句子的种类与类型
句子是具有一定的语法结构，表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。
高考重点要求：
1.掌握感叹句的用法和构成
2.掌握祈使句的构成及作用
3.掌握一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句的应答
4.分清简单句和复合句的类型
一、句子的成分
句子一般可以分为几个部分，每一个部分在句子中具有一定的功能，称为句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。
1．主语是一个句子的中心，主语的位置一般在句首。
2．谓语动词说明主语的动作与状态，一般在主语之后。
3．表语位置在连系动词之后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态。
4．宾语表示动作的对象，即动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词或介词后。
5．补语补充说明宾语或主语的特征或状态.
6．定语修饰名词、代词
7．状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。
二、句子的类型
1、按句子的用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：用来陈述一件事实或表达一种看法
如：He is six years old.
She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：用来提出疑问
如：Do they like skating?
How old she is?
Is he six or seven years old?
Mary can swim. can’t she?
3）祈使句：用来表示发出命令或发出请求
如：Be careful, boys.
Don’t talk in class.
4）感叹句：用来表示各种强烈的感情
如：How clever the boy is!
What a delicious hamburger!
2、按句子的结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
如.：He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She like drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspaper.
2) 并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，句语句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。常见并列连词（and, but, or等）
如：You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子，从句由从属连词引导。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
如：The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
三、祈使句、感叹句、疑问句
1、祈使句：表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Let’s 开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。
1)．肯定祈使句。
如：Stop talking! Come here in time!
2)．否定祈使句，即以Don’t或Never开头的句子。
如：Don’t talk in class. Never leave today’s work for tomorrow.
3)．以Let’s 或let开头的句子。
如：Let’s go together. Let him go first.
4)．以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，译成“一定，务必”。
如：Do come to see me if you have time.
2、感叹句：含有表示情绪色彩的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式：（1）what 引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词；（2）how引导的感叹句，强调句中的形容词或副词；（3）由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。
1)．What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。
如：What a hot day （it is）!
What good advice the teacher gave us!
What high buildings （they are）!
2)．How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！
如：How interesting the book is!
How hard they are working!
3、疑问句：用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1).一般疑问句: 一般疑问句是用来询问某人或某物是否属实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。
如：-Are you an engineer?
-Yes, I am或No, I am not.
2).特殊疑问句:以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）或疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。
如：What has happened to her?
When did he fly to America?
3).选择疑问句: 在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句，就叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调，最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况：即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式，都要按实际情况来回答。
如：—Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball? –I enjoy playing volleyball.
—Which floor do you live , on the 15th floor or on the 21st floor? –On the 21st floor.
4).反意疑问句:表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握，需要别人加以证实的疑问句，就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成，即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句，简略问句就用否定形式；反之，简略问句用肯定形式。但不管用哪种形式，前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致，并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当，简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。朗读时，陈述部分通常用降调，简略问句部分用升、降调随情况而定。
如：—You spoke at the meeting yesterday, did n’t you?
—Yes, I did. 或No, I didn’t .
四、简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+不及物动词：
如：We work.. He died.
2、主语+及物动词+宾语：
如：Henry bought a dictionary. She studies English.
3、主语+系动词+表语：
如：He is a student. I am busy.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：
如：My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：
如：Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
五、并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
如：The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
如：Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
如：He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
如：. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
六、复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子，从句由从属连词引导。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
历届高考试题分析
例1、There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ____? A. wasn’t there B. was there C. didn’t it D. did it
答案为A
【解析】反意疑问句前面肯定，后面否定。there be句型的反意部分不作特殊变化。
例2、Don't be discouraged. ________things as they are and you will enjoy the days of your life.
A. Taking
B. To take
C. Take
D. Take
答案选C。
【解析】查“祈使句+and+简单句”句型。表示：如果……就……。
例3、Mrs Black doesn't believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _______?
A. is he
B. isn't he
C. doesn't she
D. does she
答案为D。
【解析】因为主句是否定句，其主语是Mrs Black，所以它的反意疑问句是does she。
在含有宾语从句的句子中，除第一人称外，要根据其主句的主语确定反意疑问句。
例4、_______role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.
A. How interesting
B. How an interesting
C. What interesting
D. What an interesting
答案选D。
【解析】根据感叹句的构成规则，不难看出正确选项。
例5、Brian told you that there wasn't anyone in the room at that time, _______?
A. was there
B. wasn't there
C. didn't he
D. did he
答案为C。
【解析】这是一个反意疑问句。主语是Brian，所以要填didn't he。
例6、—English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
—Yes. _____ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A. Know
B. Knowing
C. To know
D. Known
答案为A。
【解析】本句用“祈使句+and+句子”的并列句型，表示含有条件状语从句的复合句的
意思，所以祈使句应以不带to的不定式开始。
例7、I thought Jim would say some thing about his school report, but he _____ it.
A. doesn’t mention
B. hadn’t mentioned
C. didn’t mention
D. hasn’t mentioned
答案为C。
【解析】宾语从句中的动作和but引导的分句中的动作发生在同一时间，所以两个并列成分的时态保持一致，都是过去时。
例8、—Thanks for the lovely party and the delicious food.
—_______.
A. No thanks
B. Never mind
C. All right
D. My pleasure
答案为D。
【解析】本题考查回答感谢的交际用语。“No thanks”不符合英语表达法。“Never mind”是没关系，“All right”是“好吧”的意思，可以排除A、B、C。
例9、—Let's go swimming, shall we?
—________.
A. It's my pleasure
B. It doesn't matter
C. Yes, let's go
D.I agree with you
答案为C。
【解析】这是一个反意疑问句，反意疑问句与一般疑问句的答语相似之处就是要用Yes
或No作明确回答。当对方用Let's…征求意见时，可以回答Yes, let's…译文：“我们去游泳，好吗?”“好的，走吧。”It's one's/a pleasure是对“Thank you”的回答；It doesn't matter
是对“Sorry”的回答。I agree with you是同意别人的观点、看法。
例10、—I enjoyed the food very much.
—I'm glad you like it. Please drop in any time you like.
—________
A. Is it all right?
B. I'm afraid I won't be free.
C. Yes, I will.
D. That's great.
答案为C。
【解析】当对方邀请做某事时，可以回答Yes, I will.或Certainly, I will.译文：“我非常
喜欢这种食物。”“我很高兴你喜欢它。请什么时候顺便到家来。”“好的，我会来的。”用
Is it all right?和I’ m afraid I won't be free.回答很不客气。That's great.的意思是“那太好了。”
不符合日常说话的习惯。
巩固练习
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a c hair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、选择填空：
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to fini sh it.
A. and
B. or
C. if
D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he
B. isn’t he
C. isn’t it
D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How
B. What
C. What a
D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we
B. shall we
C. won’t we
D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I
B. don’t I
C. is he
D. isn’t he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you
B. had you
C. shall you
D. have you
7. T rain as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then
B. but
C. and
D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t too
B. Henry also has not either
C. neither Henry has
D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or
B. for
C. while
D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?”----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which
B. How
C. How hot
D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he?---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t
B. No, he isn’t
C. No, he is
D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she
B. What, is she
C. How, she is
D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or
B. so
C. for
D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making
B. makes
C. is making
D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but
B. and
C. or
D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me
B. If you would say to me
C. You will tell me
D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he
B. but he
C. and
D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since
B. but
C. because
D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning
B. To turn
C. Turned
D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish.
---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and
B. and, but
C. or, and
D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and
B. so
C. as
D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and
B. then
C. or
D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving
B. to arrive
C. having arrived
D. and arrived
26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing
B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed
D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom
B. where
C. which
D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left
B. Leaving
C. If you leave
D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you
B. will you
C. didn’t you
D. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind
B. Glance at
C. Stare at
D. Watch
三、按要求完成下列句子：
1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句）
2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）
3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________?（完成反意疑问）
4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句）
5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)
6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句）
7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问）
8. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?（完成反意疑问）
9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）
10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线部分提问）
参考答案：
练习二：
一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；
8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句
二、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
三、1. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. won’t there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is!
7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is shining!
10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?
句子的种类与类型 句子是具有一定的语法结构，表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。 高考重点要求： 1.掌握感叹句的用法和构成 2.掌握祈使句的构成及作用 3.掌握一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句的应答 4.分清简单句和复合句的类型 第一节知识点扫描 一、句子的类型 1．句子按结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句P149简单句类型讲解; P150.7练习1）&2）简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。例如： He likes swimming and often swims in the river. 并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起构成。例如： I learn English and he learns French. 复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。例如： It was raining hard when I got home yesterday. 2．句子按功能分可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句 陈述句用来说明一件事实或表达一种看法；疑问句用来提出问题；祈使句用来发出请求或命令；感叹句用来表达强烈的感情。 二、句子的成分 句子一般可以分为几个部分，每一个部分在句子中具有一定的功能，称为句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。 1．主语是一个句子的中心，主语的位置一般在句首。 2．谓语动词说明主语的动作与状态，一般在主语之后。 3．表语位置在连系动词之后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态。 4．宾语表示动作的对象，即动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词后。 5．补语补充说明宾语或主语的特征或状态. 6．定语修饰名词、代词 7．状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。 三、祈使句 表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Let’s 开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。 1．肯定祈使句。如： Stop talking! Come here in time! 2．否定祈使句，即以Don’t或Never开头的句子。如： Don’t talk in class. Never leave today’s work for tomorrow. 3．以Let’s 或let开头的句子。如： Let’s go together. Let him go first.
句子结构及句子种类 Teaching aims:1.初步了解句子成分和句子种类，为正确使用句子打好基础； 2.学会划分句子成分，为学习各种从句打好基础； 3. 激发学生的兴趣与潜能。 Important points：简单句的五种基本类型 Teaching method：以旧带新；英汉对照；由浅入深 Teaching aids : A learning guide Teaching procedures: Step One : Revision : Revise some words and phrases. Step Two：Revision：revise different parts of speech in English sentences. Step Three: Presentation: 汉语的句子成分有：____________ _______ _____________ _________ 英语的句子成分有：_______ _______ ________ _______ _______ _______ _____ 主语subjective ( s) 是指“什么人或什么事”由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、句子来充当。 谓语verb (v) 是指主语发出的动作，即“做……”“干……”,由动词来充当； 宾语objective (O)：指主语发出的动作涉及到的对象，即干了“什么”，可以担当宾语的成分同主语 定语attributive (a) 用来修饰名词或代词，说明名词或代词的特点。能作定语的主要有形容词、分词、不定式和从句。 状语adverbial (ad) 用来限制谓语动词或整个句子，说名动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、程度等等，常用副词或从句来完成。 补语compliments(c): 与主语、宾语、表语是指同一个人或同一件事，由名词充当， 主要有主语补足语、宾语补足语、标语补足语。
英语句子种类与类型 I、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句 II、句子类型（按句子结构分） 简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句 I、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句 1、陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，位于在后。 She arrived early. She cannot have arrived now. 注：1）半否定句 I hardly know anything about it. 2）部分否定句与全否定句I don’t like both the films. I like neither Cathy nor Mary. 3)否定转移I don’t think it will be very cold today. (believe, expect, suppose,imagine) 2、疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。 1）一般疑问句用来询问一件事，答案通常是yes或no，注意语序。 Have you anything to say? Did someone phone me last night? Can’t you understand it? Isn’t it a beautiful lake? ---Haven’t you been to the UK? ---No, I haven’t. 2）特殊疑问句疑问词有who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。 （1）陈述语序Who was the first man in space? （2）倒装语序Who are you talking about? 注：A、简略式Why not go alone? Why get so angry? How/What about taking a rest? B、复杂特殊疑问句What do you think he has done?3）选择疑问句 (1)以一般疑问句为基础 Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman? Shall I help you or can you manage? (2)以特殊疑问句为基础 Which do you prefer, red wine or white? How shall we go there? By bus or by train? 4）反义疑问句问：+，-？或-，+？ 答：+，+. 或-，-. 1.Tom hardly knows French, ______ ______? 2.—Mary didn't fail her exam, did she? ---______, she didn‘t. 3.You needn’t come, ______ you?You need to come, ______ you? 4.He had a big time there, ______ he? He had a car, ______ he? We hardly have to get up early, ______ we? 5.He used to live in Leeds, ______ he? 3、祈使句表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等，用原形。 1）带第二人称的祈使句 Be quiet, please. Don’t make any noise! You call a taxi. Don’t you forget it.(强调) Give me a hand, will/won’t/would/wouldn’ you? 2）带第一、三人称的祈使句 Let me try again. Let’s go. Let us go. Let’s not say anything about it./Don’t let’s say… Let him be here by 10 o’clock. 注意： 1、加强语气Do be careful of my broken leg. Do let me have another try. 2 、祈使句的省略式 A:Shall I open the window? B:Yes, please do./ No, please don’t. A:Shall we watch the game? B:Yes, let’s. 4、感叹句 由what 或how引导的，表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等。
句子种类与简单句的基本句型 句子的分类 通常，我们从两个不同的角度对句子进行分类：一是按句子的用途；二是按句子的结构。1.句子的用途分类 所谓用途分类是指，根据句子的意思，句子的语言功能和作用是什么，然后将其归类。按这种方法，所有的英语句子可以分成四个种类：陈述句（Declarative Sentence），疑问句（Interrogative Sentence），祁使句（Imperative Sentence）和感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）。 1）陈述句（Declarative Sentence） 1．肯定式 2．否定式 2) 疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）可分为以下四种： A）一般疑问句（General Question） (1)用Yes,No来回答的疑问句。 (2)往往把be,助动词，情态动词置于句首。例如： --Are you a student ? --Yes, I am a student . --Do you like dancing ? --Yes, I do . B)特殊疑问句（Special Question） （1）用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子, 用疑问词+一般疑问句构成 如：时间（When）、地点（Where）、原因（Why）、方式（How）、人物（Who）、名称（What），等等。回答的内容是具体的。例如： --Who is in charge of English in your class ? --Zheng Zheng (is ). --谁是你们班的英语科代表？--（是）郑征。 - -Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today .--She is preparing for going abroad . 罗慧敏今天为什么没有上班？她要出国,正在做准备。 （2）疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，与陈述句的顺序相同， 如：Whose father works in Shanghai?Who is on duty today? C) 选择疑问句（Alternative Question） 由一般疑问句加连词or连接。回答时既不能用"Yes"也不能用"No"，而是需要回答人说出具体的选择。另外，连词or之前的部分读升调，其后的部分读降调。例如： --Is your sister or brother going abroad ? --My brother is . （选择主语）--是你的妹妹还是弟弟要出国？--我弟弟。 --Are you going to school or back home . --（I‘m）Going home . （选择谓语） --你是去学校还是回家。--我回家。 D) 反意疑问句（Disjunctive Question）当说话人对某种情况不甚有把握，或需进一步证实时，便可使用反意疑问句。构成：陈述句+简略问句 肯定否定 否定肯定 例如：She is a college student , isn‘t she ?她是学生，对不对？ He cannot speak French , can he ?他不会说法语是不是？ 3) 祁使句（Imperative Sentence）