Ch 2 Overview of Engineering Mechanics
As we look around us we see a world full of ‘things’: machines, devices, tools; things that we have designed, 当我们环顾四周，我们可以看到充满物质的世界：机器，仪器，工具：这些被我设计、建造和使用过built and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from experience that some 的东西：这些东西是由木头，金属，陶瓷和塑料做成。我们从经验可以知道一些东西比别的东things are better than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, look better, or are easier to use.
比别的东西好：他们比较耐用，低成本，安静，看起来好点，或者使用比较简单。
Ideally, however, every such item has been designed according to some set of ‘functional requirements; as 不管怎么样，最理想的是这样一个东西都是被设计者所认为的那样根据某些“使用要求”设计出来的。
perceived by the designers—that is, it has been designed so as to answer the question, ‘Exactly what function
也就是说他的设计是为了回答这些问题，确切的说它应该执行怎么样的功should it perform?’ In the world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of 能？在工程的领域里，最主要的功能是经常支持一些由于重力，惯性，压力等作用产loading due to weight, inertia, pressure etc. From the beams in our homes to the wings of an airplane, there 生的荷载。从我们家里的梁柱要飞机的双翼，这些都是由材料尺寸和must be an appropriate melding of materials, dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will
紧固件适当的组合，从而生产的结构在合理成本和使用周期的基础上可靠的履行它的职责。
perform their functions reliably for a reasonably cost over a reasonable lifetime.
In practice, engineering mechanics methods are used in two quite different ways
:在实践中，工程力学方法用于两种完全不同的方式。
1. The development of any new device requires an interactive, iterative consideration of form, size, materials,
任何新设计的发展要求都在尺寸，材料，荷载，耐久度，安全性和成本等方面进行交互、反复的考虑。loads, durability, safety, and cost.。
2. When a device fails (unexpectedly) it is often necessary to carry out a study to pinpoint the cause of failure
当一个设计以外的失败的时候，必须经常的展开研究去查明失败的原因和确定可能的校正措施。
and to identify potential corrective measures. Our best designs often evolve through a successive elimination of
我们最好的设计是经常通过逐渐的消除缺点来实现的。
weak points.
To many engineers, both of the above processes can prove to be absolutely fascinating and enjoyable, not to 对于许多工程师，上述的过程被证明它是极具吸引力和令人愉悦的，更不用说（有时）是有利可图的。
mention (at times) lucrative.
In any ‘real’ problem there is never sufficient good, useful information; we seldom know the actual loads and 在任何真正的问题当中从未有足够好的，有用的信息，我们很少知道实际的荷载和任何精确的工作条operating conditions with any precision, and the analyses are seldom exact. While our mathematics may
件。并且分析的结构很少是精确的。虽然我们的数学可以很精确，precise, the overall analysis is generally only approximate, and different skilled people can obtain different 所有的分析结果一般仅仅是近似的，和不同掌握技术的人可以获得不同的解决方案。solutions. In the study of engineering mechanics most of the problems will be sufficiently ‘idealized’ to 在工程力学的研究当中，大多数的问题都将被足够的理想化，以便允许得到唯一的答案。permit unique solutions, but it should be clear that the ‘real world’ is far less idealized, and that you usually
但是我们应该清楚意识到“真实的世界”远不是理想化的，你通常不得不执行will have to perform some idealization in order to obtain a solution.
一些理想化以便获得答案。
The technical areas we will consider are frequently called ‘statics’ and ‘strength of materials’, ‘statics’
我们将考虑的技术领域通常叫做“静力学”和“材料力学”。静力学是指力作用于静止物体上的一种referring to the study of forces acting on stationary devices, and ‘strength of materials’ referring to the effects 研究，“材料力学”是指那些力作用在结构上的of those forces on the structure (deformation, loading limits, etc.).
影响（变形，荷载极限等）。
While a great many devices are not, in fact, static, the methods developed here are perfectly applicable to
然而在实际上许多的设备并不是静力学的问题，如果额外的荷载被考虑，这里的研究方法完全适用于dynamic situations if the extra loadings associated with the dynamics are taken into account (we shall briefly 动力学情形，以至于在动力的情况下也被考虑在内（我们应该简单的提一下是怎么样被做到的）mention how this is done). Whenever the dynamic forces are small relative to the static loadings, the system
只要动力学的力相对于静力荷载来说很小，这个系统通常可以考虑为静力学is usually considered to be static.
的问题。
In engineering mechanics, we will begin to appreciate the various types of approximations that are inherent
在工程力学里，我们将开始正确评价各种类型在实际问题中本身就存在的近似方法。
in any real problem:
Primarily, we will be discussing things which are in ‘equilibrium’, i.e., not accelerating. However, if we look 首先，我们将会讨论处于平衡及不产生加速度的物体。然而如果我们看的够仔细，所有东西是运动的。closely enough, everything is accelerating.
We will consider many structural members to ‘weightless’ but they never are.
我们会把一些结构构件考虑成失重，但他们从来都不是。
We will deal with forces that act at a ‘point’—but all forces act over an area.
我们要处理的力作用在一个点上——但是所有的力作用在一个区域上。
We will consider some parts to be ‘rigid’—but all bodies will deform under load.
我们会认为一些结构是刚性的——但是所有的构件都在何在下变形。
We will make many assumptions that clearly are false. But these assumptions should always render the
我们将做很多显然错误的假设。但是这些假设应该总是使得问题更加容易处理。problem easier, more tractable. You will discover that the goal is to made as many simplifying assumptions
你将发觉目标是尽可能的做简单的假设，而没有严重降低结果。
as possible without seriously degrading the result.
Generally there is no clear method to determine how completely, or how precisely, to treat a problem. If our 通常没有明确的方法去可以完美的确定或者精确的处理这个问题。如果我analysis is too simple, we may not get a pertinent answer; if our analysis is too detailed, we may not be able 们的分析结构太过于简单，我们可能得不到正确的答案，如果我们的分析太过于详细，我们可能不能to obtain any answer. It is usually preferable to start with a relatively simple analysis and then add more
或者任何的答案。通常我们更喜欢的是从相对简单的分析开始，然后增加更多的细节以便于得到detail as required to obtain a practical solution.
必须的实际结果。
During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in the availability of computerized
在过去二十年中，在计算机解决问题方法的实用性有了相当大的发展，
methods for solving problems that previously were beyond solution because the tie required to solve them
这些问题以前是不能解决的，因为需要解决他们时间不允许。would have been prohibitive. At the same time the cost of computer capability and use has decreased by
同时计算机的内存能力和使用成本已经降下了许多个数量级。
orders of magnitude. We are experiencing an influx of ‘personal computers; on campus, in the home, and in 我们正在经历个人计算机进入校园，家庭和商场的时代。
business.
Ch 4 Stress Limits in Design
How large can we permit the stresses to be? Or conversely: How large must a part be to withstand a given set 我们能够允许的最大应力是多少？反过来，构件必须要多少才能够承受一组给定的荷载呢？
of loads？what are the overall conditions or limits that will determine the size and material for a part?
将决定构件的尺寸和材料的整体状况或限制条件是什么？
Design limits are based on avoiding failure of the part to perform its desired function. Because different parts 设计极限是基于构件执行设定功能避免遭受失败。因为不同的构件must satisfy different functional requirements, the conditions which limit load-carrying ability may be quite 满足不同的功能要求，极限承载能力的条件在不同的原理可能完全的不同。different for different elements. As an example, compare the design limits for the floor of a house with those
例如，比较房屋楼板的设计极限和那些飞机的双翼。
for the wing of an airplane.
If we were to determine the size of the wooden beams in a home such that they simply did not break, we
如果我们确定了房屋木梁的尺寸，以致他们仅仅不会断掉，我们不会因为他们这样而非常开心；would not be very happy with them; they would be too ‘springy’. Walking across the room would be like
他们太过于有弹性，穿过房间就行走在潜艇夹板上。
walking out on a diving board.
Obviously, we should be concerned with the maximum ‘deflection’ that we, as individuals, find acceptable. 显然我们应该关心我们每个人所能接受的最大挠度。
This level will be rather subjective, and different people will give different answers. In fact, the same people 这个标准是非常主观的，不同的人给出不同的答案。事实上，相同的人给出不同的答案取决于他们may give different answers depending on whether they are paying for the floor or not!
是否会为这个楼板付钱。
An airplane wing structure is clearly different. If you look out an airplane window and watch the wing during 飞机机翼的结构式显然不同。如果你从飞机窗户往外看，你会看到机翼在强对流天气中，你将看到很turbulent weather, you will see large deflections; in fact you may wish that they were smaller. However, you 的挠度。事实上，你会希望他们更小一点。然而你知道最重要的know that the important issue is that of ‘structural integrity’, not deflection.
是结构的整体性而不是挠度。
We want to be assured that the wing will remain intact. We want to be assured that no matter what the pilot 我们想要确保机翼保持完好无缺，我们想要确保无论飞行员做了什么和无论天气是怎么样，双翼也将
and the weather do, that wing will continue to act like a good and proper wing. In fact, we really want to be 继续表现得良好和合适的双翼事实上，我们真的想要assured that the wing will never fail under any conditions. Now that is a pretty tall order; who knows what 确保机翼在任何情况下没有失败。。由于这是非常艰难的任务。谁知道最坏的条the ‘worst’ conditions might be?
件是怎样的呢？
Engineers who are responsible for the design of airplane wing structures must know, with some degree of 那些负责飞机机翼结构设计的工程师一定懂得，一定程度的把握最有certainty, what the ‘worst’ conditions are likely to be. It takes great patience and dedication for many years to 可能的最坏条件是什么。他需要花费许多年的极大耐心和贡献去收集足够assemble enough test data and failure analyses to be able to predict the ‘worst’ case. The general procedure is 的实验数据和失败失败分析，才能够预知“最坏”的情况。一般的程序是研究to develop statistical data which allow us to say how frequently a given condition is likely to be
统计数据让我们解释在特定情况下可能会遇到的频率——每1000小时一次，或者10000小时一次，encountered—once every 1000 hours, or once every 10000 hours, etc.
等等。
As we said earlier, our object is to avoid failure. Suppose, however, that a part has failed in service, and we 就像我们早期所说的，我们的目标是避免失败。假设，然而一部分在使用中失败了，我们就会被问到are asked; Why? ‘Error’ as such can come from three distinctly different sources, any or all of which can “为什么？”“误差”类似的，就会从来自三个截然不同的来源出发，部分或者全部都能导致失败。
cause failure:
1. Error in design: We the designers or the design analysts may have been a bit too optimistic: Maybe we ignored 设计的误差：我们的设计师或者设计分析者有那么一点过于乐观了：也许我们忽视了一些荷载；
some loads; maybe our equations did not apply or were not properly applied; maybe we overestimated the 也许我们的公式不适用或者利用得不当；也许我们高估了使用者的智慧。intelligence of the user; may we slipped a decimal point.
也许我们忽略了一个小数点。
2. Error in manufacture: When a device involves heavily stressed members, the effective strength of the members 制造的误差：当设计涉及到重压力的一部分，这部分的有效应力通过不适当得制造和组装而大大减弱。can be greatly reduced through improper manufacture and assembly: May the wrong material was used; maybe
也许使用了错误的材料；也许
the heat treatment was not as specified; maybe the surface finish was not as good as called for; may a part was
热处理不是和指定的一样；也许表面的完成没有说的那么好；也许有一部分
‘out of tolerance’; may be surface was damaged during machining; maybe the threads were not lubricated at
超出了可承受的范围；也许在制造中损坏了建筑表面；也许螺纹在组装中不够润滑。assembly; or perhaps the bolts were not properly tightened.
或者螺栓没有适当的拉紧。
3. Error in use: As we all know, we can damage almost anything if we try hard enough, and sometimes we do so 使用中的误差：我们都知道，如果我们用力过度的话会损坏所有的东西，和我们有时候是意外的；accidentally: We went too fast; we lost control; we fell asleep; we were not watching the gages; the power went 我们走的太快；我们会失去控制；我们睡着了；我们没有看着计量器；我们精力逐渐减弱，off; the computer crashed; he was taking a coffee break; she forgot to turn the machine off; you failed to lubricate 电脑故障；他真的在喝咖啡休息；他忘记了关掉仪器；你没有给它加润滑it, etc.
剂等。
Any of the above can happen: Nothing is designed perfectly; nothing is made perfectly; and nothing is used 上面提到的都有可能发生：，没有东西设计得是完美的；没有东西被制造的很完美，和没有东西会被perfectly. When failure does occur, and we try to determine the cause, we can usually examine the design; we 使用得很完美，当失败发生的时候，我们我们尝试去确定原因，我们通常做的是检验设计；我们通常can usually examine the failed parts for manufacturing deficiencies; but we cannot usually determine how 检查失灵的部分，为了弥补制造时的缺失，但是我们通常不能决定这些设备怎么样式正确使用（或the device was used (or misused). In serious cases, this can give rise to considerable differences of opinion, 误用). 。在一些严重的示例中，这会引起相当不同的观点，
differences which frequently end in court.
这些不同的观点通常只能在法庭上解决。
In an effort to account for all the above possibilities, we design every part with a safety factor. Simply put, 在努力解决上述可能性的时候，我们要用安全系数来设计每一部分。简单的说，
the safety factor (SF) is the ratio of the load that we think the part can withstand to the load we expect it to 在荷载中安全系数的比例我们认为这个结构可以承受以我们经验预期的荷载。
experience. The safety factor can be applied by increasing the design loads beyond those actually expected, 安全系数应用于超越实际预期而逐渐增加的设计荷载。
or by designing to stress levels below those that the material actually can withstand (frequently called ‘design 或者设计的应力水平低于那些材料实际上可以承受的标准（通常称为“设计应力”
stresses’).
Safety factor=SF=failure load/design load
安全系数=SF=破坏荷载/设计荷载
=failure stress/design stress
=破坏应力/设计应力
It is difficult to determine an appropriate value for the safety factor. In general, we should use larger values 很难确定安全系数的适当值。一般而言，我们应该用更大的值当：when:
1. The possible consequences of failure are high in terms of life or cost.
1.失败的可能结果是高周期和成本为条件。
2. There are large uncertainties in the design analyses.
2.在设计分析里面有很大的不确定性。
Values of SF generally range from a low of about 1.5 to 5 or more. When the incentives to reduce structural 安全系数的数值一般在低约1.5到5或更多之间变动，减少结构重量的奖励措施是很重要的（例如飞weight are great (as in aircraft and spacecraft), there is an obvious conflict. Safety dictates a large SF, while 和太空船），有着很冲突。安全条例规定最大的安全系数，当执行要求最小的数值。
performance requires a small value. The only resolution involves reduction of uncertainty. Because of
唯一的解决方法是减少不确定性。由于特别小心，并在extreme care and diligence in design, test, manufacture, and use, the aircraft industry is able to maintain very 设计、测试、制造和使用中的特别注意，航空工业能够保持非常令人羡慕的安全纪录，然而使用enviable safety records while using safety factors as low as 1.5.
安全因素低至1.5。
We might not that the safety factor is frequently called the ‘ignorance factor’. This is not to imply that
我们常常不把安全系数称作未知因素。但这并不是说工程师无知engineers are ignorant, but to help instill in them humility, caution, and care. An engineer is responsible for
而是帮助他们慢慢灌输谦虚，谨慎和注意。工程师为他的或她的设计决策his or her design decisions, both ethically and legally. Try to learn from the mistakes of others rather than 负责任，，在法律和伦理两方面。尝试从别人的错误中学习而不是你自己本人制造making your own.
错误。
Ch 6 Testing of Materials
The most common test of building materials is the strength test to destruction. This is partly because strength 大部分建筑材料的测试都是强度破坏的测试。部分是因为强度是建筑材is a very important property of a building material, even a material in a ‘non-load-bearing’ part of the
料很重要的性能，，甚至是建筑物中非承重部分的材料，
building; partly because strength tests are comparatively simple to carry out; and partly because they offer a 部分是因为强度测试比较简单的完成，和部分是因为他们提供了其他性能的指导，
guide to other properties, such as durability.
例如耐久性。
The strength of a ductile material such as steel, aluminium, or plastics is usually determined by applying a
延展性材料的强度例如钢筋，铝合金，或者塑料通常是通过拉力荷载说决定的。
tensile load. A compression test is used for brittle materials such as concrete, stone, and brick because their 压应力的测试用来测试脆性材料例如混凝土，石头，和砖，因为他们的抗拉强度很低tensile strength is low and thus harder to measure accurately.
和因而很难准确测量。
The method of testing and the dimensions of the test pieces are laid down in the appropriate standards
测试的方法和试样的尺寸要符合美国材料实验学会、英国标准学会、澳大利亚标准学会等公布的published by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), the British Standards Institution (BSI), the 适当标准。
Standards Association of Australia (SAA), etc.
The size and shape of the test specimen are particularly important for brittle materials because they influence 试验的尺寸和形状对于脆性材料尤其重要，因为他们影响了实验可能会发生的裂缝数量。
the number of flaws that are likely to occur in the test specimen. For concrete tests, the standard American
对于混凝土测试，美国和澳大利亚的and Australian test specimen—a cylinder 150mm (6 in.) in diameter and 300 mm (12 in.) long—gives a
标准试验是——150mm（6in）直径的圆柱和300mm（12in）长——给一个比英国标注更低的试验lower result than the standard British test specimen—a 150-mm cube—because the former contains more ——150mm立方体——因为前者可以容纳更多的混凝土。
concrete.
The speed of testing is also specified. A passage of time is required for both plastic deformation and the
测试的速度也是被指定的。塑性变形和裂缝形成所通过的时间也是被要求的，
formation of cracks, and a faster rate of testing thus gives a higher result.
更快的测试速度从而得出更高的结构。
For tests on concrete and timber, it is necessary to specify moisture content because this affects the strength. 混凝土和木材的测试，指定水的含量是非常有必要的，因为这个影响到他的强度。
A test on a single specimen is unreliable because we do not know whether it is an average test specimen or 单一构件的测试是不可靠的，因为我们不知道他是否是一个均匀的式样或者它是否低于或高于细小whether it has fewer or more than the average number of minute flaws. Standard specifications lay down
裂缝的平均数量。标准规范规定多少构件应该被测how many specimens shall be tested and how they are to be selected.
试和他们要怎么样被选择。
Tests of factory-made materials carried out by the manufacturer are usually accepted by the user of the
在建造商下完成的由工厂制造的材料测试通常被建筑材料使用者所接受除非他们有理由去怀疑他们building material unless he has reason to doubt their veracity. Since concrete is made on the building site or 的准确性。自从混凝土在建筑工地生产或者从预拌制brought from a ready-mix concrete plant, its testing becomes the responsibility of the building contractor.
混凝土工厂带来，它的测试成为了承包商的责任。
This is therefore a more frequent testing activity than that for other materials. Concrete cylinders or cubes are 因此这是比其他材料更常做的测试项目。圆柱形混凝土或立方体混normally tested in a hydraulic press, which may be used exclusively for this purpose. A universal machine
凝土通常用液压机进行测试，这是使用它的唯一目的。基于相同原理的普通for tension, compression, and bending is a more expensive machine based on the same principle.
拉力机，压力机和弯筋机时更加昂贵的机器。；
Timber differs from other building materials in that it is produced from growing trees and is thus more 木材不同于其他建筑材料，因为他产至于生长的树木和因此更加的不确定性。
variable. Cut timber form virgin forests may consist of a variety of different species. Even timber cut from a 从由多种不同物种组成的原始森林砍下的木材，即使砍下的木材是来自植林所包含的相同品planted forest containing trees of the same species all planted at the same time may show appreciable
种的树木，所有的植物在相同的时间会因为嫁接或者其他缺陷而在细节上表现出明显的变化。variation between pieces because of knots, or other flaws.
A substantial proportion of timber is used in domestic construction where it is not highly stressed; in such
大部分木材用于没有太大压力的民用建筑上，在这种情
cases, ‘visual grading’ (that is, merely looking at it) may be sufficient. Because of the imperfections in
行下，“视觉分类”（也就是说，仅仅是看着它）就足够了。因为每一个构件都是不完美的，individual pieces, ‘stress grading’ is usually more reliable than even accurate testing of selected test pieces. A 应力的分类通常比经由选择的样品精确的测试更加可靠。
stress grading machine tests every individual piece of timber by a method that is very fast and relatively
应力分类机对每块木材试样的测试的方法非常快也很便宜。
cheap. The machine is based on an empirical relation between the strength and the deflection of timber. Each 机器是基于木材强度和挠度两者的经验关系来进行测验的。每piece of timber is deflected (but not stressed to its limit) at several points along its length, and the deflection 一个木材的挠度（但是压力没有达到极限）沿着长度的几个点，通过少量染料category marked by means of a spot of dye. The timber is then classified visually by its color markings.
的方法标明挠度的分类。木材的视觉分类也是通过颜色来标记的。
The strength of metals is reduced if they are repeatedly loaded alternately in tension and in compression.
金属如果受到重复的荷载和交替的压缩和拉伸其强度会降低。
This is called repeated loading if it is applied several hundred or thousands of times, and fatigue loading if it 如果受到数百或数以千次的压缩和拉伸就叫做疲劳荷载，如果受到数百万次的压缩和拉伸就叫做疲劳is applied millions of times. Fatigue loading is a major problem in machines but rarely in buildings. Wind
荷载。疲劳荷载在机器中式主要问题但是在建筑中很罕见。然而风荷载是引起在屋顶结构的重复荷载。loads, however, can cause repeated loading in roof structures. There are special machines for testing the
有一种特殊的机器可以测试在反复荷载下strength of materials under repeated loading.
材料的强度。
Other special tests are for ductility and for hardness. Ductility is tested by bending a bar around a pin over a 其它特殊的测试是测量硬度和延展性的。延展性测试时通过钢筋绕着一个点弯曲一个大角wide angle. Hardness is tested by indentation with a diamond or hardened steel ball. The hardness test is
度。用砖石或者硬化钢筋的刻痕深浅来测试硬度。
carried out only if an accurate result is required because there is a good correlation between the tensile strength test and the various hardness tests for metals. If the tensile strength has been tested, then the hardness of the metal can be deduced from that with reasonable tolerance.
The toughness of metal can also be deduced from the tension test. Toughness is defined as the energy required to break a material. Energy is force multiplied by distance, that is, the integral of force in relation to length, or the area contained under a force-deformation curve. Stress is force per unit area, and strain is deformation per unit length, so that the area contained under the stress-strain diagram represents the energy per unit volume. The greater the area contained under a stress-strain curve up to failure, the greater the toughness of the material. Consequently, ductile materials that deform plastically are much tougher than brittle materials that show little plastic deformation.
法语工程词汇-字典词典-建筑土木工程报价用语
. 工程报价用语 LCF/ALGERIE/ORAN ================================
目录 1、土方 (1) 2、下部结构 (1) 3、上部结构…………………………………………………………………………… .1 4、圬工-抹灰 (2) 5、面层………………………………………………………………………………2～3 6、防水…………………………………………………………
(3) 7、木门窗....................................................................................... (3) 8、金属门窗…………………………………………………………………………3～4 9、铝合金门窗及幕墙……………………………………………………………4～5 10、暖卫洁具………………………………………………………………………...5～7 ～洁具 (5) ～龙头和配件………………………………………………………………… 5～6 ～管子 (6) ～饮用水/内部消
防………………………………………………………………...6～7 ～排污排废 (6) 11、电………………………………………………………………………………7～10 ～电器设备 (7) ～电线及护管.............................................................................. (8) ～配电盘…………………………………………………………………… …… 8～10 ～干管 (10) 12、油漆和玻璃…………………………………………………………………..10～11
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推
Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖
土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：
土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020
Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and
(1)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including Canada and the United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. (1)混凝土和钢筋混凝土在每个国家都被用作建筑材料。在许多国家，包括加拿大和美国，钢筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。 (2)The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction. (2) 钢筋混凝土建筑的广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料，包括石子，沙，水泥等，可以通过多种途径方便的得到，同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。 (3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, building of all sorts, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. (3)混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于桥梁，各种形式的建筑，地下结构，蓄水池，电视塔，海上石油平台，以及工业建筑，大坝，甚至船舶等。 (4)Reinforce concrete structures consist of a series of individual members that interact to support the loads placed on the structure. The floor of concrete buildings is often built of concrete joist-slab construction. (4)钢筋混凝土结构由一系列单独构件组成，这些构件通过相互作用共同抵抗施加在结构上的荷载。混凝土建筑的楼层通常采用肋梁楼盖的形式。 (5)A series of parallel ribs or joists support the load from the top slab. The reactions supporting the joists apply load to the beams, which in turn are supported by the columns. (5)一系列的平行梁肋或次梁抵抗其上楼板传来的荷载，次梁的反力作为荷载施加在主粱上，主粱则支承在柱上。 (6)The slab transfers load laterally to the joists, and serves as the top flange of the joists, which act as T-shaped beams that transmit the load to the beams running at right angles to the joists. (6)楼板将荷载垂直传递给次梁，并且作为上翼缘和次梁一起形成T形截面梁，将荷载传递给与次梁正交的主粱。 (7)Some floors of have a slab-and-beam design in which the slab spans between beams, which in turn apply loads to the columns. (7)一些楼层被设计成梁板结构，即楼板直接支承在相邻的主粱上，主粱再将荷载传递到柱上。 (8)Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage or temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. (8)混凝土的抗压能力很强但抗拉能力很弱。因此，当荷载、受约束的收缩或温度变化所引起的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时，混凝土中的裂缝就会开展。 (9)The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a form or mould in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. (9)钢筋混凝土构件的制作需要一个与构件形状相同的模子，其必须具有足够的强度以抵抗湿混凝土的重量和流动压力。 (10)The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting
A Type Wooden Ladder A字木梯 A-frame A型骨架 A-truss A型构架 Abandon 废弃 Abandoned well 废井 Aberration of needle 磁针偏差Abnormal pressure 异常压力abnormally high pressure 异常高压Abort 中止 abrasion 磨损 Abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机Abrasive Cutting Wheel 拮碟abrasive grinding machine 研磨机Abrasive Grinding Wheel 磨碟abrasive particle 磨料颗粒 Absolute address 绝对地址Absolute altitude 绝对高度Absolute damping 绝对阻尼Absolute deviation 绝对偏差Absolute flying height 绝对航高Absolute gravity 绝对重力 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性；吸附性absorption 吸收 abutment 桥墩 abutting end 邻接端 acceleration 加速 acceleration lane 加速车道Acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration pedal 加速器踏板accelerator 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路；通道 access door 检修门；通道门access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处；出入通道处access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道access road 通路；通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 出入口踏步 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶accessory 附件；配件accident 事故；意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌 accommodate 装设；容纳 accredited private laboratory 认可的私 人实验室 accumulator 储压器；蓄电池 accuracy limit 精度限制 acetylene cylinder 乙炔圆筒 Acetylene Hose 煤喉 Acetylene Regulator 煤表 acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 acidic rock 酸性岩 acoustic couplant 声耦合剂 acoustic coupler 声音藕合器；音效藕 合器 acoustic lining 隔音板 acoustic screen 隔声屏 Acoustic wave 声波 acrylic paint 丙烯漆料(压克力的油漆) acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(压克力的胶片) active corrosion 活性腐蚀 active earth pressure 主动土压力 active fault 活断层 active oxidation 活性氧化 actual plot ratio 实际地积比率 actuator 促动器；唧筒；激发器 adapt 改装 adaptor 适配器；承接器；转接器； addition 增设；加建 additional building works 增补建筑工 程 additional horizontal force 额外横向力 additional plan 增补图则(附加的平面 图) additional vent 加设通风口 additive 添加剂 Address 地址 adhesive 黏结剂；胶黏剂 adhesive force 附着力 Adhesive Glue 万能胶 Adhesive Reflective Warning Tape 反 光警告贴纸 adit 入口；通路；坑道口 adjacent construction 相邻建造物 adjacent level 相邻水平 adjacent site 相邻基地 adjacent street 相邻街道 adjoining area 毗邻地区 adjoining building 毗邻建筑物 adjoining land 毗邻土地 adjoining structure 毗邻构筑物 adjustable 可调校 Adjustable Wrench Spanner 昔士 adjuster 调节器 adjustment 调校；调整 Administrative Lawsuit 行政诉讼 Administrative Remedy 行政救济 admixture 掺合剂；外加剂 advance directional sign 前置指路标 志；方向预告标志 advance earthworks 前期土方工程 advance warning sign 前置警告标志 advance works 前期工程 aeration 曝气 aeration tank 曝气池 aerial 天线 Aerial mapping 航空测图 aerial photograph 航测照片 Aerial photography 航照定位 aerial rapid transit system 高架快速运 输系统 aerial ropeway 高架缆车系统 aerial view 鸟瞰图 aerofoil 翼型 aerosol 悬浮微粒；喷雾 aerosphere 大气圈 affix 贴附 aftercooler 后冷却器 afterfilter 后过滤器 aftershock 余震 agent 作用剂；代理人 aggradation 堆积 aggregate 骨材；集料；碎石 aggregate area 总面积 aggregate grading 骨材级配 aggregate superficial area 表面总面积 aggregate usable floor space 总楼地板 空间 agitator 搅拌器；搅动机 air bleeding 放气(空气渗出) air blower 鼓风机 air brake 气压制动器 Air chambor 气室 air circuit 空气回路 air circuit breaker 空气断路器 air cleaner 空气滤清器