiar with the machinery and related software, can be very good use of software, and as a an engineer, we should try our best to design and produce and closely related to the life of the machine, and can in life play a real role, also have
中国地质大学长城学院 本科毕业论文外文资料翻译 系别：工程技术系 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名：郝晓蒂 学号： 05211429 2015年 4 月 3 日
History Of The Snowblower So who did invent the snowblower or snowthrower? We need to begin by qualifying that question since there are a number of answers depending on your interest. Some notable firsts would be: ●The first machine to clear snow by throwing or blowing it ●The first fully mobile snow clearing machine? ●The first domestic walk-behind snow blower The latter is the one people generally think of and have the most interest in. It is also the one that has the most elusive answer. Chapter 1 So where did it all begin? Looking back in time we need to consider where would there be a need to remove snow while having a source of power available? The need and the enabling power were found on the railways of the U.S. snowbelt and in Canada. The earliest documented art belongs to a Toronto dentist known as J/W Elliot. His 1869 patent #390 design was never built. The story next takes us to Orangeville Ontario, Canada where we find Orange Jull, a gristmill operator and inventor. In 1884 he applied for a patent and was subsequently granted patent #18506. Jull did not have the means to build and commercialize his invention so he contracted the local Leslie brothers to build the machines. The Jull/Leslie machines were self powered but not self propelled. A locomotive was used to move the machine. The Jull design consisted of 2 large inline fans rotating in opposite directions. The lead fan chewed into and pulverized the snow while blowing it back into the discharge fan, which propelled it into the sky. Due to clogging problems it was simplified to a single fan. Further changes to effectively control the discharge were made including a movable deflector and pitching impeller blades. Production was moved to the Cook locomotive works in several locations. Additional machines were built under license. Finally 5 machines were "home built" by end users with the last one finished in 1971. In all 146 were built. Later work consisted of fortifying the design to deal with the hazards of the unknown. Tracks were often blocked with fallen trees and other debris that were concealed in the snow. Legend has it that in one case a herd of cattle were trapped and buried under the snow on the rail bed. As the rotary snowplow progressed forward beefsteaks were flying. They remained in production into the 1950s and a few are still in service today. Many survive as museum pieces with an occasional demonstration. Following his collaboration with the Leslie Brothers Orange Jull went on to create a next generation machine. This design utilized a screw auger to collect the snow. It was not as effective,