A Memetic Algorithm for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows
Jean Berger and Mohamed Barkaoui
Defence Research and Development Canada一Valcartier, Decision Support System Section 2459 Pie-XI Blvd. North, Val-Belair, PQ, Canada, G3J 1X5
email: jean.berger@drdc-rddc.gc.ca, barkaoui@oricom.ca
Abstract
Serial and parallel versions of a new memetic algorithm to address the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows are presented. The underlying approach involves parallel co-evolution of two populations. The first population evolves individuals to minimize total traveled distance while the second focuses on minimizing temporal constraint violation to generate a feasible solution. New genetic operators have been designed to incorporate key concepts emerging from recent promise techniques such as insertion heuristics, large neighborhood search and ant colony systems to further diversify and intensify the search. The parallel version of the method is based on a master-slave message-passing paradigm. The master controls the execution of the algorithm, synchronizes atomic genetic operations and handles parent selection while the slaves concurrently execute genetic operations. Results from a computational experiment show that the serial version of the proposed technique matches or outperforms the best-known heuristic routing procedures, providing six new best-known solutions. In comparison, the method proved to be fast, cost-effective and highly competitive. Alternatively, simulation results obtained for the parallel version show a significant improvement over the serial algorithm, matching or even improving solution quality. The parallel algorithm shows a speed-up of five in computing solution having near similar quality.
1 .Introduction
Vehicle routing problems are well known combinatorial considerable economic significance. The Vehicle Routing optimization Problem with problems with Time Windows(VRPTW) has
received a lot of attention in the literature recently. This is mostly due to the wide applicability of time window constraints in real-world cases. In VRPTW, customers with known demands are serviced by a homogeneous fleet of vehicles of limited capacity. Routes are ssumed to start and end at the central depot. Each customer provides a time interval during which a particular task must be completed such as loading/unloading the vehicle. It is worth noting that the time window requirement does not prevent any vehicle from arriving before the allowed start of service at a customer location. The objective is to minimize the number of tours or routes, and then for the same number of tours, to minimize the total traveled distance, such that each customer is serviced within its time window and the total load on any vehicle associated with a given route does not exceed the vehicle capacity.
A variety of algorithms including exact methods and efficient heuristics have already been proposed for VRPTW. For excellent surveys on exact, heuristic and metaheuristic methods, see [Desrosiers et al.1995], [Cordeau et al.,2001] and [Braysy and Gendreau, 2001a and 2001b] respectively. In particular, evolutionary and genetic algorithms have been among the most suitable approaches to tackle the VRPTW, and are of particular interest to us. Genetic algorithms [Holland, 1975;[De Jong, 1975] and [Goldberg, 1989] are adaptive heuristic search methods that mimic evolution through natural selection. They work by combining selection, recombination and mutation operations. The selection pressure drives the population toward better solutions while recombination uses genes of selected parents to produce offspring that will form the next generation. Mutation is used to escape from local minima. Routing techniques based on genetic algorithms to solve VRPTW emerge from the work of [Blanton and Wainwright,1993], [Thangiah, 1995a and 1995b], [Thangiah et al., 1995], [Potvin and Bengio, 1996], [Berger et al., 1998, 1999, 2000] and [Tan et2001].Alternate methods using evolutionary metaheuristics have been proposed by [Homberger and G1999],[Gehring and Homberger, 1999 and 2001]，and [Braysy et al., 2000]. Other recent studies on vmetaheuristics for VRPTW can be found in [Rochat and Taillard, 1995], [Taillard etal.1997], [Chiang and Russell, 1997], [Cordeau et al., 2001](tabu searches), [Gambardella et al.,1999] (ant colony optimization),
and [Liu and Shen, 1999].Proposed metaheuristics so far show significant variability in performance. They often require
considerable computational effort and therefore fail to convincingly provide a single robust and successful technique. Recently, a new memetic or parallel hybrid genetic algorithm (PHGA) for the VRPTW has been successfully developed [Bergen Barkaoui and Braysy, 2002]. Algorithms is a population-based approach for heuristic search in optimization problems[Moscato, 1989]. They have shown that they are orders of magnitude faster than traditional genetic algorithms for some problem domains. Basically, they combine local search heuristics with mutation and crossover operators. For this reason, some researchers have viewed them as hybrid genetic algorithms or genetic local search. Our approach is based on a new concept that combines constrained parallel co-evolution of two populations and partial temporal constraint relaxation to improve solution quality. The firs population evolves individuals to minimize the total traveled distance while the second focuses on minimizing temporal constraint violation in trying to generate a feasible solution. Imposing a constant number of tours for each solution of a given population, temporal constraint relaxation allows escaping local minima while progressively moving toward a better solution. Populations interact with one another whenever a new feasible solution emerges, reducing by one the number of tours imposed on future solutions. New genetic operators have been designed to maximize the number of customers served within their time intervals first, and then temporal constraint relaxation is used to insert remaining unvisited customers. Key principles and variants emerging from recent promising techniques are also captured to further diversify and intensify the search. As a result, even though the algorithm is more robust, efficient, stable and highly competitive, prohibitive computational cost of key genetic operators and overall run-time still remain a sensitive issue to be satisfactorily addressed.
The main contribution of this paper is to further improve the PHGA technique by developing an efficient parallel implementation based upon a master-slave message-passing
paradigm(networked parallel computing) in order to significantly reduce run-time. The master
processing element controls the execution of the algorithm, synchronizes atomic genetic operations and handles the parent selection process while the slave processing elements concurrently execute reproduction and mutation operators. Current and new genetic operators have been designed and revisited to reduce processor starvation over each generation. The paper is outlined as follows. Section 2 introduces the basic concepts of the proposed parallel hybrid genetic algorithm. The basic principles and features of the algorithm are first described. Details on the parallel implementation of the algorithm are then given. Section 3 presents the results of a computational experiment to assess the value of the proposed approach and reports a comparative performance analysis to alternate methods. Finally, a summary is presented in Section 4.
2. Parallel Hybrid Genetic Algorithm
2.1 General Description
The proposed algorithm relies upon constrained parallel co-evolution and partial constraint relaxation. Two populations Pop, and Pope, primarily formed of non-feasible solution individuals, are evolving concurrently, each with their own objective functions. Pop, contains at least one feasible solution and is used to minimize total traveled distance while Pope focuses on minimizing constraint violation. Constrained to a fixed number of tours over the some population, solution individuals differ by exactly one route across both populations. Parallel evolution is interrupted whenever a new best feasible solution is obtained. Populations are then reinitialized and co-evolution resumed, while decreasing the number of routes associated with solution individuals by one. The number of tours imposed on solution individuals in Pop, and Pope are R-,;- and R-,;。一1，respectively. R-,;- refers to the number of routes found in the best feasible solution obtained so far. As a new feasible solution emerges from Pope, population Pop, is replaced by Pope, R-,;- is updated and, Pope is reinitialized with the revised number of tours (R.-.。一1)，using the RSS_ M mutation operator. In addition, a post-processing procedure (RC_ M) aimed at reordering customers, is applied to further improve the
new best solution. Theevolutionary process is repeated until a predefined stopping condition is met. The proposed approach uses a steady-state genetic algorithm that involves overlapping populations. At first, new individuals are generated and added to the current population Popp. The process continues until the overlapping population outnumbers the initial population by up. Then, the up worst individuals are eliminated to maintain population size using the following individual evaluation:The proposed evaluation expression indicates that better individuals generally (but notnecessarily) include fewer routes, and smaller total traveled distance, while satisfying temporal constraints. The general algorithm is as follows:
Initialization
Repeat
p=1
Repeat {evolve population Pope一new generation }
For j=1二n,, do
Select two parents from Pope
Generate a new solution S} using recombination and mutation operators associated with Pope
Add S} to Pope
end for
Remove the n,, worst individuals from Pope using the evaluation function (1).
P=P刊
Until (all populations Pope have been considered)
if (Pops includes a new best feasible solution) then
、 毕业设计（论文）外 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 2010年 10 月 15 日 外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action.
文献出处: Mahpula A、The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]、Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34、 原文 The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness Mahpula A Abstract At present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization、At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly、Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics、Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form、Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics、On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy、Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness、 Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index 1 Introduction The rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope、Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree
有关物流方面的英文 文献
原文： Chinese Business Review，2010,9(10):51-56 Application of Fuzzy-AHP method in the evaluation of logistics capability in e-commerce environment YANG Lei1，2 , ZHANG Yi -zhen1 (1.Business School, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; 2.Economic Trade Department, Hebei College of Finance, Baoding 071051, China) Abstract：In order to solve the complex problem of evaluation of logistics capability in e-commerce environment,an index system model of logistics capability is established based on the method of Fuzzy-AHP in this paper. The results show that the method of Fuzzy-AHP is a powerful and flexible multi-criteria decision-making tool for dealing with complex problems where both qualitative and quantitative aspects need to be considered, and the human preference model is uncertain and decision-makers are reluctant or unable to assign exact numerical values to the comparison judgments. The evaluation model of logistics capability based on method of Fuzzy-AHP can help to make an effective decision in the evaluation of logistics capability. By this way we can effectively deal with the uncertainty and vagueness in the evaluation process of logistics capability. Logistics companies can diagnose their own weaknesses in the area of logistics and enhance their competitiveness. Keywords:Fuzzy-AHP;e-commerce;logistics capability 1. Introduction In today’s highly competitive environment，many companies are entering the global arena to gain market share. The cost of lo gistics and transportation has a large impact on a company’s profitability. Global competition in the twenty-first century is forcing companies around the world to reexamine their logistics operations and systems with the objective of reducing costs and improving customer service. E-commerce has brought new opportunities, as well as challenges to logistics management. E-commerce will open an entirely new market for actors in the logistics field. Logistics and distribution systems that function efficiently and effective1y in all respects will be crucial for the success of the companies involved. Logistics can be defined as an operational process that includes inputting, storing, transporting and distributing physical goods. E-logistics is an internet-enabled logistics value chain designed to offer competitive logistics services including public warehousing, contract warehousing, transportation management, distribution management, freight consolidation. E-logistics consists of four important components:one-stop value-added services, management of electronic information, a transportation network and automation in warehousing operations. The objectives of e-logistics are reducing operating costs, meeting product delivery deadlines and
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f416623367.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
Logistics Planning in the Downstream Oil Industry Author(s): T. N. Sear Source: The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan., 1993), pp. 9-17 Operational Research Society Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . https://www.doczj.com/doc/f416623367.html,/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@https://www.doczj.com/doc/f416623367.html,. Palgrave Macmillan Journals and Operational Research Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Operational Research Society. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f416623367.html,
智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文
Introduction Introduction With the continuous development of our economy, rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology, providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort, convenience requirements. Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system. Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system, high reliability, flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done. The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module, switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer, monitoring computer (need to bridge a large network connection) and other components composition.
Mercury (Hg2+) effect on enzyme activities and hepatopancreas histo structures of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis* Abstract We studied the effects of mercury (Hg2+) on antioxidant and digestive enzyme activities in terms of LC50 value and on hepatopancreas histo structures of juvenile Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis in 40-day exposure to various concentrations of Hg2+ (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 mg/L). The results show that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) significantly increased in the concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L, while that of enzyme decreased in 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 mg/L treatments. Meanwhile, Hg2+ disrupted the histo structures of the hepatopancreas, causing decreases in activities of pepsin, tryptase, amylase, and cellulose, which are synthesized in the hepatopancreas. Moreover, as the Hg2+ concentration increased, the survival rate of the crabs decreased, worst at 56.57% in 0.30 mg/L. Therefore, although crabs are able to tolerate low levels of mercury pollution, high levels lead to cellular injury and tissue damage in hepatopancreas, which then loses some of its vital physiological functions such as absorption, storage, and secretion. Keyword: Eriocheir sinensis; mercury; hepatopancreas; antioxidant enzymes; histo structure; digestive ; enzymes 1 INTRODUCTION Mercury is a nonessential metal for aquatic animals (Bano et al., 1989). Due to anthropogenic input and environmental transport of mercury, pollution of the aquatic environment has increased significantly in the past decade (Mason et al., 1994; Botton, 2000). Waterborne mercury penetrates into aquatic animals, accumulates in different tissues, and induces adverse effects at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels (Bianchini et al., 1996; St-Amand et al., 1999; Chou et al., 2002). The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (Edwards, 1853), is one of the most economically important crab species in China, with annual production reaching 500 000 tons and valued at US$2.2 billion in 2005. Previous investigations have described acute toxicity (Bianchini et al., 1996) and morphological changes in the gills of E. sinensis exposed to mercury (Zhao et al., 2008). However, the mechanism of mercury toxicity to E. sinensis is still largely unknown. Previous studies show that ambient mercury exposure leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including O2-, OH-, O2-and H2O2 (Ali et al., 2000). ROS are very unstable and highly reactive, and can induce alterations in the structure of cellular macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc. (Michiels et al., 1988). ROS formation can also induce cellular damage (Verlecar et al., 2008). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are the primary enzymes responsible for scavenging ROS. Homeostatic mechanisms act to equilibrate the amount of ROS generated under stress conditions in order to protect an organism from adverse effects(Pan et al., 2006; Yan et al., 2007). In addition, the activity of these enzymes is regulated by health status and environmental stress (Winston et al., 1991). Although several studies have reported ROS formation, antioxidant enzyme activity, and scavenger responses in crustaceans (Sridevi et al., 1998; Yan et al., 2007), little is known about the relationship between ambient Hg2+ and the antioxidant defensive systems of Eriocheir sinensis. * Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2007CB407306);
物流英文文献翻译英语论文 物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献[1] 崔介何.物流学概论[M].北京〆北京大学出版社，2004年〆1-2. [2] 叶怀珍.现代物流学[M].北京〆高等教育出版社，2003〆49-56. [3] 许建帄.对培育广州物流市场的再思考[EB/OL]. [4] 深圳新闻网.“入仓即予退税”新政策助推物流发展[EB/OL]. [5] 吴德群.“入仓退税”适应国际采购商全球配送[N].深圳特区报，2006-01-23. [6] 广东禾田物流有限公司网.广东禾田物流有限公司简介[EB/OL]. [7] 快递公司网.广州物流市场[8] 来源.十一月回顾〆物流篇（三）[EB/OL]. [9] 徐晓阳,饶欠林. 深圳盐田港出口监管仓的现状与发[DB/OL].，2002. [10] 中华人民共和国国务院公报,中华人民共和国海关总署令——中华人民共和国海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL]. [11] 公共商务信息导报，海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL]. 2005-12-06. [12] Wei Liu,Wenshun Li,Wendy Huang.Analysis of the dynamic relation between logistics development and GDP growth in China[DB/OL]. http:// 毕业论文[13] Deng Mingran,Wang Hua. A government guarantee system of logistics development in China[DB/OL].,2006. [14] Goh,M,Ling,C. Logistics development in China[DB/OL]. ,2003. [15] Chen Siyun, The developing trend and countermeasures of Yantian port logistics[DB/OL]. 研究物流业及中国物流技术摘要为了进一步推进同中国发展物流业,作者基于中国物流业的现状,肯定其在中国工业发展过程中所取得的成就。通过学习物流产业的各方面,包括了解物流产业，标准术语,物流技术和管理知识,剖析主要的问题存在于中国当前的物流业,并提出合理化建议。关键词〆物流，发展，问题，方法1 前言现代物流工业是现代最受欢迎的行业。自从20世纪80年代早期物流概念从海外引入，物流业得到了迅猛的发展。目前,我国已有相当多的物流园区及中心, 发展了一系列现代物流技术和取得了一大批自主知识产权的创新成果。研制开发了具有自主知识产权的集成化物流管理系统（LOG++/SMCS），成功实现了与著名ERP系统（SAP R/3）的实时连接。改变了我国传统物流系统性能单一、集成度低的现状，标志着我国物流软件系统与国际现代物流管理系统的接轨。研究开发了新型结构快速堆垛机。其运行速度0～150m/min，起升速度0～40m/min，货叉速度0～20/40m/min々水帄方向采用激光测距技术，测距误差±1mm（500m以内），定位精度达到±3mm々垂直方向采用旋转编码器加齿形带技术，定位精度达到±3mm。进行了结构研究和动态性能分析，增加了设备的稳定性和可靠性々成功地将激光认址和旋转编码器、齿形带测距等新型检测技术整合到一起，运用于认址，从根本上改变了传统的认址方式，并采用冗余控制技术和故障自诊断技术等大大提高系统的效率与可靠性々新型货叉结构、带尺寸检测与条形码检测的新型载货台等10多项新技术，促进了物流关键设备的技术进步，大大缩短我国物流关键设备与国际先进水帄的差距。在2003年，国内外首创开发了具有国际先进水帄的推挽式激光导引AGV小车（专利产品）々攻克了路径规划、反射板布置、精确定位等难题，使小车能在卷接包机组内安全、灵活地行走和定位，实现完全自动化运送。2003年设计应用具有国际先进水帄的视觉识别移动式机器人自动辅料搭配系统。红河卷烟厂自动化物流系统和联想电脑公司集成化物流系统的成功开发与应用，填补了多项国内空白，创新出一批具有国际先进水帄的系统和设备，大大缩小我国物流系统关键设备及主要技术指标与先进国家的差距，在行业中产生了广泛影响。经过多年研究和探索，太原钢运储存公司通过与科研机构的合作，成功地发展出由电脑计划设计的自动化的仓储打包系统，同样也是处于世界领先水帄。由于受到政府的大力指出与重视，中国的现代物流业正以前所未有的速度发展。但是，还是值得指出的是，中国的物流业整体还是处在初级阶段。中国在2000 年的国内生产总值是8.94×1000亿元，其中流通领域总占比重仅仅百分之8.1 这比发达国家如英美日要低许多。2000年，沃尔玛，世界零售巨头的销售总额达193.3亿美元，占中国年零售业总额的46%。从上面可以看出，沃尔玛的销售额以每年20—30亿美元的速度增长。在国内的零售业领先的上海联合利华仅仅XX 人民