英语词汇学知识点整理

Conversion1.Definition of ConversionConversion / Functional shift/ Transmutation （转化法/功能转换法/转移法）is the word-formation by converting words of one class into another class (part of speech) without adding any affix.It is also called derivation by zero suffix (零位后缀派生法) zero derivation(零位派生法).2.Features of Conversion (P29)3.Types of Conversion1)Conversion to VerbsDe-nominal (nouns →verbs) (7 types)De-adjective (adjectives →verbs) : To make…/to become…2)Conversion to NounsDe-verbal (verbs → nouns ) (5 types)De-adjective (adjectives →nouns)Full conversion: both as nouns and adjectivesPartial conversion: the+adj.Miscellaneous3)Conversion to Adjectives:Nouns as attributives and predicativesMiscellaneous给大家推荐一个英语微信群-Empty Your Cup英语微信群是目前学习英语最有效的方法，群里都是说英语，没有半个中文，而且规则非常严格，是一个超级不错的英语学习环境，群里有好多英语超好的超牛逼的人，还有鬼佬和外国美眉。

英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识点英语词汇学考试难吗？那么该课程怎么考？要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的，所以考前应该日记月累的学习，在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试，我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。

英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。

从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。

1、考前重点词汇复习方法要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。

其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。

其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。

至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。

<br>2、词汇积累学习加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。

背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。

优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。

3、英语主观题拿分技巧首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。

如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。

点击进入&gt;&gt;&gt;。

Chapter 1Word-Structure1. The definition of morpheme1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morphemeWhat are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents对应词of morpheme? 语素词素-形位2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes).Task:(1) Read the following words and find the root in each word.heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness,sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly.(2) What is your definition of root?A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed.(3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why?2.2.1 Two types of roots- Free rootIn English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith.- Bound rootHowever, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc.these roots cannot be used to form new words.2.2.2 Two types of affixesAffix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme.- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to expressthe following meanings:(1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes;en in oxen.(2) the genitive case: e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s.(3) the verbal endings: for example,a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third personsingular present tense.b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the presentparticiple or gerund.c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or pastparticiple.(4) the comparative and superlative degrees:e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest,hardest.- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes)can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.•(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.task: list some prefixes that can modify the parts of speech.- en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich- be- as in words like befriend, belittle- a- as in words like asleep, aside • (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness, worker. By the addition of the suffix,the word is usually changed from one part ofspeech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemesMorphemeIt is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.a) Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words .What is an allomorph?An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。

英语专业词汇学的部分重点1）heart and soul: adv. 全心全意地2）white elephant: n. [a. + n.] something useless and unwanted but big and costly. 大而无用的东西，白象，累赘物3）high tea: n. A fairly substantial meal that includes tea and is served in the late afternoon or early evening. 下午茶下午或傍晚前进食的非常丰富的餐食包括茶水4）cold shoulder: n. Informal Deliberate coldness or disregard;a slight or a snub 怠慢故意的冷落或轻视；怠慢或轻慢5）red herring: n. Something that draws attention away from the central issue. 转移注意力者把注意力从中心论题转移开的东西6）narrow escape: n. 九死一生，幸免于难7）brain trust: n. [n. +n.] a group of people with special knowledge who answer questions or give advice. 智囊团，专家顾问团一个通常非正式地担任顾问和政策制定者的专家小组，尤指政府部门中的8）flesh and blood: n. [n. + conj. + n.] relatives or family一个人的血亲；亲属（2）Human nature or physical existence, together with its weaknesses. 人的本性包括各种弱点的人的本性或物质存在9）an apple of discord: n. [n. + prep. + n.] cause of disagreement or argument, etc. 争端，祸根10）Jack of all trades （Jack of all trades and master of none 三脚猫）：n. 万事通；博而不精的人11）fly in the ointment: n. [n. + prep. +n.] something that spoils the perfection of something. 小挫折12）brain drain: n. 智囊流失13）the ins and the outs: n. 执政党和在野党，复杂情况14）son and heir: n. 子嗣15）part and parcel: n. 重要的部分16）a friend in court: n. 有势力的朋友17）wet blanket: n. 弄湿的毯子，扫兴的事One that discourages enjoyment or enthusiasm.18）cat's paw: n. 受人利用者；傀儡19）king's weather n. 好天气20）Achilles' heel: n. A seemingly small but actually mortal weakness. 阿喀琉斯的脚踝一看来很小但致命的弱点21）cut and dried: adj. [a. + a.] already settled and unlikely to be changed. 固定的；已成定局的；已决定的；不大会改变的/?????/22）as poor as a church mouse: adj. [as + a.+ as+ n.] having, or earning, barely enough money for one's needs. 一贫如洗，赤贫的/??????/23）wide of the mark: adj. [a. + prep.+ n.] not at all suitable, correct etc. 毫不相关24）beyond the pale: adj. [prep.+ n.] beyond the limit of proper behaviour. 在…范围之外25）up in the air: adj. [adv. +prep. +n.] uncertain. 悬而未决26）high and dry: adj. （船）在岸上；孤立无援，被遗弃【a. + a.】He left me high and dry. 他使我陷于困境27）up to the hammer: adv. 第一流，极好28）null and void: adj. 无效的29）high and mighty: <口> 趾高气扬地；骄傲自大的；位高权大的30）on the go: （1）[口]在进行活动，忙碌；（2）刚要动身31）on call: adj. 随叫随到的，待命的32）wet behind the ears: adj. 少不更事的，初出茅庐的，乳臭未干的33）look into: 调查，研究34）go on: continue35）put off: 推迟，拖延，搪塞，使分心，使厌恶，扔掉，脱掉，劝阻36）turn on:37）get away with: do something wrong without being punished. （phrasal verbs）侥幸成功，逃避惩罚[责备，追究] 38）put down to: state that something is caused or explained by.（phrasal verbs）把……归结于39）follow one's nose: [v. + poss. + n. ] go straight ahead, go in the same direction. 笔直走，凭本能做事（verb phrases）40）make it: [v.+ pron.] arrive in time; succeed. 及时赶到，成功（verb phrases）41）fall flat: [v. + a.] fail completely in its intended or expected effect. 达不到预期效果，完全失败（verb phrases）42）give sb. the bag: [v. + pron. + n. ] fire or dismiss somebody. （verb phrases）43）sing a different tune: [v. + a. + n.] change one's opinion or attitude （verb phrases）44）call it a day: [v. + pron. + n.] decide or agree to stop either temporarily or for good. 暂时停止；结束一天的工作（verb phrases）45）chop and change: [v. + conj. + v.] fluctuate or vary constantly; keep changing one's opinion, etc. 持续浮动或变动；不断变换注意和观点，等等（verb phrases）46）swim against the stream: [v. + prep. phrase] do the opposite of what most people want to do; go against the way things are happening. 反潮流；逆潮流行事（verb phrases）47）come back to earth: [v. + adv. + prep. phrase] stop imagining or dreaming. （verb phrases）48）make ends meet: [v+n+v] earn what it costs to live. 收支相抵（verb phrases）49）keep the pot boiling: [v+n+v-ing] earn enough to maintain an adequate standard of living; keep a situation active, amusing, etc. 谋生，维持生活，使保持活泼（verb phrases）第一章1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. "woman" means 'Frau' in German, 'Femme' in French and 'Funv 'in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound/rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）。

￥English Lexicology(英语词汇学)lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。

Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。

and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary`（5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。

初中英语词汇积累知识点总结英语的词汇积累是学习英语的重要环节之一。

在初中阶段，学生需要通过课本和其他学习资料积累大量的英语词汇，提高自己的词汇量和应用能力。

以下是一些初中英语词汇积累的知识点总结。

1. 词根和词缀了解英语中常见的词根和词缀可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。

例如，"bio-"表示生物，"tele-"表示远程，"re-"表示再次。

通过学习词根和词缀，我们可以将很多生词归纳到相应的词根或词缀，并且可以根据词根和词缀的含义推测词汇的意思。

2. 同义词和近义词学习英语词汇时，我们经常会遇到一些相近的词，它们的意思可能有一些细微的差别。

了解这些同义词和近义词的区别对于准确运用词汇是非常重要的。

例如，“happy”和“glad”都表示高兴，但“happy”更强调长期的幸福感，“glad”则更强调暂时的高兴。

3. 词性和词义变化英语中的很多词汇可以根据上下文及其词缀发生词性和词义的改变。

例如，“advice”是名词形式，“advise”是动词形式，“advise”的过去式是“advised”。

学生需要注意词性和词义的变化，以正确地运用词汇。

4. 常见词组和搭配学习英语词汇的过程中，我们还需要了解一些常见的词组和搭配。

这些固定搭配通常具有一些特定的意义，而且很多时候无法通过词的字面意思猜测。

例如，“break up”表示分手，而不是字面意思的“破碎”。

了解这些常见的词组和搭配可以帮助我们更准确地理解和运用词汇。

5. 同源词英语词汇中存在很多同源词，即来自于同一个词根的词。

了解同源词可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，并且可以通过对比和类比来加深对词汇的理解。

例如，“nation”（国家）和“nationality”（国籍）都来自于“nate”（出生）这个词根。

6. 重点词汇记忆初中英语学习中，我们会遇到很多重要的词汇，这些词汇在课堂和考试中经常出现，并且在日常生活中也有广泛应用。

Chapter10 English Idioms⏹10.1 Introductory Remarks⏹10.2 Sources of English Idioms⏹10.3 Classification of Idioms⏹10.4 Syntactic, structural and stylistic analysis of idioms10.1 Introductory Remarks♦Idiom: is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.♦English idiom: is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words.eg. a feather in sb.’s cap –an honour ,success ,of which one can be prouddraw a blank–to fail to discover or find out about sth. after searching hard and asking many questions .*Idioms are usually semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal.An idiom functions as a unit of meaning.♦Features: a. semantic opaqueness; b. structural invariability.♦English idioms form an essential part of the general vocabulary.Idioms reflect the environment, life, history and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling.10.2 Sources of English IdiomsMany idiomatic expressions come from:1)Everyday life of the English people;eg. to keep one’s shirt on要有耐心; 别紧张; 指不要紧张t o give sb. the cold shoulder冷落某人2)Agricultural life;eg. to go to seed花谢结子; 走下坡路; 花谢结籽to lead sb. up the garden path迷惑某人,使某人产生错觉,花言巧语3)Nautical and military life;eg. be in the same boat with同舟共济to be in deep waters陷入困境4)Business life;eg. to come under the hammer将要落锤to talk shop三句不离本行5)Student life;eg. to speak by the book引经据典to turn over a new leaf重新开始(改过自新,过新生活)6)Food and cooking;eg. to keep the pot boiling仅足糊口;苟延残喘to be in the soup陷入困境7)Sports and cad-playing;eg. to keep the ball rolling不使中断to reach first base取得初步成就8)The Bible;eg. a thorn in the flesh肉中刺,眼中钉,烦恼的根源to turn the other cheek忍气吞声t he apple of one’s eyes掌上明珠9)Shakespeare’s plays;eg. to flutter the dovecotes扰乱鸽棚to give the Devil his due勿掩恶人善，平心而论10)fables, myths or legends.eg. sour grapes（指某人因得不到某物而称该事物不好）酸葡萄the lion’s share（最大份额或最大的一份）狮子的份额10.3 Classification of IdiomsThere are several criteria of classification of idioms. We classify them by structural criterion.A.Phrase idioms 短语成语According to the central word , they may subdivided into:1.Verb phrase idiom*a)All common English verbs, most of which are of native Anglo-Saxon origin, can combine with adverbs and prepositions to form phrasal verbs.b)Most of the verb phrase idioms are often nearly synonymous with loan words of Roman origin.c)Verb phrase idioms can form noun compounds.d)Phrasal verbs usually more lively and expressive than single verbs.eg. fall flat大失所望; 残败bite the hand that feeds one以怨报德2. Noun phrase idiomThe commonest functions of noun phrase idioms:a)As the direct object of a clause;b)As the complement of a clause;c)As the object of a preposition.eg. a baker’s dozen 十三个Jack of all trades 万事通; 万金油3. Adjective phrase idiomThe commonest function of adjective phrase idioms is as complement of a clause.eg. high and mighty盛气凌人;趾高气扬wide of the mark毫不沾边4. Prepositional phrase idiomFunctions of prepositional phrase idioms are:a)As an adjunct modifying a verb; 附属修饰语b)As a complement;补语c)As a complement or adjunct;d)As a disjunct; 分离判断语，附加语e)As a connecting phrase.B.Clause idioms 无主语从句成语Most of these idioms are terse, colloquial, vivid and changed with life.1.Verb + complement pattern2.Verb + direct object pattern3.Verb + direct object + complement pattern4.Verb + indirect object + direct object pattern5.Verb + direct object + adjunct patternC.Sentence idioms句子成语1.Proverbs;2.Typical conversational expressionseg. Upon my word! 我敢担保!Well begun is half done.半途而废Kill the goose that laid the golden egg. 毁掉财路; 杀鸡取卵10.4 Syntactic, structural and stylistic analysis of idiomsA. syntactic function 句法的功能1.The syntactic function of most phrase idioms usually corresponds with the central word or components.2.The syntactic function of some phrase idioms can vary.3.Prepositional phrase idioms have very diverse functions.4.noun + noun phrases have diverse functions.eg. He has a gift of the gab.(the ability to talk readily and easily )B. transformational restrictions 结构转换的限制性Transformation is a matter of structural change, and the change may be of various kinds.1.Some verb phrases may change word order.2.Some cannot change their word order.3.Some verb phrases may be passivized, but some can not.4.Most of the clause idioms cannot be put into the passive voice, while some of them can be used either way.5.The direct object usually does not undergo passive transformation; only the indirect object can be passivized.6.Some clause idioms may be made passive with a meaning quite different from what it had in the active form.C. Collocative restrictions 搭配限制1. Words collocate with idioms as the subjects, objects, predicates etc. of different types of phrase and clause idioms.2. Some idioms have a wide range of collocates while some have a limited choice.3. For some idioms, one has to consider which collocates will serve as adjuncts.D. Structural variability结构变化Idioms are structurally fixed, and as a rule one are not supposed to change any element in an idiomatic expression. But it is not unusual for writers to give a new twist to an old saying by making slight changes for rhetorical effect.Some ways of alteration in idioms:1. The replacement of one element by another without affecting the meaning of the whole.2. Insertion of one or more words into an idiomatic expression without changing its basic meaning.3. Deletion of one or more words, especially articles.E. Stylistic features文体特征1. Most idioms are stylistically neutral;2. But some of them belong to informal spoken English;3. Some idiom phrases are slangy.。

第五章 Reference （领会） – the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference， a speaker indicates which things in the world （including persons） are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. Although reference is abstract， yet with the help of context， it can refer to something specific. Concept（领会） – which beyond language is the result of human cognition reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language， so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are language in the world. Sense （领会） – denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. It is also abstraction. Motivation——accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent. Most words are non-motivated. The connection of the sign and meaning dose not have a logical explanation. Onomatopoeic Motivation – the words whose sounds suggest their meaning. （Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning）. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example， bang， ping-pang， crow by cocks， etc. Such echoic words are also conventional for the sounds we say in English may not be the same in other language. Morphological Motivation ——Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. （Indicate the relationship between word meaning and each morpheme meaning）. For instance， airmail means to “mail by air”， miniskirt is “a small skirt”。

Chapter 3Word Formation I词语结构13.1 Morphemes词素1. the morpheme is ‘ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。

2.Suffix：-ation：-tion, -sion, -ion.后缀：ation 的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀3.Owing to different sound environment 因为存在不同的发生环境。

3.2 Allomorphs （语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体1.Morphemes are abstract units.‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体.The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone:语素是一个音素发音的形素①single morphs单一语素词：bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire,Most morphemes are realized by single morphs,Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一语素词.These morphemes coincide withe words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。

Chapter 1Lexicology 词汇学Context 语境Pragmatics 语用学Phoneme 音素Morpheme 词素Semantic fields 语义场Lexicology: is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language.Morphology 形态学Semantics 语义学Etymology 词源学Lexicography 词典学Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components, is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.构词法Morphemes: the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.最小的、有意义的构词单位Semantics: is often defined as the study of meaning.Etymology: is the study of the whole history of words.Lexicography: is closely related to the words in a given language.What is a word?Word：is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by spaces.以空格为界的字母序列Word: an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes.由一个或多个词素组成的不可分离的结构单元Word: is viewed as a minimal free form which can occur in isolation and have meaning but which cannot be analyzed into elements which can occur alone and also have meaning. （除复合词）最小的、有意义的、可独立存在的、不可分离的语言单位Major features of wordsA word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.任意的、发声器官Pitch 音高Juncture 停顿A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.The word is uninterruptible unitA word has to do with its social functionalA word may consist of one or more morphemesWords are part of the large communication system we call language.A word occurs typically in the structure of phrasesA word receives some of its meaning as it fills the grammatical slot in a sentence.Syntax: 句法学Discourse analysis: 语篇分析Word classesClosed classes: preposition pronoun determiner conjunction auxiliary verb封闭词类:介词代词限定词连词助动词Open classes: noun adjective verb adverb开放词类：名词形容词动词副词Lexical words(词汇词)= form open classesGrammatical words(语法词)=closed classes and so onInflectional words(8): 名词复数、所有格，动词三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词，形容词的比较级、最高级。