Exercise 1
Adidas Sports Shoes
Over twenty-eight years ago, adidas gave birth to a new idea in sports shoes. And the people who wear our shoes have been running and winning ever since. In fact, adidas has helped them set over 400 world records in track and field alone.
Maybe that’s why more and more football, soccer, basketball, baseball and tennis players are turning to adidas. They know that, whatever their game, they can rely on adidas workmanship and quality in every product we make.
So whether you are pounding the roads on a marathon, or just jogging around the block, adidas shall be on your feet.
Y ou were born to run. And we were born to help you do it better. Y ou’ll find us anywhere smart sports people buy their shoes. Adidas, the all sports people.
Petal-Drops
For the girl who wants a petal-soft skin
With Petal-Drops Moisturizing Bath-Essence you can give your skin a petal-fresh softness and fragrance that will last and last the whole day through.
All sorts of oils, delicately perfumed herbal essences and the gentlest of toning agents---all combined with our loving care to give that oh-so-good-to-be-alive feeling.
Relax. Petal-Drops your way to a smooth, silky skin.
Choose from two exciting fragrances: New Petal-Drops Coriander---with its faintly spiced hint of seductiveness, or the classic Petal-Drops Lavender.
Exercise 2
1. The old man said, ―They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.‖
2. They had been through it all at his side--- the bruising battles, the humiliations of the defeat…through empty mid-1960s---until at last, in 1968, they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph.
3. The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
4. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it.
5. He remembered the incident, as had his wife.
6. Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter, but there was nowhere to put it and she couldn’t possibly throw it away.
7. It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate.
8. She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it.
9. If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.
10. As scheduled, American and Chinese diplomats met on January 20, at the Chinese Embassy in Poland. It was the first get-together in more than two years.
Exercise 3
Asia’s Spreading Shadow
Over the past decade, East Asia has been the world’s fastest growing region. And since most of its emerging economies import more than they export, they have provided a powerful stimulus to growth in rich economies. So it is not surprising that East Asia’s recent financial turmoil has been blamed for the lurches in global equity markets this week. But do East Asia’s troubles really carry such awful consequences for the world’s economy?
Developing Asia (i.e., excluding Japan) accounts for an impressive 23% of world output, if measured at purchasing-power parity (which adjusts exchange rates to account for differences in prices between countries). But that figure exaggerates the likely impact of the current crisis on the rest of the world. If China and India, which have not yet shared Asia’s troubles, are excluded, then the rest of Asia accounts for just 7.3% of world output and 4.4% of world trade in goods and services---the main channel through which developments in the region affect the rich economies.
As the financial turmoil spread from Thailand to Taiwan and now to Hong Kong, higher interest rates, falling equity and property prices and a loss of business and consumer confidence have started to take their toll on consumer spending and business investment. Many forecasters now expect Thailand to slip into recession in 1998. East Asia, excluding China, is expected to grow by perhaps only 4-5% next year, down from more than 7% in 1996. In turn, slower growth is likely to mean fewer imports from the rest of the world.
America sells almost a fifth of its exports to developing Asia countries, Japan a massive 44%, but Europe only 7%. However, a better measure of the potential impact of Asia’s economic troubles on rich countries’growth rates is their exports to Asia as a percentage of their GDP: a modest 2% in both America and Europe, a more significant 4.4% in Japan. Almost three-quarters of Japan’s export growth since 1990 has been generated by increasing sales into Asian markets. Thus Japan’s economy will be hardest hit.
The second way in which East Asia’s financial traumas will spill over into rich industrial economies is that manufacturers in the region have become super-competitive thanks to devaluations of up to 40% against the dollar. Add in the fact that the region has a glut of capacity in industries such as televisions, chemicals and steel as a result of over-investment, and it seems inevitable that Asia’s exports to rich economies will surge. American producers will therefore face fiercer competition. European and Japanese firms should get off more lightly because their currencies have also weakened against the dollar, albeit by less than the East Asians’, over the past year.
The silver lining of this cloud is that cheaper Asian imports into rich economies will help to hold down the latter’s inflation rate. Likewise, slower growth in Asia should depress commodity prices. This disinflationary pressure may mean that America’s Federal Reserve will not need to raise interest rates so soon or by as much as it otherwise would have needed to.
Exercise 4
The Linguistic Capacity
The capacity for acquiring and using a language is a property that distinguishes human beings from all other species. The task of the linguist is to explain what it is about human beings that renders them capable of performing this feat, and what it is about human languages that renders them capable of being learned and used by human beings.
Human language learning is a remarkable phenomenon. The child is born into the world with no language at all. Through exposure to a speech community, the child begins to speak at some time during the second year and in five or six years can be said to know the language quite well, if not completely. This field of language learning is accomplished by every normal child without fail, and without extensive explicit instruction on the part of adults concerning the ―rules‖ of the language.
Each child in fact reinvents the language of the speech community for himself. In order to acquire a language, the mind of the child must have built into it some notion of what is to be learnt. This can be seen from the fact that every speaker of a language is capable of creating and understanding sentences of that language that he has never heard before. Consequently, on the basis of the sentences that he has heard the speaker must be able to arrive at a set of rules for creating and understanding new sentences. This ability to project from the sentences actually encountered in the course of language learning to a general set of rules for creating and understanding novel utterances is the human linguistic capacity. It is, essentially, an inborn understanding of what a possible language can be. By studying the characteristics of human languages we study this aspect of human intelligence, for the structure of the languages themselves reflects the nature of the device that created them and recreates them in the mind of every human child.
Exercise 5
Going Home
This valley, he thought, all this country between the mountains is mine, home to me, the place I dream about, and everything is the same, not a thing is changed, water sprinklers still splash in circles over lawns of Bermuda grass, good old home town, simplicity, reality.
Walking along Alvin Street he felt glad to be home again. Everything was fine, common and good, the smell of earth, cooking suppers, smoke, the rich summer air of the valley full of plant growth, grapes growing, peaches ripening, and the oleander bush swooning with sweetness, the same as ever. He breathed deeply, drawing the smell of home deep into his lungs, smiling inwardly. It was hot. He hadn't felt his senses reacting to the earth so cleanly and clearly for years; now it was a pleasure even to breathe. The cleanliness of the air sharpened the moment so that, walking, he felt the magnificence of being, glory of possessing substance, of having form and motion and intellect, the piety of merely being alive on the earth.
Water, he thought, hearing the soft splash of a lawn sprinkler; to taste the water of home, the full cool water of the valley, to have that simple thirst and that solid water with which to quench it, fulfillment, the clarity of life. He saw an old man holding a hose over some geranium plants, and his thirst sent him to the man.
"Good evening," he said quietly, "may I have a drink?"
The old man turned slowly, his shadow large against the house, to look into the young man's face, amazed and pleased. "You bet," he said; "here," and he placed the hose into the young man's hands. "Mighty fine water," said the old man, "this water of the San Joaquin Valley; best yet, I guess. That water up in Frisco makes me sick; ain't got no taste. And down in Los Angeles, why, the water tastes like castor oil; I can't understand how so many people go on living there year after year."
Exercise 6
Halloween Traditions and Symbols
Spirits and Ghosts
Halloween was probably derived form the Celtic Feast of the Dead, which originated over 2,000 years ago. The feast began on Oct. 31, the eve of winter and of the Celtic New Y ear. The Celts thought this night a ―crack in time‖when the dead could revisit the living.
Costumes
People believed that evil spirits and ghosts roamed the earth on Halloween, so to stick the spirits into leaving them alone, people would wear costumes and masks to hide their identities. Sometimes a person was chosen to dress up and lead the ghosts and spirits out of town.
Today, both children and adults enjoy dressing up in costumes ranging from monsters to movie characters to historical figures. People can be very traditional, cutting eyeholes in a sheet to be a ghost, or very original, wearing a box painted like a microwave. Ideas for costumes can be found at craft or sewing stores, and pre-made costumes can be found in party stores, craft stores, or in temporary Halloween stores set up in malls. While children usually dress up for trick-or-treating or to march in Halloween parades, adults often attend costume parties in homes or public place.
Trick-or-treating
Trick-or-treating is a recent American custom during which children, dressed in costumes, go from door to door knocking on doors and pronouncing ―trick or treat!‖in hopes of receiving a treat, usually small candies. In earlier times, the threat was if the adults did not give the children a treat, the children would play a trick on them. Today, adults wishing to give out candy leave a porch light on during the evening, and often decorate their houses or apartments with symbols of Halloween such as witches, pumpkins, bats, spiders, skeletons, ghosts, etc..
Jack-O’-Lanterns
An old Irish legend describes the story of a man named Jack who was too gready and stingy to get into heaven but who could neither get into hell because he had tricked the devil. He was doomed to wander the earth until Judgment Day. As consolation, the devil threw Jack a lighted coal from hell and Jack place it in a turnip to make a lantern to light his way. Irish children would carve faces into the turnips and place candles inside to scare away witches. When many Irish people immigrated to the United States, children carved pumpkins rather than turnips. Today, many Americans carve pumpkins and place the lighted Jack-O’-Lanterns on their front steps on Halloween night.
Exercise 7
1. Doubtless not all such witty words are quite so spontaneous as their speakers
would have us believe. Sheridan’s most famous putdown-―the Right Honorable Gentleman owes his jests to his memory and his facts to his imagination‖-suggests careful honing over breakfast. Indeed, a few of Parliament’s fearsome wits have admitted to some premeditation of their ―extemporaneous‖acts. Churchill himself, when Harold Macmillan found him rehearsing a jibe, made no attempt to hide the fact: ―Just working on my impromptus for this afternoon,‖ the old curmudgeon said with a grin.
2. They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an
adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year?
3. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged!
Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable - and let it come! I repeat, sir, let it come!
4. Technically, none of the women is permitted to see combat –by law in the
navy, Air Force and Marines, by policy in the Army.
5. These days, as leaders of all nations come together more and more to
strengthen ties or resolve differences, international spokesmen rely heavily on a select band of linguists to transmit –often by simultaneous translation –both literal meanings and the diplomatic nuances which can mean even more.
6. Through television, 1 billion people –nearly 25% of the world’s population –
will see the final game, says Joseph Blatter, general secretary of the Federation International de Football Association (FIFA), soccer’s governing body.
Exercise 8
How to Grow Old
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Y oung men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it – so at least it seems to me –is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river –small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
Exercise 9
The University of Virginia
In the years since the University of Virginia was founded in 1819, hundreds of thousands of students, faculty members, and guests have met on the grounds of the University to exchange ideas, expand their understanding, or simply deepen their appreciation of the beautiful buildings and gardens Thomas Jefferson designed for the University of Virginia.
Jefferson was a man of many accomplishments---he wrote the Declaration of Independence, served as ambassador to France, and was twice elected the President of the United States---but of all his accomplishments, he was proudest of the University. Before he died, he directed that just three lined be carved on his gravestone: Author of the Declaration of American independence, Author of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia.
Although the requirements of daily life have grown more demanding since Jefferson’s time, the passage of years has shown the wisdom of his vision. The University of Virginia is consistently rated among the best public institutions in the country, achieving national stature for its teaching, research and public service without sacrificing the intimacy that characterizes the academic village.
The university is a state-supported institution that derives 12 percent of its funding from state revenues. Total student enrollment is approximately 18,000, made up of 11,500 undergraduates, 4,500 postgraduate students, and 1,700 first professional degree (law and medicine) students. Of undergraduates 61 percent are Virginian residents and 11 percent African-Americans. The total student population is divided equally into men and women. Admission standards are highly competitive. A recent class was drawn from 17,500 completed applications for approximately 2,700 undergraduate first year spots.
The University of Virginia employs 10,000 faculty and staff. The university’s full time faculty numbers 1,760, most of whom conduct research and publish their findings on a regular basis.
The university supports research and scholarship in many fields. Its areas of strength include research in the humanities and programs in the biomedical, physical, and engineering sciences. In 1996, external support of research programs reached $ 135 million. The university’s eleven libraries contain 4 million books; 2.5 million pieces of the university archives; 1 million government documents; and 12.8 million manuscripts.
Exercise 10
The Future of International Trade
In spite of the difficulties of predicting future trends in world trade, we can specify factors that will be important.
Although feeding the world’s population will be a major problem, the world is probably not headed for disaster. First, the world’s arable acreage can be expanded greatly. Second, the distribution of food and the yield of food per acre can be improved. Third, population growth can be controlled. Historical evidence shows that birth and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial stage.
If population growth continues at its present pace, the future balance between food demand and supply may become dependent on new dietary patterns. Reduced consumption of meat, increased use of new high-protein food made from soybeans, and development of ocean resources for food are some alternatives that must be considered.
Growth of trade will depend greatly on availability of energy sources. There may still be a trillion barrels of recoverable oil in the Middle East. But the oil crisis of 1974 has led to renewed interest in coal and to a search for alternative sources of energy. Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will play a large role in the years to come.
In future trade the key development to watch is the relationship between the industrialized and developing nations. Third World countries export their mineral deposits and tropical agricultural products, which bring them desired foreign exchanges. Tourism has also been greatly responsible for the rapid development of some developing nations. Many Third World nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen and emigration of workers to the developed nations. Western Europe has received millions of such workers from Mediterranean countries. The developing nations profit when these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills back home. Many developing nations benefit when Western nations establish manufacturing in their countries to take advantage of cheap labor.
International monetary cooperation will have a significant impact on future trade. If the IMF countries are not able to agree upon a new international monetary order in the years to come, international trade many become too risky for some companies to get involved in. If the IMF is unable to create sufficient international liquidity reserves in the future, there may not be enough liquidity to sustain growth in trade.
Exercise 11
Oxford Revisited
Many long years had passed since I visited Oxford, --- some twenty-eight or more. I had friends among the resident members of that venerable domicile of learning. Pleasant had been the time that I had spent there, of which intervening years had not diminished the remembrance—perhaps heightened the tone of its coloring. On many accounts I regarded that beautiful city with affectionate veneration. There were more than local attractions to render it interesting. There were the recollections of those who ceased in the interval to be denizens of this world. These could not but breathe sadness over the noble edifices that recalled men, conversations, and conviviality which, however long departed, shadowed upon the mind its own inevitable destiny. Again were those venerable buildings before me in their architectural richness. These were tower, and roof, and gateway, in all their variety of outline, defined with the sharp light and shade peculiar to ecclesiastical architecture. There were tufted groves overshadowing the haunts of learning; and there, too, was old Magdalen, which used to greet our sight so pleasantly upon our approach to the city. I began to fancy I had leaped no gulf of time since, for the Cherwell ran on as of old. I felt that the happy allusion of Quevedo to the Tiber was not out of place here, ―The fugitive is alone permanent.‖ The same rive ran on as it had run on before, but the cheerful faces that had been once reflected in its stream had passed away. I saw things once familiar as I saw them before; but ―the fathers, where were they?‖ I was in this respect like one awaked from the slumber of an age, who found himself a stranger in his own old…
At length I adjourned to the Star, somewhat moody, more than half wishing I had not entered the city. I ordered my solitary meal, and began ruminating, as we all do, over the thousandth-time told tale of human destiny by generation after generation. I am not sure I did not greet with sullen pleasure a heavy, dark, dense mass of cloud that at that moment canopied the city. The mind finds all kinds of congenialities grateful at such moments. Some drops of rain fell; then a shower, tolerably heavy. I could not go out again as I intended doing. I sat and sipped my wine, thinking of the fate of cities, --of Nineveh the renowned, of the marbles lately recovered from thence with the mysterious arrow-headed characters. I thought that some future Layard might exhume the cornices of the Oxford temples. The deaths of cities were as inevitable as those of men. I felt that my missing friends had only a priority in mortality, and that the law of the Supreme existed to be obeyed without man’s questionings.
But a sun-burst took place, the shower ceased, all became fresh and clear. I saw several gownsmen pass down the street, and I sallied forth again. Several who were in front of me, so full was I of old imaginations, I thought might be old friends whom I should recognize. How idle! I strolled to the Isis. It was all glitter and gaiety. The sun shone out warmly and covered the surface of the river with gold.
Exercise 12
I W andered Lonely as a Cloud
By William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed – and gazed – but little thought：
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
1、A teacher should have patience in his work. 当老师应当有耐心。 2、A lot of natural resources in the mountain area will be exploited and used.那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。 3、As is known to all, China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 4、As long as there is water, plants won't die quickly. 只要有水，植物就不会很快死亡。 5、A good memory is a great help in learning a language好的记忆有助于语言的学习。 6、A lot of natural resources in the mountain area will be exploited and used.那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。 7、All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子 Beijing Olympic Games can make Chinese people work harder.北京奥林匹克运动会使得中国人民更加努力工作。 1、Can you express yourself clearly in English?你能用英语清楚地表达自己的意思吗？ 2、Could you tell me where the post office is?请问邮局在哪里？ 3、China will build up a space station in ten years.在十年内，中国将建一个太空站。 1、Don't you think smoking is harmful to your health?你不认为抽烟对你的身体有害吗？ 2、Do you often do your washing in the evening?你经常晚上洗衣服吗？1、Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.历史每重演一次，代价就增加一分。 2、Everyone was in bed except me.除了我，所有人都上床睡觉了。 Fires may do more damage than the earthquakes.火所造成的损失可能比地震还严重。 Go down this street until you reach the second traffic lights.顺着这条街走，一直走到第二个交通灯处。 1、He is always making excuses for being late 他总是为他的迟到找借口 1、He was too tired to go on reading.他太困了，无法再阅读了。 2、He keeps looking at himself in the mirror.他老是照镜子。 3、He has a foreign friend who lives in America. 他有一个住在美国的外国朋友。 4、He is sweating all over.他出了一身汗。 5、He was satisfied with his new car, and drove to work in it the very next day.他对自己的新车感到很满意，第二 天就开着去上班了。 6、How long will it take us to get there?我们到那儿要用多长时间？ 7、How do you spell your last name? 你的姓是如何拼写的？ 8、How long have you collected your stamps?你集邮有多久了？ 9、He had a traffic accident last week. 他上星期出了一起交通事故。 10、He is a worldwide famous scientist. 他是一位世界著名的科学 家。 11、He has sympathy for all poor people. 他对所有穷苦人都富有同情 心。 12、He doesn't know what life means to him.他不知道人生的意义。 13、He has taught English in this university ever since he moved to this city. 他自从移居到这座城市以 来就一直在这所大学教英语。 1、I'm not an English major student. 我不是英语专业的学生。 2、I'm going to buy a monthly ticket tomorrow.我想明天买张月票。 3、I'm very much eager to improve my oral English.我非常渴望改进我的英 语口语。 4、I'm thinking about a visit to Paris. 我在考虑去巴黎旅游。 5、I am very familiar with his name. 我很熟悉他的名字。 6、I think the picture shows us how fruit is necessary to life.我想这 幅图是告诉我们水果对生活是不可缺 的。 7、It was a hard job, but he did not mind.这项工作很艰苦，但他并不在乎。 8、It's their duty to look after these young trees.他们的责任是照看 这些小树。 8、It's never too late to learn.。 活到老，学到老。 8、It is known to all that exercises are good for health. 众所周知，锻 炼有益于健康。 9、I'll call you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就给你打电话。 9、I'm going to run for the bus as soon as the bell rings. 铃声一响， 我就要去赶公共汽车。 10、I look forward to hearing from you.我期待着收到您的回信。 11、I came back because of the rain. 因为下雨我就回来了。 12、In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.在这个物质财富充 裕的时代，我们感到精神上的饥渴。 13、In no other country in the world can you find such plants as this one. 像这样的植物在世界上的其他任何一 个国家都找不到。 14、If you decided to learn a new language, you would have to devote all your efforts to it.如果你决定 学一门新的语言，你必须全力以赴。 15、I read the local newspapers with great interest every evening.每晚 我怀着极大的兴趣读当地报纸。 16、I hope we can have some snow this winter.我希望今年冬天会下点雪。 17、I feel satisfied with my life. 我对生活感到满意。 18、It is not necessary to do this work.没有必要做这项工作。 19、I don't want to spend five dollars on a cup of water. 我不想 花五美元买一瓶水。 20、I think our dream will become true.我认为我们的梦想将成为现实。 21、I think she will change her mind tomorrow. 我想明天她就会改变主意。 22、I'll write to you as soon as I get there.我一到那儿就给你写信。 23、In Foreign Languages Department， a checking machine is used to correct the students' test papers. 在外语系，用阅卷机给学生阅卷。 24、I think the picture shows us how fruits is necessary to life.我想这 幅图是告诉我们水果是生活中不可缺 的。 25、I need to buy some 50-cent stamps. 我需要买一些50美分的邮票。 1、Just because you like, it doesn't mean I will.你喜欢它，并不意味我也 会喜欢。 2、John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant. 尽管约翰和他哥哥在年 纪上相差不大，但他们的个性却不相同。 3、Jenny is fond of reading and often borrows books from the city library.珍妮喜 爱读书，经常从市图书馆借回许多书。 Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have ever lived in China. 李 白是中国有史以来最伟大的诗人之一。 1、My classmate is more clever than I.我的同学比我聪明。 2、My problem is that I don't have much time to do the work.我的问题 在于我没有多少时间干这工作。 3、My grandpa is used to getting up early.我爷爷习惯早起。 4、MR. Lin assigned too much homework today.今天林先生（老师） 留的家庭作业太多了。 Nothing in the world moves faster than light. 世界上没有什么东西比 光走得更快。 1、Open the window and let the fresh air in.打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。 2、Okay, and I need a pen to fill out the address. 好，我还得借一支笔来
翻译——英译汉 英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。 一、翻译技巧一 一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。 (一)重点分析句子结构 其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和 一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1. to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语 Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。 2. to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。 3. there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语 There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。 (二)确定语法现象和惯用结构 英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、 同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如: ?Anyone who is interested in it can go with us. 对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) ?The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important. 昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) ?You could have done better if you had been more careful. 要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) ?Hardly had I said that when she entered the room. 我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前 ) ?It was not until last night that I noticed this matter. 直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其 余成分)
高级笔译翻译考试模拟试题及答案 1 I think lawyers mistakenly believe complex language enhances the mystique of the law. 2 Not long ago, a foreign visitor whose English is extremely good told me of his embarrassment in a tea shop. 3 Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research. 4We have created a faculty of scholars frequently so narrow in their studies and specialized in their scholarship they are simply incapable of teaching introductory courses. 5 Then the players find out the lottery is not particularly good bet and they find other forms of gambling. 6 The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. 7 There has always been a close cultural link, or tie between Britain and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music. 8 We must just make the best of things as they come along. 9 But once I made the decision, I went at it with all flags flying. 10Autumn’s mellow hand was upon the woods, as they owned already, touched with gold and red and olive. 解析： 1我认为律师们有一个错误的想法，即复杂的语言能增加法律的深奥性。 2不久前，一位英语极好的外国客人告诉我他在一家小吃店里的窘状。 3与此同时，各学校正采取步骤纠正教学与科研不平衡的状况。 4我们已经造就出一批学者，他们的研究范围常常如此之窄，学问如此之专门，以致他们简直无法胜任入门课程的教学。 5后来玩彩券的人发现买彩券并不是特别有利的赌博方式，于是就找到其他形式的赌博。
如何做好xx 英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。而英译汉的过程则是正确理解英语原文和创造性地用汉语再现英语原文的过程，在英译汉的过程中，有两点值得我们特别地注意： （1）汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容，即句子或文章的意义，而不是句子结构； （2）在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。 英译汉的过程包括理解，分析句架表达和校核三个阶段，理解是表达的前提，若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达，但理解与表达通常是互相联系，往返反复的过程，在进行汉语表达的时候，又可以进一步加深对原文的理解，因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要考生从英语到汉语，再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。 一、理解 理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文，弄清原文的意思。 （1）通读全文。 （2）分析句子结构。中国的英语学习者往往具有非常好的英语语法知识，在做翻译试题时也应充分发挥和利用这一优势。在分句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，这样句子的骨干结构也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干结构时还应该注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等。 （3）理解句子含义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外，还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题：A.句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词，如果有，应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么；B.句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法，那么，在该句中它们的具体含义是什么；C.按照你的理解，该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致，有无相互矛盾。总之，在动手翻译之前，首先要读懂原文，不要一上来就急于动
一、英译汉翻译的基本程序 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。 2. 组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。 3. 表达。考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。 4. 审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文，是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。 二、英汉翻译的基本方法 直译与意译 直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。如： Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work. 直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。 意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。 或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。很显然，本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。当然，一句话并不限于一种译法，要根据具体需要而定。一般来说，在英汉翻译考试中，如果直译能达意就用直译，如果直译效果不好，就应该考虑意译。只要译文内容忠实，意思明白就行了。 顺译法（又名句型对应法） 顾名思义，顺译法（句型对应法）就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译，这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译，如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。 As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’ decision that I was to be a doctor ,though the prospect interested in me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我不得不接收父母的决定，去当大夫，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。 3.倒译法 倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序来进行翻译。 例1： The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 因为月球的引力比地球小的多，所以月球上根本没有水。 例2：The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination. 作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。 4.分译法 分译法，又称拆译法，也是一种基本的句法变通手段。从被分译成份的结构而言，分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种。 单词的分译即拆词，将难译的词从句子主干中拆离出来，另作处理，这种方法常常引起句式上的调整，英译汉中要拆译的词常常是形容词和副词。如： 1
英译汉竞赛原文： How the News Got Less Mean The most read article of all time on BuzzFeed contains no photographs of celebrity nip slips and no inflammatory ranting. It’s a series of photos called “21 pictures that will restore your faith in humanity,” which has pulled in nearly 14 million visits so far. At Upworthy too, hope is the major draw. “This kid just died. What he left behind is wondtacular,” an Upworthy post about a terminally ill teen singer, earned 15 million views this summer and has raised more than $300,000 for cancer research. The recipe for attracting visitors to stories online is changing. Bloggers have traditionally turned to sarcasm and snark to draw attention. But the success of sites like BuzzFeed and Upworthy, whose philosophies embrace the viral nature of upbeat stories, hints that the Web craves positivity. The reason: social media. Researchers are discovering that people want to create positive images of themselves online by sharing upbeat stories. And with more people turning to Facebook and Twitter to find out what’s happening in the world, news stories may need to cheer up in order to court an audience. If social is the future of media, then optimistic stories might be media’s future. “When we started, the prevailing wisdom was that snark ruled the Internet,”says Eli Pariser, a co-founder of Upworthy. “And we just had a really different sense of what works.” “You don’t want to be that guy at the party who’s crazy and angry and ranting in the corner — it’s the same for Twitter or Facebook,” he says. “Part of what we’re trying to do with Upworthy is give people the tools to express a conscientious, thoughtful and positive identity in social media.” And the science appears to support Pariser’s philosophy. In a recent study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, researchers found that “up votes,”showing that a visitor liked a comment or story, begat more up votes on comments on the site, but “down votes” did not do the same. In fact, a single up vote increased the likelihood that someone else would like a comment by 32%, whereas a down vote had no effect. People don’t want to support the cranky commenter, the critic or the troll. Nor do they want to be that negative personality online.
第五章英译汉常用的方法和技巧（中）（二） 第四节定语从句的译法／第五节状语从句的译法 一、定语从句的译法 从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种,两类定语从句在翻译方法上基本类似, 因此我们把它们放在一起介绍。在翻译定语从句时,我们经常采用下列的翻译方法: 1. 前置法 把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句, 这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句比较短的情况。 一些较短的具有描述性的非限制性定语从句也可采用前置法, 但没有限制性定语从句使用 得普遍。例如: 例1.For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold. 例如, 友谊的一个作用似乎是支持我们在自己心目中的形象, 并使我们持有的价值观念更 加坚定。 例2.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素必须是一样的。 例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word that has nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define: face for countenance, nervousness for anxiety. 第一种方法是同义词法, 即给出一个与要释义的词在意义上几乎相同的, 如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety. 例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.相反, 行为主义者认为, 成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥 夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。 例5.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式, 也就是对一切现象进行思考并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。 例6.A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.附近没有同龄伙伴和自己玩的儿童，上托儿所可以得到很 多的益处。 2. 后置法 当定语从句较长时，如果翻译成前置的定语，就会不符合汉语的表达习惯，在这种情况下， 往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句，放置于原来它所修词的后面。另外在处理此类定语从句时，一般遵循的原则是：若保留先行词，则在第二个分句中加以重复，若省略，则两个并 列分句中均不再保留。当然，在实№的翻译过程中也有例外。 例1.All the water that flows through the wide pipe in a second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only by going faster.在一秒钟内流过粗管子的全部水量，一定会以某种方式通过细管子，这只有靠加快流速才能做到。
汉译英的合并译法 我们在英语翻译过程中会常遇见一些长难句，这个时候就需要一些具体的方法来解决它们。 汉译英时，往往必须先找出主谓框架树起主干，然后将各种关系词、短语（介词短语、名词短语）、附加成分（同位语、插入语）、分词结构、从句（定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句）等添加到主干，使树木枝繁叶茂。 翻译汉语的多个分句时，注意分析各个分句之间的逻辑关系，确定好主从关系，采用恰当的方式进行连接。 如： 我们必须抓住新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，采取更加有力的措施，以更为积极地姿态扩大对外开放，力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长。 译：We must seize new opportunities and meet new challenges.We must open ourselves wider to the outside world more actively,and take more effective measures to expand foreign trade and absorb more foreign funds. 点评：本句包含5个小分句：我们必须抓住新的机遇（1），迎接新的挑战（2），采取更加有力的措施（3），以更为积极地姿态扩大对外开放（4），力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长（5）。分析各个分句之间的逻辑关系，可以发现（1）和（2）是并列关系，添加and进行连接，（3）和（4）是并列关系，（5）是其目的，因此，着三个分句连为一体，（3)and(4)to(5)。 当然，这两个部分之间还存在着总和分的关系 前两句说得比较笼统，后三句说明了具体的措施和做法，英语句子体现具体信息的部分
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause. 4.工程监护：在工程开始后，但在完工移交前，已完工的工程及留在工地的材料、
Are We There Yet? America’s recovery will be much slower than that from most recessions; but the government can help a bit. “WHITHER goest thou, America?” That question, posed by Jack Kerouac on behalf of the Beat generation half a century ago, is the biggest uncertainty hanging over the world economy. And it reflects the foremost worry for American voters, who go to the polls for the congressional mid-term elections on November 2nd with the country’s unemployment rate stubbornly stuck at nearly one in ten. They should prepare themselves for a long, hard ride. The most wrenching recession since the 1930s ended a year ago. But the recovery—none too powerful to begin with—slowed sharply earlier this year. GDP grew by a feeble 1.6% at an annual pace in the second quarter, and seems to have been stuck somewhere similar since. The housing market slumped after temporary tax incentives to buy a home expired. So few private jobs were being created that unemployment looked more likely to rise than fall. Fears grew over the summer that if this deceleration continued, America’s economy would slip back into recession. Fortunately, those worries now seem exaggerated. Part of the weakness of second-quarter GDP was probably because of a temporary surge in imports from China. The latest statistics, from reasonably good retail sales in August to falling claims for unemployment benefits, point to an economy that, though still weak, is not slumping further. And history suggests that although nascent recoveries often wobble for a quarter or two, they rarely relapse into recession. For now, it is most likely that America’s economy will crawl along with growth at perhaps 2.5%: above stall speed, but far too slow to make much difference to the jobless rate. Why, given that America usually rebounds from recession, are the prospects so bleak? That’s because most past recessions have been caused by tight monetary policy. When policy is loosened, demand rebounds. This recession was the result of a financial crisis. Recoveries after financial crises are normally weak and slow as banking systems are repaired and balance-sheets rebuilt. Typically, this period of debt reduction lasts around seven years, which means America would emerge from it in 2014. By some measures, households are reducing their debt burdens unusually fast, but even optimistic seers do not think the process is much more than half over. Battling on the bus America’s biggest problem is that its politicians have yet to acknowledge that the economy is in for such a long, slow haul, let alone prepare for the consequences. A few brave officials are beginning to sound warnings that the jobless rate is likely to “stay high”. But the political debate is more about assigning blame for the recession than about suggesting imaginative ways to give more oomph to the recovery.