土木工程专业英语单词句子

土木工程专业英语Ch 1Ch 2Ch 3Ch 4Ch 5 Ch 6Ch 7Ch 8Ch 9Ch 10 Ch 13Ch 17Ch 33Ch 39Ch 47Ch 1 Introduction to Mechanics of MaterialsWords and Expressionstorque扭矩, 转矩；扭转impose将……强加于，施加，强使composite合成的，复合的；复合材料，合成物sag下垂，凹陷deflect偏转，弯曲，下垂，倾斜excessively过多地，极度地misalignment不重合，安装误差，调整不当plaster灰泥，灰浆，涂层stiffness刚度，刚性，坚硬性constructor设计者，建造者，施工人员precedent先例，惯例；在先的，领先的contradistinction对比，截然相反，区别in contradistinction to M与M截然不同，不同于Mrational合理的，理性的，理论的，有理解能力的tension张力，拉力，拉伸；拉紧compression压缩，压力，凝缩indelible不能消除的，不可磨灭的，难忘的blended混合的，混杂的postulate假定，设定，先决条件，基本原理presume假定，推测，以为visualize观察，检验，（使）具体[形象，直观]化，设想，想象diagrammatic图解的，图表的，概略的，轮廓的diagrammatic sketch示意图dividend股息，利息，收获aerodynamic空气动力的，气动的Ch 2 Overview of Engineering MechanicsWords and Expressionsceramics陶瓷，陶瓷材料perceive感觉，觉察，发觉，领会，理解，看出inertia惯性，惯量，惰性lifetime使用寿命，使用期限，持续时间，生存期interactive相互作用的，相互影响的，交互的iterative反复的，迭代的，重复的durability耐久性，持久性，耐用期限pinpoint针尖；极精确的，细致的；准确定位，正确指出，确认，强调evolve开展，发展，研究出，（结果试验研究等）得出substance物质，材料，内容，要点，梗概lucrative可获得的，赚钱的，有利的statics静力学strength of materials材料力学deformation变形，形变，畸变dynamic动力的，动力学的，冲击的appreciate正确评价，理解，体会到，懂得(be) inherent in 为……所固有，是……的固有性质false假的，不真实的，似是而非的render提出，给予，描绘，表现tractable易处理的，易加工的prohibitive禁止的，抑制的，起阻止作用的meld融合，汇合、组合，合并，归并order of magnitude数量级influx流入，涌进，汇集，灌注Ch 3 Stress-Strain Relationship of MaterialsWords and Expressions distortion变形，挠曲，扭曲，歪曲thousandth第一千的，千分之一的boring machine镗床boom吊杆，起重杆，悬臂；繁荣，兴旺dragline拉铲挖土机，挖掘斗gray cast iron灰铸铁concrete具体的，坚实的，混凝土的；混凝土modulus of elasticity弹性模量rigidity刚性，刚度，稳定性slip滑动，滑移，打滑creep爬行，蠕变，徐变yield产生，屈服于；屈服，弯曲rupture破裂，断裂，破坏Ch 4 Stress Limits in DesignWords and Expressions withstand抵抗，经受，耐得住，顶得住springy有弹性的，似弹簧的diving跳水的，潜水，潜水的subjective主观的；主观事物turbulent骚动的，湍流的，汹涌的decimal小数的，以十为基础的；小数slip滑动，疏忽，遗漏tolerance公差，容许极限，容许间隙coffee break休息，喝咖啡的时间（通常为十五分钟）crash崩溃，毁损lubricate润滑，起润滑作用safety factor安全系数diligence勤奋，勤劳，努力，注意enviable可羡慕的instill浸染，逐渐灌输humility谦卑ethical伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的legal法律的，合法的，法定的Ch 5 Load ClassificationWords and Expressions load carry capacity承载能力unprecedented无先例的，史无前例的，崭新的terminology专用名词，术语，词汇sustain支撑，支持，持续，保持helical螺旋面，螺线，螺旋状的helical spring螺旋形弹簧concentrated集中的，浓缩的distribute分布，分发，散布resultant合成的，综合的，总的；合力centroid矩心，质心，重心，行心torsional扭的，转的bending挠曲，弯曲，扭弯flexural弯曲的，挠性的couple对，爽，力偶，力矩Ch 6 Testing of MaterialsWords and Expressions destruction破坏，破裂，毁坏non-load-bearing非承重，不承重durability耐久性，持久性，使用年限brittle脆的，脆性的ASTM美国材料试验学会BSI英国标准学会SAA澳大利亚标准学会passage通过，行程，一段，一节plastic deformation塑性变形minute微小的，细微的，精密的，细致的moisture content含水量timber木材，木料；用木材建造veracity诚实，真实性，准确性，精确性ready-mixed concrete预拌混凝土building contractor建筑承包商hydraulic press水压机grading分等，分级，分类，级配fatigue疲劳ductility可延展性，延度，韧性toughness韧性，韧度stress-strain curve应力-应变曲线deduce推断，推定，导出，演绎Ch 7 Durability of ConcreteWords and Expressions durable耐久的，经久的，永久性的；耐用的物品durability耐久性，经久性，耐用年限chloride氯化物，漂白粉sulphate硫酸盐alkali碱，碱性，强碱absorption吸收，吸取，吸水性permeability渗透性，透气性，渗透deterioration变坏，变质，损坏，损伤weathering风化（作用，层），自然老化，大气侵蚀disruptive分裂的，摧毁的，破坏的thaw使融化，解冻，熔化entrain携带，传输，使（空气）以气泡状存于混凝土中，产生leaching浸出，浸析作用，浸滤，溶析carbonation碳化作用，碳酸盐化blasting破裂，吹风，气流加速运动，喷砂attrition磨损，磨耗，损耗hydraulic水力的，水压的；水力cavity空腔，空穴，孔穴，洞穴cavitation气蚀，空蚀，空化作用impermeability不渗透性，防水性，气密性hydraulic structure水工建筑物pervious透水的，透光的，有孔的，能通过的aggregate集料，骨料，总计，合计homogeneous均质的，均匀的，单相的compact紧密的，密实的；压实，捣实kerb路缘，道牙，建筑物上的边饰air-entrained concrete加气混凝土Ch 8 Durability of Building MaterialsWords and Expressionsglaze釉面，珐琅质，上釉，半透明薄涂层stainless steel不锈钢galvanize电镀，镀锌于gutter排水沟，水槽，漏斗plaster灰泥，灰浆humidity湿度，湿气，水分含量thaw融化，解冻，使缓和；温暖气候porous多孔的，疏松的，有孔的，可透水的spectrum谱，频谱，领域，范围，各种各样infrared红外的，产生红外辐射的；红外线ultraviolet紫外的，紫外线的；紫外线辐射radiation发射，辐射，照射，放射线gravel砾石，沙砾，石子，卵石fade衰减，（使）褪色，逐渐消失anodized受过阳极化处理的（金属表面）hydrate水合物；（使）成水合物reinforcement加强，加固，钢筋，构架spall剥落，散裂，裂开；裂片，碎片carpet地毯，磨耗层；铺毡，铺毯，铺层erosion侵蚀，腐蚀，冲刷，冲蚀abrasion磨损，磨耗，磨蚀quarry方形砖，方形瓦domestic家庭的，民用的，地方的，局部的passive被动的，消极的，无源的eddy（水，风，尘等的）涡流，漩涡运动Ch 9 Reinforcing Steels for ConcreteWords and Expressions reinforcing steel钢筋reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforcing bar钢筋longitudinal长度的，纵向的，轴向的dispose处置，安排，配置，布置incline倾斜，弄斜，有……倾向moment力矩，弯矩，转矩，动量bond结合，结合力，粘合力，握裹；结合，粘结interlock连动，连结，结合，相互关系forestall阻止，预防，占先，先下手corrosion腐蚀，侵蚀，锈impair削弱，损害，减少embed放入，埋入，埋置，嵌入prestressing steel预应力钢筋rebar = reinforcing bar 钢筋splice拼接，联接，连接，接合；拼接，接头congestion充满，拥挤，密集form模板ACI美国混凝土学会(American Concrete Institute)Code法规，规程，规范Galvanize电镀，镀锌于Ch 10 ReinforcementWords and Expressions undue过度的，过分的，不相称的，不适当的BS英国标准(British Standard)bending machine弯筋机mandrel芯棒，心轴，紧轴jig夹具，夹紧装置，模具dowel榫钉，夹缝钉，暗销，传力杆，合缝钢条，外伸的短钢筋wire clip钢丝剪interweave使交织，交叉，织进，使混杂prefix词头，字首，前缀；加在……前头reference number参考号数formwork样板，模板，模壳，支模mill scale热轧钢表面的氧化皮spacer隔离物，垫片，隔板，定位架，横柱clip夹子，支架，夹板，剪刀；夹住，钳劳，固定slab板，块，楼板cradle吊架，托架，支架chair椅子，托架，座板，垫板spall剥落，散裂，裂开，分裂；裂片；碎片mild steel低碳钢comply同意，遵守，履行，根据tack图钉，平头钉，点焊焊缝；定位焊，绑住Ch 13 Design of Simple StructuresWords and Expressions code法典，法规，规程，规范，代码ordinance规格，条例，法令，布告shell壳，壳体，外壳skeleton骨架，框架（的）suspended structure悬吊结构arena圆剧场，表演场，活动舞台feasibility可行性，可能性，现实性joist梁，搁栅，桁条diaphragm膜，隔膜，隔板，遮光板，遮水板pedestrian行人，步行者；行人的，步行的deck bridge上承桥，跨线桥through bridge下承桥chord弦，弦杆，弦长bracing拉条，撑条，支撑，支柱pony小型的，矮的web-girder腹板大梁box-girder箱梁geological地质的，地质学的geographical地理学的，地理上的，地区的aesthetic美术的，美学的Ch 17 Loading ConditionsWords and Expressions concentrated集中的，浓缩的impose将……强加于，强使，施加，产生影响acceleration加速度，加速度值stochastic随机的，不确定的，偶然的provision预备，措施，规定，条款erection安装，装配，建设prestress预加应力于，预应力，预拉伸plaster灰泥，墁灰，墙粉，灰浆merchandise商品，货物seismic地震的，与地震有关的collision碰撞，冲突single load集中荷载Ch 33 Tall Building StructureWords and Expressions civilization文明，开化，文化ecclesiastical基督教会的，教士的landmark路标，界标，界桩，里程碑prestige威信，声誉mobility可动性，机动性，流动性，迁移topographical地形的，地形测量的，地志的subservient辅助性的，只作为一种手段的tax税，负担，压力；使负重担，使受压力ingenuity巧妙，机敏，创造性，才干shear wall core剪力墙筒体parasitic派生的，附加的radical根本的，基本的，主要的erection树立，建立，安装，建设prefabrication预制，预制品slip-formwork滑膜crane起重机；用起重机起吊sprawl蔓生，展开，散开，扩展，（无计划）延伸codify编成法典，编纂，整理Ch 39 FoundationsWords and Expressions superstructure上层结构，上部结构earth fill土堤substructure下部结构，下层建筑，基础工事demarcation分界线，标界，划界，区分demarcation line界线，边界线interfacing交界的，相邻的，相互联系的；接口技术dilemma困境，进退两难statute法令，法规，规定，条例conservative保守的，有裕量的；谨慎的sanitary环境卫生的，清洁的sanitary fill垃圾堆积场reclamation废料回收，改造，垦殖，填筑disposal处理，整理，清理，处置client委托人，当事人，买方，买主boring钻探，打眼，地质钻孔试验mat席，垫，垫块，钢筋网，垫层caisson沉箱soil profile土壤剖面，土层剖面Ch 47 BridgesWords and Expressions esthetically美学地，审美地cable-stayed斜拉的，张拉的girder梁，桁，梁杆cast-in-place现场浇注的，就地浇注的AASHTO美国洲际公路及运输工作者协会AREA美国铁路工程师协会crossing交叉，十字路口，交叉建筑物asphalt沥青，柏油，铺路用沥青混合料pier桥墩elevated高架的，高的；高架铁路viaduct高架桥，跨线桥clearance间隙，净空，间距，距离segment部分，段。

1.荷载短期荷载short-time load 临界荷载critical load 持续荷载sustained loads恒载dead load 活载live load 峰值荷载peak load 冲击荷载impact load 2.专业名词力矩面等横截面cross section 隔离体 a free body 轴力axial forces 带肩梁ledger beam正应力the normal stress 剪应力the shear stress 固定铰支座 a pin support 可动铰支座 a roller support 平面内弯矩in-plane bending 平面外弯矩out-of-plane bending简支梁a simple beam 悬臂梁 a cantilever beam 分布力distributed load 均布力uniformly distributed load 静定结构statically determinate structure 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 角焊缝fillet weld 对接焊缝groove weld外缘outer edges 中性轴the neutral axis 形心矩centroidal distance沙石混凝土sand-and-stone concrete 预应力混凝土pre stressed concrete复合应力combined stress 极限应变limiting tensile strain 平均正应力mean normal stress名义抗剪强度nominal shear strength 惯性力inertia force 地震作用seismic action广义位移generalized displacement 扭矩torsion 预加应力pre stress托梁corbel3.材料平面顶deck 屋面防水层water proof roofing 金属箔层压板foil-laminated钢筋steel 涂料paint 木条板lath 灰泥plaster 楔子wedge基础footing 横向钢筋transverse reinforcement 纵筋longitudinal reinforcement 弯起纵筋bent-up longitudinal steel 单向板one-way slabs 腹筋the web steel 楼梯踏步stair tread 顶棚抹灰plastered ceilings 承重墙bearing wall第 1 页/共 4 页轻质幕墙light weight curtain walls 桁架truss 构件member 谷仓grain elevator桥墩bridge pier 大型结构heavy structure 梯井stair shaft高层写字楼high-rise office 预埋构件metal insert 作业平台work plat form企口木板tongue-and-groove plank 施工架constructed yoke 走道脚手架 a walkway scaffold铅垂线the plumb line 喷雾器fog sprays 型钢structural steel 剪力墙shear wall平板flat slab 合成薄板synthetic film 防护墙板endosing wall panels人字起重机derrick crane 卫生间设施bathroom groups 服务竖井the service shaft隔气层vapor barriers 隔热层insulation 结露点dew point 空心板hollow plank竖向剪力墙shear-resistant vertical wall 预制构件pre cast member 隔板wall panel4.其他1应力等值线 a stress contour 数值分析numerical analysis 悬索基础cable structures实验研究experimental investigation 超静定次数degree of statical indeterminaly叠加法method of superposition 基本结构released structure高跨比span-depth ratio弯矩图bending moment diagram 附着deposit 弹性模量modulus of elasticity水化hydrate 硬化harden 变量variables 环境相对湿度ambient relative humidity蒸发evaporate 定向立方体单元oriented elementary cube初步结论tentative conclusion斜向拉力diagonal tension 微分长度单元 a differential length 应力迹线stress trajectory骨料咬合作用aggregate interlock 销栓作用dowel action 延性ductility扭转力偶twisting couple 力臂lever arm 分数fraction 取代in lieu of地震高发区zones of high earthquake probability 平立面in plan elevation平动translation 转动rotation 凹部depressions 凸起projection 凸口recess 在现场on the site 误差error 通用规范applicable codes滑模施工slip form operations 养护care 锚固be anchored in 挠度deflection5.其他2侧向支持sway bracing 先张法pre tensioning technique 后张法post tensioning technique安全系数safety factor 安全储备margin of safety 附属cust-in fittings防火等级fire ratings 不匀称沉降differential settlement 深基础deep foundation扩展式基础spread foundation 符合基础combined footings 条形基础strap footings垂直于at right angles to 类似于analogous to 单位力法unit-load method大小相等方向相反be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction静力平衡方程equations of static equilibrium 与……有关pertain to求合力from a summation of force 一组联立方程 a set of simultaneous equations协调方程equations of compatibility 经验方程empirical equation大一个数量级an order of magnitude longer 第二面积积分the second moment-area thorea·b dot product a*b cross product 位移互等定理reciprocal displacement theorem第 3 页/共 4 页液压控制系统hydraulic master control system 功的互等定理…………work ……与……成正比in direct proportion to 与……一致be geared to。

1 Civil engineering 土木工程。

2 Slopes and fills 边坡和路堤3 waterfront 河流湖泊4 settlement 沉降5 stability 稳定性坚固，耐久性 5 hydraulic 水利的，液压的7 runoff 流量，流放8 behavior 性能性质9sanitize 使清洁，除掉有害物10 dump 垃圾堆11 waste 废弃物12 hazardous 危险的14 major 专业科目15 cultivable 可耕的，可培养的16 remedy 补救，修理17 roadway 路面道路18 hurricane 飓风19asphalt 沥青20 concrete 混凝土21 combustible 易燃的22 slurry 泥浆1 execution 施工，实施，执行2 specific 特殊的，专门的具体的3 dynamic 动力的，冲击的4characteristic 特有的，特性性能5 intensity 强度，密度6 sump 排水坑7 carbon 碳纤维8 novel 新的，异常的9 excavation 挖掘，开挖10landscape 风景，美化11 fill 填土12 ancillary 辅助的，附属的13 foundation 基础14 excavator 挖掘机15 proceed 继续进行，开始16 interlock 使连接，使结合17 construction 建造，施工18 Surveyor 测量员19 dewater 排水20 placement and curing 浇筑与养护21superstructure 上部结构22duration 持续时间23 destroy 破坏，毁坏24 initially 最初，开始1 jurisdiction 权限，管辖权2 bar 法庭律师的职业3 curriculum 课程学习计划4 statistic 统计学5 persuasive 有说服力的6 recruit 补充，招收7 science Orient 注重科学的8 specialize 专门研究。

Lesson 26PavementNew words1. pavement [ ☐♏♓❍☜⏹♦] n. 路面2. apron [ ♏♓☐❒☜⏹] n.围裙, 停机坪It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or boarded.3. subgrade [ ♦✈♌♈❒♏♓♎] n. 路基4. profile [ ☐❒☜◆♐♋♓●] n.剖面, 侧面, 外形, 轮廓5. rehabilitation [ ❒♓☎♒✆☜♌♓●♓♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n.复原，维修6. swelling [ ♦♦♏●♓☠] n. 膨胀，河水猛涨,涨水7. heaving [ ♒♓♓☠] n. 鼓起，隆起8. extant [♏♦♦✌⏹♦] adj.现存的, 未毁的9. overlay [ ☜◆☜●♏♓] n. 覆盖,10. unpaved ☯✈⏹☐♏♓♎] adj.没有铺石砖的, 没有铺柏油的11. liquefy [ ●♓♦♓♐♋♓] v.(使)溶解, (使)液化12. bituminous [♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦] adj.含沥青的13. hydrocarbon [ ♒♋♓♎❒☜◆♌☜⏹] n.烃, 碳氢化合物14. macadam [❍☜✌♎☜❍] n.碎石, 碎石路15. silicate [ ♦♓●♓♓♦] n. [化]硅酸盐16. kiln [ ♓●⏹ ♓●] n. (砖, 石灰等的)窑, 炉, 干燥炉vt.烧窑, 在干燥炉干燥17. clinker [ ●♓☠☜] n. (一种表面光洁如玻璃的)炼砖, 渣块18. nonbituminous [ ⏹⏹♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦]19. solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v.(使)凝固, (使)团结20. dowel [ ♎♋◆☜●] n. 木钉, 销子vt.用暗销接合Phrases and Expressions1. traveled way 车行道2. composite pavement 复合路面3. flexible pavement 柔性路面4. rigid pavement 刚性路面5. open-graded 开级配6. coarse-graded 粗级配7. fine-graded 细级配8. Asphalt Institute (A.I.) 沥青协会9. Present Serviceability Index (PSI) 现有性能指标10. macadam aggregate 碎石骨料11. cold-laid mixture 冷铺12. hot-laid mixture 热铺13. rock asphalt 岩沥青14. Appian Way 亚壁古道Text PavementBackgroundPavements serve structural, functional and safety purposes. 路面具有结构、功能和安全的目的。

State-of-the-art report of bridge health monitoring AbstractThe damage diagnosis and healthmonitoring of bridge structures are active areas of research in recent years. Comparing with the aerospace engineering and mechanical engineering, civil engineering has the specialities of its own in practice. For example, because bridges, as well as most civil engineering structures, are large in size, and have quite lownatural frequencies and vibration levels, at low amplitudes, the dynamic responses of bridge structure are substantially affected by the nonstructural components, unforeseen environmental conditions, and changes in these components can easily to be confused with structural damage.All these give the damage assessment of complex structures such as bridges a still challenging task for bridge engineers. This paper firstly presents the definition of structural healthmonitoring system and its components. Then, the focus of the discussion is placed on the following sections:①the laboratory and field testing research on the damage assessment;②analytical developments of damage detectionmethods, including (a) signature analysis and pattern recognition approaches, (b) model updating and system identification approaches, (c) neural networks approaches; and③sensors and their optimum placements. The predominance and shortcomings of each method are compared and analyzed. Recent examples of implementation of structural health monitoring and damage identification are summarized in this paper. The key problem of bridge healthmonitoring is damage automatic detection and diagnosis, and it is the most difficult problem. Lastly, research and development needs are addressed.1 IntroductionDue to a wide variety of unforeseen conditions and circumstance, it will never be possible or practical to design and build a structure that has a zero percent probability of failure. Structural aging, environmental conditions, and reuse are examples of circumstances that could affect the reliability and the life of a structure. There are needs of periodic inspections to detect deterioration resulting from normal operation and environmental attack or inspections following extreme events, such as strong-motion earthquakes or hurricanes. To quantify these system performance measures requires some means to monitor and evaluate the integrity of civil structureswhile in service. Since the Aloha Boeing 737 accident that occurred on April28, 1988, such interest has fostered research in the areas of structural health monitoring and non-destructive damage detection in recent years.According to Housner, et al. (1997), structural healthmonitoring is defined as“the use ofin-situ,non-destructive sensing and analysis of structural characteristics, including the structural response, for detecting changes that may indicate damage or degradation”[1]. This definition also identifies the weakness. While researchers have attempted the integration of NDEwith healthmonitoring, the focus has been on data collection, not evaluation. What is needed is an efficient method to collect data from a structure in-service and process the data to evaluate key performance measures, such as serviceability, reliability, and durability. So, the definition byHousner, et al.(1997)should be modified and the structural health monitoring may be defined as“the use ofin-situ,nondestructive sensing and analysis of structural characteristics, including the structural response, for the purpose of identifying if damage has occurred, determining the location of damage, estimatingthe severityof damage and evaluatingthe consequences of damage on the structures”(Fig.1). In general, a structural health monitoring system has the potential to provide both damage detection and condition assessment of a structure.Assessing the structural conditionwithout removingthe individual structural components is known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE) or nondestructive inspection. NDE techniques include those involving acoustics, dye penetrating,eddy current, emission spectroscopy, fiber-optic sensors, fiber-scope, hardness testing, isotope, leak testing, optics, magnetic particles, magnetic perturbation, X-ray, noise measurements, pattern recognition, pulse-echo, ra-diography, and visual inspection, etc. Mostof these techniques have been used successfullyto detect location of certain elements, cracks orweld defects, corrosion/erosion, and so on. The FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA, USA)was sponsoring a large program of research and development in new technologies for the nondestructive evaluation of highway bridges. One of the two main objectives of the program is to develop newtools and techniques to solve specific problems. The other is to develop technologies for the quantitative assessment of the condition of bridges in support of bridge management and to investigate howbest to incorporate quantitative condition information into bridge management systems. They hoped to develop technologies to quickly, efficiently, and quantitatively measure global bridge parameters, such as flexibility and load-carrying capacity. Obviously, a combination of several NDEtechniques may be used to help assess the condition of the system. They are very important to obtain the data-base for the bridge evaluation.But it is beyond the scope of this review report to get into details of local NDE.Health monitoring techniques may be classified as global and local. Global attempts to simultaneously assess the condition of the whole structure whereas local methods focus NDE tools on specific structural components. Clearly, two approaches are complementaryto eachother. All such available informationmaybe combined and analyzed by experts to assess the damage or safety state of the structure.Structural health monitoring research can be categorized into the following four levels: (I) detecting the existence of damage, (II) findingthe location of damage, (III) estimatingthe extentof damage, and (IV) predictingthe remaining fatigue life. The performance of tasks of Level (III) requires refined structural models and analyses, local physical examination, and/or traditional NDE techniques. To performtasks ofLevel (IV) requires material constitutive information on a local level, materials aging studies, damage mechanics, and high-performance computing. With improved instrumentation and understanding of dynamics of complex structures, health monitoring and damage assessment of civil engineering structures has become more practical in systematic inspection and evaluation of these structures during the past two decades.Most structural health monitoringmethods under current investigation focus on using dynamic responses to detect and locate damage because they are global methods that can provide rapid inspection of large structural systems.These dynamics-based methods can be divided into fourgroups:①spatial-domain methods,②modal-domain methods,③time-domain methods, and④frequency- domain methods. Spatial-domain methods use changes of mass, damping, and stiffness matrices to detect and locate damage. Modal-domain methods use changes of natural frequencies, modal damping ratios, andmode shapesto detect damage. In the frequency domain method, modal quantities such as natural frequencies, damping ratio, and model shapes are identified.The reverse dynamic systemof spectral analysis and the generalized frequency response function estimated fromthe nonlinear auto-regressive moving average (NARMA) model were applied in nonlinear system identification. In time domainmethod, systemparameterswere determined fromthe observational data sampled in time. It is necessaryto identifythe time variation of systemdynamic characteristics fromtime domain approach if the properties of structural systemchangewith time under the external loading condition. Moreover, one can use model-independent methods or model-referenced methods to perform damage detection using dynamic responses presented in any of the four domains. Literature shows that model independent methods can detect the existence of damage without much computational efforts, butthey are not accurate in locating damage. On the otherhand, model-referencedmethods are generally more accurate in locating damage and require fewer sensors than model-independent techniques, but they require appropriate structural models and significant computational efforts. Although time-domain methods use original time-domain datameasured using conventional vibrationmeasurement equipment, theyrequire certain structural information and massive computation and are case sensitive. Furthermore, frequency- and modal-domain methods use transformed data,which contain errors and noise due totransformation.Moreover, themodeling and updatingofmass and stiffnessmatrices in spatial-domain methods are problematic and difficult to be accurate. There are strong developmenttrends that two or three methods are combined together to detect and assess structural damages.For example, several researchers combined data of static and modal tests to assess damages. The combination could remove the weakness of each method and check each other. It suits the complexity of damage detection.Structural health monitoring is also an active area of research in aerospace engineering, but there are significant differences among the aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering in practice. For example,because bridges, as well as most civil engineering structures, are large in size, and have quite lownatural frequencies and vibration levels, at lowamplitudes, the dynamic responses of bridge structure are substantially affected by the non-structural components, and changes in these components can easily to be confused with structural damage. Moreover,the level of modeling uncertainties in reinforced concrete bridges can be much greater than the single beam or a space truss. All these give the damage assessment of complex structures such as bridges a still challenging task for bridge engineers. Recent examples of research and implementation of structural health monitoring and damage assessment are summarized in the following sections.2 Laboratory and field testing researchIn general, there are two kinds of bridge testing methods, static testing and dynamic testing. The dynamic testing includes ambient vibration testing and forcedvibration testing. In ambient vibration testing, the input excitation is not under the control. The loading could be either micro-tremors, wind, waves, vehicle or pedestrian traffic or any other service loading. The increasing popularity of this method is probably due to the convenience of measuring the vibrationresponse while the bridge is under in-service and also due to the increasing availability of robust data acquisition and storage systems. Since the input is unknown, certain assumptions have to be made. Forced vibration testing involves application of input excitation of known force level at known frequencies. The excitation manners include electro-hydraulic vibrators, force hammers, vehicle impact, etc. The static testing in the laboratory may be conducted by actuators, and by standard vehicles in the field-testing.we can distinguish that①the models in the laboratory are mainly beams, columns, truss and/or frame structures, and the location and severity of damage in the models are determined in advance;②the testing has demonstrated lots of performances of damage structures;③the field-testing and damage assessmentof real bridges are more complicated than the models in the laboratory;④the correlation between the damage indicator and damage type,location, and extentwill still be improved.3Analytical developmentThe bridge damage diagnosis and health monitoring are both concerned with two fundamental criteria of the bridges, namely, the physical condition and the structural function. In terms of mechanics or dynamics, these fundamental criteria can be treated as mathematical models, such as response models, modal models and physical models.Instead of taking measurements directly to assess bridge condition, the bridge damage diagnosis and monitoring systemevaluate these conditions indirectly by using mathematical models. The damage diagnosis and health monitoring are active areas of research in recentyears. For example, numerous papers on these topics appear in the proceedings of Inter-national Modal Analysis Conferences (IMAC) each year, in the proceedings of International Workshop on Structural HealthMonitoring (once of two year, at Standford University), in the proceedings of European Conference on Smart materials and Structures and European Conference on Structural Damage AssessmentUsing Advanced Signal Processing Procedures, in the proceedings ofWorld Conferences of Earthquake Engineering, and in the proceedings of International Workshop on Structural Control, etc.. There are several review papers to be referenced, for examples,Housner, et al. (1997)provided an extensive summary ofthe state of the art in control and health monitoring of civil engineering structures[1].Salawu (1997)discussed and reviewed the use of natural frequency as a diagnostic parameter in structural assessment procedures using vibration monitoring.Doebling, Farrar, et al. (1998)presented a through review of the damage detection methods by examining changes in dynamic properties.Zou, TongandSteven (2000)summarized the methods of vibration-based damage and health monitoring for composite structures, especially in delamination modeling techniques and delamination detection.4Sensors and optimum placementOne of the problems facing structural health monitoring is that very little is known about the actual stress and strains in a structure under external excitations. For example, the standard earthquake recordings are made ofmotions of the floors of the structure and no recordings are made of the actual stresses and strains in structural members. There is a need for special sensors to determine the actual performance of structural members. Structural health monitoring requires integrated sensor functionality to measure changes in external environmental conditions, signal processing functionality to acquire, process, and combine multi-sensor and multi-measured information. Individual sensors and instrumented sensor systems are then required to provide such multiplexed information.FuandMoosa (2000)proposed probabilistic advancing cross-diagnosis method to diagnosis-decision making for structural health monitoring. It was experimented in the laboratory respectively using a coherent laser radar system and a CCD high-resolution camera. Results showed that this method was promising for field application. Another new idea is thatneural networktechniques are used to place sensors. For example,WordenandBurrows (2001)used the neural network and methods of combinatorial optimization to locate and classify faults.The static and dynamic data are collected from all kinds of sensorswhich are installed on the measured structures.And these datawill be processed and usable informationwill be extracted. So the sensitivity, accuracy, and locations,etc. of sensors are very important for the damage detections. The more information are obtained, the damage identification will be conducted more easily, but the price should be considered. That’s why the sensors are determined in an optimal ornearoptimal distribution. In aword, the theory and validation ofoptimumsensor locationswill still being developed.5 Examples of health monitoring implementationIn order for the technology to advance sufficiently to become an operational system for the maintenance and safety of civil structures, it is of paramount importance that new analytical developments are ultimately verified with appropriate data obtained frommonitoring systems, which have been implemented on civil structures, such as bridges.Mufti (2001)summarized the applications of SHM of Canadian bridge engineering, including fibre-reinforced polymers sensors, remote monitoring, intelligent processing, practical applications in bridge engineering, and technology utilization. Further study and applications are still being conducted now.FujinoandAbe(2001)introduced the research and development of SHMsystems at the Bridge and Structural Lab of the University of Tokyo. They also presented the ambient vibration based approaches forLaser DopplerVibrometer (LDV) and the applications in the long-span suspension bridges.The extraction of the measured data is very hard work because it is hard to separate changes in vibration signature duo to damage form changes, normal usage, changes in boundary conditions, or the release of the connection joints.Newbridges offer opportunities for developing complete structural health monitoring systems for bridge inspection and co ndition evaluation from“cradle to grave”of the bridges. Existing bridges provide challenges for applying state-of-the-art in structural health monitoring technologies to determine the current conditions of the structural element,connections and systems, to formulate model for estimating the rate of degradation, and to predict the existing and the future capacities of the structural components and systems. Advanced health monitoring systems may lead to better understanding of structural behavior and significant improvements of design, as well as the reduction of the structural inspection requirements. Great benefits due to the introduction of SHM are being accepted by owners, managers, bridge engineers, etc..6 Research and development needsMost damage detection theories and practices are formulated based on the following assumption: that failure or deterioration would primarily affect the stiffness and therefore affect the modal characteristics of the dynamic response of the structure. This is seldom true in practice, because①Traditional modal parameters (natural frequency, damping ratio and mode shapes, etc.) are not sensitive enough to identifyand locate damage. The estimation methods usually assume that structures are linear and proportional damping systems.②Most currently used damage indices depend on the severity of the damage, which is impractical in the field. Most civil engineering structures, such as highway bridges, have redundancy in design and large in size with low natural frequencies. Any damage index should consider these factors.③Scaledmodelingtechniques are used in currentbridge damage detection. Asingle beam/girder models cannot simulate the true behavior of a real bridge. Similitude laws for dynamic simulation and testing should be considered.④Manymethods usually use the undamaged structural modal parameters as the baseline comparedwith the damaged information. This will result in the need of a large data storage capacity for complex structures. But in practice,there are majority of existing structures for which baseline modal responses are not available. Only one developed method(StubbsandKim (1996)), which tried to quantify damagewithout using a baseline, may be a solution to this difficulty. There is a lot of researchwork to do in this direction.⑤Seldommethods have the ability to distinguish the type of damages on bridge structures. To establish the direct relationship between the various damage patterns and the changes of vibrational signatures is not a simple work.Health monitoring requires clearly defined performance criteria, a set of corresponding condition indicators and global and local damage and deterioration indices, which should help diagnose reasons for changes in condition indicators. It is implausible to expect that damage can be reliably detected or tracked by using a single damage index. We note that many additional localized damage indiceswhich relate to highly localized properties ofmaterials or the circumstances may indicate a susceptibility of deterioration such as the presence of corrosive environments around reinforcing steel in concrete, should be also integrated into the health monitoring systems.There is now a considerable research and development effort in academia, industry, and management department regarding global healthmonitoring for civil engineering structures. Several commercial structural monitoring systems currently exist, but further development is needed in commercialization of the technology. We must realize that damage detection and health monitoring for bridge structures by means of vibration signature analysis is a very difficult task. Itcontains several necessary steps, including defining indicators on variations of structural physical condition, dynamic testing to extract such indication parameters,defining the type of damages and remaining capacity or life of the structure, relating the parameters to the defined damage/aging. Unfortunately, to date, no one has accomplished the above steps. There is a lot of work to do in future.桥梁健康监测应用与研究现状摘要桥梁损伤诊断与健康监测是近年来国际上的研究热点,在实践方面,土木工程和航空航天工程、机械工程有明显的差别,比如桥梁结构以及其他大多数土木结构,尺寸大、质量重,具有较低的自然频率和振动水平,桥梁结构的动力响应极容易受到不可预见的环境状态、非结构构件等的影响,这些变化往往被误解为结构的损伤,这使得桥梁这类复杂结构的损伤评估具有极大的挑战性.本文首先给出了结构健康监测系统的定义和基本构成,然后集中回顾和分析了如下几个方面的问题:①损伤评估的室内实验和现场测试;②损伤检测方法的发展,包括:(a)动力指纹分析和模式识别方法, (b)模型修正和系统识别方法, (c)神经网络方法;③传感器及其优化布置等,并比较和分析了各自方法的优点和不足.文中还总结了健康监测和损伤识别在桥梁工程中的应用,指出桥梁健康监测的关键问题在于损伤的自动检测和诊断,这也是困难的问题;最后展望了桥梁健康监测系统的研究和发展方向.关键词:健康监测系统;损伤检测;状态评估;模型修正;系统识别;传感器优化布置;神经网络方法;桥梁结构1概述由于不可预见的各种条件和情况下，设计和建造一个结构将永远不可能或无实践操作性，它有一个失败的概率百分之零。

Structural design; 结构分析structural scheme；结构体系Configuration；布置project requirement; 工程要求Spacing; 间距Fiber-reinforced composite; 纤维增强复合材料Strength-to-weight ratio; 强重比underclearance; 桥下净空structural scheme；结构体系Configuration；布置Allowable stress; 允许应力restraint; 约束，buckle; 压曲Tension, compression, flexure(bending), shear, torsion(twist)拉　压　弯　剪　扭Headroom ; 净空Cross-section；断面，断面图Fiber-reinforced concrete；纤维增强混凝土sag; 挠度fiberglass; 玻璃纤维，dome; 圆屋顶Arched vault 穹隆Sawtooth roof 锯齿形屋顶CAD, CADD; 计算机辅助设计，计算机辅助制图与设计schedule production；进度计划Modify a design；修改设计plotter; 绘图仪compatibility; 相容性，适用性Digitize, digitizer; 数字化，数字化仪Analysis capability; 分析能力heating; 供热ventilating；通风，ventilationAir conditioning；空气调节Environment engineering; 环境工程（学）lighting; 照明humidity; 湿度，moisture, 湿气含量greenhouse; 温室Thermo syphon ，热虹吸Plenum system; 压力通风系统，送气系统fireclay；耐火粘土，fireclay brick, 耐火粘土砖Central heating；集中供热Refrigerating technique; 制冷技术Construction technology; 施工技术Spectacular achievement; 显著的成就Ultrahigh-rise building；超高层建筑apartment; 公寓住宅，单元住宅facade; 立面，外观Shear wall; 剪力墙Framed tube; 框架筒体Bundled tube ，束筒结构stressed-skin tube system; 簙壳筒体体系Spectacular achievement; 显著的成就Tube in tube；筒中筒结构sway; 摇摆，摇动，Column-diagonal truss tube;柱对角桁架筒体Water treatment and disposal; 水处理Wastewater solids treatment and disposal;废水固体物质处理Refuse disposal；垃圾处理Hazardous waste disposal; 有害废物处理Air-pollution control; 大气污染控制Potable management; 饮用水管理sedimentation; 沉淀法pesticide，杀虫剂，农药， herbicide, 除草剂Fertilizer;化肥，肥料Organic matter, 有机物Chemical disinfection; 化学消毒Dual water system; 双供水系统Dewater, 脱水Ecosystem, 生态系统Perturbation, 干扰Reclaim: 改造，回收再利用。

悬挑梁 a beam with overhomg土木工程师civil engineer项目清单 a list of items抗震设防烈度classification for earthquake-resistantbuilding添加剂admixture粘土clay振幅amplitude of vibration粘土砖clay brick锚具anchorage粘质粉土clayed slit内摩擦角angle of internal friction粗骨料coarse aggregate架立筋anxiliary steel bar卵石cobble仲裁arbitration规范code建筑师architect内聚力cohesion锚固arichorage柱column艺术家artist联合基础combined footing轴向力axial force条文说明commentary轴向荷载axial load竞争competition破产bankruptcy构件component钢筋间距bar spacing组合结构composite consturction钢筋接头bar splice压型钢板组合楼板composite floor with profiled steelsheet基础课basic cources压compression梁beam cad 计算机辅助设计computer aided design弯曲bend计算机法computing methods弯曲应力bending stress轴心受压柱concentrically loaded column投标者bidder概念抗震设计conceptual earthquake-resistant design 招标文件bidding document集中荷载concertrated load工程量表bill of quantities砼concrete粘结bond砼保护层厚concreteauer distance奖金bonus钢管砼结构concrete-filled steel tubular member钻孔柱状图boring logs固结试验conslidation test支撑系统bracing system夯实consolidate脆性brittle施工construction屈曲buckle建筑业construction industry建筑规范buildingcode施工现场consturction site斜拉梁cable-stayed girder合同contract箱基caisson承包商contractor构建承载力计算calculation of load-carryingcapacity of member腐蚀corrosion悬臂梁cantilever beam成本加酬金cost-plus contract 承载力capacity倒塌couapse课程carriculum联肢墙couple wall现金cash裂缝crack铸铁cast iron裂缝间距crack spacing现浇砼cast-in-place concrete裂缝宽度crack width天花板ceiling吊车梁crane girder水泥cement徐变creep水泥砂浆cement morter临界荷载critical load质心centroid井字梁cross beam烟囱chimney横截面cross section土木工程cicil engineer养护cure恒荷载dead load安全系数factor of safety深基础deep foundation破坏failure挠度曲线deflection curve疲劳验算fatigue andysis变形deformation疲劳fatique变形分析deformation不合格构件faulty member带肋钢筋deformed bar现制搅拌砼field-mix concrete设计design填充墙filler wall建筑结构设计design of building structure细骨料fine aggre gate设计强度design strength防火的fine-resistant详图detail有限元法finite element method 画配筋详图detail reinforcement防火材料fireproofing配筋详图detailing of reinforcement固定价格合同fixed-price contract构造钢筋detailing reinforcement受弯构件flexual member锚固长度development弯flexural差异沉降differential setfment抗弯刚度flexural stiffness离散单元discrete element弯曲拉应力flexural tensile stress 位移displacement楼板flooring扭转distortion流体力学fluid mechanics目标dojective流体压力fluid pressure圆屋顶dome没收forfeit插筋dowel模板form排水drainage基础foundation延性ductility基础工程师foundation engineer土坝earth dam基础工程foundation engineering 土荷载earth pressure框架结构frame structure地震荷载earthquake load框架筒体结构frame-tube structure抗震设计earthquake-resistantdesign/stismic design 免费free of charge提前竣工earty complection摩擦桩friction pile偏心受压柱eccentrically loaded column地质资料gedogical information 弹性的elastic地质力学geomechanics弹性力学elasticity主梁ginder电气工程师electrical engineer大梁girder预埋件embedded pants毕业实习graduation fired work 预埋件embedded parts毕业设计graduation project雇员employee毕业论文graduation thesis雇主employer砾石gravel端承柱end-bearing pile夹具grip工程索引engineering index地基ground截止日期exparation date地下水位ground water勘探钻孔exploratory boring非均质的heterogeneity高速公路express way高层建筑high-rise building快速路expressway公路highway外墙exterior wall公路桥highway bridge外力external force均质的horngenous制作fabrication均质的hornogeneity 热轧钢筋hot-rolled reinforcing bar 固有频率natural frequency 加腋梁humcheed beam 谈判negotiation 冲击荷载impact load 净截面net section 赔偿indemnity 微膨胀砂浆nonshrinking mrtar 小写infigures 标准强度normal strength 主动的initiative 法向应力normal stress 保险insurance 义务obligation 内力interal force 报价offer 职业道德intergrity of position 单向板one-way slab 内力internal force 超载overload发票invoice 抗倾覆侧移验算overturning slip resistance analysis 大写inwords 浇筑pace独立基础isolated footing 部分预应力梁partially prestressed beam 人工搅拌砼job-mixed concrete隔墙partition 合资企业joint venture 被动的passive 人工费labor cost 泥浆paste搭接长度lap splice 人行立交桥pedestrain crossing 滑坡lard slide 渗透性permeabilty 横向荷载lateral load 桩pile 活荷载live load 桩承载力pile capacity 荷载load 桩尖pile point 荷载效应load effort 铰接点pin joint 承重墙load-bearing wall 浇筑砼placing concrete 承重梁load-carrying beam 素混凝土plain concrete 大跨度桥long span bridge 平面结构plane structure 手算法longhand methods 抹灰plaster 纵筋longitudinal rebar 塑性的plastic低碳钢low-carbon steeel 平板网架plate-like space frame 低层砼结构low-rise concrete building反弯点point of contraflexure 包干项目lump owm items 空隙压力pore pressure 维护maintenance 研究生post graduate student 主修课程major cources 后张法预应力砼结构post-tensioned prestressed concretestructure 手册manual 电线杆power pole 筏板基础mat foundation 实习工程师practising engineer材料力学mechanic of meterials 预制标准构件precast standard component 力学特性mechanical behaviour 预制结构构件precast structural elements 机械工程师mechanical negineer初步设计preliminary design 膜结构membranes sturucture 预应力筋press rendon轴压比midspan预制预应力砼梁prestressed concrete beam 预制梁mill-fabricated beam 预应力砼结构prestressed concrete structure 辅修课程minor coureces 预应力砼构件prestressed reinforced concrete structure 模量modulus/modular 先张法预应力砼结构pretensioned prestressed concretestructure 弯矩moment 条款provision 多道设防抗震建筑multi-defence system ofearthquake筏基raft foundatin多层建筑multistory building素土夯实rammed earth原材料raw materials螺旋箍筋spiral stirrup回执receipt form扩展基础spreed foundation 矩形梁rectangular beam稳定性stability配筋率reinforcement ratio稳定性计算stability calculation体积配箍率reinforcement ratio perunitvdumn超静定staical indetermination钢筋reinforcement/rebar/reinforceingsteel国企state-owned enterprise钢筋混凝土reinforcer concrete stucture钢材steel必修课requiered/compulsory cources钢筋等级型号steel grade designation 抵抗矩resisting moment吊筋steel hanger责任responsibility钢绞线steel strand挡土墙retaining wall钢丝steel wire挡土墙retaining wall钢丝steel wire利润revenue刚度stiffness刚架rigid frame助学金stipend钢结点rigid joint箍筋stirrap/hoop/tie圈梁ring beam应变strain圆钢（光面钢筋）round bar商品梁stramsit-mixed concrete建筑结构安全等级safety classes of buildingstructure强度strength沙sand应力stress科技文献scientific literature条基strip footing选修课selecture/optional cources结构分析structural analysis保持自尊self-respect结构工程师structural engineer邮寄send sth by post结构工程structural engineering沉降settlement轻骨料砼structural light weight concrete剪shear建筑结构structure of building剪切实验shear test结构钢structure steel剪力墙结构shear wall structure结构strudure剪应力shearing tiress结构设计sturcture design简便算法shrtcut method分包商subcontractor侧阻力side resistant监理工程师suoervising engineer粉土silt上司superior粉质粘土silty clay支持support简支梁simply supported beam测量工程surveying engineering场地土质剖面site profile战术tactics板slab专业术语technical engineer滑膜技术slip-forming techique投标者tenderer雪荷载snow load招标文件tendering document土质勘探soil mechanics survey预应力筋tendon土力学soil mechanis拉tension土样soil sample含水率the centage of water空间结构space structure防火等级the degree of fire resistance间距spacing通风系统the duting system for air跨度span给排水系统the piping system for water and waste特种砼结构special types ofconcretesturcture普通箍筋柱tied column专业课specialized木材timber比重specific gravity扭矩torque规程条文specification总建筑成本total construction cost 螺旋箍筋柱spiral column横向钢筋transuerse rebar基坑trench dug for a foundation竖向荷载vertical load试算法trial-and-error procedure过街天桥viaduct三轴实验triaxial test震动vibration桁架truss踏勘visit on foot筒体结构tube struvture孔隙比void ratio隧道tunnel墙wall双向板two-way slab墙梁wall beam极限应力ulmimate stress壁式框架wall frame无粘结预应力砼结构unbonded prestressed concretestructure含水率water content本科生undergraduate student水灰比water-cement ratio均布荷载uniformly distributed load抗震建筑薄弱部位weak region of earthquake-resistant 容重unit weight焊接钢丝网welded wire fabic单价合同unit-price contract风荷载wind load连续梁untinuous beam抗风柱wind-resistant colum向上反拱upward camber工作量working capacity有效日期validity period力偶wuple变更variation屈服强度yield strength承载力极限状态验证verification forultimate limit strate屈服应力yield stress。

土木工程专业英语单词Torque 转动扭矩 Impose 施加, 将…强加于Composite 合成的, 复合的Sag 下垂Deflect 偏转, 弯曲, 倾斜Misalignment 安装误差Plaster 灰泥, 灰浆, 涂层Buckling 弯曲, 折曲, 下垂Stiffness 刚度, 刚性 In contradistinction to M 与M截然不同Tension 张力, 拉力 Compression 压缩, 压力Diagrammatic sketch 示意图Ceramics 陶瓷, 陶瓷材料Inertia 惯性 Lifetime 使用寿命Iterative 反复的, 迭代的 Durability 耐久性, 持久性Pinpoint 准确定位, 针尖 Evolve 经过实验研究得出Statics 静力学 Strength of materials 材料力学Deformation 变形Influx 流入, 灌注Distortion 变形Boring machine 镗床Boom 吊杆, 悬臂, 起重杆 Dragline 拉铲挖土级, 挖掘斗Gray cast iron 灰铸铁Modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Rigidity 刚性, 刚度, 稳定性 Slip 滑度, 打滑Creep 蠕变 Yield 屈服于, 屈服Rupture 破裂, 断裂, 破坏 Load-carrying capacity 承载能力Terminology 专用名词 Helical spring 螺旋型弹簧Concentrated 集中的, 浓缩的 Distribute 分布, 分发, 散布Resultant 合力, 合成的 Centroid 矩心, 重心Torsional 扭的, 转的Bending 挠曲, 弯曲Flexural 弯曲的, 挠性的 couple 对, 双, 力偶Non-load-bearing 非承重 brittle 脆弱的, 脆性的ASTM 美国材料试验学会BSI 英国标准学会SAA 澳大利亚标准学会 Passage 一段, 一节Plastic deformation 塑性变形moisture content 含水量Timber 木材 veracity 诚实, 真实性Ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土building contractor 建筑承包商Hydraulic press 水压机 grading 分等, 分类, 级配Fatigue 疲劳ductility 可延展性Toughness 韧性 stress-strain curve 应力－应变曲线Durability 耐久性, 耐用年限 chloride 氯化物, 漂白粉Sulphate 硫酸盐alkali 碱性, 碱Permeability 渗透性, 透气性 weathering 风化Disruptive 分裂的, 摧毁的 thaw 融化, 解冻Entrain 携带, 传输 leaching 浸出, 溶析Carbonation 炭化作用blasting 破裂, 吹风Attrition 磨损 cavity 洞穴Hydraulic structure 水工建筑物 pervious 透水的, 透光的Aggregate 集料, 骨料 homogeneous 均质的, 均匀的Compact 压实, 捣紧 kerb 路缘, 道牙Air-entrained concrete 加气混凝土 glaze 珐琅质, 上釉Stainless steel 不锈钢galvanize 电镀Gutter 排水沟, 楼都不 humidity 湿度, 湿气Porous 多孔的, 疏松的 spectrum 谱Infrared 红外的, 产生红外辐射的 ultraviolet 紫外的Gravel 砾石, 卵石 anodized 受过阳极化处理的Hydrate 水合物reinforcement 加强, 加固Spall 剥落, 散裂 erosion 侵蚀, 腐蚀Abrasion 磨损, 磨耗 quarry 方形砖Eddy 涡流, 漩涡运动 reinforcing steel 钢筋Reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 reinforcing bar 钢筋Longitudinal 长度的, 纵向的, 轴向的 dispose 处置Incline 倾斜, 弄斜 moment 力矩Bond 结合, 结合力, 粘合力 interlock 连动, 连接Forestall 阻止, 预防 embed 放入, 埋入Prestressing steel 预应力钢筋 rebar 钢筋Splice 接头 congestion 充满Form 模坂 ACI 美国混凝土协会Code 法规, 规程 galvanize 电镀Undue 过度的, 过分的 BS 英国标准Blending machine 弯筋机mandrel 芯棒Jig 夹具 dowel 夹缝丁, 暗销Wire clip 钢丝剪reference number 参考号数Mill scale 热轧钢表面氧化皮spacer 隔离物Clip 夹子, 剪刀slab 板, 块, 楼板Cradle 吊架, 托架, 支架chair 托架, 支板Mild steel 低碳钢 tack 图钉, 点焊焊缝Hydraulic 水力的, 液力的 additive 添加剂Admixture 外加剂 binder 胶结剂Aggregate 聚集, 结合, 骨料, 填料aerate 充气Aerate concrete 加气混凝土cellular 蜂窝状的Portland 波特兰水泥 pulverize 粉化, 磨碎Granulate 成粒状, 轧碎 blastfurnace 高炉, 鼓风炉Slag 矿渣, 炉渣 pigment 颜料, 色料Retarder 延迟剂, 缓凝剂accelerator 加速剂, 促凝剂Curing (混凝土)养护compaction 压实, 捣实Ambient 周围的, 外界的shrinkage 收缩, 下沉, 压缩Autoclave 蒸压器, 热压处理 frost 粗糙的, 无光泽的Efflorescence 风化, 粉化, 粉化物 sodium 钠Calcium 钙potassium 钾Carbonate 炭化 pozzolana 火山灰Sulphate 硫酸盐autoclaved aerated concrete 高压蒸养加气混凝土Hard-burnt 高温焙烧的, 炼制的 veneer 镶片, 砌面, 表层Mallet 木锤, 大锤 chisel 凿子Mold 模子, 模具mass production 大量生产Update 使现代化trade journal 行业杂志Periodical 定期的, 定期刊行的 editorial board 编辑委员会Beholder 旁观者 ordinance 规格, 条例, 法令Suspended structure 悬吊结构 joist 梁, 垳条Through bridge 下承桥 chord 弦杆Bracing 拉条, 支撑 web-girder 腹板大梁Box-girder 箱梁 plan view 平面图Outline 外形, 剖面 drawing 附图Bills of materials 材料清单radiator 散热器General arrangement 总体布置detail drawing 详图Cladding 包层, 包壳 panel 面板, 仪表盘GA drawing 总体平面图 zoom 变焦距In situ 原地, 在原地cumbersome 笨重的, 麻烦的Parameterized 参数化 specification 详细说明, 规范Verify 校验, 验证, 说明homogeneous 均匀的, 对等的Buckling 弯曲, 翘曲, 弯折 deterministic 确定的, 决定的Probabilistic 概率的, 随机的 deviation 偏差, 偏移, 参数Psychological 心理的, 精神的 cross-section 横断面, 横截面Amortization 阻尼 proof-load 检验荷载Field 场地, 工地survey 调查, 测量, 勘察Intrinsic 内在的, 固有的 stochastic 随机的, 不确定的Seismic 地震的, 与地震有关的 single load 集中荷载Foundation 基础, 地基gravity 重力Lateral 横向的, 侧面的 transient 瞬时的, 不稳定的Basement 底座, 基础, 地下室 erratic 反复无常的, 无规律的Footing 基础, 基脚, 底座, 垫层overdesign 保险设计Underdesign 欠安全设计 appurtenance 附属物, 附属设备Firewall 防火墙parapet 栏杆, 护墙, 女儿墙Remold 改造, 改型, 重铸 ductwork 管道系统, 管网Tenant 租用 latitude 纬度, 宽度, 范围Tributary 支流, 附庸, 辅助的cantilever 悬臂, 悬臂梁, 支架Provision 预防, 规定, 条款 overload 超载, 超重Reference 参考书 uncertainty 不确定性Slighting 轻蔑的, 不尊重的 likelihood 像有, 相似Pef = pounds per cubic foot 磅/平方英尺reliability 可靠性, 安全性Methodology 方法论 shield 屏蔽Shield 屏蔽, 遮护 without recourse to 不依赖Reason 推理, 论证 weir 堰, 拦河堰Spillway 溢洪道, 泻水道clause 条款项目Deploy 适用, 配置 filler wall 填充墙, 柱间墙Shear wall 剪力墙ignorance 外行Up-to-date 现代的, 最新likewise 同样Bucket 吊斗, 挖斗 wheelarrow 手推车, 独轮小车Buggy 手推车, 小斗车segregation 分凝, 离析Chute 斜槽 place 场所, 浇筑Lift 混凝土浇筑层, , 升降机displacement 偏移Compact 夯实 honeycomb 蜂窝结构Tamping 夯实, 捣固, 捣实 spinkling 喷洒Calcium chloride 氯化钙 settlement 沉陷Grout 水浆, 灌浆cohesive 粘聚的, 粘结的Workable 和易性好的,塑性的slump 坍塌度Workability 可塑性 air-entraining 加气的Deposit 存储, 浇注consolidation 加固, 压实Bleeding 渗漏subsidence 沉降, 下降Laitance 水泥浮浆 float 镘刀, 抹子Capillary 毛细管的, 毛细现象 flash set 急凝Aluminate 铝酸盐 burlap 麻袋, 粗麻布Membrane 膜, 隔板 emulsion 乳胶体, 乳液Polyethylene 聚乙烯 waterproof 防水Harden 硬化, 凝固 gravel 砾石, 卵石Immersion 浸入, 插入 headroom 净空高度, 头上空间Nominal 铭牌的, 名义的 power-driven 动力驱动的, 电动的External vibrator 表面振捣器 architect 建筑师Nonhomogeneous 不均匀的, 多相的creep 蠕变Shrink 缩小structure code 结构规范Ultimate strength 极限强度 load factor 荷载系数From M onwards 从m算起来 prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土Faulty 有缺点的, 报废的, 不合格的 embed 放入, 埋入Abutment 桥台,岸墩 thrust 推, 轴向力Jack 千斤顶, 支柱 motorway 汽车道, 快车道Tendon 钢筋束, 筋post-tensioned prestressing 后张法预应力Pre-tensioned prestressing 先张法预应力 manoeuvrable 机动的, 容易驾驶的Plain concrete 无筋混凝土 precompression 预加压力, 预先压缩Leak 漏, 渗漏camber 弯度, 曲度, 凸形Proportioning 使成比例, 确定几何尺寸 analogous 类似的, 类比的, 模拟的With reference to 参考, 参照, 关于centroid 矩心, 面积矩心, 质心Refinement 精制, 改善, 改进 bond 结合, 粘合, 粘合强度Transmit 传递, 寄, 传送 interlocking 可联动的, 联锁Plain bar 光面钢筋, 无结钢筋 formed bar 变形钢筋, 竹结钢筋Hoop 环, 箍, 铁箍tie 拉杆, 系杆Stirrup 箍筋, 钢筋箍 crushing 压碎, 轧碎Bearing 承载, 承受, 支撑点 bearing pressure 支承压力Rib 肋, 棱, perimeter 周边, 周长, 周界Blanketing 覆盖, 包上, 掩盖 mortar 砂浆, 灰浆, 灰泥Bentonite 膨润土, 膨土岩 trench 沟槽, 沟道, 沟管Tremie 混凝土导管（水下浇筑用） full prestressing 全预应力Partial prestressing 部分预应力reservoir 水库, 蓄水池Eccentric 偏心的, 呈偏心运动的, 偏心器 counteract 中和, 平衡Intermitterntly 间隙的, 断续的, 周期的 infrequent 不常见的, 稀少的Objectionable 不能采用的, 不适宜的reverse 颠倒的, 改变方向的, 交换的Cement paste 水泥浆sack 袋, 包, 一包, 一袋Water-cement ratio 水灰比trial-batch （混凝土）小量试拌Slump test 坍塌度试验 truncate 缩短, 截去Air-entraining agent 加气剂 plasticizer 增塑剂, 塑化剂revolving-drum mixer 转筒式搅拌机 ready-mixed 运送时搅拌的transit0mixed 运送时拌的 batch 配料, 分批配料congested 拥挤的, 充塞的 haul 搬运, 运输discharge 卸货, 卸载 hopper 漏斗, 装料车batching plant 拌和厂 batching 配料, 定配合比ecclesiastical 基督教会的, 教士的 landmark 陆标, 里程碑, 界标mobility 可动性, 机动性, 流动性 topographical 地形的, 地形测量的subservient 辅助性的tax 使受压力, 负担shear wall core 剪力墙筒体 prefabrication 预制的, 预制品slip-formwork 滑模 crane 起重机, 用起重机吊codify 编成法典, 编纂 elevator 升降机escalator 升降梯, 自动扶梯drift 漂移, 位移prescribe 规定, 命令, 指示I-beam 工字梁, 工字钢masonry 砖石工程, 砌筑体staircase 楼梯lofty 高耸的, 极高的condominium 各住户认购各自一套公寓楼brace 支撑, 支柱bundle 捆, 扎, 粘合soaring 高耸的, 高涨的 tributary 支流, 从属的prototype 原型, 样机web 腹板, 梁板torsion 扭转, 转矩 orthogonal 互相垂直的, 正交的, 直角的stiffen 加强, 加固 urbanization 都市化habitation 住宅, 住所deterrent 制止物, 威慑因素premium 奖金, 质量改进的clutter 混乱, 干扰, 弄乱multi-discipline 多学科pedestrian 行人, 步行者plaza 广场, 大空地sway 摇, 摆动overturn 倾倒, 翻转 clear span 净高clear spacing 净距 zoning 分区, 区域化excavation 挖掘, 挖方 overlook 检查, 监督interim 间歇底, 暂时的empiricism 经验主义elastoplastic 弹塑性的subset 子系统compartmentalize 间隔化,隔开,分段 mantle 罩,外壳,地幔erosion 侵蚀,冲刷,磨损 waterborne 水生的,水力运输的boulder 漂砾,大块石 cobble 圆石,鹅软石pebble 小软石,小砾石 degradation 剥蚀,退化avalanche 山崩,坍方,崩塌 stratum 地层,岩层meandering 曲折的,弯曲的,曲流的 stratified 有层次的,分层的water table 地下水位 detritus 瓦砾,腐质percolation 渗透,渗滤 soil profile 土壤剖面,土层剖面residual soil 残积土transported soil 运积土ground water 地下水superstructure 上层结构earth fill 土堤substructure 下部结构,基础工事demarcation 分界线 sanitary 环境卫生的sanitary fill 垃圾堆积场reclamation 废料回收,改造,垦殖disposal 处理,清理,处置boring 钻探,打眼mat 席,垫,钢筋网 caisson 沉箱retaining-wall 挡土墙uneven settlement 不均匀沉降overburden 超载,过载 strap beam 搭扣形梁unsound 不坚固的,不牢固的pile 桩,打桩hardpan 硬土层,坚固基础 raft 筏,木排combined footing 联合基础 cantilever footing 悬臂基础raft of floating foundation 筏式基础或浮筏基础soil mass 土体pile shaft 桩身 stratum 地层, 矿层end-bearing pile 端承桩 uplift 举起, 抬起water table 地下水位scour 冲刷, 洗涤deposit 沉积, 浇注, 矿床 soil-exploration 土质勘察footing 基础, 基脚, 底座 strip 带, 条, 狭长片raft 筏, 垫板 capital 柱头fixity 固定, 不变eccentric 偏心的, 不同圆心的nonuniformity 不均匀性, 不均质性 scheduling 编制时间表drain 消耗, 耗尽premium 奖金, 佣金hold up 阻碍procurement 取得, 获得, 采购vector 矢量, 向量prerequisite 先决条件, 前提concurrent 同时进行的, 并行的 lead time 产品设计至实际投产时间litigation 诉讼, 打官司 chronological 按时间顺序的hoist 卷扬机, 起重机 utility 实用的, 公用事业utility line 公用事业管线 accrue 产生, 出现dismantle 拆除, 拆卸 remuneration 酬劳, 报酬commensurate 同量的, 相应的 degenerate into 简化成, 变质成in-house 机构内部的 critical path 关键路径lay down 规定, 制定计划 wearing surface 磨耗面base course 基层 asphalt 柏油landscaping 风景设计, 风景布置 bulldozer 推土机, 压路机vibrating roller 振动压路机 bitumen 沥青grill 格栅, 铁格网mesh 网, 网格, 筛concrete train 混凝土铺路机组 slipform paver 滑模铺路机hold in place 把…固定在引诱的位置runway 跑道, 通道Tokaido line 新干线 catalyst 触媒, 催化剂Side-effect 副作用 decentralization 分散, 疏散Unity 整体, 单元 outstrip 超过Crude 天然的, 原油piecemeal 片断, 点Ferment 酵素, 发酵, 蓬勃发展 underlying 基础的, 根本的Geographer 地理学家 operations research 运筹学Cable-stayed 斜拉的, 张拉的 girder 梁, 垳, 梁杆Cast-in-place 现场浇筑的 AASHT美国洲际公路及运输工作者协会AREA 美国铁路工程师协会 crossing 交叉, 十字路口Pier 桥墩 elevated 高架的, 高的, 高架铁路Clearance 间隙, 净空, 间距 segment 部分, 段Dominance 支配, 控制, 优势 one-way slab 单向配筋板Versus 与…的关系曲线 statically determinate structure 静定结构Skew 斜的, 扭的, 弯曲的on-site 现场的, 就地的, 工地Shear key 受剪键bituminous concrete 沥青混凝土Dissipate 清除, 消除 composite structure 混合结构Acronym 缩写词, 缩语chore 零星工作, 零活In the foreseeable future 在可遇见的未来一段时间内 impetus 动力, 刺激Draughtsman 绘图员, 起草者 repetitious 重复的, 反复的Mundane 世间的, 世俗的jargon 行话, 术语, 难懂的话Level 水平, 水位, 水平仪 theodolite 精密经纬仪Envision 想象, 遇见, 展望contour map 等高线, 地形图Plat 地段, 地区图, 地段图grading 校准, 定标, 土工修正Stake 标桩, 定位木桩picture 图画, 设想, 想象Cut 挖土, 挖方 fill 填筑, 填方, 填土, 路堤Borrow 取土, 采料, 采料场 indeterminate structure 超静定结构Myriad 万, 无数, 无数的 photogrammetry 摄影测绘sGeotechnical engineering 岩土工程 mass transit 公共交通Transmission line 输电线infiltrate 渗入, 渗透Estimator 估价者, 评价者rival 对手, 竞争, 比得上Off-the-shelf 现成的, 成品的, 畅销的 afterthought 回想, 反省, 后悔, 马后炮Timeliness 及时, 时间性, 好时机 inception 开始, 起头, 开端Culminate 达到顶点, 结束 beneficiary 受益人, 受惠人Outset 开始, 最初 working drawing 施工图Prescribe 规定, 命令 delineation 描绘, 描述Co-ordinate 相同, 同等的事物 prerogative 特权, 特性Board of directors 董事会 estimating 估价Margin 边缘, 余量, 余地tender 投标, 承包, 标件Incisive 尖锐的, 深刻的, 透彻的 realm 范围, 部门, 类Forethought 预先考虑好的modus 方法, 程式Modus operandi 做法, 方法, 工作方式nullify 废弃, 取消Indispensable 不可缺少的, 必需的 corollary 推论, 结果Doom 毁灭, 灭亡, 判决 obverse 较显著面Tactical 战术的, 策略的deployment 部署, 调度, 配置Ensemble 整体, 总效果 pictorial 绘图的, 插图的Dispassionate 冷静的, 不带偏见的 prognosis 预测, 预报Ubiquitous 普遍存在的, 随遇的 denominator 分母, 标准Handmaiden 起陪衬作用的 liken 比拟Jobbing 做临时工trade journal 行业期刊Cost plus 附加费 premise 前提, 房产Speculation 投机, 投机买卖sub-contractor 转包商, 分包商Order 订单 on-cost 杂费, 间接成本Microfiche 缩微胶片, 平片。

土木工程专业常用英语单词第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。

2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。

3. 房屋建筑工程building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

5. 公路工程highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

6. 铁路工程railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

7. 港口与航道工程port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

8. 水利工程hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

9. 水利发电工程（水电工程）hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。

Control consists of analyzing progress and cost to ensure that the project will be done on schedule and within the estimated cost.
Planning.
The planning phase starts with a detailed study of construction plans and specifications. From this study a list of all items of work is prepared, and related items are then grouped together for listing on a master schedule.
These include individual schedules for procurement of material, equipment, and labor, as well as forecasts of cost and income.
Execution.
The speedy execution of the project requires the ready supply of all materials, equipment and labor when needed.
The actual unit cost for any item at any time is obtained by dividing the accumulated costs charged to that item by the accumulated units of work performed.

This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.
[dʒi:əu'teknikəl]
Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project．
岩土工程专家要做土工试验以确定该土是否 能承受这项工程的重量。
对于任何给定的工程，土木工程师都能广泛地利用计算机。
Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design，or CAD) and to manage it．
计算机被用来设计工程的各个部分并进行管理。
Depending on the type of project，the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed．
根据工程的类型，就需要土木工程师专家的各种 技能。
Scope
When a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement-water，sewer，and power lines． 当一项工程开始时，土木工程师要勘测现场并绘图， 他们还要确定水管、污水管道和电线的实用布置。

Lesson 1 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials材料力学 mechanics of materials材料强度 strength of materials轴向受力杆件 axially-loaded bars应变 strain应力 stress变形 deformation临界荷载 critical load拉压剪 tension compression shear等直杆件 prismatic bar轴力 axial force隔离体 free body拉力 tensile force截面 cross section形心 centroid无量纲的量 nondimensional quantity可变形的 deformable装配，集合 assembly推论 derivation方程 equation性能 property棱柱的 prismatic液体静力学的 hydrostatic集度，强度 intensity合力 resultant 静力学 statics伸长，延长 elongationLesson 2 Types of Beams and Stress Resultantsin Beams横截的 transverse对称 symmetry弯曲 bending不对称的 unsymmetrical/asymmetrical销轴 pin滚轴 roller移动 translate水平地 horizontally支撑，支持 sustain嵌住的 built-in悬臂梁 cantilever悬臂 overhang均匀的，一致的 uniformly力偶 couple约束 restraint柔性的 flexible法向的，正态 normal图像 diagram对称轴 axis of symmetry简支梁 simply supported beam(simple beam)集中力 concentrated force分布力 distributed load均布荷载 uniformly distributed load静力学平衡方程equation of staticequilibrium竖向 vertical direction跨度，区间 span应力分布 distribution of stresses弯矩 bending moment静定 statically determinate水平约束 horizontal restraintLesson 3 Principal Stresses in Beams法向应力 normal stress剪应力 shear stress横截面 cross section中性轴 neutral axis主应力 principal stress弯矩M和剪力V bending moment and shearforce主压应力 compressive principal stress主拉应力 tensile principal stress正交曲线 orthogonal curves应力迹线 stress trajectory应力等值线 stress contour局部效应 localized effects应力集中 stress concentration大小，数量 magnitude矩形的 rectangular相交 intersect腹板 web连接 junction角缝 filletLesson 4 Continuous Beams连续梁 continuous beam轴向变形 axial deformations销轴支承 pin support辊轴支承 roller support静不定次数the degree of statical indetermincy多余的 redundant叠加、迭加 superposition旋转角 angles of rotation正弯矩 positive bending moment形心间距 centroidal distance惯性矩 inertia中间的 intermediate有利的 advantageous同时的 simultaneous协调一致 compactibilityLesson 5 Unit-load Method for Calculating Displacements单位荷载法： unit-load method简单桁架 simple trusses静定/静不定结构statically determinate/indeterminate structure虚荷载 dummy/fictitious load移动 translation共线反向力collinear and oppositelydirected forces虚功 virtual work相对位移 relative displacement扭转力偶 twisting couple与。

The installed elements and the natural soil or rock of the earth form a foundation system; the soil and rock provide the ultimate support of the system.

Foundations that are installed may be either soilbearing or rock-bearing.

The reactions of the soil or rock to the imposed
loads generally determined how well the
Beams are also used between interior column footings to act as braces or ties or to support interior walls.

挡土墙
Retaining walls are those walls subject to horizontal earth pressures due to the retention of earth behind them.

The foundation for a multistory office building could be a combination of concrete footings and the soil or rock on which the footings are supported. The foundation for an earth-fill dam would be the natural soil or rock on which the dam is placed.

repetition重复，重做，反复；循环, 复制品, 副本nave早期教堂的中殿，听众席，中央广场Isle走廊，过道，侧廊，通道，耳堂corridor走廊transept交叉通道，十字形教堂的两翼ransdisciplinary 跨学科的,学科间的, 涉及若干学科的transform 转换, 改变, 改造, 使...变形transcontinental横贯大陆的, 大陆那边的, ranshistorical超越历史的,宇宙的,永恒的apse教堂半圆形（或多角形）的后殿，拱顶附带建筑balustrade 栏杆，扶手，扶栏intermediate中间的；居中的，中间体，媒介物nterdependent互相依赖的；相倚的intersection交叉点，十字路口interflow交流interact相互作用，相互影响clue线索，暗示，提示，思路colonnade廊，柱廊，柱列aspiration志气，抱负，渴望，热望；吸气aspire热望，渴望，立志aspirate吸气，抽气incarnation化身，体现blank wall无窗墙，挡墙，难以通过的障碍物或屏障cave dweller（史前的）穴居人Gothic cathedral哥特式大教堂shear剪切，剪力(shear wall剪力墙)shearing strength抗剪强度shearing stress剪应力shearing strain剪应变predominate控制,支配;统治, 成为主流,（数量上）占优势geotechnical岩土工程的，土工的,地质工艺的；土工技术geobiology地理生物学(研究动植物地理分布的学科) geothermal地热的，地温的specification指明，详述，技术要求，清单；规范supervise监督，管理，指导，控制subcontractors 转包合同，转包工作，承做；转包商, 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conditioning空气调节reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土spectacular壮观的，惊人的，引人入胜的dramatic戏剧的，戏剧性的，引人注目的sensational耸人听闻的，引起轰动的，美妙的sway摇动，摇摆，歪，使倾斜，侧移，影响swing挥动，摆动，舞动，急转身，剧变residential居住的，住宅的，作住家用的commercial商业的，商业上的，商务的innovation革新，创新，新方法，新事物boundary分界线，边界；界限，范围border边缘，边界，国界eliminate 排除，消除，出去；淘汰discard抛开，遗弃，废弃exclude拒绝，排斥，驱除，排除column柱，支柱，圆柱，柱状物；专栏；纵队cylinder圆筒，圆柱体，汽缸pillar柱子，柱状物，支柱，栋梁post 柱，桩，标杆pilaster壁柱，半露柱demonstrate示范，证明，演示，论证display展示，陈列，表现project凸出，投射，扩散；计划，工程bulge膨胀，凸出protrude伸出，突出intention计划，目的stress应力，压力；强调，重音，重读stress analysis应力分析stress concentration应力集中stress-strain curve 应力应变曲线truss构架，桁架；绑扎，用桁架支撑trussed beam桁架式梁，平行弦桁架trussed frame桁架式框架bundle捆，束，包；（与up连用）捆扎，bale 大包，大捆package包裹，包装terminate使终止，使结尾，结束cease停息，停止conclude使结束，完毕；推断，推论，断定facade（房屋的）正面，立面，表面，外观perimeter周，周围，周界，周长，encroach侵犯，侵占，侵害，蚕食break in闯入，强行进入infringe破坏，侵犯，违反intrude闯入，侵入trespass（与on连用）非法侵入，侵扰，打扰high-rise building（超）高层建筑reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土reinforcement钢筋，增强物，增强reinforcing steel bar钢筋spandrel beam窗下的墙托梁spandrel 拱肩，上下层窗的空间perturbation动乱，混乱，扰动，波动，破坏perturb扰乱，使混乱；感到不安agitate摇晃，搅动；使不安；鼓动，煽动ecosystem生态系统，生态区系(ecology生态学) subdiscipline (学科的)分支,分科depletion损耗，省耗，消耗，枯竭，耗减deplete耗尽，使衰竭anaerobic厌氧的，无氧的，绝氧的scum浮渣，浮垢，糟粕，泡沫；社会渣滓，无用之人grease 油脂，油膏，润滑油；涂油脂于lubrication润滑油，润滑，润滑作用coagulation凝结，凝结物，凝结作用sedimentation沉降，沉积，沉积法，沉积作用emanate散发，发出，发源，发射colloidal胶状的，胶质的，胶体的filtration过滤，滤清，筛选pesticide农药，杀虫剂pest害虫，农业害虫insect昆虫；卑鄙的人(insecticide杀虫剂herbicide除草剂)fertilizer肥料，化肥，矿物质肥料centrifuge离心，离心机，离心作用aquifer含水土层，蓄水层impoundment蓄水，积水，人工湖，蓄水池impound关在栏中，拘留，扣押，没收ozone新鲜空气，臭氧carcinogenic致癌物(质)的，致癌的eutrophic富营养的，营养良好的algae藻类，海藻runoff径流，流出，溢出，径流量refuse disposal垃圾处理by-product副产品，出乎意料的结果（效果）raw material 原材料product产品consumer goods消费品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods半成品manufactured goods成品ventilate使通风，使换气，给...装通风设备aerate使暴露于空气中，通风，充气acoustics声学，音质，建筑物的传音性，音响效果cognizance认识，察觉；注意，承认；标志，标识humidity 湿气，潮湿，湿度，水分含量humid潮湿的，湿气重的charcoal木炭，活性碳aperture 孔，孔隙，口径；（照相机等的）光圈gap 缺口，缝隙，间隙；空白，缺乏；差距potbelly 大肚皮，大腹hut小屋，棚屋，茅舍，临时营房cabin茅屋，小木屋；船舱shed棚，小屋，工棚，货棚，车库hypocaust（古罗马的）火炕供暖系统，热炕canopy天蓬，遮蓬，防雨盖板；伞盖，座舱罩awning帆布篷；雨篷；遮阳篷pedestal 基座，基础，柱脚，底座cloak（古）斗篷，宽大的外衣，大氅；覆盖物horticultural园艺的convector 对流式暖房器，对流器apparatus器械，设备，仪器；器官amelioration改善，改进，修正deterioration变坏，退化，堕落suction吸，空吸，吸气，吸力；抽气机，抽水泵ubiquitous到处存在的，（同时）普遍存在的，随遇的perforate 穿孔，打眼，贯穿，打洞bore钻洞，钻孔puncture 刺穿；刺破penetrate穿透，渗透，看穿，洞察，刺入trough沟，槽，水槽；波谷crest波峰Mediterranean地中海，地中海的，被陆地包围的air conditioning空调，空气调节装置plenum system送气系统，压力通风系统plenum充气增压，充实，送气通风terra-cotta陶瓦，赤陶，棕橙色Thames River泰晤士河（流经牛津，伦敦等）valley谷，河谷，山谷；流域；天沟，屋顶排水沟obstacle障碍，障碍物，妨害物barrier路障，栅栏，屏障aqueduct沟渠，高架渠，引水桥，渡槽pedestrian 行人，步行者，徒步的，步行的pedestrian crossing人行横道barge驳船，游艇，用船运输；闯入，打断，碰撞isolated隔离的，孤立的，单独subsoil底土，下层土，天然地基，亚层土tightrope拉紧的绳索，钢丝，绷索abutment桥墩，桥台，拱座anchorage锚定，固定，固定支座；停泊地点stretch拉伸，展开，伸长girder桁架，主梁，大梁，撑杆corbel arch突拱（挑出拱石的拱）intermediate pier中间（桥）墩overlap重叠，互搭，搭接，叠加intersect 横切，横断，交叉，相交footing基础，基脚，柱脚基础，底座；立脚点，地位rectangular矩形的，长方形的，直交的trapezoidal 梯形的，不规则四边形的description描述，描绘，形容；说明书，种类enlarge 扩大，扩建，增加diminish 缩小；变小；减少retention滞留，保持，保留；保持力；记忆力frost 霜，霜冻，严寒，冰冻；结霜discontinuity间断，不连续面，不整合sump水坑，积水井，积水坑，污水坑grout薄泥浆，水泥浆，浆液，灌浆；用泥浆填实subside 下沉，下陷，沉降；平息，减退，衰减settlement. 沉降infiltrate 渗入，渗透，渗滤，透过basement 地下室，墙脚；地窖，基础garret顶楼，阁楼fireplace壁炉gutte排水沟drainpipe落水管，雨水管accumulate 积聚，堆积，蓄积，存储weep渗漏，滴水，泌水；流泪，哭泣flexibility 弹性，柔性，挠性stiffness刚度，刚性swell隆起，涨水，膨胀，增大backfill.装填，回填，n.回填土admixture 掺合料，掺合剂，混合物mat foundation板式基础，筏基slab foundation 平板基础plain concrete 素混凝土execution 执行，完成，实施，施工；死刑master 主要的，总的，熟练的；控制，精通clarify 澄清，阐明，净化，解释make clear 澄清，阐明refine 净化，精炼budget 预算，做预算，编制预算payroll 薪水册，发放工资额，工资单invoice 发票，发货单，开发票，记清单overrun 超过，超出，超限；蔓延；侵占；泛滥productivity 生产力，劳动生产率bulldozer推土机，开土机，压路机in-house 机构内部的，起源于机构内部的on-the-job training在职训练，在职培训trial and error 试算法，试错法，反复试验stimulus 刺激物；激励物inducement 引诱物；诱因encouragement 鼓励，激励incentive刺激，鼓励，动机；起刺激作用的accounting 会计，统计，会计学，清算帐目attorney<美>律师, (业务或法律事务上的)代理人compensation补偿，补偿费，报酬，抚恤费cadre 干部，骨干，骨骼，基础结构；核心domestically 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form滑动模板，滑模（施工法）elasticity弹性，弹力，弹性力学；灵活性stiffness劲度，刚度，硬度，坚硬flexibility柔度secular现世的，世俗的；非宗教的；长期的temple庙，寺，神殿，教堂，礼拜堂；太阳穴，鬓角pyramid金字塔，棱椎；(使)成金字塔状，(使)渐增stack堆叠，成堆，整齐地堆起；堆，一堆heap堆，（与up，together连用）堆积pile（与up，on连用）堆积，撞在一起slate岩板，石板瓦，铺石板；猛烈抨击；旧帐timber木材，木料，原木lumber（美）木材；无用的杂物，不用的家具conifer针叶树，松柏类植物abundance丰富；充足；充裕profusion大量，丰富；浪费spruce云杉，云杉木；整洁的；修饰，打扮cabinetwork细木工，细木家具cabinet橱柜，内阁（美）；内阁的，小巧的cellular细胞的，分格的，多孔状的，多洞的grain颗粒，纹理，粒面；谷物，谷粒，粮食fiber纤维，纹理，光纤texture质地，纹理；结构，构造；具有……的纹理silicon硅，硅元素manganese（化学元素）锰seashell海贝，贝壳negligible可以忽视的，微不足道的，不予重视的negligent疏忽的，粗心大意的；随便的，潇洒的neglectful疏忽的，忽视的，不管的，不留心的synthetic合成的，人造的，综合的；化学合成物artificial人造的，人工的，做作的，不自然的counterfeit伪造的，假冒的，模仿的；赝品，伪造品imitation 模仿，仿效；仿制，仿制品mock假的，模拟的resin树脂，胶质，人造树脂；进行树脂处理thermosetting热凝性的，热固性的，热硬化性的elastic modulus弹性模量douglas美国松，冷杉ultimate tensile strength极限抗拉强度ascertain确定，探明，调查，弄清，发现clear up解释，寻找答案，使明了；整理；完成，了结find out找出，发现，查明(真相)；认识到，想出；揭发procedure步骤，程序，过程，工序，方法，手续facilitate促进，简化，使容易，使便利，推动，帮助abrupt突然的，急剧的，不连续的，陡峭的，生硬的unexpected意外的，复杂性，复杂的事物，复杂，复杂度simplicity简单，简易，朴素，朴实，单纯coplanar共面的，同一平面的coaxial共轴的coexistent同时共存的，同时代的nonconcurrent非共点的，不集中于一点的concurrent同时发生的；同时存在的共点的current当前的，现在的，流行的reaction反应，反作用，反力superposition叠加，迭加，重叠，重合unknown不知道的，未知的，未知数，不知名的contraflexure反向弯曲，回折反挠flexure屈曲，弯曲部分，打褶laborious（指工作）艰巨的，艰苦的，费力的；redundant多余的，重复的，超静定的simultaneous联立的，同时的，同步的algebra代数，代数学multiplication乘法，相乘，倍增;（动植物）繁殖invert反演，倒置，转化，颠倒；转化的；颠倒的事物random任意的，随机的，偶然的；胡乱地；随意，任意haphazard偶然的；不规则的deliberate深思熟虑的，故意的，预有准备的neutral axis中和轴，中性轴neutral中立的，中性的，中立国；（汽车）空挡time-consuming耗时的pin joint铰接angular displacement角位移deflection挠度；偏移，偏差；变形，位移earthquake-resistant抗地震的statically indeterminate structure超静定结构stationary静止的，不变的，固定的fixed固定的，不动的；安排好的，确定了的firm坚牢的，坚固的；稳定的；坚定的immobile不能移动的immovable不动的，固定的，不改变的motionless不动的；静止的hull船壳，船体，船身；皮，壳，豆荚；去壳，去皮progression级数；进步，进展；连续，一系列loop环，圈，回路，回线；以环连结，循环occupant占有者，居住者dweller居民，居住者lodger寄宿者，投宿者driveshaft传动轴，主动轴transmission shaft传动轴sag下垂，下陷，下降，挠度；（物价、股价）下跌，novel新奇的，新颖的，异常的；小说，长篇故事boron[化]硼fiberglass玻璃纤维，玻璃丝stocky 矮胖的，短而粗的，结实的drastically 激烈的，彻底的，急剧的inherent固有的，内在的，与生俱来的existing现有的，现存的，现行的instinctive本能的acquired已获得的,已成习惯的,后天通过努力得到的hybrid混合，合成，混合物，混血儿；混合的dome穹顶，圆屋顶，屋盖saddle鞍，鞍状物，鞍状构造；承受wieldly易于使用的, 适合的perpendicular垂直的，正交的；垂线upright笔直的，直立的，正直的unwieldly难使用的headroom净空，净空高度，头上空间underclearance桥下净空，下部间隙sawtooth roof锯齿形屋顶fiber-reinforced concrete 纤维增强混凝土hyperbolic paraboloid双曲抛物面acronym简称，只取首字母的缩写词manipulate操纵，操作，生成，处理（数据等）redraw重画，刷新屏幕；重新抽取，重新拟定duplicate复写，复制，转录，重复；副本，复制品hardcopy硬拷贝insertion插入，嵌入，插页，插入物hardware硬件，部件；五金器皿；军火，武器processor 处理机，处理器，处理程序monitor监视器，监督程序，显示器，监听器；监控plotter 绘图机，绘图仪，图形显示器；阴谋者，计划者port端口，通讯口，进出口；港口monochrome单色，单色图象；单色的compatibility兼容性，相容性，适用性，互换性video视频，影象，电视（图象）；视频的stylus 唱针，铁笔（汉字输入用），指示笔keyboard键盘，用键盘写入joystick 控制杆，操纵杆，游戏杆prompt提示符，提示；迅速的；准时地vellum精致犊皮纸，牛皮纸；犊皮纸的mainframe主机，大型机adapter适配器，转换接头，附件；改编者digitize数字化，将资料数字化，数字化处理computer-aided计算机辅助Random Access Memory随机存取存储器。

土木工程专业英语生词整理声明：本文档是笔者结合清华大学俞家欢老师《土木工程专业英语》与同济大学苏小卒老师《土木工程专业英语》上下册整理的一些土木工程领域常用的生词，仅供有需要的朋友学习交流使用。

可能有少量打错的字，请谅解。

barrages 水库canals 运河distributary 引流工程highway 公路expressway 高速公路（美式）levee 码头mitigate floods 减轻洪水construction 建造→施工survey 调查→工程勘察helipad 停机坪truck terminal 铁路站台sewage treatment 污水处理demolish 拆毁central government or local administration中央或地方政府reinvestment 再投资petroleum revenue 石油财政（指迪拜）resort island 度假岛desert country 沙漠地区国家waterfront 滨海区residential apartment 公寓住宅gulf 海湾buttressed design 扶壁设计tripod foundation 三脚架式基础tide and current 潮起潮落traffic congestion 交通拥挤regulate 限制financial crisis 金融危机escalate rent cost 租金持续上涨mega-project 大项目revale 媲美microcosm 缩影tropical cyclone 热带气旋（台风）downstream 产业链下游desalination 海水淡化distillation 蒸馏ubiquitous 无处不在的marine species 海洋生物density 重度（类似密度）gravity 重力→比重toughness 韧性ductility 延性brittleness 脆性creep 徐变，蠕变stiffness 刚度impact strength 冲击强度thermal 热力学特性corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀性acidity 酸性，酸度alkalinity 碱性，碱度sound 声absorption 吸收transmission 传导reflection 反射acoustical 声学特性optical 光学特性physiochemical 生化特性abrasion 磨损indentation 缺口，凹痕machining 蚀刻scratch 切削oxidize 氧化cement-mortar 水泥砂浆quarry 采掘lintel 过梁ballast 压载材料（铁轨下的垫材）brick 砖refractory brick 耐火砖ventilator 通风设备railway coaches 铁路车厢wagon 马车sleeper 枕木masonry construction 砌体结构gravel 砂石，砾石property 性能plastic stage 塑性workability 和易性mix 混合→拌和place 放置→浇筑compacte 压实finish 竣工homogeneity 同质性segregation 离析性coarse aggregate 粗骨料water tightness 水密性bleeding 裂隙pore 孔隙porous 多孔的harshness 粗糙的poorly graded aggregate 骨料级配不良withstand 抵抗moisture variation 潮湿变化freeze and thaw 冻融impermeability 密闭性resistance to wear and tear 耐磨性reinforced cement concrete 钢筋混凝土prestressed cement concrete 预应力混凝土silo 筒仓bunker 煤仓，地堡，掩体ornamental structure 装饰性结构tensile load 抗拉强度slab 板tall chimney 高烟囱aqueduct 高架渠ferro-cement 钢纤维混凝土skeletal steel 钢骨架pre-cast unit 预制单元（构件）vault 拱顶shell 壳结构grid surface 网格表面folded plate 褶皱板partition 隔断ductile 延展性好的susceptible to damage 易损坏harmony express 和谐号动车asbestos cement sheet 石棉水泥板shape memory alloy 形状记忆合金magnetostrictioe material 磁致伸缩材料piezoelectric material 压电材料electrorheological fluid 电流变材料viscosity 黏性deflection 挠度vibration 振动noise mitigation 噪声抑制bridge deck 桥面bridge pier 桥墩slab 板beam 梁grider 大梁、桁架restrained structure 超静定结构differential settlement 不均匀沉降hydrostatic load 静水荷载earth load 土压力earthquake load 地震荷载tile 瓦felt and gravel 毡及卵石层gypsum block 石膏wood stud 木栓texture of the building surface建筑表面形状纹理stiffness of the structure 建筑结构刚度stagnation pressure 风压wind suction 风吸力leeward 背风面的coefficient 系数gust factor 阵风系数essential factor 重要性系数hazardous facility 危险设备seismic load 地震荷载vibration 振型whiplash effect 鞭梢效应a portion of the base shear force底部剪力法storey 楼层hydraulic 水运elevator shaft 电梯井筒folded plate 折板屋顶bearing wall 承重墙shear wall 剪力墙unobstructed surface 无障碍表面erect 建造，建立residential 民用建筑institutional 公共结构serviceability 实用性failure 极限状态rehabilitation 加固verification 验证load transfer mechanism 荷载传递机理flexure 弯曲，屈曲torsion 扭转shear 剪切membrane 拱grid 柱reinforcement bars（rebars）钢筋patent 专利precast concrete 预制混凝土cast concrete 现浇混凝土brick chip 碎砖块cement hydrates 水泥水化物microscopic opaque crystal 微小透明晶体microscopic rigid lattice 微观晶格corrugated 有螺纹的cohesion 黏结力passivate 钝化（钢筋）chloride 氯离子provision 规定，要求moisture 潮湿，水分humidity 湿度，湿热curvature 弯曲，曲度，曲率singly-reinforced beam 单筋梁under-reinforced beam 少筋梁over-reinforced beam 超筋梁balanced-reinforced beam 适筋梁instantaneous 立即，突然material-safety factor 安全系数allowable stress design 许用应力设计flake 剥落mix design 配合比设计penetrate 侵入serviceability failure in limit state design正常使用极限状态破坏bond failure 黏结失效carbonation 碳化作用neutralisation 中和作用（即碳化作用）optimal 最佳选择phenolphthalein indicator 酚酞指示剂admixtures 外加剂rapid set-up 快速初凝mitigate 减轻，缓和capillary 毛细管sound attenuating layer 隔音层slump 坍落度concrete vibrating 振捣steel sire 箍筋iron chain suspension bridge 铁链吊桥rivets connection 铆钉连接wrought iron technology 锻铁技术cast iron 铸铁high-strength bolt 高强度螺栓fabrication 制作technical code 技术规程cold-formed thin-wall steel 冷弯薄壁型钢masonry 砌体材料plasticity 塑性tenacity 韧性isotropic 各项异性ideal elastic-plastic 理想弹塑体proportional limit 比例极限（σp）yield strength 屈服强度tensile strength 抗拉强度fabrication 制作weldability 焊接性能air tightness 气密性press vessel 压力容器heat resistance 耐热性non-refractory 防火性能差fire proof protection 防火保护brittle fracture 脆性断裂large span structure 大跨度结构crane 吊车profiled steel sheet 异型钢板mega-frame structure 组合结构demountable structure 可拆卸结构steel scaffolding 钢脚桁架rupture 破裂buckling 搭扣，屈曲formation of mechanism 形成机构（塑性铰）wind induced oscillation 风致振动provision 规定load-carrying structure 承重结构percentage of elongation 伸长率cold-bending test 冷弯实验single story frame 单层结构bridge crane 桥式起重机residual stress 残余应力sun-dried mud 晒干的泥土shale 页岩lateral load 水平荷载seismic 地震raw material 原材料mortar 砂浆mica 云母filthy 有机杂质odor 气体iron compound 铁化合物mold 模具stirrup 箍筋gravel 砾石compact sand 紧密的砂土trench 沟槽over footing 地梁adherence 黏结性confining column 构造柱minimum covering for concrete最小保护层厚度water cement ratio 水灰比mid-rise segment 中高层建筑glulam beam 胶合木梁dwelling 住宅sport arene 运动场better seismic performance更好的抗震性能interior 内部gypsum 石膏板external cladding 外覆盖层fire-rated assembly 防火组件hybrid construction 混合结构practical 实用的exterior infill wall 外部填充墙energy performance 节能性能renovation 装修flat roof 平屋面extra accommodation 阁楼solid wood panel 实木板freight 运送到up-front invesrment 前期投资mortise 榫眼，榫接tenon 榫erected 直立的flammable 易燃物purlin 檩条spatial construction 空间结构high load-bearing capacity很高的荷载承担能力compaction 密实erection 建造hollow steel tube 中空钢管unfilled tube 中空钢管confinement 约束作用schematic view 示意图favorable stress distribution有利的荷载分布terrain 地形cantilever bridge 悬臂桥arch bridge 拱桥suspension bridge 悬索桥cable-stayed bridge 斜拉桥truss bridge 桁架桥pier 桥墩dissipation 消散（荷载）box girder 箱梁meticulous analysis 精细分析foot bridge 人行桥false work 脚手架counter balance 平衡抵消anchor arm 锚固臂outermost 最外侧pinned joint 铰接节点segment construction 分布施工canyon 峡谷abutment 桥墩（基台）viaduct 高架桥thrust 推力spandrel 拱尖catenary 锁链aforementioned 如前所述的bluff 悬崖pillar 塔架slender 细的parabola 抛物线lattice girder 格构梁drought 干旱flood 洪水cyclone 飓风environmental degradation 环境恶化meteological disaster 气象灾害casualty 伤亡invariably 始终如一的secondary disaster 次生灾害earthquake portent 地震预警landslide 滑坡collapse 崩塌debris flow 泥石流river erosion 河流侵蚀turbid 浑浊fissure 裂缝resilient 弹回，有弹力的sewerage 污水，排水设备snowmelt 融雪水escalation of cast 超过预算time overrun 工期延长pharmaceutical 制药mitigate potential risk 化解潜在风险tenet 宗旨aqueduct 高架渠，渡槽ballistic 弹道学causeway 长堤，堤道channel 沟渠，海峡，槽钢equilibrium 平衡（状态）excavation 挖掘hydraulic 水力的mason 砖瓦石匠obelisk 方尖石塔quarry 采石场sewage 污水reimbursable 可报销的，可补偿的aerated concrete 加气混凝土aggregate 骨料binding agent 粘合剂bitumen 沥青blunt 钝的bolt 螺栓cast 浇筑clamp 夹子corrode 腐蚀course （砖）层，行form 模板grout 薄砂浆，灰浆multistory building 多层建筑rate of contraction 收缩率rate of expansion 膨胀率rivet 铆钉，铆接screw 螺丝钉slab 平板spray 喷射tarlike 沥青thread 螺纹tile 瓦片versatile 多用途的weld 焊接blastfurnace 高炉矿渣asbestos 石棉瓦modulus of rupture 断裂模量hydration 水化作用cohesive 粘性的rapid-hardening 速凝grading 级配dampness 湿度，含水量accelerator 速凝剂inhibitor 抑制剂plasticizer 塑化剂grouting agent 灌浆剂consistency 稠度mobility 流动性compactability 可密实性biaxial 二轴的distortion 扭曲，变形elongate 拉长，延长moment 力矩prismatic 棱柱形的superposition 迭加作用transverse 横向的triaxial 三轴的，空间的vessel 容器bracing 拉条，撑杆conservation of energy 能量守恒conveyor 输送机deviation 偏差flexibility coefficient 柔度系数method of section 截面法pin connection 铰接principle of virtual work 虚功原理redundant force 冗余力sever 断开，分开support reaction 支反力truss 桁架unit-load method 单位荷载法corridor 走廊counteration 退化ductile failure 延性破坏erection 直立建筑物impact factor 冲击系数iterative 重复的，反复的layout 规划，设计图案maintainability 可维护性monorail 单轨铁路quasi-permanent 准永久的sustained 持续不变的tenant 承租人torque 扭矩torsional 扭力，扭转的buggy 手推运料车commentary 注释，条文规范contractor 承包商couple 力偶entrain 加气（给混凝土）fire rating 耐火等级oscillate 摆动，震动rigidity 刚度shoring 支撑anchorage 锚固centroid 形心concrete cover 混凝土保护层eccentricity 偏心距helix 螺旋线的incipient 刚出现的lap splice 搭接longitudinal 纵向的pitch 坡度spall 剥落symmetrical 对称的tie 绑扎（钢筋）curvature 曲率detrimental 有害的flange 翼缘web 腹板render 粉刷，抹灰foundry 铸造厂incombustible 防火的residual 残余的stocky 短粗的vitreous 玻璃的withstand 抵抗，承受gusset 节点板，角板imperfection 缺陷purlin 檩条rafter 椽子slenderness 长细比spandrel 拱肩，托梁stringer 桁条，纵梁sway 晃动，侧接移forge 锻造inspection 检查，弹伤shank 末梢wrench 扳手nut 螺母slag 钢渣coordinate 坐标cruise 勘察datum 基准面elevation 高程，海拔remote sensing 遥感conductivity 传导性gradient 梯度ballast 石渣boulder 漂石cobble 卵石cohesive 有粘聚力的consolidation 固结depression 降低fine 细粒grit 粗砂silt 淤泥immediate settlement 瞬时沉降consolidation settlement 固结沉降pore water 孔隙水back-acting shovel 反铲（挖掘机的）bearing capacity 承载力bore hole 钻孔boring 钻探coefficient of permeability 渗透系数proposed structure 拟建结构shear vane test 十字板剪切试验consistency 稠度attorney 代理人currency 流通货币dispatch 派遣elicit 引出procure 获得remuneration 报酬stipulate 规定surety 担保tendering 招标，投标withhold 保留bidder 投标人contemplate 注视letting 公开开标recourse 追索stock holder 股东performance bond 履约profit margin 利润率stem from 基于a letter of intent 意向书rule of thumb 经验方法radius of gyration 回转半径transverse load 横向荷载shop-fabricated 工厂预制的capping beam 压顶梁channel element 槽型构件cladding brickwork 维护砌体cornice 檐口，飞檐finish 饰面，粉刷flat slab 无梁板footing 基础，垫层head room 净空高度joist 托梁，肋maritime 靠海的，港口的two-way slab 双向板waffle slab 密肋板yield line 塑性铰线inflate 充气，使膨胀perturbation 摄动，扰动cavity wall 空心墙chicken-wire 铁丝织网cut-and-try 试验性的emulsion 乳胶head(end) joint 端灰缝high-lift 高扬程的mortar bed 砂浆平缝partition 分隔墙mortar joint 灰缝retarder 缓凝剂rubble 毛石，块石veneer 饰面，镶板retaining wall 挡土墙custom-designed 定制cut-and-fill 挖方和填方placement 浇捣concrete batching plant 混凝土搅拌站bentonite slurry 泥浆asphalt 沥青，柏油gutter 排水沟auger boring 螺纹钻探group pile-efficiency 群桩效应in-situ 现场的，原位的fracture 断裂hysteresis 滞回inter-storey drift 层间位移longitudinal reinforcement 纵筋monotonic loading 单调加载partial safety factor 分项系数secondary-order effects 二阶效应shear span 剪跨sidesway 侧倾，侧移。

土木工程专业英语词汇第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。

2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。

3. 房屋建筑工程building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

5. 公路工程highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

6. 铁路工程railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

7. 港口与航道工程port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

8. 水利工程hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

9. 水利发电工程（水电工程）hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。

Predominate 局支配地位，统治，占优势Geotechnical 岩土工程的Spcification 载明，详述，技术要求，说明书Supervise 监督，管理，控制Subcontractors 转包合同Hurricane 飓风，感情爆发Asphalt 沥青，铺沥青于Aluminun 【化】铝Runoff 流量，雨量，决赛，决定性竞选Lock 水闸，闸门Fill 填土，饱满，充满Scrubber 洗涤器，Incineration 燃尽，火葬Toxic 有毒的，中毒的Combustible 易燃的，可燃的Ramp 斜坡，斜面滑行台Excavate 挖掘，发掘，挖出Precisely 恰恰如此，精确地Aerial 空气的，大气的，航空的Sonic 发出声音的，声音的Plotting 测绘，标图，标航路Municipal 市政的，市立的，地方自治的Commission 委员，委员会Shelter 隐蔽处，躲避处，避难所Encompass 包含，完成，围绕Identical 同一的，完全相同的，Illumination 照明，照亮，光亮Parlance 用法，说法，发言，讲话Edice 大厦，大建筑物Dominant 支配的，统治的，占优势Repetition 重复，重做Balustrade 扶手，栏杆，扶栏Intermediate 居中的，中间的，中间体，媒介物Clue 线索，暗示，提示Colonnade 柱廊，柱列Aspiration 志气，志向，抱负Incarnation 化身，体现Partition 分开，分割，隔板Converter 炼钢炉，吹风转炉Framework 框架，结构Surpass 超过，胜过Exterior 外部的，外表Lintel 楣，【门窗】过梁Opaque 不透明的，不透明体Deck 甲板，桥面Corrugate 弄皱，使起皱纹Duct 管道，通道，预应力筋孔道Ancillary 辅助的，附属的Ventilate 使通风，使通气Allocate 分配，分派Conceal 隐蔽，隐藏Conduit 水道，水管，管道Stratification 分层，层理Exhibit 显示，呈现Spectacular 惊人的，壮观的Sway 摇动，歪，使倾斜Residential 居住的，住宅的Commercial 商业的，商务的Innovation 革新，创新，新方法Boundary 边界，分界线Eliminate 消除，排除Apartment 公寓住宅，单元住宅Column 圆柱，柱，支柱Demonstrate 示范，证明，演示Project 工程，计划，凸出Stress 压力，应力Truss 桁架，构架Bundle 捆，束，包Terminate 使终止，使结尾Facade (房屋的)正面，表面Perimeter 周长，周围Encroach 侵占，蚕食Valley 河谷，山谷Obstacle 障碍物，障碍Aqueduct 高架渠，沟渠Pedestrian 行人，行人的，步行者Barge 驳船，游艇Isolated 孤立的，隔离的Log 原木，圆形木材Vine 藤，蔓，葡萄树Slant 歪斜，倾斜Swift 急流，快的，迅速的Subsoil 下层土，天然地基Gap 缺口，缝隙Areialist 空中杂技师Tightrope （供杂技演员走钢丝用的）拉紧的绳索，钢丝Cable 缆，索Abutment 桥墩，桥台Anchorage 锚定，固定，固定支座Stretch 拉伸，展开，伸长Girder 桁架，主梁，大梁Overlap 重叠，互搭，叠加Intersect 横断，交叉，相交Initiate 开始，发动，发起Federal 联邦的，联合的Revenue 收入，国家的收入，税收Survey 调查，测量，观测Harmony 和谐，融合，协调Durability 耐久性，耐久力，经久Accumulation 累积，积聚Bump 冲击，碰撞Weather 使侵蚀，使风化Tremor 颤动，震动，地震Debris 碎片，残骸Cofferdam 围堰，防水堰Caisson 沉箱，沉井Hazardous 危险的，危害的，冒险的Temporary 暂时的，临时的Ingenuity 独创性，灵活性Derrick 人字起重机，起货桅杆Winch 绞盘，卷扬机Guardrail 护栏，护轨Accessory 附件，附属品Toll 通行费，过路税Harbour 港口，港湾，避难所Reclamation 开垦，填筑，围海造陆Conservancy 保护，管理，河道管理Inland 内陆的，内地Coastline 海岸线Inlet 进口，入口，进水道Breakwater 防浪堤，防坡堤Thrive 繁荣，兴旺Picturesque 如画的，生动的Millennium 一千年，太平盛世Littoral 沿岸的，沿海的，海滨的Abundant 丰富的，大量的Indestructibility 不灭性Antiquity 古老，古代Posterity 子孙，后代Outlast 经久，持久Liability 责任，债务，不利条件Frailty 脆弱，薄弱，弱点Embellishment 装饰，修饰Underpin 支撑，加强…的基础Pozzolana 火山灰Estuary 港湾，河流入海口Auxiliary 辅助的，从属的，Spillway 溢水口，溢洪道Evacuate （用泵）抽出，排泄Silt 淤泥，残渣Reservoir 水库，蓄水池Reap 收获，收割Profile 侧面，剖面，外形Monolithic 整体式的Buttress 扶壁，支持物Configuration 形状，外形Strata 地层，岩层Permeability 渗透性，渗透度Assess 估价，估算，评定Simultaneous 同时发生的，联立的Equilibrium 平衡，均衡Constituent 组成，成分Expedient 手段，方法Blend 掺和，调和，配料Retard 延迟，使减速，阻止Hydrate 水化的，水化物Pulverize 碾磨，粉碎Rockfill 堆石，填石Abutting 毗连的，邻近的Speculative 投机的，推测的Traverse 横过，穿过Benefit 利益，好处Recreational 娱乐性的，休养的Logically 逻辑上Expressway 高速公路，快车道Compact 压实，捣实，Accommodate 容纳，适应，提供Frequency 频率，发生次数Caliche 钠硝石，钙质壳Oyster 砾，牡蛎Bituminous 含沥青的Catchbasin 汇水沟，雨水井Adverse 相反的，不利的Precipitation 沉淀，降水，地形性降水Photogrammetric 摄影制图的Outlet 出口，排水口Barrier 栅栏，屏障Terrace 梯田阶地Arable 可开垦的可耕的Accommodate 调节提供适应Congestion 拥堵堵塞Deterioration 退化变坏Inaccessible 达不到难接近Metropolitan 首都的主要城市的Deterrent 阻碍制止物Precursor 先驱前辈Tangle 弄乱缠结Habitation 居住住宅Excavation 开凿开挖Dismantle 拆除拆卸Alignment 定线校整Trigger 引发引起Degradation 降低降级Fossil 化石化石的Dilemma 困境进退两难Forum 论坛讨论会Corridor 走廊通道Infrastructure 下部结构Depict 描绘描写Boring 钻探钻孔Strata 层地层Shaft 矿井井道Crosscut 横切横巷Muck 软泥出渣Bench 台阶台架Jumbo 凿岩台车隧道盾构Blast 爆炸爆破Inclination 倾斜倾角Circumference 周围圆周Porous 多孔的诉讼的Exclude 隔绝排除Shove 挤推Cylindrical 圆筒形的Shield 盾构护罩Steer 操作调整Jack 千斤顶起重机Segment 弓形部分Onshore 陆上的在岸的Dredge 挖掘挖泥Flange 缘板翼板Bulkhead 隔壁隔墙Reliance 信赖依靠Shift 移动转移Reversible 可逆的Marking 标志印痕Channelization 交通渠化管道化Intersection 十字路口交叉点Curvature 弯曲曲率Mileage 英里数Conflict 冲突抵触Artery 动脉干线Interference 冲突干扰Allocate 分配分派Regulation 规则规章Crosswalk 斑马线Expedite 加快加速Arbitrary 任意的随机的Remote 遥感的遥控的Bottleneck 狭道交通堵塞Mall 购物商场商业街Periphery 外围周边Alleviate 减轻缓和Aggregate 集合体聚集体Heterogeneity 不均匀性多样性Equilibrium 平衡均衡Rupture 破裂裂开Waterlogged 水淹的水涝的Coin 创造杜撰Numerical 数字的数值的Friction 摩擦摩擦力Capillarity 毛细管作用现象Molecular 分子的Compressibility 可压缩性压缩系数Tamp 填塞捣实Flexible 柔韧的柔软的Thaw 融化融解Visual 直观的形象的Elaborate 精巧的精心的Duly 充分地及时地Topography 地形地势Paleontological 古生物学的Corroboratory 确证的确定的Insight 洞悉理解Propagation 传播扩散Probe 探针探头Footing 基础底座rectangular 矩形的直交的trapezoidal 梯形的不规则四边形description 描述种类说明书caution 小心注意enlarge 扩大增加retention 滞留保持frost 霜冻霜discontinuity 间断不整合sump 水坑积水井grout 水泥浆灌浆subside 下沉沉降infiltrate 渗入透过basement 地下室地窖encase 围包裹埋入accumulate 积聚存储weep 渗漏滴水flexibility 弹性柔性swell 隆起涨水膨胀backfill 装填回填土admixture 掺合料掺合剂Execution 执行施工master 主要的熟练的clarify 澄清净化阐明budget 预算payroll 薪水册工资单invoice 发票记清单overrun 超过productivity 生产力劳动生产率bulldozer 推土机压路机dismantle 拆除粉碎shovel 挖掘机铲dragline 拉索拉铲挖土机clamshell 抓斗蛤壳式挖泥机scraper 铲运机平土机haul 拖拉拖运subsidiary 辅助的次要的contamination 玷污污染物wellpoint 深坑点fragment 断片碎块solidify 固化凝固ingredient 组分配料silo 筒仓竖井amalgam 混合物词组drainage system 排水系统blank wall 挡墙无窗墙cave dweller 穴居人Gothic cathedral 哥特式大教堂curtain wall 悬墙幕墙bearing wall 承重墙plumbing system 卫生设备系统air conditioning 空气调节high-rise building 高层建筑reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土spandrel beam 窗下墙的墙托梁shear wall 剪力墙corbel arch 突拱intermediate pier中间桥墩preliminary design初步设计tensile strength 抗拉强度yield strength 屈服强度suspension bridge吊桥悬索桥compressed air 压缩空气maritime engineering 海事工程学triumphal arch 凯旋门surface-active agent 表面活性剂water-to-cement radio 水灰比embankment dam 堤坝pneumatic-tired roller 汽胎压路机public utilities 公共设施calcium chloride 氯化钙guard rail 护栏one-way street 单行线through street 直通大街off-peak periods 非高峰时间two-dimensional 两堆的self-contained 设备齐全的pilot tunnel 导洞sunken-tube tunnel 沉管隧道cut-and-cover 随挖随填time lag 延时时滞mat foundation 板式基础slab foundation 平板基础plain concrete 素混凝土slip form 滑动模板，滑模1.It also utilizes modern techniques of planning and disigning new highways to allow for the habits and abilities of motorists and pesestrians and the characteristics of vehicles.它也利用现代规划设计新型公路的技术，以顾及驾车者与行人的习惯和能力以及车辆的特性。