重难点01 阅读理解之应用文
【命题趋势】
应用文一般分为两类：一类是叙述性应用文，例如书信、日记等，近两年高考试题较少涉及；另一类是说明性应用文，包括各种广告、产品说明、旅游指南、报刊书信、公共通告和备忘录等；而近两年高考试题中的阅读理解均侧重考查后一类。
【满分技巧】
高考应用文阅读理解设题以细节理解题为主，因此，阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，主要注意细节信息。细节题的题干都是相应原文的变形(如同义改写、词性转换等)，因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较。
做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法可达到事半功倍的效果。
同时，在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分内容的概括。具体答题策略如下：
1. 先题后文
先读试题，了解试题考点；明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。
2. 题干定向
根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下：问题与材料相同→对号入座；问题与原文相同→同义替换、归纳事实等。
3. 生词模糊
遇到生词；如与答题无关，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词。
4. 信息补全
对于影响理解的省略句，可根据语境，将其补全。
总之，应用文类型的阅读文章一般说来比较易理解，文章类型以广告形式居多，设问根据文章的段落秩序，多以细节事实理解为主，答案的寻找可以根据问题中的关键字顺藤摸瓜，辅以适当的推理判断。了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出解答应用文试题的关键是：抓信息。
提示：应用文阅读题做完后，不可轻易改答案，要相信第一感觉。因为第一次解题时思路最清晰，假如没十分把握，以不改为好，防止弄巧成拙。
【热点话题】
应用文热衷话题有：就业、旅游、电影、书籍等海报。
【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）
A
（2019 ? 全国卷I，A）
Need a Job This Summer?
The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.
Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.
Jobs for Youth
If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program. Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
Who is eligible: Youth 15—18 years old in select communities(社区).
Summer Company
Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15—29, returning to school in the fall.
Stewardship Youth Ranger Program
You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.
Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.
Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)
Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.
1. What is special about Summer Company?
A. It requires no training before employment.
B. It provides awards for running new businesses.
C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.
D. It offers more summer job opportunities.
2. What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?
A. 15—18.
B. 15—24.
C. 15—29.
D. 16—17.
3. Which program favors the disabled?
A. Jobs for Youth.
B. Summer Company.
C. Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.
D. Summer Employment Opportunities.
【文章大意】本文为应用文。省政府及其合作伙伴提供了许多项目来帮助学生暑期在找到工作，本文介绍了其中一些项目。
1. B【解析】细节理解题。根据Summer Company部分中的Summer Company provides students with hands-on
business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.可知，Summer Company为学生提供实践性的商业培训和高达3000美元的奖励，以启动和经营他们自己的暑期业务。
“start and run their own summer businesses”即“为开办新的业务”，这对应B项中的“runn new businesses”，二者是词义之间的转述关系。故选B。
2. D【解析】细节理解题。根据Stewardship Youth Ranger Program部分中Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17
at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.可知，符合条件的学生是16岁或17岁的学生，但在今年12月31日之前未满18岁。由此得出，这个项目要求年龄在16-17岁之间。故选D。
3. D【解析】细节理解题。根据Summer Employment Opportunities部分中最后一句Some positions require
students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.可知，Summer Employment Opportunities有些职位是给残疾人的。故选D。
B
（2019 ? 江苏卷，A）
If you desire physical activities, you can
choose activities from swimming to horse riding.
Explore the
heights with Go
Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey
beneath the earth at Poole’s Cavern. And don’t forget: we are
surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking,
caving, climbing and cycling.
High minded
Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ ll find much to suit all tastes with
art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and
Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become
involved, including workshops and events.
Keeping the kids happy
Children love the small train and playgrounds in the
Pavilion Gardens and there’s plenty more to explore at
the Buxton Museum. There’s a new indoor play
centre, plus the special events and workshops, and
others during school holiday periods
4. If you want to take an underground journey, which place is the best choice?
A. Pole’s Caven.
B. Pavilion Gardens.
C. Buxton Museum.
D. Green Man Gallery.
5. Buxton Open House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________.
A. rides in small trains
B. courses in modern arts
C. artistic and cultural activities
D. basic courses in horse riding
【文章大意】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了去布克斯顿旅游可以去的一些景点的相关信息。
4. A【解析】细节理解题。根据High energy中的or journey beneath the earth at Poole’s Cavern.可知，在Poole
的Cavern，可以在地下旅行，也就是乘坐地铁旅行。所以如果你想乘地铁旅行，Poole’s Cavern是你最好的选择。故A项正确。
5. C【解析】细节理解题。根据High minded中的Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ll find much
to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery.可知，Buxton以其丰富的文化生活而自豪，在Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center and Green Man Gallery，您将发现许多适合各种品味的艺术、音乐、歌剧和表演艺术。所以Buxton Opera House&Pavilion Arts Center特别是因为它提供艺术和文化活动。故C选项正确。
C
（2019 ? 全国卷III，A）
OPENINGS AND PREVIEWS
Animals Out of Paper
Yolo！Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph, in which an origami(折纸术) artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio. Merri Milwe directs. In previews. Opens Feb.12. (West Park Presbyterian Church, 165 W.86th St.212-868-4444.)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14. (Schoenfeld, 236 W.45th St.212-239-6200.)
Hamilton
Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton, in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story. Thomas Kail directs. In previews. Opens Feb.17.(Public，425 Lafayette St.212-967-7555.) On the Twentieth Century
Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie star’s love during a cross-country train journey. Scott Ellis directs, for Roundabout Theatre Company. Previews begin Feb.12. (American Airlines Theatre, 227 W.42nd St.212-719-1300.)
6. What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?
A. A type of art.
B. A teenager’s studio.
C. A great teacher.
D. A group of animals.
7. Who is the director of The Audience?
A. Helen Mirren.
B. Peter Morgan.
C. Dylan Baker.
D. Stephen Daldry.
8. Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history?
A. Animals Out of Paper.
B. The Audience.
C. Hamilton.
D. O n the Twentieth Century.
【文章大意】这是一篇应用文。介绍了四场演出的主要内容，导演，时间，地点等信息。
6. A【解析】细节理解题。根据话剧Animals Out of Paper中的Productions and the Great Griffon present the play
by Rajiv Joseph, in which an origami(折纸术) artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.可知，Rajiv Joseph创作的的话剧是关于折纸的一种艺术。故选A。
7. D【解析】细节理解题。根据话剧The Audience的Stephen Daldry directs.可知，本剧是Stephen Daldry导
演的。故选D。
8. C【解析】细节理解题。根据音乐剧Hamilton 的Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander
Hamilton, in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story.可知，该剧的主题是美国的诞生，由此可知，如果你对美国历史感兴趣，你可以看这部音乐剧。故选C。
D
（2019 ? 全国卷II，A）
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda’s battles with her cruel me parents and the bossy headmisres, Miss Trunchbull, are equally fumy and frightening, but they’re also aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It’s about two sisters-Eri, a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student. In trying to connect to her sister. Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse ＂night people＂who are hiding secrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Fynn
There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did but the horror story is
brilliant. There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It’s a real whodunit and the fru stration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population, a battle unfolds bet ween good and evil among those let. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
9. Who does "I" refer to in the text?
A. Stephen King.
B. Gillian Flynn.
C. Jo Usmar.
D. Roald Dahl
10. Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?
A. Cosmopolitan.
B. Matilda.
C. After Dark.
D. The Stand.
11. What kind of book is G one Girl?)
A. A folk tale.
B. A biography.
C. A love story.
D. A horror story.
【文章大意】本文为一篇应用文。文章通过介绍乔·乌斯玛的最喜爱的四本不同题材的文学读物。
9. D【解析】词义猜测题。“I”出现的语句为：“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's
writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words.”文句表达了“I”对Roald Dahl 评价。且开头第一段的最后一句意为：在这里，她（Jo Usmar）选了自己最喜欢的读物。由此可知，此处的“I”为：Jo Usmar. 故选D项。
10. B【解析】细节理解题。把“ Mari and Eri”作为定位词，可以找到《天黑之后》（After Dark）故选B项。
11. A【解析】细节理解题。“ Gone Girl”为定位词，找到文句There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this
when everyone else on the planet did but the horror story is brilliant，故选A项。
E
（天津市耀华中学2020届高三上学期开学测试）
Kinder Camp
This is a week-long camp, Monday through Friday, for children from three years old to those entering first grade in the fall. Early childhood educators guide your child through activities including songs, games, stories and
walks in the woods. Daily themes include dirt, furry animals, insects and more! Parents sign up to bring a snack(小吃). Choose from either morning or afternoon sessions, from June 9 to July 1& 2019.
Kids Camp
Children explore all day in the natural world. Art, music, cooperative games and hikes through the woods are some of the activities in this fun-filled week. Each grade level has its own camp program especially designed with the campers5 interests in mind.
Camp takes place Monday through Friday, 9 am to 3 pm.
Level 1 (completed 1st grade): July 28 to August 1, 2019.
Level 2 (completed 2nd grade): August 4 to & 2019.
Level 3 (completed 3rd grade): August 11 to 15, 2019.
Please note: children must bring their own lunches.
Outdoor Expeditions
Send your child on a traveling adventure. Teenagers will investigate the natural, cultural and historical facts that make their hometown a great city. Activities will include unique field trips and tours.
Outdoor Expedition: from 9 am to 3 pm, August 11 to 15, 2019.
Please note: children must bring their own lunches.
Rainbow Camp
Campers enjoy all kinds of activities including arts and crafts, music and singing, drama, active games, cooking and a host of special events that go with our theme weeks! Special guests are invited to the camp every week to entertain our campers and may include storytellers, musicians and magicians.
Week-long camps, June 14 to July 18.
Campers must be at least 4 years old to take part.
For more information, call Frick Environmental Center at (412) 422—6538.
12. According to the passage, we can infer that Kinder Camp is probably organized to __________.
A. help children learn about nature while playing
B. get children prepared for primary school
C. offer parents a chance to play with their children
D. develop children’s language skills
13. Campers in which of the following camps have the chance to meet special guests?
A. Kinder Camp.
B. Outdoor Expeditions.
C. Rainbow Camp.
D. Kids Camp.
14. Jack, aged 13, interested in nature and is free in August, would probably take __________.
A. Rainbow Camp
B. Kids Camp
C. Kinder Camp
D. Outdoor Expeditions
15. Of the four camps, the common thing is that __________.
A. they are all whole-day camps for children
B. they all last five days for each group
C. they all require campers to bring their own lunches
D. they are all for children over five years old
16. What is the purpose of writing this article?
A. To show the importance of attending camps.
B. To tell us how to have fun during vacations.
C. To introduce how to play with children.
D. To give us some information about camps.
【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了几个夏令营。
12. A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一小节“Early childhood educators guide your child through activities including
songs, games, stories and walks in the woods. Daily themes include dirt, furry animals, insects and more!”可推断出，Kinder Camp的目的是帮助孩子在玩耍的同时了解大自然。故选A项。
13. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第四小节中“Special guests are invited to the camp every week to entertain our
campers and may include storytellers, musicians and magicians.” 每周都会邀请特别的客人来营地招待我们的露营者，其中可能包括讲故事的人、音乐家和魔术师。故选C项。
14. D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一小节中的“T eenagers will investigate the natural, cultural and historical facts
that make their hometown a great city.”及“Outdoor Expedition: from 9 am to 3 pm, August 11 to 15,2019.”
Jack是个13岁的少年，喜欢大自然，八月有时间符合要求。故选D项。
15. B【解析】细节理解题。第一组：“This is a week-long camp, Mon day through Friday,”第二组：“Camp takes
place Monday through Friday, 9 am to 3 pm.”。第三组：“Outdoor Expedition: from 9 am to 3 pm, August 11 to 15,2019.”。第四组:“Week-long camps, June 14 to July 18.”，可知其大概都持续五天。故选B项。16. D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章意思可知，这是一篇介绍营地的文章，应该会发表在杂志或者广告上，
他的主要目的是“To give us some information about camps.”即提供一些野营的信息。故选D项。
F
（广东省深圳市高级中学2020届高三上学期）
Choosing where to live may be one of the biggest decisions you’ll make when you move to Sydney, but you’ll have plenty of help.
Temporary arrival accommodation
Before you move to Sydney, we recommend that you book a temporary place to stay. Once you get here, you can look for longer-term accommodation.
—https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/accommodation/short-term
On-campus-residential colleges (fully catered饮食全包的)
The University has eight residential colleges on the Camperdown/Darlington Campus, including International House, a residential community of global scholars. Colleges provide comfortable, fully furnished single rooms and daily meals, along with sporting, cultural, leadership and social programs. They also include on-site tutorials(辅导课) in addition to campus-based classes.
—https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/colleges
On-campus residences (self-catered饮食自理的)
The University has two self-run residences—Queen Mary Building (QMB) and Abercrombie Student Accommodation—on the Camperdown/Darlington Campus. Both just under a year old, they house up to 1000 students. These residences provide modern single-study rooms with large common living, learning and study spaces, shared kitchens, a theatre, gyms, soundproofed music rooms, art studios, sky lounges and rooftop gardens.
—https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/campus-life/accommodation/live-on-campus.html
Off-campus living
More than 90 percent of our students live off campus. The University is close to many dynamic and multicultural suburbs such as Annandale, Newtown, Chippendale and Glebe. A great place to search is our large online database of properties.
—https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/campus-life/accommodation/live-off-campus.html
17. Where can you find a place to live temporarily?
A. On ＂https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/colleges＂.
B. On ＂https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/accommodation/short-term＂.
C. On ＂https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/campus-life/accommodation/live-on-campus.html＂.
D. On ＂https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/campus-life/accommodation/live-off-campus.html＂.
18. What do students living in QMB have access to?
A. Their own kitchens.
B. On-site tutorials.
C. Daily meals.
D. Gyms.
19. What is the most popular choice among students?
A. Living off campus.
B. Living in host families.
C. Living in self-catered flats on campus.
D. Living in fully catered houses on campus.
【文章大意】本文是一篇广告布告类阅读。文章介绍了当你搬到悉尼的时候，选择在哪儿居住也许是你要做的最大的决定之一。本文对你会有一定的帮助。
17. B【解析】细节理解题。根据Temporary arrival accommodation部分的Before you move to Sydney, we
recommend that you book a temporary place to stay. Once you get here, you can look for longer-term
accommodation.可知，在你去悉尼以前，你可以预订一个临时居住的地方。一旦你到那里以后，你可以寻找长期居住的地方。再结合下面提供的网址信息https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,.au/accommodation/short-term，可以找到答案。B选项正确。
18. D【解析】细节理解题。根据On-campus residences (self-catered)部分的These residences provide modern
single-study rooms with large common living, learning and study spaces, shared kitchens, a theatre, gyms, soundproofed music rooms, art studios, sky lounges and rooftop gardens.可知，生活在QMB的学生是可以进入体育馆的。故D选项正确。
19. A【解析】推理判断题。由Off-campus living部分第一句“More than 90 perc ent of our students live off campus.”可推知，超过90％的学生选择外宿。故A选项正确。
以下内容为：高中英语到底怎么学？
开学伊始，对于所有的同学来说，都是新的开始，新学期到底该如何学好英语? 这是很多同学高中三年都一直追问的问题。看了那么多英语学渣变身学霸的逆袭故事，为什么还是学不好英语?我只能说：愿望是好的，行动是关键!今天，一位高考英语137分的学姐和大家分享高中三年英语到底该怎么学，希望你不只是看一看，唯有行动才能结出硕果!
进入高中的第一天起，你的人生就开始了一个崭新的阶段。高中三年，你要为你的将来打拼，你要知道，能够对自己人生负责的只有自己。不要想着刚刚开学，一切都不着急，高中的每一天都不能懈怠，因为别人一直在进步，你停滞不前就是退步。更不要觉得初中底子好，短期内吃吃老本儿没关系，久而久之，你就会为你的懒惰和厌恶改变埋单。英语学习也是这样，你要做好改变的准备，改变以前初中时的英语学习方法，你要做好打一场持久战的心理准备。如果你是高二、高三的同学，以上说的这些同样适用。
单词方面，大家都知道，初中英语1600词，高中英语3500词，这只是量的比较。从单词长度和用法来讲，高中英语远远难于初中。没有一定的词汇量，英语水平和成绩的提高便无从谈起。所以，你要制定一套不同于初中的记单词方法。下面推荐一套完整的高中英语记单词方法：
1. 买一本课本同步参考资料。
课本上的单词不仅要记住，其固定搭配、句型和用法也非常非常非常重要，而这些你都可以在参考资料上找到。
2. 准备一个单词笔记本。
把课本同步资料上的重点单词、短语、句型及其用法用心摘抄到笔记本上，一周至少复习三次。
3. 买一本3500词。
没错，高一开始就可以刷3500词了，你可以利用零碎时间看和记。这样做的好处是，到高考前夕，一本3500词你至少应该可以翻个七八遍了，相对于那些一遍都没翻过的同学，你领先的可不是一点点哦！
4. 保存做过的每一篇完形和阅读。
这样做的目的是，要定期翻看上面的生词注释，避免遗忘。前提是，做完每一篇之后你要把生词查出来标注在相应位置。我不建议把文章中的生词摘抄到笔记本上，脱离语境的记忆印象不深刻、记忆不持久、用法不清晰。
5. 看名著简写本。
阅读英语名著，可以增加词汇量、提高阅读能力、了解英语本土文化、滋养身心……真是好处多多啊！给大家推荐书虫和床头灯系列，大家可以根据自己的英语水平选择读哪些。书虫系列分年级，床头灯系列分字数，价钱都不贵，书店和网上都可以买到。
6. 背新概念2和新概念3。
适合高中生英语水平的新概念大概就是这2册了。头天晚上把要背的文章理顺，生词解决掉，结构划分出来（有利于背诵），第二天早上早起半小时在户外找个相对安静的地方，大声朗读并背诵。背诵最多不超多20篇，不仅词汇量有增加，听说、阅读和写作都会有很大提升，这一点我自己深有体会。
语法学习较之单词积累要相对容易一些，只要肯下功夫钻研，短期内都会有比较大的进步。我们来看看高中英语到底都学哪些语法内容：动词时态和语态；非谓语动词；定语从句；名词性从句；并列句；状语从句；情态动词；虚拟语气；介词；特殊句式。总共也就10个语法专题。根据我多年学习语法的经验，给大家几点建议：
1. 高一、高二时，课本单元语法必须掌握。
这样做的好处是，可以成功应对月考、期中考、期末考等各种零碎考试。因为高一高二的英语考试考查的都是阶段性学习内容，平时的考试成绩对提升大家自信心可是很重要的，千万不能忽视哦！之前在单词记忆建议部分和大家说到要买一本课本同步参考书，里面就有课本各单元的语法讲解和练习。
2. 高三的同学，复习语法时一定要按专题复习。
你可以买一本高考语法书，比如《5年高考3年模拟》，重点看里面的知识点和解题方法讲解，然后做后面的真题和模拟题，一本下来，高考英语语法相对完整的知识结构你就差不多搭建好了。如果你有更喜欢的辅导资料也可以。
3. 语法是小白的同学，先学会初中语法再学高中的。
语法小白的同学主要是初中英语没好好学、或者是刚刚学语法时没有入门导致后面怎么学也学不懂最后干脆自暴自弃了。到了高中，如果还不好好学的话，一般也就20——60分的水平，甚至更低。如果想越过初中语法直接学高中的，几乎是不可能的，所以，这时候，要有耐心，还是先把初中的好好学一遍再来学高中的吧！
在英语学习中，有句话叫做“得阅读者得天下”。那么，怎样才能“得阅读”呢。“得阅读”要满足三个条件：单词量过关；语法过硬；解题方法独到。听上去似乎很难，其实这是一个慢慢积累和领悟的过程。
单词的积累和语法的学习前面已经讲过，就不再啰嗦了。下面我只说一下答题步骤和解题方法。
1. 答题步骤
一定一定一定要先看题干，注意，不要看选项，避免把选项内容和文章内容相混淆。划出题干中的关键词，主要是专有名词、时间、地点等，目的是等会儿读文章时容易锁定答题区间。之后再看文章。最后是边看文章边锁定答题区间，分析答题区间的内容进行答题。简单来说就是：看题干，划关键词——读文章，锁定答题区间——分析答题区间内容，答题。
2. 解题方法
我的解题方法很简易，就是根据题型解析。事实细节题，直接在文中的答题期间寻找和分析答案；推
理判断题，不能选已知内容，要选未知内容，并且只能是做出一步推理；词义猜测题，根据本句或上下句分析一下就可以了；主旨大意题，这种题型我都是留在最后做，因为答完前面的题文章基本就看完了，大概内容已经知道，此时再归纳总结就很容易了。
以上说的这些都是我自己的经验积累，还是那句话，一定要做，做了，你才知道适不适合你，甚至会有新的更好的发现。
我之前在一篇文章里说过，阅读好的人完形一定不会差。如果文章大意都读不懂，完形填空更无从谈起了。所以，如果你阅读和完形都不好，还是先把阅读练好再练完形吧！关于完形填空的答题步骤和解题方法我也说一下：
1. 答题步骤：先浏览一遍文章大意，再做题，最后检查。
2. 解题方法：其实就是一句话，根据上下文解题。
写作是体现英语综合水平的一个题目。
如果你词汇和语法都很好，但25分的英语写作怎么也上不了20分。我觉得这是你缺乏写作思路导致的。解决方法就是多看历年真题和模拟题中的优秀范文，模仿人家的写作思路，自己写几篇，慢慢就会形成自己的思路，久而久之，甚至会对于英语写作有自己独到的见解。
如果你的英语基础薄弱，词汇和语法都不过关，想提高英语写作就有些难度了，需要你付出更多的努力。一方面，要在词汇积累和语法学习上有所突破；另一方面，也要针对英语写作做出针对性努力。关于英语写作，你可以准备一个作文本。每天看两篇历年真题和模拟题上的优秀范文，把里面的生词全部标注出来，好的短语句型也用红笔划出来，多读两遍范文，好词好句争取记在脑子里，等用心读的遍数多了，基本要背下来的时候，试着在笔记本上默写出这篇范文。每天两篇，坚持一个月就会有大进步。
重点、难点、考点及疑点注释 1. I don’t think twelve-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced. (P18)我认为不应该允许12岁的孩子穿耳孔。 (1)当主句的主语是第一人称I或we，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, guess等词时，其后的从句不能是含有not的否定句；若要否定，须将not提到主句。在翻译时，按汉语习惯译作否定从句。例如：“我想他不会给你打电话的”应译为I don’t thi nk he will give you a call而不是I think he won’t give you a call。 特别提示 若把此类句式变成反意疑问句，其助动词及主语要根据从句确定，而肯定/否定则要根据主句来确定。 We think you can help him, can’t you? 我们认为你能帮助他，不是吗？ I don’t think he is a good student, is he? 我认为他不是个好学生，对吗？ (2)本句中的twelve-year-olds相当于twelve-year-old teenagers，意为“12岁的孩子/年轻人”。 知识拓展 数词和一个相应的名词单数用“-”连接起来，可以构成一个合成形容词。常见的还有： two-month holiday 两个月的假期 a sixty-pound stone 一块60磅的石头 (3)get their ears pierced属于“get+名词/代词+动词的过去分词”结构，表示“使……被做”，“请人做……”。 Go and get your hair cut! 你去理理发吧。 Why haven’t you g ot the work done yet? 你为什么还不叫人把活干了呢？ 2. I disagree. (P19) 我不同意。 I agree. (P19) 我同意。 (1) agree意为“赞成，同意”，用来表示同意某人的意见、观点等；可以单独使用，也可以接由with, to, on等引导的介词短语或接从句。 — Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow? 我们明天去动物园，好吗？ — I agree. 我同意。
英语教师读书心得体会范文三篇 英语教师读书心得体会范文篇1： 最近我翻阅了章兼中教授所著的《小学英语教育学》一书，其实这本书是非常有价值的，特别是对于从事小学英语教学的教师更有指导意义。章兼中教授长期从事外语教育和中小学外语教材编写和教学实验工作，历任华东师范大学外语系外语教学法研究室主任、国家中小学英语教材评审委员、中国教育学会学术委员会委员和华东地区外语教学法研究会理事长。他的著作有很多，《小学英语教育学》就是其中一部。 这本书旨在研究小学英语教育现象及其规律性，它从课程论、学习论、教学论、情景论、评价理论和科研理论六大方面进行了深层的阐述。虽然看的过程对我来说有些吃力，因为它不象小说一样有很强的故事性，但是阅读这本书使我了解了小学英语的教学原则和外语教学的各种流派。它可以使我的教学理念更加清晰，可以为我日常的英语教学找到切实的理论依据。外语教学法有众多流派，但各个流派都有其优点及缺陷，如何优化各流派的主要共同规律，本著作也有具体的说明。 如：在英语教学中较常用的全身反应法即TPR活动，其优点是通过身体动作和其他直观手段语言情景，有利于语言教学，在大量理解性听的输入基础上培养说的表达能力，强调情意因素，降低了学生学习的压力，从而提高了教学效率;其缺点是忽视了对话这一交际活动的重要功能，不利于交际能力的培养。因此，本著作明确指出：既
要扎实掌握语言知识，更要培养交际的能力;在处理外语与母语之间的关系时，强调外语教学，适当利用母语;强调在情景中传授和综合运用语言知识;从强调教师的教，逐步变为强调学生的学。英语教与学这一章节中详细地罗列出了九项教育原则，如：兴趣性原则、交际性原则、情景性原则、多样式变化原则、理解性模仿原则等。 我在英语课堂教学中，也尝试过运用上述几个原则。其中兴趣性原则尤为重要，教育心理学表明：当教学能引起学生学习兴趣时，就可以使在学习中集中注意，更好地感知、记忆、思维和想象，从而获得较多、较牢固的知识与技能，并使他们觉得学习不是一件苦事或沉重的负担，表现出喜悦或求知欲望，加强对知识的探索力量，激起克服困难的意志。情景性原则也是我在教学中用得比较多的一种教学方法，为学生创设一定的学习情景这样就能使抽象的语言具体化，情境化和形象化。在生动形象的情境中操练英语知识，能促进学生理解、记忆所学的英语和运用英语的能力。上述的这些教学原则是通过长期以来对小学英语的总结、概括而制定的英语教学实践的基本原理，对小学英语教育具有很强的指导意义。 通过认真仔细地阅读《小学英语教育学》这本书，在今后的英语教学中我将运用领会到的精神和涵义指导我的教学，同时结合小学生的生活经验、兴趣爱好、知识水平等有选择地、有机地运用这些教育原则和方法，从而不断提高自己的英语教学水平。 英语教师读书心得体会范文篇2：
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
I used to be afraid of the dark 重点词汇与短语 1．terrify使害怕、使恐惧 2. chew咀嚼 3．afford买得起 4. cause造成、引起 5. chat聊天 6. patient有耐心的、忍耐的 7. decision决定、决心8. necessary 必须的、必要的 9. waste 浪费、滥用10. used to过去常常 11. be interested in 对......感兴趣12. be afraid（terrified）of 害怕、恐怕 13. on the swim team在游泳队14. with the bedroom light on 开着卧室的灯 15. give up放弃16. go to sleep 入睡 17. get into trouble with给某人找麻烦18. make a decision下决心 19. to one’s surprise令人惊奇的是20. take pride in引以为自豪 21. pay attention to注意22. no longer不再 课文语法讲解 https://www.doczj.com/doc/f312531341.html,ed to的用法 :否定形式：usedn’t to do didn’t us e to do 反意疑问句：usedn’t / didn’t 回答：Yes, I used to/ Yes, I did. No, I usedn’t adj: useful / useless adv: usefully/ uselessly a used car= a second-hand car “used to加不定式”表示过去常常干某事，现在不在干了。 例如: I used to go to work by bus. Now I take a taxi. She used to be very shy. be used to doing表示习惯于干某事。 be used to do 被用来做… use…to do…用…来做… be/get used to doing 习惯于做 eg: He used to sit under the trees. The river used to be very clear. I’m surprised to see you smoking. You never used to. eg: Are you used to the life in the North China? Tom said that he was used to driving the car. eg: That tool is used to dig holes.
最新版九年级英语下册知识重难点汇总 【篇一】 1. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 否定形式：didn’t use to do sth. / used not to do sth. 如：He used to play football after school. 放学后他过去常常踢足球。 Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. He didn’t use to smoke. 他过去不吸烟。 2. 反意疑问句 ①肯定陈述句+否定提问如：Lily is a student, isn’t she? Lily will go to China, won’t she?
②否定陈述句+肯定提问如： She doesn’t come from China, does she? You haven’t finished homework, have you? ③提问部分用代词而不用名词Lily is a student, isn’t she? ④陈述句中含有否定意义的词，如：little, few, never, nothing, hardly等。其反意疑问句用肯定式。如： He knows little English, does he? 他一点也不懂英语，不是吗? They hardly understood it, did they?他们几乎不明白，不是吗? 3. play the piano 弹钢琴 4. ①be interested in sth. 对…感兴趣 ②be interested in doing sth. 对做…感兴趣
高三英语教学的心得示例 高三英语教学的心得示例 篇（一） 高中几年下来，我们在学习与教学过程中，在与学生的相处过程中，逐渐的去反思，同样也沿袭了一些好的做法，形成了一些宝贵的经验。 对待学生方面 第一，激发学生的学习积极性和内在潜力，在每节课的起立过后的问候语中，我都要求学生大声喊：wemustlearnenglishwell.（我们一定要学好英语）．通过这样一种方式，喊出了学生的心声，学生能够积极主动的去学习，激发了他们的学习热情。 第二，学生是学习的主体，及时与学生交流，明确学生的学习任务和责任，严格要求。 第三，以平等的态度对待每一个学生，做到公平公正。 第四，及时了解学生，做学生的良师益友。给予学生力所能及的帮助。 对待教学方面 第一，听力部分适合专项训练与教学听力突破想结合，尤其注意听力材料的整合和定向突破。 第二，完型阅读训练做到限时间，而且要求学生在试卷上作好标记，那些是摸棱两可的，最终得分为多少。待试卷发下后，检测自己
得分与估分之间的差距，寻找原因。 第三，作文书写训练不放松，我校从细节做起，每天三分钟练字时间，学生可自由选择书写内容。规范学生的书写质量，进行跟踪对比批改，对书写规范的文章在学校报廊里进行表扬。 第四，课堂现场批改，给学生二次思考时间。当学生给出的第一个答案出现错误时，我们应给予一定的时间让学生再次思考。鼓励他们多动脑。 第五，面批与课后针对性辅导相结合，及时解决学生在当天或在近期内存在的问题。帮助他们纠正常见的错误。 教师个人素质方面 第一，多读书，博览群书，做一个知识渊博的人。 第二，学会换位思考，从学生的角度思考问题，做一个关心学生的人。 第三，注重知识积累和好题错题收集工作，可以以网站的形式呈现，做到随用随取，做一个有心人。 第四，研究教材，研究教法学法，多写文章，钻研课题，做一个研究型的人。 第五，经常反思教学和生活中出现的问题，做一个善于反思的人。 第六，搞好与领导，同事和学生的关系，做一个受欢迎的人。 教学之路漫长，我们惟有多研究，多反思，才有更多的进步。 篇（二） (一)学情分析
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
人教版九年级英语第一单元重难点归类 【知识教授区】 一、本单元能力目标 1. 学会运用by+doing结构回答学习英语的方法。 2. 学会运用语言目标来进行听说的训练。 3. 训练学生的阅读及写作能力。 二、本单元知识点 1. by + doing 【讲解】意为“通过……方式”。 【举例】— We learn by studying with a group . 我们通过小组活动来学习。 【巩固】by 常见的意思还有：“在…旁”、“靠近”、“在…期间”、“用、”“经过”、“乘车”等。 【举例】—I live by the river. — I have to go back by ten o’clock. —The student went to park by bus. 2. aloud 【辨析】aloud , loud 和loudly 都可以表示“大声地”，但在用法上有区别。 aloud , loud 副词。意思是“大声地，响亮”，有时可以通用。但aloud与read，call连用时，表示“出声”，而loud用于talk，speak，shout，laugh等动词之后，在口语中代替loudly ①aloud 强调发出的声音能被听见，意思为“出声地或大声地”，常用read ，call 等动词连用。 【举例】— Please read the text aloud. 请朗读一下课文。 ②loud 意思为“响亮地，大声或高声地”，侧重发出的音量大，传得远，一般多用来修饰speak ，talk，laugh 等动词。loud 还可用作形容词。—Please say it in a loud voice . 【举例】—Speak louder, please, or no one will hear you. 请大声些，否则没人能听见。 ③loudly 意为“响亮地”，其基本意义与loud 相同，还常与ring , knock 等动词连用。loudly 放在动词前后均可，含有“喧闹”或“嘈杂”的意味。 【举例】—Suddenly the bell on the wall rang loudly. 突然，墙上的铃大声地响起来。 3. Why do n’t you join… ? 【巩固】有关提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? —What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don’t you + do sth.? —Why don’t you go shopping? ③Why not + do sth. ? —Why not go shopping? ④Let’s + do sth. — Let’s go shopping ⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? —Shall we/ I go shopping? 4. frustrate 【讲解】意为“使失望；使沮丧；使不成功”。 【举例】—The terrible weather frustrated all the hopes of going out .恶劣的天气破环了我们出行的愿望。 【辨析】frustrating ; frustrated
九年级英语第二单元重难点知识讲义 Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious！ 蕴才辅导中心 一．重点短语： 1. put on two weeks 3. be similar to.. 4. plan to do... 5. lay out 6. end up sth. with sb.… 8. one,. . the other... 9. dress up 10. play a trick on sb. 11. give out 12. promise to do sth. about….. 14. warn sb. to do sth. ....of... 17. like best….. 18. used to do sth 19. not only...but (also).. need ...that... 22. …as a result 23. between....and... 二．单元重点、难点精讲: 1. lie vi. 平躺；位于 lay - lain - lying If you feel unwell, go and lie down.如果你感到不舒服，就去躺下。 The novel is lying on the table.小说平放在桌子上。 辨析：lay, lie lay v. 放置，下蛋laid -laid-laying
He laid his dictionary on the shelf.他把词典放在书架上。 The hen is laying on the ground.母子正在草地上下蛋 lie v.说谎 lied-lied-lying Don’t lie to me.不要对我撒谎。 lie n. 谎言 tell a lie = tell lies 撒谎 用lay和lie的适当形式填空： Don't ______ the glass on the corner of the table. 别把玻璃杯放在台角上。 The city ______ in the north of China. 那座城市位于中国的北部。 He's still ______ in bed. 他还躺在床上。 on增加（体重）；发胖 I put on weight again! 我又发胖了！ 区别put on, wear, dress “穿” put on 指穿衣的动作，It’s late,put on your coat quickly wear=be in 主要表示“穿，戴”的状态，He wears a T-shirt today. dress“给...穿衣服”，后接人，dress sb. Please dress the children. 表示衣着的习惯：The woman always dresses in green. adj. 死的；失去生命力的
英语教师读书心得体会 【篇一：有效教师读书心得】 《有效教师》读书心得体会 孟小巍 利用这个假期，我读了《有效教师》这本书，感受到书中字里行间 流露着教师对教育事业的热情、对学生的挚爱，散发着教师的智慧 的光芒。读后有诸多感想，想把它写下来与大家共勉，这本书主要 是写教师的对教育事业的热情、对学生的挚爱，散发着教师的智慧 的光芒。细细品味它，我更加明确了自己前进的方向，收获良多。 在这本书中，写了诸多名师成长的经历，这些经历告诉我们：教师 的成长，首先取决于对教育事业的态度。有什么样的精神态度就会 有什么样的生活。生活来源于精神，一切的一切都是精神态度的创 造与给予。教书时间长了，有的教师教学硕果累累，但有的教师却 停滞不前，似乎对工作失去了热情。是什么造成了这巨大的差别？ 就在于他们持的态度不同。平庸者经常埋怨出身低微，埋怨领导偏见，而很少静下心来想想自己。魏书生说过：“埋怨环境不好，常常 是我们不好，埋怨别人太狭隘，常常我们自己不豁达，埋怨学生不 好教，常常是我们方法太少。”众多的成功者一再告诉我们，不管处 于什么样的环境，只要你有奋斗不息、追求不止的精神，你就会自 觉地去改变自己把外在的压力转化成巨大的动力，不断地学习，引 千道清泉、集百家之长提升自己、充实自己。机会永远是给有准备 的人的。是金子总会发光 的。爱因斯坦说过：“热爱是最好的老师，它往往胜过责任。”成功 源于热爱，让爱伴我们走向教育的高点。《有效教师》这本书从有 效教师的内涵与发展目标、发展环境、有效教师的核心素质、发展 策略和发展性评价等方面为学习者提供基本理念和实践报告指导。《现代汉语词典》对“效”的解释是“效果，功效”，其词条包括效果、效能、效率和效益。综合起来就是各种力量、做法或因素产生的结 果和作用。 有效就是高效能。“效能”主要指办事的效率和工作的能力，效能是 衡量工作结果的尺度，效率、效果、效益是衡量效能的依据。高效 能就是效果、效率、效益的综合体现。可以说：注重效果、提高效率、改进效能、追求效益是我们每一个教育工作者日夜探寻、反复 实践的课题。
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
2b课文翻译 巨石阵---谁能解释它的存在？ 巨石阵,一个岩石圈,不仅是英国最着名的历史古迹之一,而且它是其中一个最 大的谜团。每年接待了超过75万游客。特别是在6月,人们很喜欢去这个地方,因为他们想看到一年中最长的一天看日出。 许多年以来,历史学家认为巨石阵是古代领导人试图与神沟通一座寺庙。然而,历史学家保罗?斯托克认为这不可能是真的,因为巨石阵建造于很多世纪以前。“这些领导人抵达英国晚得多.”他指出。 另一个普遍的观点是，巨石阵可能是一种日历。这些巨石以一种的独特的方式被放置在一起。在仲夏的早晨,阳光直接照射石头的中心。其他人认为,这些石头有一种医学的目的。他们认为这些石头能够预防疾病,同时保持人们身体健康。” 当你走到那儿时,你可以感觉到能量从你的脚传上你的身体,”一位游客说。没人确信巨石阵是什么用途,但大多数赞同石头的位置必定有一个特殊目的。有些人认为它可能是一个埋葬先人的地方,或是一个纪念祖先的地方。其他人认为它是庆祝战胜敌人而建的。 巨石阵是历经一段很长的时期被慢慢建成的。大多数历史学家认为它年龄一定接近5000岁。最伟大的奥秘之一是它是如何被建造,因为石头太那么大又那么重。2001年,一群英国志愿者试图构建另一个巨石阵,但他们没能做到。 “我们真的不知道是谁建造了巨石阵,”保罗·斯托克说。”,也许我们可能永远不知道,但我们知道他们一定是很勤奋---而且是伟大的规划者!” 课文重难点讲解： . 1. As it is snowing（从句）, we shall not go to the park（主句）. were you absent from school yesterday ---Because I was ill in bed. On that day I was absent from the meeting （主句）because I was in Guangzhou（从句）. 3.Since everyone is here，let’s begin the discussion. 可数名词，意为“圆圈”，也可表示具有共同兴趣爱好或职业等的“阶层；圈子；界”. .
小学英语教师读书心得《英语教学理 论与实践》读后感 《英语教学理论与实践》是我本学期精读的一本书，我所说的“精”是指我认真阅读，做好笔记和反思自己教学工作中存在的问题。因为思考，所以越发觉得自己教学理论的浅薄，同时也深感教学理论的指引作用之巨大。本书对英语教育学的一些一般性或常识性的理论、知识、方法或技巧进行了概述，而对英语教育学一些核心的、体现英语教学新观念的理论进行了比较详细的阐述，同时，又紧密联系英语教学的实际，对一些卓有成效的教学方法、技巧进行了介绍，还对当前英语教学的一些热点问题进行了较深入的剖析。总之，《英语教学理论与实践》无意面面俱到，而是针对教学、教师和学生的实际情况有所侧重。《英语教学理论与实践》努力运用辩证唯物主义的观点看待英语教学的理论和实践问题。首先，力求把得到广泛承认的、反映外语教学根本规律的外语教育教学理论呈现给大家，同时，又把经过实践证明的、切实有效地国内外外语教学方法、技巧等予以介绍。科学的理论来源于
实践，同时又对实践给以指导并进一步为实践所验证。 本学期，我主要把重点放在抓好学生的英语基础知识。而词汇教学则是重中之重。那么如何让学生在学习完单词之后，能做到单词音、形、义的结合呢? 这也是我一直苦苦需求答案的问题之一。本书就提供了很好的方法：那就是教会学生掌握拼读规则和构词规则。本书提出单词的音、形、义是固有生成的，是不可分拆的。因为学生在学习英语单词时知道了词义而读不出、写不对的情形往往比读得出、写得对而不知道词义的情形多得多。另外，由于对“侧重培养学生的阅读能力”的片面理解，各种试题中需要读出、拼写出的部分相对太少，教与学两个方面都存在着轻视读和拼写基本技能的现象，或者存在着对解决读出和拼写出技能低下感到无能为力的心态。这种轻视与心态已经严重影响了词汇教学的整体质量。教给学生读出和拼写出的规则以及构词规则，是属于教给学生如何掌握学习策略范畴内的问题。教师应当特别重视学生学习能力的培养与形成。要解决单词读出和拼写出的问题和扩大词汇量，却不把拼读规则和构词规则教给他们，不严格地要求他们掌握这一工具，当严者不严，欲
《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等. 第五章词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原 320240*********
人教版九年级英语各单元知识点归纳 Unit 1 How can we become good learners？ Section A 1、ask相关短语 ask sb. for sth. 向某人要某物 ask sb. about sth 向某人询问某事 ask sb.(not) to do sth 要求某人（不）要做某事 be askd (not) to do sth. 被要求（不）做某事 2、aloud adv.大声地；出声地 辨析：aloud：adv.；出声地，大声地 loud：用于loud enough, as loud as 等短语中或与too, very, so连用 loudly：loud 的常用副词；含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思Mrs. Li reads aloud while we speak loudly, so he has to read loud enough to make herself heard. 3、practice ●v.练习 ●后+n./pron./V.ing等 ●作不可数名词：练习 eg：Students get lots of practice in the English club. 4、patient adj.有耐心的n.病人 patiently：adv. 修饰动词 patience：n. 耐心 短语：in patience 耐心地 5、It takes sb. some time to do sth.某人花费时间做某事 =Sb. spends some time doing sth. It took me three years to finish the work. = I spent three years finishing the work.
英语教师读书心得体会范文3篇 英语教材是最基本的课程资源，在教学中起着重要作用。英语教师多读书，不仅能提高自身的专业素养，还能提高教学效率。下面是为大家带来的英语教师读书心得，希望可以帮助大家。 英语教师读书心得：《小学英语教学法》 《小学英语教学法》一书中指出,小学生学习外语具有模仿力强,记忆力好,勇于开口等特点和优越条件,对今后进一步学好英语,培养用英语进行交际的能力,将起着及其重要的作用.因此,作为一名小学英语教师,我们的注意力和精力应该放在其语言技能的培养上,而不是放在单纯的语言知识上,要激发学生学习英语的兴趣和动机;培养学生良好的学习习惯;使学生获得英语的一些感性知识;打下较好的语音基础,学习一定量的词汇,接触一定量的日常交际用语,从而具有以听说能力为主的初步交际能力;使学生在英语学习中受到良好的思想品德教育,个性得到健康和谐的发展. 作为一名小学英语教师,要搞好英语的教与学活动,运用恰当的教学方法,通过小学教学活动的趣味性,直观性,实践性使小学生爱学,会学,主动学.小学英语教学法课是一门理论和实践相结合的专业课.不是会讲英语的人就能教好英语.我们不仅要具有坚实的英语基础知识和运用语言的能力,还必须学习有关英语教学的理论,提高自身的教学能力.
歌谣,充满童趣,合辙压韵,琅琅上口,迎合了少年儿童的心理与口味.简笔画,一种具有普遍推广意义的直观教学手段,它运用最简单的线条和平面形概括地勾画出物象的主要特征,用笔简练,形象简洁,应用简便.它有利于活跃课堂气氛,激发学生兴趣,化解教学难点,变抽象为具体,化复杂为简单,并能增强记忆,提高学习效果.运用歌曲和音乐学习语言也是外语教学的有效方法之一.用教唱英语歌曲的方法把儿童引入英语的广阔殿堂,无疑是符合儿童心理发展规律的,它具有以下作用:激发学习下去;提高学习效益;完善学习品质;充实文化知识等.我们可以从各类儿童英语教科书中选择一些旋律较熟,唱词简单适合的歌曲等.当然还可以自己在学生很熟悉的旋律中配上当堂学习的主要句行型，让学生在轻松愉快的气氛中扎实的掌握所学知识，可以达到事半功倍的效果。 通过阅读这本书，让我对英语教学又有了许多新的想法。以后，在课余时间应该多读一些专业的书籍。更好的帮助自己搞好英语教学工作。 英语教师读书心得：《小学英语教师教学指南》 看这本书过程有点吃力，但是阅读这本书使我了解了一些小学英语的教学原则和外语教学的各种流派。它可以使我的教学理念更加清晰，可以为我日常的英语教学找到切实的理论依据。对我们小学英语教师来说，是一本指导性很强的书。《小学英语教师教学指南》给我们介绍了各种最新的英语教学资源以及选择教学资源的原则。对歌曲、韵律诗、游戏、故事等教学进行了专门的论述，并详细介绍了在
1.Synchronic vs diachronic Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 2. Langue and parole Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, It does not change frequently, while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 3. Competence and performance Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. 4. Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language. On the other hand, we should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature it is not entirely arbitrary; certain words are motivated. The best examples are the onomatopoeic words, such as rumble, crash, cackle, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. For example, while photo and copy are both arbitrary, the compound word photocopy is not entirely arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language. The arbitrary nature of language is a sigh of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 5. Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Much of what we say and hear are saying or hearing for the first time. 6. Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which are found at the higher level of the system. 7. Displacement Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means. This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place. In contrast, no animal communication system possesses this feature. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation, i.e. in contact of food, in presence of danger, or in pain. Once the danger or pain is gone, calls stop. 8. Cultural transmission While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted, i.e. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 9. Broad transcription and narrow transcription: Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only, this is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics, this is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose. 10. Sense and reference Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. 11. Context It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of