I. Introduction
The Old Man and the Sea is a masterpiece of Hemingway. In this novel, Hemingway writes two main characters: Santiago and the boy.
In many books or papers, some writers have discussed about the two heroes from different aspects. As well as I know, these researches are mostly based on the personality of Santiago or the writing style of this novel, but this paper is a combination of the two aspects.
Analyzing Santiago and the boy systematically is a feature of this paper. And this paper gets this purpose though the analysis of the two characters’roles, their personalities and their relationship.
Ⅱ. Role of Santiago in The Old Man and the Se a
A. Santiago---the Vector of the Theme in this Novel
In the novel The old Man and the Sea, The writer uses a typic al Hemingway’s style to writes about Santiago, the boy and the society. Usually, a reader can notice what Santiago and the boy does. But readers seldom pay attention to the society. In this book, Santiago lives in a society only can be judged by succession or failure. To live means to obey the rules of the society, it is also means to fight and to prove oneself. At the same time, the rule of the society can beat down a person. The Marlin and Sharks can be seemed as the reflection of the strong and careless socity1. In modern society, people is determined to be lonely and be in lost, But Santiago wants to show people the inner meaning of life. Just like himself in this novel, everything is lost, but he still can fight to the last moment and find the true meaning of succession. So Santiago is the tool used by the writer to reflect the theme of this novel.
B. Santiago and Symbolism of this Novel
In this novel, Santiago is also a tool for the writer to show the writing style of symbolism. The sea, the old man himself, the marlin, the lions and many other things around Santiago have deep symbolic meaning respectively. There are many kinds of understanding and recognizing about them. Therefore, the novel’s content is rich and abstruse. The se a and the process of Santiago’s struggle against the giant fish can be regarded as the miniature of the people’s life. Santiago’s weatherworn face symbolizes his unlucky fate and his particular eyes carry the symbol of his unusual willpower. “The scar of his hands is the symbol which he experiences the misery, and it is also the proof of his unyielding spirit.”The old man always dreams about the
lions play on the beach symbolizes the exploring spirit, strength and bravery. This is his strength source when he is in danger. Moreover, the relationship between Santiago and the marlin is self-contained and self-meaning. Not only their struggle without hate, but because the struggle itself is a link in that holy chain of life-and-de ath whose sole “reason”is its own existence--the contest becomes an act of l ove, almost an act of worship. “Thus the special relationship between Santiago and the marlin symbolizes the brotherly affec tion between people and nature.”1
III. San tiago’s Literary Meaning in The Old Man and the Sea
A. Personality of Santiago
1. Self-confidence
In this novel, Hemingway succeeds in revealing the outstanding qualities of Santiag o-self-confidence and perseverance. The old fisherman is thin and gaunt; he has deep wrinkles, discolored clothes, but his eyes a re perhaps the key to his soul: “They were the same color as the sea water and were cheerful and undefeated.” It is clear that he has optimistic nature. Day after day, he goes out into the sea, but not getting a single fish for 84 days. He must be very disappointed while he does not lose hope. Instead, he is self-confident of catching a big fish the following day. It is hope and strong belief that encourage him to persist in going on fishing. His conversation with the boy shows his strong will. “How brave and ferocious Joe Di Maggio is!”“Have faith in Y ankee, my son.”Here, he associates himself closely with the old DiMaggio. DiMaggio is a great baseball player, but now he is old and no longer the great champion as he once was. However, in Santiago’s opinion, it is will, pride and endurance rather than strength that make a “champion”.2 At night, he “dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden benches and the white beaches, so white that they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountain.” “He no longer d reamed of storms, or of women, or of great occurrences, or of strength, or of great fish, or of fights, or of contests, or of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach.” He is old now and his youth or strength is left behind him. His dreams give him more courage and confidence which help him to confront bad luck bravely. Then, the book describes the detailed process when Santiago fished. All above shows Santiago is indomitable and steadfast.3
2. Optimism
The second part of Santiago’s story begins with the early morning of the next day.
Hopefully, Santiago sails silently on the black sea. It is very quiet all around. He goes “out into the clean early morning smell of the ocean,” hearing “the trembli ng sound as flying fish left the water and the hissing that their stiff set wings made as they soared away in the darkness,” and “He was rowing steadily.”He enjoys the beauty of nature, without considering the disappointment of previous days. To him, a new day is a new start. This is a kind of pure doctrine which ever flourished in ancient times. Also, it takes a rather important position in American literature. This kind of philosophy was popular in the 20th century, especially among American writers who went through the two world wars. Santiago believes in simplicity. He is simply dressed and sails alone on the sea, not using modern tools, neither a map nor a compass. “This kind of circumstance which is cut off from the outside world is suitable for the typical character that Hemingway has written-Santiago’s hope.” 4 He depends on his own experience to show values of existence.
He lives on his hope, this hope give him the courage to fight with bad luck and ridicules around him.
3. Fortitude
Fortunately, Santiago caught a giant fist on the afternoon of the eight-fifth day. He regards the big fish as his brother, and he pays his compliment to it, but he has to kill it. Because he needs it to prove his success to the people around him, the struggle between Santiago and the big fish begins. During the fighting, Santiago thought of his past. He remembers what happened when he was in Africa, when he “played the hand game with the great Negro from Cei nfugos.”He also recalled his energetic youth. Such recollections of the past give him more courage and confidence. For two days, he struggles against the giant fish on the sea. Every time he is “on the point of feeling himself is going, he forces himself to try it once more”. He is extreme1y tired. Solitary, he can tur n to no one for help. “I’ll try it again”, he encourages himself. It is only “try it again” makes him go on fighting.5 On the third day, he manages to kill the marlin with his spear. Up to now, we should give a hearty respect to Santiago, a really great hero, who never gives up, who never retreats from difficulties.
The writer writes the fish; actually he intends to write Santiago. The stronger and larger the fish is, the greater and more unyielding Santiago is! And the more outstanding the theme of the novel is! Santiago is worthy of the title “true winner”, because “A true winner, should be the
perfect combination of self-confidence and steadfastness.”So we can say the personality of Santiago is unconquerable, hopeful and fortitude.
B. The Social Judgment to Santiago
1. The Social Prejudice on Santiago
After 84 days without a fish, the other fishermen around him all think Santiago is a loser. All the fisherman, believing the standard of judging a fisherman good or bad is how big the fish he has got. Even the boy’s parents, who send their child to study for fishing from Santiago, thought Santiago is a salao, and force the child to leave him. In other fisherman’s eyes,the sack of Santiago just likes a flag of permanent. And all the other fishermen think Santiago had been defeated by the bad luck and it is no use for Santiago to struggle against bad luck. It is any a problem of time for Santiago to give up.
In this novel, we can know Santiago is a lonely man. It looks he bad no relatives. There any a few words talk about his passed wife, “a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall, but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt.” When he is sailing, he thinks speak to himself or the nature things is a good habit. So on the day he got the big fish, he speaks to the sea, the birds and the fish. On the process of fighting with the big fish, he speaks to himself for seven times. “if that boy is here, things would be better.” From these sentences, we can know that the old man is brave enough to face his bad luck, but he also want the care of the society. Santiago is so lonely; he even can not find a person to speak to. All the causes are the people around him think he is a salao and have prejudice on him.
Even the old man has noticed he had been cast away from the society. After he got the big fish, he had spoken to it, “Or you may be discarded away, just like me.” So the other fishermen find it is better to cast away a salao-Santiago, and Santiago himself finds it is better for him to leave the society and fight along. Escaping from the society is Santiago’s method to avoid the prejudice of the society. And this is his best way to avoid the prejudice of the society.
2. The Social Misunderstanding to Santiago
Because of their different believes, other fishermen often mistake Santiago. Other persons around him often use their standard of judgment to evaluate Santiago.
Other fishermen request Santiago to obey the standard of success developed by the society.
Though Santiago gets a big fish, because of the sharks, the big fish only have a bone left. To Santiago, he thinks he had done what he can do to fight with the sharks and the big fish. But other people around him even what to hide his success.
In the last part of this novel, after Santiago put the bone of the big fish on the beach, a party is holding there. Among the empty bear and dead barracudas, a woman saw a great long white spine with a huge tail at the end that lifted and swung with the tide while the east wind blew a heavy steady sea outside the entrance to the harbor. It was Santiago’s “big fish bone”. “What that?” she asks a waiter and point to the long backbone of the big great fish that was now just garbage waiting to go out with the tide. “Tiburon.” The waiter said, “Sharks.” He was meaning to explain what happened. “I didn’t know sharks had such handsome, beautiful formed tails.” “I didn’t either,” her male complain said. From these sentences, the pity of Santiago is stronger than ever before. If the tourists know it is Santiago’s big fish bone, he maybe will ask the person around her the beautiful and sad story of Santiago. It can be the old man’s only result after 84 days sailing for nothing and 3 days’ fight with the big fish. But the waiter is failed to tell the tourist Santiago’s story. No matter he does this from his heart or just inadvertently, his action lead the old man failed to prove himself is still a winner in the society. So this result makes Santiago’s fight with th e big fish recognized by nobody, and it makes Santiago’s story sadder. It is the society’s mistaking and misunderstanding caused that.
IV. Role of the Boy in The Old Man and the Sea
A. Making Santiago’s Pressure Seems more Tragic
The boy helps Santiago to show “elegant before pressure”. This novel wants to describe how a man can keep elegant before a doom loses, and Santiago shows this to the reader. “Being elegant before pressure was consisted by two aspects--pressure and elegance. Pressure is a preparation, any before pressure, elegant can be shown. And the two aspects are all shown through the boy.6Through the boy’s leaving, Santiago gives readers a feeling of pressure, and through the begi nning and ending of this novel’s description of Santiago and the boy’s dialogs, readers can see Santiago’s elegance and strong.
The first part describes the difficult situation the old man faces: An old man and 84 days sailing without a fish. But the readers’ pity can not be arisen by a number. So the boy is needed, through their communication, readers can get a very good impression of Santiago’s difficulty.
And before this pressure-84 days sailing without a fish, the old man’s losing looks more sad. So Santiago’s elegance will be more gratitude.
At the beginning, the boy goes out for fishing with Santiago every day. But they do not get a fish for 40 days. This is unluckily enough to a old man. Because of the force of the boy’s parents’force, the boy have to leave Santiago and sailing with another boat. In the old man’s heart, it is another hurt to him.7Lonely and losing partner, these are the second pressure to Santiago. The boy had been sailing with Santiago since he was 5 years old, and Santiago’s wi fe had passed away for many years. So the boy is the only person who gets along with him. To Santiago, the boy is a friend of him both on spirit and in day-to-day life. Because of Santiago’s unlucky, the boy was forced to leave him, this is a great lose to the old man. What is worse, 44 days after the boy’s leaving, Santiago still can not catch a fish. That made Santiago nearly lost all of his hope. This gives a fatal below to a old man. All the three pressures have relationship with the boy, so the boy is the writer’s tool to d isplay the old man’s difficult situation.
From anther aspect, after the boy’s leave for another boat, the boat on which the boy stays gets three big fishes in a week. So it is a good a comparison between the old man’s bad luck and other fishermen. Fishermen often believe in luck. That can be proved by the old man’s action of buying lottery. so that, it is no matter for other boats to catch fishes, but the good luck only happen on the boat on which the boy had changed to, and the time is one week after the boy’s leaving. In other fishermen’s eyes,this is an evidence of the old man’s bad luck. This is a great beat to the old man.
B. Helping Santiago to Show the “Santiago’s Elegance”
To this section, the pressures the old man had faced is enough. With the help of the boy, the writer turns to the second stage of this novel that is how to reflect the elegance of the old man.
First, when the boy was asked to leave Santiago, he did not refuse him. Santiago is self-confidence, in his heart, he hope the boy could stay with him. But when the boy asks for staying, he also refuses him. “No, you are on a luckily boat, go on with them.”“If you are my boy, I could take you on the sail, but you have your parents, and you are on a luckily boat.” From these sentences, we can kwon Santiago has high responsibility for the boy.
At the second time the boy asks for staying, the old man also refused him. But at last,
Santiago agrees with the boy’s request of staying after his fighting with the big fish. It looks Santiago changes his attitude to the boy. In fact,it shows the self-confidence of Santiago, he believe he can create a bright further with the boy.
It is the boy gives Santiago the chance to display his personality. The boy creates the difficult situation for Santiago; he also helps Santiago to deal with these difficulties at the last part of Santiago’s story.
V. T he Boy’s Litera ry Meaning in the Old Man and the Sea
A. Successor of Santiago
1. Successor of Santiago’s Spirit
The boy can be regarded as a successor of Santiago’s spirit, the world choose material as its standard of success, that can be regarded as a struggle between standard and the society. Santiago wants the boy to choose high spirit to guide his action, but the society wants the boy to do what can lead to real material value.
When the boy said to the old man, he often uses an elegant and care tone. He looks the old man as a partner more than a teacher who is teaching him how to fish.8“I thanked him already,”“I have been asked you to.”from these sentence, we can see he never think he is worse than Santiago, he thinks he is one of the few persons who can understand Santiago. After he was forced to leave Santiago to fish on another boat, he also thinks it was his parents instead of himself decided to leave the old man, “and the best man is you.’’“There are many good fishermen and some great ones, but there is only you.” I n the boy’s opinion, have the courage to go on sailing and struggle against bad luck is the key point to decide weather a fisherman is good or bad.
2. Successor of Santiago in Real World
The boy is also a successor of old man in real world. After the old man go back home, the boy decided to go on fishing with him. “The hell with luck,”the boy said to the old man. That shows the boy start to agree with the old man’s spirit: To struggle strongly by oneself is more important than to be decided by the fate.
B. The Process of the Boy’s Emotion Shift
The boy’s emotion to Santiago has changed for two times, and neither time reflect the boy’s love of the old man.9
1. Caring about the Old Man
Stage one, he just cares about Santiago. The boy’s care to the old man is very simple-Santiago teaches him how to fish, so the boy loves him. When in Santiago’s “unluckily days”, the boy cares about Santiago more. The difficult situation of Santiago makes h im “can not feel happy for my success”, this also shows the boy’s care for Santiago is from his heart. He “sees the old man’s boat returns without a fish in it,a feeling of pain arose in his heart.” He wants to return to Santiago. After been refused, he a lso wants “to do something for the old man.” The boy likes to remember the past bad luck days with Santiago, he want use this method to encourage Santiago to go on fighting with the bad luck.
In Santiago’s disappoint days, because of the boy’s encouragement, he can go on fighting with his difficult situation. When Santiago is fighting with the big fish, he admits, “if without the boy, I have been finished, that must be true.” The boy want s Santiago to success. But at the same time, he also cares about the old man’s hearth. So he “try to get him to work far out”, “then if you have something truly big, we can come to you ai d.” This is the boy’s car ing about Santiago . And this is the boy’s first emotion stage to Santiago.
2. Agreeing with the Old Man’s Spirit
At the second stage, the boy is agree with Santiago’s spirit and his panic feeling to Santiago’s suffer.10After Santiago’s return from the sea,the big fish caught by him had been swelled by sharks, nothing left but an useless bone. At this moment, the boy’s sight is beyond the big fish bone, he sees the inner meaning of the old man’s success. “They beat me, Marlins,” “they truly beat me.” the old man said, “he didn’t beat you, not the fish.” The boy replies. From these sentences, reader can know the boy’s agreement with Santiago is from his heart.
At the same time, this is what the old man wants to prove to the boy. When he is sailing on the sea, he has said to himself “I am the best fisherman, now the big fish gives me a chance to prove that.”But at last, Santiago had nothing left except his injured hands. When the boy sees the blooding hands of him, what making him feel panic is the success of Santiago had been eaten by the sharks. At this point, the boy’s love of the old man makes him can not help cr ying out. At this stage, the boy’s heart has been conquered by the old man’s spirit.
VI. Conclusion
The old man and the sea is a masterpiece in its theme and language using.13From the
analysis of the two characters, readers can know better about its inner meaning, and even know better about Hemingway’s writing style. Both Santiago and the boy have their personalities different from the other fishermen around them. If a reader want to know the theme of this novel deeply enough, he should analyze the personalities of the two characters. From the writing process of this paper, I have learned much knowledge from books and my teachers. I show my thanks to my teachers and all the persons who have helped me in writing this paper.
Notes
1王敏、陶士云，“The Symbolism of the Old Man and the Sea,”《科技信息》(科学科研)，2007年，第16页。
2 http://210.41.40.202/kns50/scdbsearch/scdetail.aspx?QueryID=21&CurRec=16
3 Ibid..
4 Ibid..
5 http://210.41.40.202/kns50/scdbsearch/scdetail.aspx?QueryID=21&CurRec=26
6 李晓娟、赵一宇，“Grace under Pressure—The Analysis of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea,”《语文学刊》，2007年，第5页。
7 Ibid..
8 http://210.41.40.202/kns50/scdbsearch/scdetail.aspx?QueryID=69&CurRec=23
9 Ibid..
10 Ibid..
11王占梅、蔡丽文，《英文名篇鉴赏金库》（小说卷），天津：天津人民出版社，2006年，第207页。
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教育科学学院 关于本科毕业论文脚注和参考文献的补充说明 根据《参考文献及注释规范(国际标准)》、《参考文献格式国家标准》（中华人民共和国国家标准UDC 025.32/GB 7714-87),参照《聊城大学关于硕士学位论文的基本要求》相关内容，经请示教务处并结合我院本科论文工作实际，制定《教育科学学院专业本科毕业论文脚注和参考文献的补充说明》，供参考。 一、脚注 每页的脚注单独编号，用“①②③……”数字序号表示。格式示例如下：期刊： 序号主要责任人.题名[文献类型标识].刊名,年(期):起止页码. 专著： 序号主要责任人．题名[文献类型标识]．出版地：出版者，出版年,起止页码．如： ①杨邦,李俊.互文性阅读概论[J],中学语文教学参考,2001（8）:19-23． 二、参考文献 按论文中参考文献出现的先后顺序用阿拉伯数字连续编号，将序号置于方括号内，参考文献中每条项目应齐全。文献中的作者不超过三位时全部列出；超过三位时一般只列前三位，后面加“等”字或“et al.”；作者姓名之间用逗号分开；中外人名一律采用姓在前，名在后的著录法。每一参考文献条目的最后均以“．”结束。格式示例如下： 1.期刊 [序号] 主要责任人.题名[文献类型标识].刊名,年 (期):起止页码． 例如： [1] 杨邦,李俊.互文性阅读概论[J].中学语文教学参考,2001（8）:19-23． [2] 金显贺,王昌长,王忠东等.一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术 ［J］.清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993(4):62-67. 2.专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 [序号] 主要责任人.题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年. 例如（任选）： [3] 王齐乐.香港中文教育发展史[M].香港:三联书店,1991. [4] 辛希孟.信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集［C］.北京：中 国社会科学出版社,1994.
科技论文使用的参考文献标注规范 1.参考文献(WX) 1.1 参考文献是对期刊论文引文进行统计和分析的重要信息源之一，本规范采用 GB7714推荐的顺序编码制格式著录。 1.2 参考文献著录项目 a.主要责任者（专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写 人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者）。多个责任者之间以“，”分隔，注意 在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“．”。主要责任者只列姓名，其后不加“著”、“编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。 b.文献提名及版本（初版省略）。 c.文献类型及载体类型标识。 d.出版社（出版地、出版者、出版序）。 e.文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址。 f.文献起止页码。 g.文献标准编号（标准号、专利号……）。 1.3 参考文献类型及其标识。 1.3.1 根据GB3469规定，以单字母方式标识一下各种参考文献类型： 其他未说明的文献类型，建议采用单字母“Z”. 1.3.3 对于数据库(database)、计算机程序(computer program)及电子公告(electronic bulletin board)等电子文献类型的参考文献，建议以下双字母作为标识： 1.3.4 对于非纸张型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标识中同时表明其载体类型。本规范建议采用双子目表示电子文献载体类型：磁带(magnetic tape)—MT，磁盘(disk)—DK，光盘(CD-ROM)—CD，联机网络(online)—OL，并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型表识： [文献类型表识/载体类型表识] 如：[DB/OL]—联机网上数据库(database online) [DB/MT]—磁带数据库(database onmagnetic tape) [M/CD]—光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM) [CP/DK ]—磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL]—网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL]—网上电子公告(electronic bolletin board online)
摘要 改革开放30年以来，浙江省的加工贸易在政策引导下实现了跨越性发展，随着经济全球化的进一步加深，加工贸易在浙江省未来的贸易经济发展中将会起到更加重要的作用。目前浙江省加工贸易普遍存在产业规模较小、产品技术含量低、引进外资不足、监管模式效率低下等问题。针对这些问题，我们应该优化产业结构，引进外资，加强技术研究，加强政策引导，强化部门协调，改善经营环境，加强服务意识，进一步促进浙江省加工贸易平稳的发展。 关键词：加工贸易，浙江省，产业结构升级 Abstract Since 30 years of reform and opening up, Zhejiang Province's processing trade has realized the spanning development under the policy guidance, along with the further deepening of economic globalization, the processing trade will play a more vital role in the Zhejiang Province’s future trade economic development. At present the Zhejiang Province’s processing trade universally exists some problems, such as industry scale to be small, the technical content of product to be low, introduction of foreign capital to be insufficient, the efficiency of supervision pattern to be low and so on. In view of these questions, we should optimize the industrial structure, introduce the foreign capital, strengthen the engineering research, strengthen the policy guidance, strengthen departmental co-ordination, improve the condition of business, strengthen the service consciousness and further promotes the Zhejiang Province’s processing trade developed steadily. Key words:Processing trade, Zhejiang province, The upgrading of the industrial structure -I-
[1] 刘洁. 布依族妇女婚姻状况改变的意义[J]. 黔西南民族师范高等专科学校学报. 2005(02) [2] 王鸣明. 布依族社会文化变迁研究[D]. 中央民族大学2005 [3] 徐安琪. 新疆维吾尔族的婚姻制度与妇女福利[J]. 妇女研究论丛. 2000(05) [4] 张雷军. 布依族的家庭与人生习俗[J]. 中外文化交流. 1998(05) [5] 夏吟兰，何俊萍主编.婚姻家庭法教程[M]. 中国政法大学出版社，2001 [6] 张希坡着.中国婚姻立法史[M]. 人民出版社，2004 [7] 殷鑫. 生态正义视野下的生态损害赔偿法律制度研究[D]. 华中师范大学2013 [8] 谭俊峰. 司法公信力研究[D]. 华中师范大学2014 [9] 周子凡. 劳动权的法律保障研究[D]. 华中师范大学2013 [10] 丁海江. 我国社会管理创新机制研究[D]. 华中师范大学2013 [11] 张晋藩主编.中国法制史[M]. 高等教育出版社，2003 [12] 刘星着.西窗法雨[M]. 法律出版社，2003 [13] 赵霖. 唯物史观视野下布依族婚姻习俗与婚姻立法研究[D]. 华中师范大学2013 [14] 郑承燕. 辽代贵族丧葬制度研究[D]. 南开大学2012 [15] 马永红. 曲硐回族丧葬文化研究[D]. 云南大学2014 [16] [美]哈罗德J.伯尔曼(HaroldJ.Berman)着，梁治平译.法律与宗教[M]. 中国政法大学出版社，2003 [17] 乐天. 青海蒙古族婚俗文化[J]. 青海民族研究. 1996(02) [18] 王兰圃. 布依族婚俗应进行改革[J]. 社会. 1984(01) [19] 方砚. 近代以来中国婚姻立法的移植与本土化[D]. 华东政法大学2014
我不会写参考文献 参考文献类型：专著［M］，论文集［C］，报纸文章［N］，期刊文章［J］，学位论文［D］，报告［R］，标准［S］，专利［P］，论文集中的析出文献［A］ 电子文献类型：数据库［DB］，计算机［CP］，电子公告［EB］ 电子文献的载体类型：互联网［OL］，光盘［CD］，磁带［MT］，磁盘［DK］ A：专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［文献类型标识］.出版地：出版者，出版年:起止页码（可选） ［1］刘国钧，陈绍业.图书馆目录［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，1 957:15-18. B:期刊文章 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［J］.刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码［1］何龄修.读南明史［J］.中国史研究，1998,(3):167-173. ［2］OU J P，SOONG T T，et al.Recent advance in research o n applications of passive energy dissipation systems［J］.Earthq uack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361. C:论文集中的析出文献 ［序号］析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名［A］.原文献主要责任
者（可选）.原文献题名［C］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码［7］钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用［A］.赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集［C］.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1996.468. D：报纸文章 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期（版次）［8］谢希德.创造学习的新思路［N］.人民日报，1998-12-25（10）. E：电子文献 [文献类型/载体类型标识]：[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、[M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库 ［序号］主要责任者.电子文献题名［电子文献及载体类型标识］.电子文献的出版或获得地址，发表更新日期/引用日期 ［12］王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展［EB/ OL］.https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee15929566.html,/pub/wml.html，1998-08-16/1998-1 0-01. ［8］万锦.中国大学学报文摘（1983-1993）.英文版［DB/CD］.北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996
论文参考文献的规范写法格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后；表上以“参考文献：”(左顶格)或“［参考文献］” (居中)作为标识；参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如［1］、［2］、…，以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。参照ISO 690及ISO 690-2，每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下： 参考文献的具体类型： 专著［M］，论文集［C］，报纸文章［N］，期刊文章［J］，学位论文［D］，报告［R］，标准［S］，专利［P］，论文集中的析出文献［A］，电子文献类型：数据库［DB］，计算机［CP］，电子公告［EB］，电子文献的载体类型：互联网［OL］，光盘［CD］，磁带［MT］，磁盘［DK］。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： (1)作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓, 名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I. Gordon. (2)书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature, English Weekly. 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号] 作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003（6）：107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计（论文）教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004（1）：46-52. [3]Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2．专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧，王连成.图书馆史研究[Ｍ].北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18.
1 绪 企业，日发电综合指标和月发电综合指标是体现企业效益的标准.…在系统设计方案 上，我们不仅要满足基本数据处理的需求，而且要面向企业的可扩展化、规范化、集成化的高指标要求，为此，在结合企业实际生产环节的各种数据基础上，结合计算机 二级标题 1.1.1 OOA/OOD 即方法简单、易学，适合于面向对象技术的初学者使用. UML 中的视图包括：用例视图（Use-case view ）、逻辑视图（Logical view ）、组件视图（Component view ）、并发视图（Concurrency view ）、展开视图（Deployment view ）等五种，能够使用其他的视图还有静态-动态视图、逻辑-物理视图、工作流程视图等. (1) (2) ① ② 对象图：图中的术语、符号、单位等应同文字表述所用一致；图序及图名置于图的下方，居中排写.需要的话，可在图名之下加附图说明. 图1-1 UML 的发展历程
二级标题 1.2.1 三级标题 .图、表、公式等与正文之间要有一行的间距. 编号 .如：例，图2-5，表 3-2，公式(5-1)等. 定义 定理 例 若图或表中有附注，采用英文小写字母顺序编号，附注写在图或表的下方. 0sin()y t ω?=+ (1-1) 表: 表格应随文给出，先见文后见表；表中参数应标明量和单位的符号；表序及表名置于表的上方，居中排写；一张表格应为一个整体，表格一页排不下允许下页接写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写“续表××”.表格不加左右边线. 表格应为标准科技论文三线表格式! UML 不仅可以为软件系统创建模型，还可以描述其它非计算机软件的系统，或是商业机构或过程.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee15929566.html, 遵守法律论文参考文献 一、遵守法律论文期刊参考文献 [1].“遵守法律”与“法律权威”——从两部戏剧看中西法律文化的差异. 《天中学刊》.2014年5期.何鹏. [2].董事勤勉义务和遵守法律、公司章程的关系——从比较法的角度. 《时代法学》.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2010年3期.佐藤孝弘. [3]. 部队处突中服从命令与遵守法律关系探析. 《法制博览》.2015年4期.杨东斌.王秋峰. [4].依法治企评价及实现途径问题初探. 《世纪桥》.2015年3期.柳峰. [5].恪守人生的斑马线谈遵守法律的重要性. 《才智》.2015年13期.李桂英. [6].道德的两种形态对法治功能的两重向度. 《台州学院学报》.2014年4期.龚怀林. [7].从遵守纪律到遵守法律. 《中学生阅读（高中教研版）》.2012年4期.李鹏洁. [8].小心“路怒症”. 《中国校外教育（上旬刊）》.2015年8期.袁青. [9].记者应成为遵守法律、法规的模范. 《新闻与写作》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2007年10期.方孜行. [10].信服法律尊重法律遵守法律. 《大连干部学刊》.2004年4期.李军. 二、遵守法律论文参考文献学位论文类 [1].论法律的基本必为性规范.被引次数：4 作者：钱锦宇.法学理论山东大学2008（学位年度） [2].遵守法律的理由？——对分析实证法学观点之辨析. 作者：潘华志.法学理论党校2007（学位年度）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee15929566.html, [3].法律为什么得不到遵守. 作者：黎晓毅.法学理论中山大学2010（学位年度） [4].论法的概念及其实现.被引次数：1 作者：郭常明.法学理论重庆大学2011（学位年度） [5].法律正义与公民服从的关系研究. 作者：尹晓华.马克思主义基本原理华东交通大学2012（学位年度） [6].反洗钱法中的交易报告制度研究.被引次数：1 作者：王芳.在职法硕山东大学2011（学位年度） [7].完善交通管理的法律思考——以交通管理守法和违法成本为视角. 作者：马景生.法律学天津师范大学2012（学位年度） [8].论法律规范的有效性.被引次数：1 作者：王坤.法学理论上海大学2007（学位年度） [9].公司社会责任研究——《公司法》(2005)第5条第1款的展开. 作者：姚涛.法律学西南政法大学2008（学位年度） [10].法律变革中的推动性力量：从暴力威慑到利益链条——以结婚证的领取为例. 作者：吴小松.经济法贵州大学2008（学位年度） 三、遵守法律论文专著参考文献 [1]招投标中工程成本价的法律探讨. 徐江，2011第四届西部律师发展论坛 [2]现实反抗、文学书写与精神资源论鲁迅与法律的三个层面. 黎保荣，2012“民国社会历史与中国现代文学”学术研讨会 [3]对当前完善律师为犯罪嫌疑人提供法律帮助制度的思考. 李凯鸿，2011第四届西部律师发展论坛 [4]董必武执政党建设思想探析. 张泗汉，2011中国法学会董必武法学思想研究会2011董必武学术研讨会 [5]关于饲养动物损害责任几个法律问题的思考. 王志刚，20102010年博鳌法学论坛暨第七届法官与学者对话民商法论坛
中文注释的格式 1、当文章引用或借用的资料所在的著作第一次出现于注释中时，须将该书作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版者、出版年代及引用资料所在的页码一并注出。 （1）引用专著例： 李道揆：《美国政府和美国政治》，北京．中国社会科学出版社，1990年版，第72－74页。 说明：（a）作者姓名后面用冒号；著作名用书名号标出，书名号后加逗号；出版地后用间隔号（中圆点）；出版社名称后加逗号；出版年代后加“版”字，再加逗号；页码后用句号。（b）著作者如系二人，作者姓名之间用顿号分隔，如：xxx、xxx；如系二人以上，可写出第一作者姓名，后面加“等”字省略其他作者，如：xxx等。 (c）著作名如有副标题，则在书名号内以破折号将标题与副标题隔开。如：陈宝森：《美国经济与政府政策——从罗斯福到里根》，北京．世界知识出版社，1988年版，第124页。（ d）著作如系多卷本，须在书名号后面直接写出引用资料所在的卷数，再加句号。如：徐民：《抗美援朝的历史回顾》上卷，北京．中国广播出版社，1990年版，第5页。 （e）出版地应包括省、自治区及其下属的市名，直辖市只注市名，如：吉林延吉．延边教育出版社；北京．国际文化出版公司。 如出版社名称本身已含其中某一级地名，则可不必在出版地中重复注出，如：南京．江苏人民出版社，不必注为江苏南京．江苏人民出版社；北京出版社，不必注为北京．北京出版社。 （2）引用译著例： J．布卢姆等：《美国的历程》下册第二分册（杨国标、张儒林译，黄席群校），北京．商务印书馆，1988年版，第97页。 说明：（a）作者姓名中除姓（family name）外，名与中间名（first name 和middle name）均可用缩写形式表示，如缩写，须用英文缩写符号（下圆点）；如将姓名全部译出，则须在姓名之间加中文间隔符号（中圆点）。 （b）书名号后或多卷本著作卷次、册次后直接加圆括号，括号内注明中文译、校者姓名。 （3）引用编著例： 杨生茂主编：《美国外交政策史，1775—1989》，北京．人民出版社，1991年版，第23页。韩铁等：《战后美国史，1945—1986》（刘绪贻、杨生茂主编），北京．人民出版社，1989年版，第56页。 说明：（a）第一例适用于仅有编者的著作。在编者姓名后，根据该书提供的信息加入“编”或“主编”，再加冒号；其余部分与著作类注释格式同。 （b）第二例适用于既有编者，又有著者的著作。这类注释与著作类注释基本相同，但须在书名号后加圆括号，括号内注明编者姓名，再在括号后加句号。 （4）引用文集或期刊、杂志内文章例： 马克思：《哥达纲领批判》，载《马克思恩格斯选集》第三卷，北京．人民出版社，1972年版，第21页。 弗．杰姆逊：《处于跨国资本主义时代中的第三世界文学》，载《新历史主义与文学批评》（张京媛主编），北京大学出版社，1992年版，第251页。 吴展：《试论核裁军的几个问题》，载《美国研究》1994年第3期，第43页。 说明：（a）先注作者名和篇名，篇名用书名号标出，书名号后加逗号；再注出文集或
毕业论文参考文献标注方法 一、参考文献的主要作用 1、反映研究者的研究基础。科研工作具有继承性，大多研究成果是对前人研究的一种深化和拓展。 2、尊重前人和他人的知识成果。参考文献是前人研究成果的一种表现形式，引用参考文献是论文作者的权利，而著录参考文献则是其法律义务，引用了前人的资料又不列出参考文献，会被认为是抄袭或剽窃行为。 3、反映论文作者的科学态度。说明本文所引用的论点、资料和数据均有出处可查，以便读者核查。 4、向读者推荐一批经过精选的文献。参考文献能为读者深入探讨某些问题提供有关文献的线索，帮助其查阅原始文献，进一步研读作者引用的内容，以求证自己的观点和解决自己的需求。 5、节约论文篇幅。在科研论文中，作者引用或借鉴别人的方法和观点来佐证自己将要展开的论点等，如果把所涉及的内容全都写下来，有时候容易造成论文内容繁琐、重点不明。正确列出了所引的参考文献，论文中所需表述的内容凡已有文献所载者不必详述，只需标注参考文献号码即可解决。 二、参考文献写法的误区 1、文献引用不符合要求
具体表现有：(1)所列文献范围过宽，凡所参阅过的均列入其中，如教材、内部刊物、获奖过但并未公开发表的成果报告等;(2)所列文献过多，如有些同学认为文献越多越好，将参阅过的文章书籍后的参考文献也悉数收录，有些文献同学们并没有亲自阅读，只是认为跟自己的文章搭点边，也凑数其后;(3)所列文献过少，有些同学怕自己文章引述别人东西太多，被人认为抄袭，故意将一些重要参考文献略去;(4)对文献的理解偏面，以为只有引用文献原文才需要列出;(5)大而不当，将整期刊物甚至连续几期杂志或整张报纸作为参考文献，如有的同学参阅了一期《人民教育》杂志中的一篇文章，参考文献会写：《人民教育》2004年1—12期。 2、文献著录不符合规范 具体表现有：(1)漏写项目，如有的文献只有著者和篇名，有的书籍漏掉出版社，有的期刊漏掉年份期号等;(2)项目过杂，如有的丛书文献总主编、分册主编甚至副主编以及丛书名称，分册名称、主副标题等写了一大堆;(3)次序杂乱，如有的文献条目先写篇名，有的先写著者，有的先写期刊名等不统一，不按定规;(4)数字、标点符号不规范，如一会儿是中文数字，一会儿是阿拉伯数字，一会儿是用黑点，一会儿用书名号;(5)不按标注排列，参考文献在文内有标注的一般要按顺序排列，不能杂乱无序。 三、常见文献的类型及标识
参考文献标准格式 参考文献类型：专著［M］，论文集［C］，报纸文章［N］，期刊文章［J］，学位论文［D］，报告［R］，标准［S］，专利［P］，论文集中的析出文献［A］电子文献类型：数据库［DB］，计算机［CP］，电子公告［EB］ 电子文献的载体类型：互联网［OL］，光盘［CD］，磁带［MT］，磁盘［DK］ A：专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［文献类型标识］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码（可选） ［1］刘国钧，陈绍业.图书馆目录［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，1957.15-18. B:期刊文章 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［J］.刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码 ［1］何龄修.读南明史［J］.中国史研究，1998,(3):167-173. ［2］OU J P，SOONG T T，et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems［J］.Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-36 1. C:论文集中的析出文献 ［序号］析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名［A］.原文献主要责任者（可选）.原文献题名［C］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码 ［7］钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用［A］.赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集［C］.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1996.4 68. D：报纸文章 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期（版次） ［8］谢希德.创造学习的新思路［N］.人民日报，1998-12-25（10）. E：电子文献 [文献类型/载体类型标识]：[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、 [M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库 ［序号］主要责任者.电子文献题名［电子文献及载体类型标识］.电子文献的出版或获得地址，发表更新日期/引用日期 ［12］王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展［EB/OL］.http:// https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee15929566.html,/pub/wml.html，1998-08-16/1998-10-01. ［8］万锦.中国大学学报文摘（1983-1993）.英文版［DB/CD］.北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996.
论文目录正文附录参考 文献的要求 文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）
1 绪 论 系统设计方案上，我们不仅要满足基本数据处理的需求，而且要面向企业的可扩展化、规范化、集成化的高指标要求，为此，在结合企业实际生产环节的各种数据基础上，结合计算机技术的最新发展来规划和实现系统的体系化分析和设计.… 二级标题 大化[1].…. 1.1.1 OOA/OOD 即Coad/Yourdon 方法：它是最早的面向对象的分析和设计方法之一.该方法简单、易学，适合于面向对象技术的初学者使用. UML 中的视图包括：用例视图（Use-case view ）、逻辑视图（Logical view ）、组件视图（Component view ）、并发视图（Concurrency view ）、展开视图（Deployment view ）等五种，能够使用其他的视图还有静态-动态视图、逻辑(1) (2) ① ② 对象图：图中的术语、符号、单位等应同文字表述所用一致；图序及图名置于图的下方，居中排写.需要的话，可在图名之下加附图说明. 图1-1 UML 的发展历程
二级标题 1.2.1 三级标题 虚线. 字分章编号 .如：例，图2-5，表3-2，公式(5-1)等. 定义 定理 例 . 0sin()y t ω?=+ (1-1) 表: 表格应随文给出，先见文后见表；表中参数应标明量和单位的符号；表序及表名置于表的上方，居中排写；一张表格应为一个整体，表格一页排不下允许下页接写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写“续表××”.表格不加左右边线. 表格应为标准科技论文三线表格式! UML 不仅可以为软件系统创建模型，还可以描述其它非计算机软件的系统，或是商业机构或过程.
法学论文参考文献 一： [1]陈新民:《中国行政法学原理》，中国政法大学出版社 2002年版. [2]王和雄:《论行政不作为之权利保护》，台湾三民书局 1994年版. [3]周佑勇:《行政不作为判解》，武汉大学出版社2000 年版. [4]周佑勇《论行政不作为》，载于罗豪才主编《行政法 论从》第2卷1999年版. [5]胡建淼：《行政违法问题探究》，法律出版社2000年 版. [6]张树义：《行政法学》，高等教育出版社2007年版. [7]应松年主编：《当代中国行政法》(上、下)，中国方 正出版社2006年版. [8]马怀德主编《：司法改革与行政诉讼制度的完善》， 中国政法大学出版社2004年版. [9]姜明安主编：《行政诉讼法》，法律出版社2006年版.
[10]马怀德：《行政法制度建构与判例研究》，中国政法大学出版社2004年版. [11]胡建淼：《行政法学》，法律出版社2003年版. [12]翁岳生主编：《行政法学》(上、下)，中国法制出版社2000年版. [13]吴庚：《行政法之理论与适用》，中国人民大学出版社2004年版. [14]黄竹胜：《行政法解释学建构》，山东人民出版社2007年版. [15]陈光中主编：《审判公正问题研究》，中国政法大学出版社2004年版. [16]陈光中主编：《中国司法制度的基础理论专题研究》，北京大学出版社2005年版. [17]江必新主编：《中国行政诉讼制度的完善行政诉讼法修改问题实务研究》，法律出版社2005年版. [18]蔡小雪：《行政复议与行政诉讼的衔接》，中国法制出版社2003年版. [19]甘文:《行政诉讼法司法解释之评论》，中国法制出版社2000年版. [20]王名扬：《法国行政法》，中国政法人学出版社1989年版.
论文注释参考文献规范 顺序编码制文后参考文献表编排格式 参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列于文后,表上以“参考文献：”(左顶格)作为标志;英文文章后的参考文献表上以“References:”(左顶格)作为标志;参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如[1]、[2]、…，以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。 【作者】 .【文章题目名(中文文献)】 .【期刊名】，【年】 (【期】 ) 【作者】 .【图书名(中文文献)】 .【出版社】，【出版年】，【页数】 【作者】 .【文章题目名(外文文献)】 .【期刊名】，【年】 (【期】 ) 【作者】 .【图书名(外文文献)】 .【出版社】，【出版年】，【页数】 每条文献只与一个序号相对应;当文献题名等内容相同而仅页码不同时,可将页码注在正文中的指示序号后。如[1]85, 如[1]153, 如[1]226 参照ISO 690及ISO 690-2，每一参考文献条目的末尾均以“.”结束。 一篇文章的引用参考部分包括注释和参考文献两部分，注释是作者自己的解释(转引的参考文献也可以放在注释里)，参考文献仅需列出参考书或论文的名称、作者、出版社或发表的期刊、著作时间或期刊期数等。注释用圆圈1 2标注，放脚注，参考文献用[1][2]标注，放尾注。 有的刊物要求注释和参考文献都要在内文标注，有的刊物对参考文献不要求内文标注，在尾注列出就行。按最新的CNKI规范的要求应是前者。为保险起见，你还是都标吧。注：参考文献如是著作要标页码，论文只要标出期刊是第几期。 例： 参考文献： [1]金福海.论建立我国的惩罚性赔偿制度[J].中国法学,1994,(3). [2]杨立新.“王海现象”的民法思考——论消费者权益保护中的惩罚性赔偿金[J].河北法学, 1997,(5). [3]金福海.消费者法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社，2019:251.
如何用Word编辑参考文献 每个需要写毕业论文的朋友都会发现，修改文献是一件非常痛苦的事情，虽然现在也有很多软件可以编排参考文献，其实word本身就可以。 采用合适的编辑方法会方便地做到整齐,规范,自动排序和交叉引用。 1.以尾注的方式插入第一个参考文献。 将光标定位于word文档中将要插入参考文献的位置，按“插入/引用/脚注和尾注”。出现一菜单，选择“尾注”，“文档结尾”，编号格式为“1,2,3”。按“插入”按钮。 2.按要求的格式输入参考文献内容。 这时你会发现文本中的序号“1”字是上标格式的，这是你所希望的。但尾注中的“1”也是上标格式的，这不是你希望的。其余的格式也不合你愿，别急。用鼠标在最左侧处选中尾注中的序号“1”，按快捷键“ctrl+shift+=”就可以使序号不再是上标，或用鼠标右击，出现一菜单，选择“字体”，在第二张菜单中去掉“效果”栏中“上标”前面的“√”。 3.说明： 序号周围有似隐似现的框，这表示所插入手稿的尾注是一种“域”，不必理会它。 插入第二个尾注的方法是同样的。Word会根据所在位置的前后自动排序。 在第一个参考文献的前面有一条横线，你会发现无法删除。它叫“尾注分隔符”。 4. 去除“尾注分隔符” 我们一般的编辑界面叫“页面视图” ，选择“视图/普通”进入普通视图。 按“视图/脚注”，此时编辑界面分为两个部分，下面的编辑框是尾注编辑框。 选择尾注编辑框中的“尾注”下拉框，选择“尾注分隔符”，出现一条横线，选择该横线，删除它，再选择“尾注延续分隔符”，也会出现一条横线(这是尾注分页时会出现的很长的横线)，选择该横线，删除它。关闭后，再按“视图/页面”切换回来。 5. 交叉引用 当你在文档中第N(N>=2)次引用前面文档曾经引用过的文献时，这时宜采用“交叉引用”。方法：按“插入/引用/交叉引用”，出现一菜单，在引用类型中选择“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号”，这时在菜单中会出现你曾经编写过的所有尾注，选择你需要的，按“插入”按钮即完成交叉引用了。 (注：若你后来又在前面的文档中插入新的尾注，这时后继的尾注会自动更新编号，但交叉引用不会自动更新。怎么办？按“ctrl+A”选择所有内容后，按“F9”键就可以完成手动更新。) 1、两栏文档的页码插入 2、另有妙用的Ctrl+Z 3、将样式传给其他文档 4、巧用Alt键实现图片的精确定位 5、去除Word页眉下横线 6、设置上下标注 7、选择合适的粘贴格式 8、斜线表头的处理 9、自动标注汉字拼音 1、两栏文档的页码插入 大家是否注意到，在Word中将文档分成两栏，然后再插入页码时，每页两栏只有一个页码。然而，在实际应用中，我们需要两栏各有一个页码，例如在打试卷、文件等时，一般都是将纸张大小设置成8开纸，然后在文档中分成两栏，我们要求左右两栏各有一个页码，而且页码是连续的，那么用传统的调入页码方法将不能实现。其实，Word可以自动在两栏
学术论文的参考文献书写格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母―Z‖标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用―姓在前名在后‖原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9] Spivak,G. ―Can the Subaltern Speak?‖[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New Y ork: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7. 6.研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】