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材料科学与工程专业英语匡少平课后翻译答案

材料科学与工程专业英语匡少平课后翻译答案
材料科学与工程专业英语匡少平课后翻译答案

Alloy合金applied force作用力amorphous materials不定形材料artificial materials人工材料biomaterials生物材料biological synthesis生物合成biocompatibility生物相容性brittle failure脆性破坏carbon nanotub e碳纳米管carboxylic acid羟酸critical stress临近应力dielectric constant介电常数clay minera l粘土矿物cross-sectional area横截面积critical shear stress临界剪切应力critical length临界长度curing agent固化剂dynamic or cyclic loading动态循环负载linear coefficient of themal expansio n 性膨胀系数

electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射electrodeposition电极沉积nonlocalizedelectrons游离电子electron beam lithography电子束光刻elasticity弹性系数electrostation adsorption静电吸附elastic modulus弹性模量elastic deformation弹性形变elastomer 弹性体engineering strain工程应变crystallization结晶fiber-optic光纤维Ethylene oxide环氧乙烷

fabrication process制造过程glass fiber玻璃纤维glass transition temperature玻璃化转变温度heat capacity热熔Hearing aids 助听器integrated circuit集成电路Interdisplinary交叉学科intimate contact密切接触inert substance惰性材料implant移植individual application个体应用deformation局部形变

mechanical strength机械强度mechanical attrition机械磨损Mechanical properties力学性Materials processing材料加工质mechanical behavior力学行为magnetic permeability磁导率magnetic hybrid technique混合技术induction磁感应mass per unit of volume单位体积质量monomer identity单体种类molecular mass分子量microsphere encapsulation technique微球胶囊技术macroscopical宏观的

naked eye 肉眼nonlocalized nanoengineered materials纳米材料nanostructured materials纳米结构材料nonferrous metal有色金属线nucleic acid核酸nanoscale纳米尺度Nanotechnology纳米技术nanobiotechnology纳米生物技术nanocontact printing 纳米接触印刷

optical property光学性质optoelectronic device光电设备oxidation degradation氧化降解piezoelectric ceramics压电陶瓷Relative density相对密度

stiffnesses刚度sensor传感材料semiconductors半导体specific gravity比重shear剪切Surface tention表面张力self-organization 自组装static loading静载荷stress area应力面积stress-strain curves应力应变曲线sphere radius球半径submicron technique 亚微米技术substrate衬底supramolecalar超分子sol-gel method溶胶凝胶法thermal/electrical conductivity 热/点导率thermoplastic materials热塑性材料Thermosetting plastic热固性塑料thermal motion热运动toughness test韧性试验tension 张力torsion扭曲Tensile Properties拉伸性能Two-dimentional nanostructure二维纳米结构Tissue engineering组织工程transplantation of organs器官移植the service life使用寿命the longitudinal direction纵向the initial length of the materials初始长度the acceleration gravity重力加速度the normal vertical axis垂直轴the surface to volume ratio比表面密度the burgers vector伯格丝矢量the mechanics and dynamics of tissues组织力学和动力学

phase transformation temperature相转变温度plastic deformation塑性形变Pottery陶瓷persistence length余晖长度polymer synthesis聚合物合成Polar monomer记性单体polyelectrolyte高分子电解质pinning point钉扎点plasma etching等离子腐蚀pharmacological acceptability药理接受性pyrolysis高温分解

ultrasonic treatment超射波处理yield strength屈服强度vulcanization硫化

1-1:直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。

It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

1-2:材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。

Materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials and how materials are manufactured.

1-3: 材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构,同时决定了材料的特征和性能。

The materials process decided not only the structure but also the characteristic and performance of the materials.

1-4:材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的变形有关。

Mechanical properties are tied to the deformation to an applied load or force.

2-1:金属元素有许多游离电子,金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, therefore, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.

2-2:许多聚合物材料是有机化合物,并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds and have very long molecular structures.

2-3:半导体材料的电性特征介于导电材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间。Semiconductors have eletrical properties that are intermediated between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulator(viz.ceramics and polymers).

2-4:生物材料不能产生毒性,并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterial must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.

4-1:化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Chemical properties are used to describe how a substance change into a completely different substance.

4-2:相变是一种物理性质,并且物质存在四种相:固相,液相,气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.

4-3:当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子仍然连接在分子链上,从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。At the temperature below the melting point, the polymer start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material.

4-4:在工程应用中,渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms.

13-1:现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。Most commercially important polymers today are synthesized by organic synthetic techniques.

13-2:某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却是相关的单体组成的,例如:聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.

13-3:具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.

13-4:聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合程度来表示,本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。The polymer molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.

14-1:不同化学结构的聚合物具有不同的物理和化学性质。Polymers of different chemical compositions provide great variety in physical and chemical properties.

14-2:热固性塑料成型后,由于不能取消化学过程,因此不能重新再成型。After being shaped, the thermosetting plastic cannot be reshaped owing to the irreversible chemical processes.

14-3:天然橡胶不是一种有用的聚合物,因为它太软了,并且太容易发生化学反应。Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.

14-4:我们可以在聚合物中加入各种不同的化合物,使聚合物具有抗日照和抗氧化降解的性质。Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.

19-1:纳米技术处理具有纳米尺寸的材料,例如纳米结构材料。Nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions of nanometers, i.e. nanostructured materials.

19-2:当材料的尺寸进入纳米量级时,材料就具有其原先材料所不具备的三大效应。If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, the three main effects of the material take place which do no exist in normal materials.

19-3:纳米技术包括纳米电子、纳米机械、纳米材料等技术领域。In the realm of techonology, nanotechnology conclude the nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanomaterials, etc.

19-4:纳米晶体铜的硬度比通常微米级铜要高五倍。The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is 5 times higher than that of common copper in micron level.

纳米药物结晶过程可提高多数难溶性药物的溶解度,因此近年来成为难溶性药物给药系统研究的热点之一。The solubility problem of the most indissoluble drugs could be improved by nano-drug crystallization procedure. 本文综述了纳米药物晶体的制备技术(如沉淀法、分散法、乳化法和微乳化法、超临界流体结晶法等)及其研究进展。Therefore, the fabrication of nano-drug crystals have become one of the major points for drug delivery systems research. Based on recent literatures, this paper reviews the progress of the preparation techniques for nano-drug crystals, such as precipitation method, dispersion method, emulsification and microemulsification supercritical fluid crystallization, etc.

1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。相反,材料工程指的是,在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上,开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。Materials science involve investing the relationship that

2.实际上,固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。Virtually

3.除了结构和性质,材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分:即加工和性能。In addition to structure and

4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术,根据这些原则,他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various

5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此,有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。On only rare

1.金属是电和热的非常好的导体,对可见光不透明,一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽

2.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体,在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面,优于金属和高聚物。Ceramics are typical insulative

3.应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。Materials that are utilized in high-technology

4.响应外加电场,压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩;相反的,当尺寸改变时,压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。Piezoelectric ceramics

5.随着扫面探针显微镜的问世,这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子,使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简

单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。With the advent of scanning probe microscope,which permit

1.物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面,密度比水大时将下沉。类似的,比重小于1的物体将漂浮,比重大于1的物体将下沉。

2.使磁力线相互分开,导致磁通量比真空小,这种材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料;使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。Materials that cause

3.某些铁电材料,特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金,他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。Certain ferromagnrtic materials especially power

4.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时,磁感应强度是空气芯时的μr倍。When a paramagnrtic or ferromagnrtic

1.金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围,和服役期限。The mechanic properties of metal determine

2.因此,为了确定力学性质,一般需要做大量实验,报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。T

3.材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质,同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效,以及在失效发生以前,是否会给出预警信号。The way a materials is loaded greatly

4.但是,承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。However a bar loaded in bending will

5.低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时,材料仅仅发生弹性形变。Elastic deformation only occur in a material

1.虽然聚合物习惯上一般指塑料,术语实际上包含一大类天然和合成材料,这些材料有不同的性质和用途。While polymer in

2.聚合物合成是这样一个过程:将许多被称为单体的小分子连接成以共价键结合的链状物的过程。Polymer synthesis

3.接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成,特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子形状、刷子形状。

4.一些生物型聚合物由许多不同但结构上有联系的单体组成,如多聚核苷酸由核苷亚单体组成。A biological polymer

1.许多合成聚合物具有C-C骨架,这是因为碳原子据有非凡的彼此之间形成稳定强键的能力。A grate many of these synthesis

2.高聚物一般不是具有尖锐熔点的完美结晶体,而是在一定温度范围内软化。Rather than exhibiting a well-defined crystalline

3.依赖于形成条件,分子量可以在相当大范围内分布,也可以紧密围绕在一个平均值附近分布。Depending on the condition

4.Goodyear 偶然发现添加硫磺在橡胶中然后加热混合物可以使橡胶更硬、降低氧化和化学反应的敏感性。

1.大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的,因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。Most biomolecules and other bioentities

2.不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何,纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可以归结为一个简单道理:如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时,物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。Irrespective of the nature of these nano-materials and

3.这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响:例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。This has a considerable influence

4.另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应,已经被用来制作磁存储器件。Another magnetic nanoeffect

5.根据这个方程可知:预置裂纹越小,临界应力越高。From this equation it is evident that

1.生物材料是一种合成材料,它是以一种同活体组织密切接触的方式替换生命系统中的某一部分或者发挥功能的材料。A

2.相反,生理材料是生理系统产生的材料,例如:骨头、皮肤或动脉。By contrast,a biological material

3.如果不被取出来,暂时性植入体也会变成永久性植入体,例如用以固定骨折部位所使用的接骨板,愈合后不取出来的话,就变成了永久性植入体。Sometimes a temporary implant becomes permanent

4.器官移植可以恢复某些功能,这些功能是人造材料所不具备的,或者是天然器官所具备的更好的功能。Transplantiation

5.基于基体组织的科学知识在探索生物材料的研究和发展的各种方法中,具有很大的帮助。Fundamental-based

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英语专业基础英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编21 (总分:40.00,做题时间:90分钟) 一、1 翻译(总题数:20,分数:40.00) 1.cultural industry(分数: 2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 2.open economy(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 3.non-profit organization(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 4.Interior Ministry(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 5.down payment(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 6.IMF(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 7.NATO(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 8.a stock exchange(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 9.The State Council(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 10.Mount Everest(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 11.anti-dumping(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 12.breaking news(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 13.national census(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 14.将下列短文译成汉语。(首都师范大学2010研,考试科目:英语翻译基础)A very large number of people cease when quite young to add anything to a limited stock of judgments. After a certain age, say 25, they consider that their education is finished.(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________ 15.It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happenings as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________ 16.For people who have stopped noticing, the only possible new or renewed experience, and, therefore, new knowledge, is from a work of art. Because that is the only kind of experience which they are prepared to receive on its own terms: they will come out from their shells and expose themselves to music, to a play, to a book, because it is the accepted method of enjoying such things. True, even to plays and books they may bring artistic prejudices which prevent them from seeing that play or comprehending that book. Their artistic sensibilities may be as crusted over as their minds.(分数:2.00) 填空项1:__________________

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1 数学、方程与比例 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. (8)解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形,最后求出它的根,即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 (1)许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. (2)西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术,其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. (3)几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎,他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. (4)数学培养学生的分析问题的能力,使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。

专业英语填空与翻译题

英译中 1.Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar the bar examinations for a lawyer. 工程专业毕业生必须通过考试,就类似于律师要通过职业考试。 2.In the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take course in social sciences. 在工程课程中,当今一个潮流就是要选修社会科学课程 3.The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer. 工程学和社会学的关系变得越来越密切 4.The student who is preparing to become a civil engineer may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying etc. 一个想成为土木工程师的学生,或许需要学习大地测量等课程。 5.young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering.. 年轻的工程师可以选择环境或卫生工程 6.On-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. 在职培训将使主管人了解他将理论运用于实践的能力 7.The civil engineer may work in research, design ,maintenance ,even in sales op management. 土木工程师可以从事研究,设计,养护甚至于销售或管理工作 8.Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. 研究是科研和工程实践中最重要的方面之一 9.As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures practice 正如我们所知,土木工程师可从事有关建筑方面的多种工作 10.Civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads 设计和建设像发射台这样的建筑需要土木工程师的参与 11.Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. 许多土木工程师因此专攻施工方面工作 12.Bridge,tunnels,and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. 在桥梁,隧道,摩天大楼,地下建筑中工作也同样存在危险 13.These great buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics. 这些伟大的建筑物不是数学和物理知识的产物 14.Many of these great buildings built in earlier ages were poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss of life 许多早期的建筑物建筑水平不高,有时甚至会倒塌造成巨大的人员伤亡 15.Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. 土木工程师设计的目的就是使建筑物的结构稳定,所以建筑物伤各方力都必须平衡 16.If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight 一旦梁上面有负载,那么这根梁必须有足够的强度来支撑这个负载 17.Forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction. 建筑物四周的受力必须与反方向的力平衡 18. the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the result of not considering the last of these factors. Tacoma Narrows 桥倒塌是由于没有考虑到这些因素中的最后一个 19. It is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance. 现在的通常作法是按比例缩小的桥梁模型放在风洞里检测它们的空气动力抵抗力 20. Steel and concrete complement each other in another way 钢筋和混凝土可以在另一方面互补 21. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction the opposite of acid. 酸可以腐蚀钢,而混凝土中有一种碱性化学反应,可以中和酸化作用 22. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. 铝制梁已在桥梁建筑及一些建筑的框架中使用 23. Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability and with a lighter weight.

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分: 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

数学专业英语一次函数专题

“数学专业英语一次函数专题”教学设计 1. 教学内容及解析 教学内容:与直角坐标系及一次函数相关的英语文献资料 内容解析:本节内容应从两个方面去考虑. 一方面,从数学知识的角度,本节所涉及的是从平面直角坐标系到一次函数的数学知识,都是学生学过的基础知识及其应用,是对于这些知识的拉练式复习,并作为后面用英语叙述解答相关问题知识基础;另一方面,从语言的角度,学生会接触到大量没有接触过,但他们却很熟悉的英语词汇及短语,主动学习的学生可以在老师的指导下快速理解其含义并加入到自己的知识体系中,但需要花时间巩固,是需要读、写、说来巩固的内容. 这也正是本节的重点和难点所在. 2. 教学目标及解析 教学目标:①能根据已有的数学知识和给出的单词对照表,将给出的相关数学定理及结论的英语版本翻译为中文;②能理解并解答用英语表述的相关数学问题;③能将解决数学问题的过程用英语进行书面表述;④初步了解用英语表达与直角坐标系及一次函数相关数学理论的范式. 目标解析:学生掌握基本词汇,并能阅读与本节内容相关的英语文献,是学习和使用数学专业英语的最基本要求,学生需要在学习的过程中逐渐由接受,即阅读或聆听,逐渐向输出,即书面和口头表达的方向发展. 为达到此目标,学生需要在课前独立完成对于本节需要的单词的学习,并阅读一系列简短的相关数学文献,并在这个过程中初步体会数学专业英语的表达范式;在课堂上,在教师的指导下对自己的认知进一步补充,并进行一定量的练习,暴露自己的问题,在教师的帮助下修正问题,完善认知. 3. 教学问题诊断分析 学生在进行语言表达时,往往受到母语的限制,对于非母语的表达方式的接受能力一时难以习惯,而数学对于表达能力则有更高的要求,要求叙述简洁、逻辑清晰,因此本教学设计强调学生在有相当阅读量的积累后,通过自主练习,逐渐感受用英语表达数学理论的基本范式. 教师在教学过程中的主要任务在于为学生提供合适的学习资料,在学生学习的过程中给予提示与指导,及时指出学生的问题并予以纠正. 对于语言的学习,阅读量的积累是至关重要的,教师在课堂上的讲解、学生在课堂上的练习,都只是学习的一部分环节,如果需要帮助学生正确掌握表达数学理论的范式,尽量不留死角,就必须保证课前预习和课后复习的有效性,预习复习材料的充足性,这对教师的教学资料的积累和学生自主学习能力,都是一个挑战. 4. 教学支持条件分析 学情条件:初二8班是实验班,学生有较强的学习热情和好奇心,也知道课前预习、课上参与学习活动、课后复习的重要性,在曾经的数学课程教学中,也有一定的课前预习,课堂讨论的传统,对于本教学设计的各个环节,是可以理解教师的用意,并遵循教师的指导进行学习活动. 在知识层面上,学生已经系统学习过一次函数相关的知识,课程中提供的学习资料都是学生熟悉的数学知识;学生在英语学习上,已经有多年的积累,对于英语语法的学

大学英语4翻译课文及课后答案,期末考试复习题完形填空15选10翻译十五选十选词填空Unit 6

Unit 6 "Don't ever mark in a book!" Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised. But Mortimer Adler disagrees. He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself. HOW TO MARK A BOOK Mortimer J. Adler You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author. Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had,

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