CHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT OF TRANSACTION EXPOSURE SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND
PROBLEMS
QUESTIONS
1. How would you define transaction exposure? How is it different from economic exposure?
Answer: Transaction exposure is the sensitivity of realized domestic currency values of the firm?s contractual cash flows denominated in foreign currencies to unexpected changes in exchange rates. Unlike economic exposure, transaction exposure is well-defined and short-term.
2. Discuss and compare hedging transaction exposure using the forward contract vs. money market instruments. When do the alternative hedging approaches produce the same result?
Answer: Hedging transaction exposure by a forward contract is achieved by selling or buying foreign currency receivables or payables forward. On the other hand, money market hedge is achieved by borrowing or lending the present value of foreign currency receivables or payables, thereby creating offsetting foreign currency positions. If the interest rate parity is holding, the two hedging methods are equivalent.
3. Discuss and compare the costs of hedging via the forward contract and the options contract.
Answer: There is no up-front cost of hedging by forward contracts. In the case of options hedging, however, hedgers should pay the premiums for the contracts up-front. The cost of forward hedging, however, may be realized ex post when the hedger regrets his/her hedging decision.
4. What are the advantages of a currency options contract as a hedging tool compared with the forward contract?
Answer: The main advantage of using options contracts for hedging is that the hedger can decide whether to exercise options upon observing the realized future exchange rate. Options thus provide a hedge against ex post regret that forward hedger might have to suffer. Hedgers can only eliminate the downside risk while retaining the upside potential.
5. Suppose your company has purchased a put option on the German mark to manage exchange exposure associated with an account receivable denominated in that currency. In this case, your company can be said to have an …insurance? policy on its receivable. Explain in what sense this is so.
Answer: Your company in this case knows in advance that it will receive a certain minimum dollar amount no matter what might happen to the $/€exchange rate. Furthermore, if the German mark appreciates, your company will benefit from the rising euro.
6. Recent surveys of corporate exchange risk management practices indicate that many U.S. firms simply do not hedge. How would you explain this result?
Answer: There can be many possible reasons for this. First, many firms may feel that they are not really exposed to exchange risk due to product diversification, diversified markets for their products, etc. Second, firms may be using self-insurance against exchange risk. Third, firms may feel that shareholders can diversify exchange risk themselves, rendering corporate risk management unnecessary.
7. Should a firm hedge? Why or why not?
Answer: In a perfect capital market, firms may not need to hedge exchange risk. But firms can add to their value by hedging if markets are imperfect. First, if management knows about the firm?s exposure better than shareholders, the firm, not its shareholders, should hedge. Second, firms may be able to hedge at a lower cost. Third, if default costs are significant, corporate hedging can be justifiable because it reduces the probability of default. Fourth, if the firm faces progressive taxes, it can reduce tax obligations by hedging which stabilizes corporate earnings.
8. Using an example, discuss the possible effect of hedging on a firm?s tax obligations.
Answer: One can use an example similar to the one presented in the chapter.
9. Explain contingent exposure and discuss the advantages of using currency options to manage this type of currency exposure.
Answer: Companies may encounter a situation where they may or may not face currency exposure. In this situation, companies need options, not obligations, to buy or sell a given amount of foreign exchange they may or may not receive or have to pay. If companies either hedge using forward contracts or do not hedge at all, they may face definite currency exposure.
10. Explain cross-hedging and discuss the factors determining its effectiveness.
Answer: Cross-hedging involves hedging a position in one asset by taking a position in another asset. The effectiveness of cross-hedging would depend on the strength and stability of the relationship between the two assets.
PROBLEMS
1. Cray Research sold a super computer to the Max Planck Institute in Germany on credit and invoiced €10 million payable in six months. Currently, the six-month forward exchange rate is $1.10/€ and the foreign exchange advisor for Cray Research predicts that the spot rate is likely to be $1.05/€ in six months.
(a) What is the expected gain/loss from the forward hedging?
(b) If you were the financial manager of Cray Research, would you recommend hedging this euro receivable? Why or why not?
(c) Suppose the foreign exchange advisor predicts that the future spot rate will be the same as the forward exchange rate quoted today. Would you recommend hedging in this case? Why or why not?
Solution: (a) Expected gain($) = 10,000,000(1.10 – 1.05)
= 10,000,000(.05)
= $500,000.
(b) I would recommend hedging because Cray Research can increase the expected dollar receipt by $500,000 and also eliminate the exchange risk.
(c) Since I eliminate risk without sacrificing dollar receipt, I still would recommend hedging.
2. IBM purchased computer chips from NEC, a Japanese electronics concern, and was billed ￥250 million payable in three months. Currently, the spot exchange rate is ￥105/$ and the three-month forward rate is ￥100/$. The three-month money market interest rate is 8 percent per annum in the U.S. and 7 percent per annum in Japan. The management of IBM decided to use the money market hedge to deal with this yen account payable.
(a) Explain the process of a money market hedge and compute the dollar cost of meeting the yen obligation.
(b) Conduct the cash flow analysis of the money market hedge.
Solution: (a). Let?s first compute the PV of ￥250 million, i.e.,
250m/1.0175 = ￥245,700,245.7
So if the above yen amount is invested today at the Japanese interest rate for three months, the maturity value will be exactly equal to ￥25 million which is the amount of payable.
To buy the above yen amount today, it will cost:
$2,340,002.34 = ￥250,000,000/105.
The dollar cost of meeting this yen obligation is $2,340,002.34 as of today.
(b)
___________________________________________________________________
Transaction CF0 CF1
____________________________________________________________________
1. Buy yens spot -$2,340,00
2.34
with dollars ￥245,700,245.70
2. Invest in Japan - ￥245,700,245.70 ￥250,000,000
3. Pay yens - ￥250,000,000
Net cash flow - $2,340,002.34
____________________________________________________________________
3. You plan to visit Geneva, Switzerland in three months to attend an international business conference. You expect to incur the total cost of SF 5,000 for lodging, meals and transportation during your stay. As of today, the spot exchange rate is $0.60/SF and the three-month forward rate is $0.63/SF. You can buy the three-month call option on SF with the exercise rate of $0.64/SF for the premium of $0.05 per SF. Assume that your expected future spot exchange rate is the same as the forward rate. The three-month interest rate is 6 percent per annum in the United States and 4 percent per annum in Switzerland.
(a) Calculate your expected dollar cost of buying SF5,000 if you choose to hedge via call option on SF.
(b) Calculate the future dollar cost of meeting this SF obligation if you decide to hedge using a forward contract.
(c) At what future spot exchange rate will you be indifferent between the forward and option market hedges?
(d) Illustrate the future dollar costs of meeting the SF payable against the future spot exchange rate under both the options and forward market hedges.
Solution: (a) Total option premium = (.05)(5000) = $250. In three months, $250 is worth $253.75 = $250(1.015). At the expected future spot rate of $0.63/SF, which is less than the exercise price, you don?t expect to exercise options. Rather, you expect to buy Swiss franc at $0.63/SF. Since you are going to buy SF5,000, you expect to spend $3,150 (=.63x5,000). Thus, the total expected cost of buying SF5,000 will be the sum of $3,150 and $253.75, i.e., $3,403.75.
(b) $3,150 = (.63)(5,000).
(c) $3,150 = 5,000x + 253.75, where x represents the break-even future spot rate. Solving for x, we obtain x = $0.57925/SF. Note that at the break-even future spot rate, options will not be exercised.
(d) If the Swiss franc appreciates beyond $0.64/SF, which is the exercise price of call option, you will exercise the option and buy SF5,000 for $3,200. The total cost of buying SF5,000 will be $3,453.75 = $3,200 + $253.75.
This is the maximum you will pay.
4. Boeing just signed a contract to sell a Boeing 737 aircraft to Air France. Air France will be billed €20 million which is payable in one year. The current spot exchange rate is $1.05/€ and the one -year forward rate is $1.10/€. The annual interest rate is 6.0% in the U.S. and
5.0% in France. Boeing is concerned with the volatile exchange rate between the dollar and the euro and would like to hedge exchange exposure. (a) It is considering two hedging alternatives: sell the euro proceeds from the sale forward or borrow euros from the Credit Lyonnaise against the euro receivable. Which alternative would you recommend? Why?
(b) Other things being equal, at what forward exchange rate would Boeing be indifferent between the two hedging methods?
Solution: (a) In the case of forward hedge, the future dollar proceeds will be (20,000,000)(1.10) = $22,000,000. In the case of money market hedge (MMH), the firm has to first borrow the PV of its euro receivable, i.e., 20,000,000/1.05 =€19,047,619. Then the firm should exchange this euro amount into dollars at the current spot rate to receive: (€19,047,619)($1.05/€) = $20,000,000, which can be invested at the dollar interest rate for one year to yield: $20,000,000(1.06) = $21,200,000.
Clearly, the firm can receive $800,000 more by using forward hedging.
(b) According to IRP, F = S(1+i $)/(1+i F ). Thus the “indifferent” forward rate will be: F = 1.05(1.06)/1.05 = $1.06/€.
$ Cost Options hedge Forward hedge
$3,453.75 $3,150
0.579
0.64
(strike price)
$/SF
$253.75
5. Suppose that Baltimore Machinery sold a drilling machine to a Swiss firm and gave the Swiss client a choice of paying either $10,000 or SF 15,000 in three months.
(a) In the above example, Baltimore Machinery effectively gave the Swiss client a free option to buy up to $10,000 dollars using Swiss franc. What is the …implied? exercise exchange rate?
(b) If the spot exchange rate turns out to be $0.62/SF, which currency do you think the Swiss client will choose to use for payment? What is the value of this free option for the Swiss client?
(c) What is the best way for Baltimore Machinery to deal with the exchange exposure?
Solution: (a) The implied exercise (price) rate is: 10,000/15,000 = $0.6667/SF.
(b) If the Swiss client chooses to pay $10,000, it will cost SF16,129 (=10,000/.62). Since the Swiss client has an option to pay SF15,000, it will choose to do so. The value of this option is obviously SF1,129 (=SF16,129-SF15,000).
(c) Baltimore Machinery faces a contingent exposure in the sense that it may or may not receive SF15,000 in the future. The firm thus can hedge this exposure by buying a put option on SF15,000.
6. Princess Cruise Company (PCC) purchased a ship from Mitsubishi Heavy Industry. PCC owes Mitsubishi Heavy Industry 500 million yen in one year. The current spot rate is 124 yen per dollar and the one-year forward rate is 110 yen per dollar. The annual interest rate is 5% in Japan and 8% in the U.S. PCC can also buy a one-year call option on yen at the strike price of $.0081 per yen for a premium of .014 cents per yen.
(a) Compute the future dollar costs of meeting this obligation using the money market hedge and the forward hedges.
(b) Assuming that the forward exchange rate is the best predictor of the future spot rate, compute the expected future dollar cost of meeting this obligation when the option hedge is used.
(c) At what future spot rate do you think PCC may be indifferent between the option and forward hedge?
Solution: (a) In the case of forward hedge, the dollar cost will be 500,000,000/110 = $4,545,455. In the case of money market hedge, the future dollar cost will be: 500,000,000(1.08)/(1.05)(124)
= $4,147,465.
(b) The option premium is: (.014/100)(500,000,000) = $70,000. Its future value will be $70,000(1.08) = $75,600.
At the expected future spot rate of $.0091(=1/110), which is higher than the exercise of $.0081, PCC will exercise its call option and buy ￥500,000,000 for $4,050,000 (=500,000,000x.0081).
The total expected cost will thus be $4,125,600, which is the sum of $75,600 and $4,050,000.
(c) When the option hedge is used, PCC will spend “at most” $4,125,000. On the other hand, when the forward hedging is used, PCC will have to spend $4,545,455 regardless of the future spot rate. This means that the options hedge dominates the forward hedge. At no future spot rate, PCC will be indifferent between forward and options hedges.
7. Airbus sold an aircraft, A400, to Delta Airlines, a U.S. company, and billed $30 million payable in six months. Airbus is concerned with the euro proceeds from international sales and would like to control exchange risk. The current spot exchang e rate is $1.05/€ and six-month forward exchange rate is $1.10/€ at the moment. Airbus can buy a six-month put option on U.S. dollars with a strike price of €0.95/$ for a premium of €0.02 per U.S. dollar. Currently, six-month interest rate is 2.5% in the euro zone and 3.0% in the U.S.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f5840388.html,pute the guaranteed euro proceeds from the American sale if Airbus decides to hedge using a
forward contract.
b.If Airbus decides to hedge using money market instruments, what action does Airbus need to take?
What would be the guaranteed euro proceeds from the American sale in this case?
c.If Airbus decides to hedge using put options on U.S. dollars, what would be the …expected? euro
proceeds from the American sale? Assume that Airbus regards the current forward exchange rate as an unbiased predictor of the future spot exchange rate.
d.At what future spot exchange rate do you think Airbus will be indifferent between the option and
money market hedge?
Solution:
a. Airbus will sell $30 million forward for €27,272,727 = ($30,000,000) / ($1.10/€).
b. Airbus will borrow the present value of the dollar receivable, i.e., $29,126,214 = $30,000,000/1.03, and then sell the dollar proceeds spot for euros: €27,739,251. This is the euro amount that Airbus is going to keep.
c. Since th e expected future spot rate is less than the strike price of the put option, i.e., €0.9091< €0.95, Airbus expects to exercise the option and receive €28,500,000 = ($30,000,000)(€0.95/$). This is gross proceeds. Airbus spent €600,000 (=0.02x30,000,000) upfr ont for the option and its future cost is equal to €615,000 = €600,000 x 1.025. Thus the net euro proceeds from the American sale is €27,885,000, which is the difference between the gross proceeds and the option costs.
d. At the indifferent future spot rate, the following will hold:
€28,432,732 = S T (30,000,000) - €615,000.
Solving for S T, we obtain the “indifference” future spot exchange rate, i.e., €0.9683/$, or $1.0327/€.
Note that €28,432,732 is the future value of the proceeds under money market hed ging:
€28,432,732 = (€27,739,251) (1.025).
Suggested solution for Mini Case: Chase Options, Inc.
[See Chapter 13 for the case text]
Chase Options, Inc.
Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Through Currency Options
Harvey A. Poniachek
I. Case Summary
This case reviews the foreign exchange options market and hedging. It presents various international transactions that require currency options hedging strategies by the corporations involved. Seven transactions under a variety of circumstances are introduced that require hedging by currency options. The transactions involve hedging of dividend remittances, portfolio investment exposure, and strategic economic competitiveness. Market quotations are provided for options (and options hedging ratios), forwards, and interest rates for various maturities.
II. Case Objective.
The case introduces the student to the principles of currency options market and hedging strategies. The transactions are of various types that often confront companies that are involved in extensive international business or multinational corporations. The case induces students to acquire hands-on experience in addressing specific exposure and hedging concerns, including how to apply various market quotations, which hedging strategy is most suitable, and how to address exposure in foreign currency through cross hedging policies.
III. Proposed Assignment Solution
1. The company expects DM100 million in repatriated profits, and does not want the DM/$ exchange rate at which they convert those profits to rise above 1.70. They can hedge this exposure using DM put options with a strike price of 1.70. If the spot rate rises above 1.70, they can exercise the option, while if
that rate falls they can enjoy additional profits from favorable exchange rate movements.
To purchase the options would require an up-front premium of:
DM 100,000,000 x 0.0164 = DM 1,640,000.
With a strike price of 1.70 DM/$, this would assure the U.S. company of receiving at least:
DM 100,000,000 – DM 1,640,000 x (1 + 0.085106 x 272/360)
= DM 98,254,544/1.70 DM/$ = $57,796,791
by exercising the option if the DM depreciated. Note that the proceeds from the repatriated profits are reduced by the premium paid, which is further adjusted by the interest foregone on this amount.
However, if the DM were to appreciate relative to the dollar, the company would allow the option to expire, and enjoy greater dollar proceeds from this increase.
Should forward contracts be used to hedge this exposure, the proceeds received would be:
DM100,000,000/1.6725 DM/$ = $59,790,732,
regardless of the movement of the DM/$ exchange rate. While this amount is almost $2 million more than that realized using option hedges above, there is no flexibility regarding the exercise date; if this date differs from that at which the repatriate profits are available, the company may be exposed to additional further current exposure. Further, there is no opportunity to enjoy any appreciation in the DM.
If the company were to buy DM puts as above, and sell an equivalent amount in calls with strike price 1.647, the premium paid would be exactly offset by the premium received. This would assure that the exchange rate realized would fall between 1.647 and 1.700. If the rate rises above 1.700, the company will exercise its put option, and if it fell below 1.647, the other party would use its call; for any rate in between, both options would expire worthless. The proceeds realized would then fall between:
DM 100,00,000/1.647 DM/$ = $60,716,454
and
DM 100,000,000/1.700 DM/$ = $58,823,529.
This would allow the company some upside potential, while guaranteeing proceeds at least $1 million greater than the minimum for simply buying a put as above.
Buy/Sell Options
DM/$
Spot Put Payoff “Put”
Profits Call Payoff
“Call”
Profits Net Profit
1.60 (1,742,846) 0 1,742,846 60,716,454 60,716,454 1.61 (1,742,846) 0 1,742,846 60,716,454 60,716,454 1.62 (1,742,846) 0 1,742,846 60,716,454 60,716,454 1.63 (1,742,846) 0 1,742,846 60,716,454 60,716,454 1.64 (1,742,846) 0 1,742,846 60,716,454 60,716,454 1.65 (1,742,846) 60,606,061 1,742,846 0 60,606,061 1.66 (1,742,846) 60,240,964 1,742,846 0 60,240,964 1.67 (1,742,846) 59,880,240 1,742,846 0 59,880,240 1.68 (1,742,846) 59,523,810 1,742,846 0 59,523,810 1.69 (1,742,846) 59,171,598 1,742,846 0 59,171,598 1.70 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.71 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.72 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.73 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.74 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.75 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.76 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.77 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.78 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.79 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.80 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.81 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.82 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.83 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.84 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529 1.85 (1,742,846) 58,823,529 1,742,846 0 58,823,529
Since the firm believes that there is a good chance that the pound sterling will weaken, locking them into a forward contract would not be appropriate, because they would lose the opportunity to profit from this weakening. Their hedge strategy should follow for an upside potential to match their viewpoint. Therefore, they should purchase sterling call options, paying a premium of:
5,000,000 STG x 0.0176 = 88,000 STG.
If the dollar strengthens against the pound, the firm allows the option to expire, and buys sterling in the spot market at a cheaper price than they would have paid for a forward contract; otherwise, the sterling calls protect against unfavorable depreciation of the dollar.
Because the fund manager is uncertain when he will sell the bonds, he requires a hedge which will allow flexibility as to the exercise date. Thus, options are the best instrument for him to use. He can buy A$ puts to lock in a floor of 0.72 A$/$. Since he is willing to forego any further currency appreciation, he can sell A$ calls with a strike price of 0.8025 A$/$ to defray the cost of his hedge (in fact he earns a net premium of A$ 100,000,000 x (0.007234 –0.007211) = A$ 2,300), while knowing that he can?t receive less than 0.72 A$/$ when redeeming his investment, and can benefit from a small appreciation of the A$.
Example #3:
Problem: Hedge principal denominated in A$ into US$. Forgo upside potential to buy floor protection.
I. Hedge by writing calls and buying puts
1) Write calls for $/A$ @ 0.8025
Buy puts for $/A$ @ 0.72
# contracts needed = Principal in A$/Contract size
100,000,000A$/100,000 A$ = 100
2) Revenue from sale of calls = (# contracts)(size of contract)(premium)
$75,573 = (100)(100,000 A$)(.007234 $/A$)(1 + .0825 195/360)
3) Total cost of puts = (# contracts)(size of contract)(premium)
$75,332 = (100)(100,000 A$)(.007211 $/A$)(1 + .0825 195/360)
4) Put payoff
If spot falls below 0.72, fund manager will exercise put
If spot rises above 0.72, fund manager will let put expire
5) Call payoff
If spot rises above .8025, call will be exercised If spot falls below .8025, call will expire
6) Net payoff
See following Table for net payoff Australian Dollar Bond Hedge
Strike
Price Put Payoff “Put”
Principal Call Payoff
“Call”
Principal Net Profit
0.60 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.61 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.62 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.63 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.64 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.65 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.66 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.67 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.68 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.69 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.70 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.71 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.72 (75,332) 72,000,000 75,573 0 72,000,241
0.73 (75,332) 73,000,000 75,573 0 73,000,241
0.74 (75,332) 74,000,000 75,573 0 74,000,241
0.75 (75,332) 75,000,000 75,573 0 75,000,241
0.76 (75,332) 76,000,000 75,573 0 76,000,241
0.77 (75,332) 77,000,000 75,573 0 77,000,241
0.78 (75,332) 78,000,000 75,573 0 78,000,241
0.79 (75,332) 79,000,000 75,573 0 79,000,241
0.80 (75,332) 80,000,000 75,573 0 80,000,241
0.81 (75,332) 0 75,573 80,250,000 80,250,241
0.82 (75,332) 0 75,573 80,250,000 80,250,241
0.83 (75,332) 0 75,573 80,250,000 80,250,241
0.84 (75,332) 0 75,573 80,250,000 80,250,241
0.85 (75,332) 0 75,573 80,250,000 80,250,241
4. The German company is bidding on a contract which they cannot be certain of winning. Thus, the need to execute a currency transaction is similarly uncertain, and using a forward or futures as a hedge is inappropriate, because it would force them to perform even if they do not win the contract.
Using a sterling put option as a hedge for this transaction makes the most sense. For a premium of:
12 million STG x 0.0161 = 193,200 STG,
they can assure themselves that adverse movements in the pound sterling exchange rate will not diminish the profitability of the project (and hence the feasibility of their bid), while at the same time allowing the potential for gains from sterling appreciation.
5. Since AMC in concerned about the adverse effects that a strengthening of the dollar would have on its business, we need to create a situation in which it will profit from such an appreciation. Purchasing a yen put or a dollar call will achieve this objective. The data in Exhibit 1, row 7 represent a 10 percent appreciation of the dollar (128.15 strike vs. 11
6.5 forward rate) and can be used to hedge against a similar appreciation of the dollar.
For every million yen of hedging, the cost would be:
Yen 100,000,000 x 0.000127 = 127 Yen.
To determine the breakeven point, we need to compute the value of this option if the dollar appreciated 10 percent (spot rose to 128.15), and subtract from it the premium we paid. This profit would be compared with the profit earned on five to 10 percent of AMC?s sales (which would be lost as a result of the dollar appreciation). The number of options to be purchased which would equalize these two quantities would represent the breakeven point.
Example #5:
Hedge the economic cost of the depreciating Yen to AMC.
If we assume that AMC sales fall in direct proportion to depreciation in the yen (i.e., a 10 percent decline in yen and 10 percent decline in sales), then we can hedge the full value of AMC?s sales. I have assumed $100 million in sales.
1) Buy yen puts
# contracts needed = Expected Sales *Current ￥/$ Rate / Contract size
9600 = ($100,000,000)(120￥/$) / ￥1,250,000
2) Total Cost = (# contracts)(contract size)(premium)
$1,524,000 = (9600)( ￥1,250,000)($0.0001275/￥)
3) Floor rate = Exercise – Premium
128.1499￥/$ = 128.15￥/$ - $1,524,000/12,000,000,000￥
4) The payoff changes depending on the level of the ￥/$ rate. The following table summarizes the
payoffs. An equilibrium is reached when the spot rate equals the floor rate.
AMC Profitability
Yen/$ S
pot Put Payoff Sales Net Profit 120 (1,524,990) 100,000,000 98,475,010 121 (1,524,990) 99,173,664 97,648,564 122 (1,524,990) 98,360,656 96,835,666 123 (1,524,990) 97,560,976 86,035,986 124 (1,524,990) 96,774,194 95,249,204 125 (1,524,990) 96,000,000 94,475,010 126 (1,524,990) 95,238,095 93,713,105 127 (847,829) 94,488,189 93,640,360 128 (109,640) 93,750,000 93,640,360 129 617,104 93,023,256 93,640,360 130 1,332,668 92,307,692 93,640,360 131 2,037,307 91,603,053 93,640,360 132 2,731,269 90,909,091 93,640,360 133 3,414,796 90,225,664 93,640,360 134 4,088,122 89,552,239 93,640,360 135 4,751,431 88,888,889 93,640,360 136 5,405,066 88,235,294 93,640,360 137 6,049,118 87,591,241 93,640,360 138 6,683,839 86,966,522 93,640,360 139 7,308,425 86,330,936 93,640,360 140 7,926,075 85,714,286 93,640,360 141 8,533,977 85,106,383 93,640,360 142 9,133,318 84,507,042 93,640,360 143 9,724,276 83,916,084 93,640,360 144 10,307,027 83,333,333 93,640,360 145 10,881,740 82,758,621 93,640,360 146 11,448,579 82,191,781 93,640,360 147 12,007,707 81,632,653 93,640,360 148 12,569,279 81,081,081 93,640,360 149 13,103,448 80,536,913 93,640,360 150 13,640,360 80,000,000 93,640,360
The parent has a DM payable, and Lira receivable. It has several ways to cover its exposure; forwards, options, or swaps.
The forward would be acceptable for the DM loan, because it has a known quantity and maturity, but the Lira exposure would retain some of its uncertainty because these factors are not assured.
The parent could buy DM calls and Lira puts. This would allow them to take advantage of favorable currency fluctuations, but would require paying for two premiums.
Finally, they could swap their Lira receivable into DM. This would leave a net DM exposure which would probably be smaller than the amount of the loan, which they could hedge using forwards or options, depending upon their risk outlook.
The company has Lira receivables, and is concerned about possible depreciation versus the dollar. Because of the high costs of Lira options, they instead buy DM puts, making the assumption that movement in the DM and Lira exchange rates versus the dollar correlate well.
A hedge of lira using DM options will depend on the relationship between lira FX rates and DM options. This relationship could be determined using a regression of historical data.
The hedged risk as a percent of the open risk can be estimated as:
Square Root (var(error)/(b2var(lira FX rate) ) * 100
The “cost” of the risk of the DM hedge would have to be compared with the cost of the expensive lira options.
Whichever hedge is “cheaper” (i.e., lower cost for same risk or lower risk for same cost) shou ld be selected. This hedge must be closely monitored, however, to make sure that this relationship holds true. If it does not, this “basis risk” can cause the ratio of DM versus Lira to change, so that the appropriate amount of cross-hedge is different. If that amount is not then adjusted, a net currency exposure could result, leaving the company open to additional currency losses.
国际财务管理计算题答案 第3章 二、计算题 1、 （1）投资者可以这样做： 在乙银行用100港币=105.86人民币的价格，即100/105.86（港币/人民币）的价格购入港币 100万×（100/105.86）港币=94.46万港币 在甲银行用105.96/100（人民币/港币）卖出港币 94.46×（105.96/100）=100.09万人民币 投资者的收益：100.09-100=0.09万人民币 2、 （1）如果美元未来没升值到利率平价，则海外投资者具有获利机会。最大的获利水平：1美元兑换人民币8.28元，在中国境内存款投资，1年后换回美元获利： （1+1.98%）-1=1.98% 与在美国存款投资收益率1.3%相比，获利更多。随着美元汇率接近利率平价，这个收益率会向1.3%靠近，最终与美元利率相同。 （2）由于美元存款利率低于人民币存款利率，中国投资者没有套利获利机会。 （3）投资者套利交易面临美元升值的风险，如果必要，可以采用抛补套利防范。 （4）如果存在利率平价，此时美元远期汇率升水，升水幅度： K=（1+1.98%）/（1+1.3）-1=0.67% 1美元=8.28×（1+0.67%）=8.3355（元人民币） （5）处于利率平价时，投资者无法获得抛补套利收益。 （6）如果目前不存在利率平价，是否抛补套利，取决于投资者对未来美元升值可能性和可能幅度的判断，以及投资者的风险承受能力。 4、 公司到期收回人民币：5000×81.21/100=4060（万元）
5、如果掉期交易，则 卖掉美元得到的人民币: 50×6.79=339.5(万元) 美元掉期交易下支付美元的人民币价格：50×6.78=339(万) 买卖价差人民币收入净额=339.5-339=0.5(万元) 如果不做掉期交易,则美元两周的存款利息收入为 50×0.4%×14/365=0.00767(万美元) 折合人民币利息收入:0.00767×6.782=0.052(万元) 两者相比,掉期交易比较合适. 6、2011年11月16日 合约执行价格1澳元=1.02美元 即期汇率1澳元=1.024美元 合约价格低于即期汇率，企业应该履行该合约，企业履约支付的澳元加上期权费：1澳元=1．02+（2.6834/100）=1.0468（美元） 与即期交易相比，企业亏损： 50×100×（1.0468-1.024）=114（美元） 8、远期汇率低于及其汇率，故远期贴水为：远期汇率-即期汇率=0.188-0.190=-0.002 9、行权，因为行权价低于实施期权时的即期汇率。单位净利润=即期汇率-行权价-期权费= 0.65-0.60-0.06=-0.01元。一份单位合同的净利润=-0.01×62500/0.6=-1041.67。设盈亏平衡的即期汇率为X，则X-0.6-0.06=0，解方程得，X=0.66。 10、港币贬值。其变化幅度=(1+3%)/(1+4%)-1=-0.9%。 11、根据国际费雪效用理论，两国即期汇率的变化等于名义利率的差，即5%。 12、其汇率变化幅度=（1+6%）/(1+6%×（1+5%）)-1=-0.0028，故法郎的即期汇率为 0.09×（1-0.0028）=0.0897 第4章 二、计算题 1、当即期汇率为1欧元=1.08美元时，三份合约预计节约的资金：
《国际财务管理》模拟试题（一）（选择题） 1.国际财务管理就是（） A，组织国际企业财务活动，处理国际企业财务关系 B，研究财务管理原理和方法 C，比较不同国家财务管理制度差异 D，组织跨国公司财务管理 答案：A 2.评价国际企业财务活动是否合理的标准是（） A，国际财务管理的内容 B，国际财务管理的环境 C，国际财务管理的风险 D，国际财务管理的目标 答案：D 3.国际企业财务管理的最优目标是（） A，产值最大化 B，利润最大化 C，每股盈余最大化 D，企业价值最大化 答案：D 4.国际财务管理环境分为静态和动态财务管理环境的划分标准是（） A，按环境与企业关系划分 B，按环境变化情况划分 C，按环境与国家关系划分 D，按环境包括范围划分 答案：B 5.某企业2003年度的税前利润为3200万元，该年度的利息费用为900万元，则该企业的利息保障倍数是（） A，1.125 B，4.6 C，4 D，5 答案：B 6.将一种货币调换成另一种货币时，为了避免汇率变动风险，常常采用（） A，掉期交易 B，远期交易 C，择期交易 D，即期交易 答案：A 7.假设某期权合约金额为DM20000，协定价格为$0.5520/DM，当即期价格为$0.6010/DM，则该期权合约的内在价值为（） A，$61100 B，$980 C，$5900 D，$690 答案：B 8.一国货币单位兑换另一国货币单位的比率称为（） A，外汇行市 B，标价方法 C，真实汇率 D，远期汇率 答案：A 9.当一定数额的本国货币只能兑换较少的外国货币时，说明（） A，本国货币升值 B，国际汇率下降 C，外国货币贬值 D，本国货币贬值 答案：D 10.影响纯利率的最基本因素是（） A，资金的时间价值 B，资金的风险价值 C，资金的供求数量 D，资金的投资回报答案：C 11.利率划分为市场利率和官定利率的标准是（） A，利率之间的变动关系 B，按债权人取得的报酬 C，在借贷期内是否不断调整 D，利率变动与市场的关系 答案：D 12.出口商所在地银行向出口商提供的信贷被称为（） A，出口信贷 B，进口信贷 C，卖方信贷 D，买方信贷 答案：C
（财务知识）国际财务管理习题
《国际财务管理》模拟试题（壹）（选择题） 1.国际财务管理就是（） A，组织国际企业财务活动，处理国际企业财务关系B，研究财务管理原理和方法C，比较不同国家财务管理制度差异D，组织跨国X公司财务管理 答案：A 2.评价国际企业财务活动是否合理的标准是（） A，国际财务管理的内容B，国际财务管理的环境C，国际财务管理的风险D，国际财务管理的目标 答案：D 3.国际企业财务管理的最优目标是（） A，产值最大化B，利润最大化C，每股盈余最大化D，企业价值最大化 答案：D 4.国际财务管理环境分为静态和动态财务管理环境的划分标准是（） A，按环境和企业关系划分B，按环境变化情况划分C，按环境和国家关系划分D，按环境包括范围划分 答案：B 5.某企业2003年度的税前利润为3200万元，该年度的利息费用为900万元，则该企业的利息保障倍数是（） A，1.125B，4.6C，4D，5 答案：B 6.将壹种货币调换成另壹种货币时，为了避免汇率变动风险，常常采用（） A，掉期交易B，远期交易C，择期交易D，即期交易
答案：A 7.假设某期权合约金额为DM20000，协定价格为$0.5520/DM，当即期价格为$0.6010/DM，则该期权合约的内于价值为（） A，$61100B，$980C，$5900D，$690 答案：B 8.壹国货币单位兑换另壹国货币单位的比率称为（） A，外汇行市B，标价方法C，真实汇率D，远期汇率 答案：A 9.当壹定数额的本国货币只能兑换较少的外国货币时，说明（） A，本国货币升值B，国际汇率下降C，外国货币贬值D，本国货币贬值 答案：D 10.影响纯利率的最基本因素是（） A，资金的时间价值B，资金的风险价值C，资金的供求数量D，资金的投资回报 答案：C 11.利率划分为市场利率和官定利率的标准是（） A，利率之间的变动关系B，按债权人取得的报酬C，于借贷期内是否不断调整D，利率变动和市场的关系 答案：D 12.出口商所于地银行向出口商提供的信贷被称为（） A，出口信贷B，进口信贷C，卖方信贷D，买方信贷 答案：C 13.提出财务拮据成本和财务代理成本概念的资金结构理论是（）
《国际财务管理》模拟考试题目答案 一、单项选择题（下列每小题的备选答案中，只有一个符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选、不选均不得分。本题共30个小题，每小题2分） 1. 国际证券组合投资能够降低（）。 A .系统风险 B .非系统风险 C .市场风险 D .不可分散风险 【答案】B 2. 如果票面利率小于市场利率，现在债券应该（）发行。 A .溢价 B .折价 C .平价 D .以上答案都能够 【答案】B 3. 以下风险中最重要的是（）。 A .商品交易风险 B .外汇借款风险 C .会计折算风险 D .经济风险 【答案】D 4. 如果某项借款名义贷款期为10年，而实际贷款期只有5年，则这项借款最有可能采纳的偿还方式是（）。 A .到期一次偿还 B .分期等额偿还 C .逐年分次等额还本 D .以上三种都能够
【答案】C 5. 在国际信贷运算利息时以365/365来表示计息天数与基础天数的关系称为（）。 A .大陆法 B .欧洲货币法 C .英国法 D .时态法 【答案】C 6. 欧洲货币市场的要紧短期信贷利率是（）。 A .LIBOR B .SIBOR C .HOBOR D .NIBOR 【答案】A 7. 一国政府、金融机构、公司等在某一外国债券市场上发行的，不是以该外国的货币为面值的债券是（）。 A .一般债券 B .国内债券 C .欧洲债券 D .外国债券 【答案】C 8. 在对国外投资的子公司进行财务评判时，应扣除的子公司不可控因素不包括（）。 A .转移价格 B .利率波动 C .通货膨胀 D .汇率波动
【答案】B 9. 在国际技术转让中，利润分享率一样认为应是（）。 A .1/2 B .1/3 C .1/4 D .1/5 【答案】C 10. 美国A公司推测美元对英镑美元升值，美元对马克美元贬值，则A 公司（）。 A .从英国的进口，应加快支付 B .对英国的出口，应推迟收汇 C .从德国的进口，应推迟支付 D .对德国的出口，应推迟收汇 【答案】D 11. "使用外资收益率"这一指标等于1减去（）。 A .可偿还期 B .外资偿还率 C .补偿贸易换汇率 D .补偿贸易利润率 【答案】B 12. 国际商业银行贷款中不属于短期的是（）。 A .同业拆放 B .授信额度 C .流淌资金贷款 D .国际银团贷款 【答案】D 13. 外汇风险的构成因素不包括（）。
国际财务管理精选习题及答案 【题22】某跨国公司A，2006年11月兼并某亏损国有企业B。B企业兼并时账面净资产为500万元，2005年亏损100万元（以前年度无亏损），评估确认的价值为550万元。经双方协商，A跨国公司可以用以下两种方式兼并B企业。 甲方式：A公司以180万股和10万元人民币购买B企业（A公司股票市价为3元/股）； 乙方式：A公司以150万股和100万元人民币购买B企业。 兼并后A公司股票市价3.1元/股。A公司共有已发行的股票2000万股（面值为1元/股）。假设兼并后B企业的股东在A公司中所占的股份以后年度不发生变化，兼并后A公司企业每年未弥补亏损前应纳税所得额为900万元，增值后的资产的平均折旧年限为5年，行业平均利润率为10%。所得税税率为33%。请计算方式两种发方式的差异。 【题22】答案 （1）甲方式： B企业不需将转让所得缴纳所得税；B 企业2005年的亏损可以由A公司弥补。 A公司当年应缴所得税=（900-100）×33%=264万元，与合并前相比少缴33万元所得税，但每年必须为增加的股权支付股利。 （2）乙方式： 由于支付的非股权额（100万元）大于股权面值的20%（30万元）。所以，被兼并企业B应就转让所得缴纳所得税。 B企业应缴纳的所得税=（150 ×3 + 100- 500）×33% = 16.5（万元） B企业去年的亏损不能由A公司再弥补。 （3）A公司可按评估后的资产价值入帐,计提折旧,每年可减少所得税(550-500)/5×33%=3.3万元。 【题21】东方跨国公司有A、B、C、D四个下属公司，2006年四个公司计税所得额和所在国的所得税税率为： A公司：500万美元 33% B公司：400万美元 33% C公司：300万美元 24% D公司：-300万美元 15% 东方公司的计税所得额为-100万美元，其所在地区的所得税税率为15%。 请从税务角度选择成立子公司还是分公司？ 【题21】答案 （1）若A、B、C、D为子公司 A公司应纳所得税额=500×33%=165（万美元） B公司应纳所得税额=400×33%=132（万美元）
CHAPTER 14 INTEREST RATE AND CURRENCY SWAPS SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS QUESTIONS 1. Describe the difference between a swap broker and a swap dealer. Answer: A swap broker arranges a swap between two counterparties for a fee without taking a risk position in the swap. A swap dealer is a market maker of swaps and assumes a risk position in matching opposite sides of a swap and in assuring that each counterparty fulfills its contractual obligation to the other. 2. What is the necessary condition for a fixed-for-floating interest rate swap to be possible? Answer: For a fixed-for-floating interest rate swap to be possible it is necessary for a quality spread differential to exist. In general, the default-risk premium of the fixed-rate debt will be larger than the default-risk premium of the floating-rate debt. 3. Discuss the basic motivations for a counterparty to enter into a currency swap. Answer: One basic reason for a counterparty to enter into a currency swap is to exploit
名词解释（5'*4） （1）外汇市场：指经营外汇交易的场所，这个市场的职能是经营货币商品，即不同国家的货币。 外汇：是指把一个国家和地区的货币兑换成另一个国家和地区的货币，借以清偿国际间债券、债务关系的一种专门性经营活动。 （2）直接标价法：又称应付标价法，是指用一定单位的外国货币作为标准，折算成若干单位的本国货币。 间接标价法：又称应收标价法，是指用一定单位的本国货币作为标准，折算成若干单位的外国货币。 （3）买入汇率：也称买入价，即银行向同业或客户买入外汇时所使用的汇率，多用于出口商与银行间的外汇交易。 卖出汇率：也称卖出价，即银行向同业或客户卖出外汇时所使用的汇率，多用于进口商与银行间的外汇交易。（4）平行贷款：是指在不同国家的两个母公司分别在国内向对方公司在本国境内的子公司提供金额相当的本币贷款，并承诺在指定到期日，各自归还所借货币。 背对背贷款：母公司或其他提供资金的子公司把自己存入中介银行，银行就指示其在子公司所在国的分行向子公司提供等值资金，通常是以当地货币进行贷款。 （5）信用证：银行按照进口商的要求和指示，对出口商发出的，授权出口商开立以该银行或进口商为付款人的汇票，保证在交来符合信用证条件规定的汇票和单据时，必定承兑和付款的保证文件。 银行保函：又称保证书，是指银行、保险合同、担保公司或个人（保证人）应申请人的请求，向第三方（受益人）开立的一种书面信用担保凭证，保证在申请人未能按双方协议履行责任或义务时，由担保人代其履行一定金额、一定期限范围内的某种支付责任或经济责任。 （6）美国存托凭证：是非美国公司把本国市场发行的股票拿到美国股票市场二级上市的变通形式，由发行公司委托某银行作为存券银行，负责ADR在美国的发行、注册、支付股利等有关事宜，美国委托凭证以美元定价、报价及清算交割，在美国股票市场进行交易。 简答（10'*2） 国际金融市场的作用： 1.积极作用：1）加速生产和资本国际化。资本突破了突破国界的限制，得以在更广阔的空间自由流动，并在国际范围得到优化配置，推动跨国公司的发展壮大。 2）推动国际贸易的发展。发挥国际结算和国际信贷中心的作用，还为贸易双方回避汇率、利率变动的风险设立有效的避险工具等业务的开办有力地保证和推动了国际贸易的发展。 3）为各国经济发展提供资金。国际贸易市场通过自身的各项业务活动，聚集了大量资金，似的多级金融市场能够为各国经济发展提供所需的资金。 4）促进银行业务国际化。它吸引了无数跨国银行，通过各种业务活动把各国金融机构有机地联系起来，使各国银行信用发展为国际间银行信用，从而促进银行业务国际化。 2.消极作用：1) 能造成一国经济的不稳定。它的存在使得国际间短期资本形成了一种相对独立的力量。2）使金融危机在国家之间传递。离岸金融市场使得金融管制制度对国际金融市场的参与者的约束性降低，从而令不当交易发生的情况增加。 3）引发国际债务危机。如果一国利用国际金融市场融资的便利性与无限制性，在其无法合理配置国内资源的情况下，逆差加剧，一旦借款国没有办法偿还债务，那么国际债务危机就会发生。 4）成为犯罪集团的洗钱场所。 国际直接投资的动因和方式： 动因：1.突破保护主义屏障，打破贸易壁垒。企业通过对外直接投资，将企业的资金在出口国建立生产基地进行生产，可以成功绕过出口国政府设置的贸易壁垒。比如美国对日本进口的汽车征收高关税，日本的本田公司就在美国的俄亥俄州投资生产汽车避开贸易壁垒。 2.调整产业结构。直接投资可以将资源密集型、劳动密集型以及一些重污染的企业转移到国外，节
一、单项选择题 1、假设目前波兰货币(the zloty，z1)兑换美元的即期汇率为US$ 0.18／zl，日元()兑换美元的即期汇率为US$ 0.0082／。请问目前每单位zloty可兑换多少? A．21.95／zl B．z121.95／ C．0.0456／zl D．zl1=0.0456 2、大多数国家对本国居民和企业向外国投资者和债权人支付的股息和利息征收的税种是（ C ）。 A.资本利得税 B.关税 C.预扣税 D.所得税 3、以下风险中最重要的是（ D ）。 A.商品交易风险 B.外汇借款风险 C.会计折算风险 D.经济风险 4、以下不属于管理交易风险中的事先防范法的是（ C ）。 A.选择有利的计价货币 B.适当调整商品的价格 C.通过货币市场进行借款和投资 D.在合同中订立汇率风险分摊条款 5、国际银团贷款，亦称（ A ） A.辛迪加贷款 B.联合贷款 C.双边贷款 D.同业拆放 6、银行利率的上升，会引起证券价格（A ） A.下降 B.可能上升，可能下降 C.维持原状 D.上升 7、100美元=786.30人民币是（ C ） A.间接标价法 B.套算汇率 C.直接标价法 D.电汇汇率 8、债券利息的支付方式可以采用（ B ）。 A.一次性支付 B.定时偿还 C.任意偿还 D.买入抵消偿还 9、在外汇收支中，争取收汇用（）付汇用（ B ） A.软货币，硬货币 B.硬货币，软货币 C.软货币，软货币 D.硬货币，硬货币 10.关于避免国际双重征税的方法，我国目前采用的是（ B ） A．免税法B．抵免法 C．税收协定法 D．税收饶让法 11. 跨国公司财务管理理财目标是( A ) A .整体价值最大化成 B.各个独立子公司价值最大化 C.整体利润最大化 D. .各个独立子公司利润最大化 12. 国际收支平衡表中的基本差额计算是根据（D） A、商品的进口和出口 B、经常项目 C、经常项目和资本项目 D、经常项目和资本项目中的长期资本收支
国际财务管理习题 《国际财务管理》模拟试题(一)(选择题) 1.国际财务管理就是() A，组织国际企业财务活动，处理国际企业财务关系 B，研究财务管理原理和方法 C，比较不同国家财务管理制度差异 D，组织跨国公司财务管理答案:A 2.评价国际企业财务活动是否合理的标准是() A，国际财务管理的内容 B，国际财务管理的环境 C，国际财务管理的风险 D，国际财务管理的目标 答案:D 3.国际企业财务管理的最优目标是() A，产值最大化 B，利润最大化 C，每股盈余最大化 D，企业价值最大化答案:D 4.国际财务管理环境分为静态和动态财务管理环境的划分标准是() A，按环境与企业关系划分 B，按环境变化情况划分 C，按环境与国家关系划分 D，按环境包括范围划分 答案:B 5.某企业2003年度的税前利润为3200万元，该年度的利息费用为900万元，则该企业的利息保障倍数是() A，1.125 B，4.6 C，4 D，5 答案:B 6.将一种货币调换成另一种货币时，为了避免汇率变动风险，常常采用() B，远期交易 C，择期交易 D，即期交易 A，掉期交易
答案:A 7.假设某期权合约金额为DM20000，协定价格为$0.5520/DM，当即期价格为$0.6010/DM，则该期权合约的内在价值为() A，$61100 B，$980 C，$5900 D，$690 答案:B 8.一国货币单位兑换另一国货币单位的比率称为() A，外汇行市 B，标价方法 C，真实汇率 D，远期汇率 答案:A 9.当一定数额的本国货币只能兑换较少的外国货币时，说明() A，本国货币升值 B，国际汇率下降 C，外国货币贬值 D，本国货币贬值答案:D 10.影响纯利率的最基本因素是() A，资金的时间价值 B，资金的风险价值 C，资金的供求数量 D，资金的投资回报答案:C 11.利率划分为市场利率和官定利率的标准是() A，利率之间的变动关系 B，按债权人取得的报酬 C，在借贷期内是否不断调整 D，利率变动与市场的关系 答案:D 12.出口商所在地银行向出口商提供的信贷被称为() A，出口信贷 B，进口信贷 C，卖方信贷 D，买方信贷 答案:C 13.提出财务拮据成本和财务代理成本概念的资金结构理论是() A，MM理论B，营业净利理论 C，净利理论 D，权衡理论答案:D 14.下列诸因素中不会引起国际证券投资违约风险的是()
《国际财务管理》章后练习题及参考答案 第一章绪论 一、单选题 1. 关于国际财务管理学与财务管理学的关系表述正确的是(C)。 A. 国际财务管理是学习财务管理的基础 B. 国际财务管理与财务管理是两门截然不同的学科 C. 国际财务管理是财务管理的一个新的分支 D. 国际财务管理研究的范围要比财务管理的窄 2. 凡经济活动跨越两个或更多国家国界的企业，都可以称为( A )。 A. 国际企业 B. 跨国企业 C. 跨国公司 D. 多国企业 3.企业的（ C）管理与财务管理密切结合，是国际财务管理的基本特点 A.资金 B.人事 C.外汇 D成本 4.国际财务管理与跨国企业财务管理两个概念( D) 。 A. 完全相同 B. 截然不同 C. 仅是名称不同 D. 内容有所不同 4.国际财务管理的内容不应该包括( C )。 A. 国际技术转让费管理 B. 外汇风险管理 C. 合并财务报表管理 D. 企业进出口外汇收支管理 5.“企业生产经营国际化”和“金融市场国际化”的关系是( C )。 A. 二者毫不相关 B. 二者完全相同 C. 二者相辅相成 D. 二者互相起负面影响 二、多选题 1.国际企业财务管理的组织形态应考虑的因素有（）。 A.公司规模的大小 B.国际经营的投入程度 C.管理经验的多少 D.整个国际经营所采取的组织形式 2.国际财务管理体系的内容包括（） A.外汇风险的管理 B.国际税收管理 C.国际投筹资管理 D.国际营运资金管 3.国际财务管理目标的特点（）。 A.稳定性 B.多元性 C.层次性 D.复杂性 4.广义的国际财务管理观包括（）。 A.世界统一财务管理观 B.比较财务管理观 C.跨国公司财务管理观 D.国际企业财务管理观 5. 我国企业的国际财务活动日益频繁，具体表现在( )。 A. 企业从内向型向外向型转化 B. 外贸专业公司有了新的发展 C. 在国内开办三资企业 D. 向国外投资办企业 E. 通过各种形式从国外筹集资金 三、判断题 1.国际财务管理是对企业跨国的财务活动进行的管理。（） 2.国际财务管理学是着重研究企业如何进行国际财务决策，使所有者权益最大化的一门科学。（）
自考国际财务管理试卷及答案 国际财务管理试卷一、单选题（每题1分，共10分） 1、在取得外汇借款时，最为合算的是（）。 A.利息率最低的货币 B.软货币 C.硬货币 D.资金成本率最低的货币 2、（）是指以一定单位的外国货作为标准，折算成若干本国货币来表示其汇率的标价方法。 A.间接标价法； B.买入汇率； C.卖出汇率； D.直接标价法 3、可以反映将使用国内和国外两种资金的企业经济效益与只使用国内资金的企业经济效益进行比较的指标是（）。A.外资偿还率B.使用外资收益率C.补偿贸易换汇率D.补偿贸易利润率 4、大多数国家对本国居民和企业向外国投资者和债权人支付的股息和利息征收的税种是（）。A.资本利得税B.关税C.预扣税D.所得税 5、（）是指以一定单位的外国货作为标准，折算成若干本国货币来表示其汇率的标价方法。 A.间接标价法； B.买入汇率； C.卖出汇率； D.直接标价法 6、以下不是国际财务管理的特点有（） A新的环境因素；B新的风险来源；C新的经济机会；D新的财务原理 7、外国借款者在美国债券市场公开发行的中长期债券称为（） A.欧洲债券； B.美元债券； C.杨基债券; D.武士债券 8、如果某项借款名义贷款期为10年，而实际贷款期只有5年，则这项借款最有可能采用的偿还方式是（）。 A.到期一次偿还 B.分期等额偿还 C.逐年分次等额还本 D.以上三种都可以 9、在对国外投资的子公司进行财务评价时，应扣除的子公司不可控因素不包括（）。 A.转移价格 B.利率波动 C.通货膨胀 D.汇率波动 10、在直接标价法下，远期汇率=（） A即期汇率-升水；B即期汇率+贴水；C即期汇率+升水；D即期汇率 二、多项选择题（每题2分，共20分） 1、影响国际信贷成本率高低的因素有（）。 A.利息率 B.费用率 C.所得税税率 D.汇率 E.发行差价率 2、国际补偿贸易的形式主要有（）。A.产品返销B.产品回购C.加工费补偿D.借款补偿E.部分补偿，部分付汇 3、在国际融资租赁方式下，租金包括（）。 A.出租人购买租赁设备的价款、运输费、保险费 B.出租人购买租赁设备的银行借款、利息和费用 C.承租人支付给出租人的融资利息 D.租赁手续费 E.租赁设备的修理费 4、在进行国外投资项目财务可行性分析时，要编制（）。 A.投资费用和资金来源预测表 B.销售预测表 C.成本费用预测表 D.预计损益表 E.现金流量计划表 5、债券投资收益率计算的形式包括（）。 A.认购者收益率 B.最终收益率 C.持有期间收益率 D.本期股利收益率 E.资产增值收益率 6、以下学科中与国际财务管理学有一定联系的有（）。 A.国际信贷 B.国际结算 C.国际贸易 D.国际投资 E.国际税收 7、以下属于国际中长期商业贷款的是（） A.双边贷款 B.联合贷款 C.国际银团贷款 D.买方信贷 E.卖方信贷 8、布雷顿森林体系的基本内容有（）
CHAPTER 3 BALANCE OF PAY MENTS SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS QUESTIONS 1. Define the balance of payments. Answer: The balance of payments (BOP) can be defined as the statistical record of a country?s international transactions over a certain period of time presented in the form of double-entry bookkeeping. 2. Why would it be useful to examine a country?s balance of payments data? Answer: It would be useful to examine a country?s BOP for at least two reaso ns. First, BOP provides detailed information about the supply and demand of the country?s currency. Second, BOP data can be used to evaluate the performance of the country in international economic competition. For example, if a country is experiencing per ennial BOP deficits, it may signal that the country?s industries lack competitiveness. 3. The United States has experienced continuous current account deficits since the early 1980s. What do you think are the main causes for the deficits? What would be the consequences of continuous U.S. current account deficits? Answer: The current account deficits of U.S. may have reflected a few reasons such as (I) a historically high real interest rate in the U.S., which is due to ballooning federal budget deficits, that kept the dollar strong, and (ii) weak competitiveness of the U.S. industries. 4. In contrast to the U.S., Japan has realized continuous current account surpluses. What could be the main causes for these surpluses? Is it desirable to have continuous current account surpluses? Answer: Japan?s continuous current account surpluses may have reflected a weak yen and high competitiveness of Japanese industries. Massive capital exports by Japan prevented yen from appreciating more than it did. At the same time, foreigners? exports to Japan were hampered by closed nature of
CHAPTER 6 INTERNATIONAL PARITY RELATIONSHIPS SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS QUESTIONS 1. Give a full definition of arbitrage. Answer:Arbitrage can be defined as the act of simultaneously buying and selling the same or equivalent assets or commodities for the purpose of making certain, guaranteed profits. 2. Discuss the implications of the interest rate parity for the exchange rate determination. Answer: Assuming that the forward exchange rate is roughly an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate, IRP can be written as: S = [(1 + I￡)/(1 + I$)]E[S t+1 I t]. The exchange rate is thus determined by the relative interest rates, and the expected future spot rate, conditional on all the available information, I t, as of the present time. One thus can say that expectation is self-fulfilling. Since the information set will be continuously updated as news hit the market, the exchange rate will exhibit a highly dynamic, random behavior. 3. Explain the conditions under which the forward exchange rate will be an unbiased predictor of the future spot exchange rate. Answer: The forward exchange rate will be an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate if (I) the risk premium is insignificant and (ii) foreign exchange markets are informationally efficient. 4. Explain the purchasing power parity, both the absolute and relative versions. What causes the deviations from the purchasing power parity?
《国际财务管理》随堂随练 第一章 绪论 1、 企业财务管理的目标就是要使资金成本（），资金利润率（），从而实现所有者权益最大化。 A 、最低、最低B 、最低、最高C 、最高、最高D 、最高、最低 2、 财务管理中最重要的关键环节是（）。 A 、财务预测B 、财务决策C 、财务预算D 、财务分析 3、 国际财务管理是指对企业与其他国家的（）之间发生的财务所进行的管理活动。 A 、政府B 、企业C 、单位D 、个人 4、 国际财务管理是指对国际财务所进行的（）等一系列活动。 A 、组织B 、协调C 、指挥D 、计划E 、控制 5、 国际财务管理是以（）为主体进行的一系列管理活动。 A 、国家B 、政府C 、企业D 、个人 6、 国际金融是以（）为主体进行的一系列研究活动。 A 、国家B 、政府C 、企业D 、个人 7、 国际财务管理学与（）学科都有一定的联系。 A 、国际贸易B 、国际信贷C 、国际投资D 国际税收E 、国际结算 8、 国际财务管理人员最应该通晓（）知识。 A 、国际贸易B 、国际投资C 、国际金融D 、国际税收 9、 在实际应用时，国际财务与国际金融在（）方面是没有区别的。 A 、英文名称B 、角C 、范围D 、内容 10、 关于国际财务管理学与财务管理学的关系表述正确的是（）。 A 、国际财务管理是学习财务管理的基础 B 、国际财务管理与财务管理是两门截然不同的学科 C 、国际财务管理是财务管理的一个新的分支
D、国际财务管理研究的范围要比财务管理的窄 11、西方财务管理是按照（）进行分类得出的结论。 A、社会性质 B、地理位置 C、财务活动是否跨越本国国界 D、政治制度 12、国际财务管理与跨国企业财务管理两个概念（）。 A、完全相同 B、截然不同 C、仅是名称不同 D、内容有所不同 13、国际财务管理与国际企业财务管理（）。 A、完全相同 B、截然不同 C、仅是名称不同 D、对象不同 14、站在一个跨国公司的角度来考虑，国际财务管理与跨国公司财务管理的范围（）。 A、前者大于后者 B、前者等于后者 C、前者小于后者 D、二者没有任何关系 15、国际财务管理与世界财务管理的关系是（）。 A、前者是后者的理想状态 B、后者是前者的理想状态 C、二者完全相同 D、二者截然不同 16、比较国际财务管理学的内容（）纳入到国际财务管理的内容中来。 A、完全可以 B、绝对禁止 C、可以，但不提倡 D、可以，并且大力提倡 17、凡是对外开放的国家，一般都存在（）的分类方法。 A、国内财务管理与国际财务管理 B、东方财务管理与西方财务管理 C、国内财务管理与跨国公司财务管理 D、比较财务管理与世界财务管理 18、只要财务活动一跨越国界，就构成了（）。 A、西方财务管理 B、跨国公司财务管理 C、国际财务管理 D、世界财务管理 19、国际财务管理的产生与发展主要取决于（）。 A、跨国公司的出现 B、会计职业界的国际化 C、企业生产经营的国际化金融市场的国际化 D、财务知识交流的国际化 20、我国企业的国际财务活动日益频繁，具体表现在（）。
CHAPTER 4 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AROUND THE WORLD SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS Questions 1.The majority of major corporations are franchised as public corporations. Discuss the key strength and weakness of the ‘public corporation’. When do you think the public corporation as an organizational form is unsuitable? Answer: The key strength of the public corporation lies in that it allows for efficient risk sharing among investors. As a result, the public corporation may raise a large sum of capital at a relatively low cost. The main weakness of the public corporation stems from the conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders. 2.The public corporation is owned by multitude of shareholders but managed by professional managers. Managers can take self-interested actions at the expense of shareholders. Discuss the conditions under which the so-called agency problem arises. Answer: The agency problem arises when managers have control rights but insignificant cash flow rights. This wedge between control and cash flow rights motivates managers to engage in self-dealings at the expense of shareholders. 3.Following corporate scandals and failures in the U.S. and abroad, there is a growing demand for corporate governance reform. What should be the key objectives of corporate governance reform? What kind of obstacles can there be thwarting reform efforts? Answer: The key objectives of corporate governance reform should be to strengthen shareholder rights and protect shareholders from expropriation by corporate insiders, whether managers or large shareholders. Controlling shareholders or managers do not wish to lose their control rights and thus resist reform efforts.