Unit1
根据传说，伏羲生于中国西部，出生之前在其母腹中孕育了12年。伏羲教会了人类打猎、捕鱼、驯养野兽、饲养家禽。伏羲制定了人类的嫁娶制度，教会人们劈柴取火和烹煮食物；他还通过龟背上的裂纹创立了八卦，这些八卦成为数学、医学、占卜学和风水的基础。此外，伏羲还创造了中华民族的图腾龙，被认为是中国历史上第一个真正的统治者。
Fuxi was born in the west part of China and, according to legend, he was carried in his mother’s womb for twelve years before birth. He taught people how to hunt, fish, domesticate animals and tend their flocks. He instituted marriage and taught people how to devise tools to split wood, kindle fire and cook food. He devised the Trigrams, which evolved from markings on tortoise shells. These trigrams served as the basis for mathematics, medicine, divination and geomancy. Furthermore, he created the Chinese dragon as the totem of the nation and was considered as the first real ruler.
Unit2
儒家的创始人是孔子（公元前551—479），他提出了一套道德规范，基于五种美德：仁、义、礼、智、信。其中“仁”被认为是他的哲学理念的基石，代表着忠诚、孝道(filial piety)、宽容和善良。他还提倡人与人之间和谐相处、按照行为规范标准建立生活社区。他的追随者之一孟子(公元前372-289)不断地向统治者们游说，试图说服他们修
身养德，为人典范，以仁政赢得人民的尊重。
Confucius (551—479 BC) was the founder of Confucianism. He advocated a set of moral code on basis of five merits: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trustworthiness. Among them, benevolence was considered as the cornerstone of his philosophy, which stands for faithfulness, filial piety, tolerance and kindness. He also requested people to keep in good harmony with each other and establish a community ruled by standard manners and behavior. One of his followers, Mencius (372-289BC), repeatedly tried to convince rulers that the ruler should cultivate moral perfection in order to set a good example to the people and the ruler who governed benevolently would earn the respect of the people.
Unit3
“送别”是唐诗里常见的主题。通过赠诗给一个即将离别的友人，诗人常常表达自己的悲伤之情。送别诗里常用的意象(image)有音乐、酒和柳枝。音乐是送别仪式必不可少的部分。音乐通常由琵琶等古典乐器演奏，旋律优美而悲伤。在这种场合，喝酒也是必要的。也许这是因为酒能够让人得到安慰，忘却生活中的烦恼以及与友人离别的愁绪。送别的另一个风俗便是为友人送上柳枝。因为“柳”和“留”同音。通过这种方式，诗人就表达了让友人永远留下来的愿望。
‘Parting’ was a common theme in Tang poetry. By writing a poem to a friend who was leaving, the poet usually showed his sorrow and sadness.
Images frequently used in a parting poem included music, liquor and a willow twig. Music was an important section of the parting ceremony. The music, which was often melodious and sorrowful, was played by traditional instruments such as ‘Pipa’. Drinking liquor was also a necessary part on these occasions. Perhaps it was because liquor could console people and help them forget troubles in life and the sadness of parting from a friend. Another custom was giving a willow twig to the leaving friend, since ‘willow’ in Chinese has the same pronunciation of that of ‘stay’. In this way, the poem expressed his wish that his friend stay with him forever.
《红楼梦》（Dream of the Red Chamber）是中国文学“四
大名著”之一。它写于18世纪中叶，并被认为是中国文学中
的杰作(masterpiece)以及中国小说史上的顶峰。许多学者都
致力于该作品的研究，而这个研究领域也被称作“红学”(Redology)。人们通常认为该小说反映了作者曹雪芹自
己的经历以及他家族的兴衰。该书的优秀之处不仅在于它的
情节和人物塑造(characterization)，同时也在于它对当时社会
生活结构的精确、细节的描写。几个世纪以来，小说中的许
多词句已经融入了中国人的日常语言。由此可见该书经久不
衰的魅力。
A Dream of Red Mansions is one of the ‘Four Great Classical Novels’ of Chinese literature. It was written in the middle of the 18th century and
considered as a masterpiece of Chinese literature as well as the peak of Chinese fiction. Many scholars are devoted to the study of this novel and the field of study is known as ‘Redology’. The novel is usually thought to be reflecting the experience of the author Cao Xueqin and the rise and decline of his own family. It is remarkable for not only its plot and characterization, but also its precise and detailed observation of the life and social structures of that time. For centuries, a huge number of words and expressions from the novel have already been incorporated into the daily language of Chinese people, which demonstrates the ever-lasting charm of the book.
Unit4
1）中国古代教育在中国文化中起着举足轻重的作用。中国古代教育最早可以追溯到周朝中后期诸子百家的教育思想。古代中国的教育给人们提供了一个平等的发展机会，即使出身贫寒的人也有可能步入仕途。春秋时期，伟大的教育家孔子打破“学在官府”的陈规。私人学堂盛行。不同的学派通过学堂传播他们的思想主张，出现了百家争鸣的局面。
1) Education played a vital role in ancient Chinese culture. The origin of ancient Chinese education dates back to the educational ideas of the “Hundred Schools of Thought” in the middle and late Zhou Dynasty. It provided people equal chance for development. Individuals from even
the humblest backgrounds could rise to higher level. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius, the great educator, broke the rule of learning at the government hall. Private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way and this led to the flourishing and contending of hundreds of schools.
2）孔子既是教育家又是哲学家。他的思想理论规范影响着人们的伦理、道德、生活等方方面面。孔子思想的特征之一是他十分强调教育与学习。在思与学的关系上，他认为学思并重。他认为，“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”对孔子来说，道德教育是最重要的。孔子的目的是培养举止优雅、言谈得体、遇事周全的谦谦君子。
2) Confucius was an educator as well as a philosopher. His thoughts and theories had impact on people in many aspects such as ethics, moral principles and rules of life. One of the features of Confucius’ thoughts is his emphasis on education and learning. In the relationship between learning and thinking, he believed .that learning and thinking were equally important. He believed that, “Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous.” He considered moral education the most important. Confucius’s goal was to create gentlemen who would carry themselves with grace, speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity in all things.
Unit5
沈括是宋朝的著名官员、军事将领。他的不朽名著《梦溪笔谈》(Dream Pool Essays)记载了包括地质学、天文学、活字印刷（movable type printing）、植物学和动物学等各种学科。该书是中国历史上最早使用“石油”这一名称的著作，为自然科学做出了卓越贡献。沈括与当时的很多人不同，他以一种客观而思辨的态度观察自然现象。他提出了用阳历代替阴历的主张，立春为岁首，大月31天，小月30天。
Shen Kuo was a highly renowned government official and military general of the Song Dynasty. Shen Kuo’s immortal masterpiece Dream Pool Essays records various fields of study including geology, astronomy, movable type printing, botany and zoology etc. In the book, the word “shiyou” (petroleum) was used for the first time in the literature of Chinese history, which was his remarkable contribution to science. Unlike most people in his time, Shen Kuo took an objective and speculative viewpoint on natural phenomena. He advocated that the solar calendar be used to replace the lunar calendar, with thirty-one or thirty days a month and “lichun” (“Start of Spring” according to lunisolar calendar) as the beginning of a year.
Unit6
中国龙是吉祥的生灵，象征着力量、智慧、好运和掌控风和水的威力。The Chinese dragon is an auspicious creature, symbolizing strength,
wisdom, good luck and power over the elements of wind and water.
因此，中国人自豪地称自己是龙的传人（descendants）。
Hence, Chinese people proudly claim they are the descendants of the dragon. 龙被尊崇为雨神（the God of Rain）。在干旱或水灾发生时，人们会去当地的龙王庙（dragon-king temple）烧香(burn incense) 祈求情况的好转。
The dragon was worshiped as the God of Rain, and in times of drought or floods, locals would visit a dragon-king temple and burn incense to pray for more favorable conditions.
龙对雨水和海浪的控制也和其在12生肖中的地位密切相关。
The dragon's power to control rain and waves is also closely related to its rank in the 12 zodiac animals.
关于这12种动物为确保能榜上有名所进行的竞赛有各种传说，但顺序是按动物最活跃的时间点确定的。
Various tales describe the race of these 12 animals to secure their place on the list, but the sequence is determined by the time of a day when the animal is most active.
龙对应于7点至9点，此时最有可能会雾气蒙蒙，而龙却能腾云驾雾。The dragon corresponds to 7 am to 9 am, when it is most likely to be foggy, allowing the dragon to ride atop clouds and mist.
Unit7
风水，字面意即为“风和水”，可追溯至中国战国时期（公元前475-221）。
Feng shui, literally “wind and water”, dates from China’s Warring States Period (475-221 BC).
在古代，也被称为堪舆。
In ancient times, the practice was also called kanyu.按传统，建造房屋、楼群、定居点和陵墓前都要先咨询风水大师。
Traditionally, a feng shui master was consulted before houses, buildings, settlements or tombs were constructed风水一度是中国传统文化中的重要组成部分，它依据诸如道家和《易经》等中国古代哲学学说，强调了人与环境的和谐共存。
Based on ancient Chinese philosophies, including Taoism and Yijing, feng shui was once an important part of traditional Chinese culture and it emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of humans and their environment.
看风水的做法从地理、建筑、伦理和预言等方面，提倡了道家的天、地、人合一的理念。
Following the disciplines of geography, architecture, ethics and prophecy, the practice also promotes the Taoist principle that the earth, sky and mankind are part of a single whole.
风水被赋予神秘感。事实上，古时它是被广泛应用于东方建筑的一种古老艺术。
Feng shui is considered mysterious. In fact, it is an ancient art widely
used to orient buildings in ancient times.
中国的许多著名的文化名胜，包括北京的故宫，都是按照风水原则设计的。
Many of China’s well-known cultural monuments(或places of historic interest and scenic beauty 或scenic spots and historic sites), including the Forbidden City in Beijing, were designed using feng shui principles.
风水学对中国社会产生了深远的影响并为大众所接受。
Feng shui has a profound effect on Chinese society and is widely embraced by the public.
Unit8
1）首都北京是中华人民共和国政治、文化和行政管理的中心，是一个新旧交融、魅力无限的大都市(metropolis)。北京作为人类居住地的历史已超过了3000多年。作为世界上少数未傍主要河道而建的内陆首都之一，北京将自己长期显赫的历史归功于战略性的地理位置。北京位于北纬39o56'，东经116o20', 雄踞于华北平原(the North China Plain)的最北部；西北部是山西省和内蒙古大草原(he Inner Mongolian Steppe)，东向是渤海(the Bohai Sea)。
1）Beijing, as the capital city, is the political, cultural and administrative center of the People’s Republic of China, as well as a fascinating metropolis that mixes the old and new. Beijing as a settlement has a history of more than 3,000 years. It is one of the few
inland capitals in the world that is not built beside a major river, which owes its long prominence to its strategic geographical position. Beijing is situated at 39o56' North Latitude and 116o20' East Longitude, majestically reposing on the northmost part of the North China Plain; to the northwest lie Shanxi Province and the Inner Mongolian Steppe, and towards the east is the Bohai Sea.
2）胡同即狭窄的街道或巷子，在中国北方的城市很常见，其中又以北京的胡同最为著名。在北京，很多街区是这样形成的：四合院(Chinese quadrangle)彼此相连形成胡同，进而胡同彼此相连形成街区。胡同是北京文化要素的代表。由于北京悠久的历史和六朝古都的地位，几乎每个胡同都有其轶事趣闻(anecdotes)，一些胡同甚至还与历史事件紧密相关。与紫禁城、颐和园和天坛所代表的宫廷生活和精英文化(elite culture)相比，胡同反应了北京的平民文化。
2）Hutongs are a type of narrow streets or alleys, commonly associated with northern Chinese cities, most prominently Beijing. In Beijing, many neighborhoods were formed by joining one Chinese quadrangle (siheyuan) to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another. Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing. Thanks to Beijing’s long history and status as capital for six dynasties, almost every hutong has its anecdotes, and some are even
associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and elite culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers.
8书法作品跟舞蹈艺术一样可以展现肢体和动作的美感。相互之间能吸收灵感。张旭，唐代草书（cursive-script calligraphy）大家，以韵律独特和风格豪放而著称。传说，他观舞蹈名家公孙一舞而悟，书法大有长进。舞者通过独特的节奏和利落的动作展示了诸如活泼、喜悦、悲伤、愤怒、渴望、需求、勇气和灵感等多种魅力和和情感。张旭草书、李白诗歌和裴旻剑舞被当朝皇帝誉为三绝。
Calligraphic works can demonstrate the beauty of both the body and movement, like the art of dance. They can absorb inspiration from each other. Zhang Xu, a cursive-script calligraphy master of the Tang Dynasty, was famous for distinctive rhythms and a wild style. Legend says that he made swift progress in his calligraphy after he got inspiration from a dance performed by the famous dancer Gongsun. Through distinctive rhythms and neat movements, the dancer demonstrates various kinds of charms and emotions such as vividness, joy, sadness, anger, aspiration, demand, boldness and inspiration. The cursive-script calligraphic works by Zhang Xu, the poems by Li Bai and the sword dance by Pei Min were praised as the three wonders by the emperor of their time.
Unit9
重视教育和尊敬师长是中国悠久的传统美德。中国的第一部教育学专著《学记》(Record of Learning)提出了“教学为先”的思想。三千年前的周代，国家设立了不同规模不同层次的学校，由官员兼任教师。春秋时期，孔子开办了私学，并提出人无论贵贱都有受教育的权利。对教育的重视决定了教师的地位。中国民间有许多尊师的说法，如“一日为师，终生为父”。现在，中国还把每年的9月10日定为“教师节”。It is a long-standing traditional virtue to value education and respect teachers in China. The first monograph about education in China, the Record of Learning, brought up the idea of “education is the top priority”. Three thousand years ago, in the Zhou Dynasty, the government set up schools of different scales and levels with officers as teachers. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius even ran private schools with a slogan that everyone, rich or poor, had the right to receive education. Respect for education determines the status of teachers. There are a lot of sayings that show respect towards teachers, such as “A teacher for a day is a father for a lifetime”. Nowadays, September the tenth is designated to be the Teachers’ Day in China.
孝顺(Filial piety)是中国文化中一个重要的美德，指的是一个人对父母和祖先的尊重。历史上儒家经典作品《孝经》(Classic of Xiao or Filial Piety) 一直被认为是该美德的权威(authoritative)来源。该书介绍了如何利用孝顺建立良好的社会。一般而言，孝顺是指善待和照顾父母，尊敬父母、支持父母、对父母讲礼貌。也指不仅在家对父母在外对
他人都要从善，从而为父母带来好名声。虽然中国人一直拥有众多不同宗教信仰，孝顺却几乎是所有人共同的。
Filial piety, which is about the respect for one’s parents and ancestors, is considered a key virtue in Chinese culture. The Confucian classic, Classic of Xiao or Filial Piety, has historically been the authoritative source on this virtue. The book is about how to set up a good society using the filial piety. In more general terms, filial piety means to be good to and to take care of one's parents, to show respect, support and courtesy to one’s parents. It also means to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also outside the home so as to bring a good name to one’s parents. Although the Chinese have had a diversity of religious beliefs, filial piety has been common to almost all of them.
Unit10
敦煌莫高窟（Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes），也称千佛洞，位于甘肃省敦煌市附近的鸣沙山东路石崖上。它被认为是世界上最大最古老的佛教艺术宝藏。莫高窟的修建始于366年，在唐代达到鼎盛，但到了元朝才竣工。现存492个窟和1045幅壁画(mural)，以及245座彩绘泥塑(clay sculpture)和5个唐宋时期的木质建筑结构。除此之外，莫高窟还存有大量的横跨三国到北宋数个朝代的经文(scripture)、文献和绘画。敦煌莫高窟展示出各类艺术形式的精华，同时也体现了中西方的艺术融合。
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, also known as the One-Thousand-Buddha Grottoes, are located on the eastern, rocky side of Mingsha Mountain, near the city of Dunhuang, Gansu Province. They are regarded as the world's largest and oldest treasure house of Buddhist art. Construction of the Mogao Grottoes began in 366 and reached a peak in the Tang Dynasty, but it was not finished until the Yuan Dynasty. There are 492 grottoes and 1,045 murals in existence. It also features 245 painted clay sculptures, and five wooden architectural structures of the Tang and the Song Dynasties. Besides, there are also a lot of items of scriptures, documents and paintings spanning the period from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Northern Song Dynasty. The Mogao Grottoes show examples of various types of art and demonstrate the integration of Chinese and Western arts.
《清明上河图》(The Qingming Festival by the Riverside) 是由北宋画家张择端(1085–1145)创作完成的。它是一副长528厘米，宽24.8厘米的彩色画卷。该画描述了清明节北宋都城汴京(今河南开封)热闹的街景，整幅画可以分成三部分：郊区景、汴河景以及城市街景。汴河景是该画最为壮观的一部分；而作为政治、经济、文化中心的汴京在北宋的重要地位则在城市街景中得以充分体现。画卷对汴京的建筑、商人和交通的描绘形象地勾勒出北宋的经济繁荣景象。《清明上河图》是一幅伟大的稀世罕见的现实主义画卷。
The Qingming Festival by the Riverside （or Along the River during the
Qingming Festival）is a painting done by the artist Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) in the Song Dynasty. It is a long colored painted scroll with a length of 528cm and a height of 24.8cm. It portrays the busy street scenes of the capital city Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) during the Qingming Festival. The painting can be divided into three parts: scenes of the suburbs, the Bian River, and the city streets. The scene of the Bian River is the most magnificent part of the painting. As Bianjing is the political, economic and cultural center of the Northern Song Dynasty, its importance in the empire is fully depicted in the painting's city street scene. The depiction of the architecture, merchants and transportation in Bianjing vividly reflects the economic boom of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Qingming Festival by the Riverside is a great and rare realistic painting.
Unit1 根据传说，伏羲生于中国西部，出生之前在其母腹中孕育了12年。伏羲教会了人类打猎、捕鱼、驯养野兽、饲养家禽。伏羲制定了人类的嫁娶制度，教会人们劈柴取火和烹煮食物；他还通过龟背上的裂纹创立了八卦，这些八卦成为数学、医学、占卜学和风水的基础。此外，伏羲还创造了中华民族的图腾龙，被认为是中国历史上第一个真正的统治者。 Fuxi was born in the west part of China and, according to legend, he was carried in his mother’s womb for twelve years before birth. He taught people how to hunt, fish, domesticate animals and tend their flocks. He instituted marriage and taught people how to devise tools to split wood, kindle fire and cook food. He devised the Trigrams, which evolved from markings on tortoise shells. These trigrams served as the basis for mathematics, medicine, divination and geomancy. Furthermore, he created the Chinese dragon as the totem of the nation and was considered as the first real ruler. Unit2 儒家的创始人是孔子（公元前551—479），他提出了一套道德规范，基于五种美德：仁、义、礼、智、信。其中“仁”被认为是他的哲学理念的基石，代表着忠诚、孝道(filial piety)、宽容和善良。他还提倡人与人之间和谐相处、按照行为规范标准建立生活社区。他的追随者之一孟子(公元前372-289)不断地向统治者们游说，试图说服他们修
中西方饮食文化差异比较 古人云：民以食为天。在人类社会的发展中，各国的饮食也逐渐形成了自己独特的文化。不同的地区有着不同的饮食习惯，不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。 （一）中国的饮食文化 中国有着五千多年的历史，形成了灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化。中国人注重“天人合一”。中国饮食以食表意，以物传情。中国的饮食文化令人拍案叫绝，赏心悦目。 中国的传统饮食有四大特点： 1.重食：古人就有“民以食为天”之说。见面常问“吃了没有”，可见饮食文化的地位。朋友离合，送往迎来，人们都习惯在饭桌上表达惜别和欢迎的心情。感情上的风波，人们也往往借酒菜平息。这是饮食活动对社会心理的调节功能。 2.重养：以“五谷”养“六脏”，饮食中重视人体养生保健。中国的饮食注意各种食物的搭配，以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认识指导烹饪。 3.重味：中国的饮食最注重食物的味，讲究“色、香、味、型”。孙中山先生讲“辩味不精，则烹调之述不妙”，将审美视作烹调的第一要义。 4.重理：对于饮食活动中的情感文化，有个引导和提升品位的问题。中国的饮食提倡健康优美、奋发向上的文化情调，追求一种高尚的情操。 （二）西方国家的饮食文化
西式餐饮的主要特点是：一是生,如牛排带血丝；二是冷,如凡是饮料都加冰块；三是甜，无甜不餐，无餐不甜。此外西式餐饮不讲究精细，追求快捷方便，也不奢华，比较大众化。 此外西餐还有以下显著特点： 1.重视各类营养成分的搭配组合，根据人体对各种营养（糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素）和热量的需求来安排菜或加工烹调。 2.选料精细，用料广泛。西餐烹饪在选料时十分精细、考究，而且选料十分广泛。如美国菜常用水果制作菜肴或饭点，咸里带甜；意大利菜则会将各类面食制作成菜肴：各种面片、面条、面花都能制成美味的席上佳肴。 3.讲究调味，调味品种多。西餐烹调的调味品大多不同于中餐，如酸奶油、桂叶、柠檬等都是常用的调味品。 4.注重色泽。在色泽的搭配上则讲究对比、明快，因而色泽鲜艳，能刺激食欲。 5.工艺严谨，烹调方法多样。西餐十分注重工艺流程，讲究科学化、程序化，工序严谨。西餐的烹调方法很多，常用的有煎、烩、烤、焖、焗、炸、熏、铁扒等十几种，其中铁扒、烤、焗最具特色。 6.器皿讲究。烹调的炊具与餐具均有不同于中餐的特点。特别是餐具，除瓷制品外，水晶、玻璃及各类金属制餐具占很大比重。 二、中西方饮食方式的差异 （一）就坐形式的差异中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考
中西方文化差异与英语翻译的探讨 对中西文化差异的了解是促进中西方语言教学和翻译工作。中西文化差异是多方面的，但总体归纳起来主要体现以下三个方面： 一、宗教文化差异 宗教文化是人类文化的一个重要组成部分,它指的是由民族的宗教信仰、意识等所形成的文化,表现为不同民族在崇尚、禁忌等方面的文化差异。儒教、道教和佛教是中国的三大宗教,他们在中国民众中有着深远的影响。在我国的传统文化中,有道教的“玉帝”,佛教的“阎王”,而这些概念在欧美文化中并不存在。欧美人多信仰基督教,认为世界是上帝创造的,世上的一切都是上帝安排的。这是中西宗教文化方面存在的差异之一。 在宗教词汇方面,虽然汉语和英语中都有对应的词汇,但它们所蕴含 的宗教文化信息却不同。例如,“龙”与“dragon”虽然本义相同,但其引申义和蕴含的宗教文化信息则大相径庭。在我国文化中,“龙”象征着“神圣、高贵吉祥”。在古代,“龙”是传说中“上天”的神物,所以皇帝都自喻为“龙”,皇帝的子孙被称为“龙子”、“龙孙”,帝王所用的东西都冠以“龙”字:龙廷、龙袍、龙床。在一定意义上,“龙”是中华民族渊远流长的五千年文明史的象征。因此,中国人常常把自己比喻为“龙的传人”。而英语中的“dragon(龙)”是一种没有“地位”的爬行动物,象征着“怪物、魔鬼、凶残”。因此,如果在翻译时遇到此类词汇就应该要注意,尽量避免造成读者的误解。 二、地域文化差异 地域文化指的是由所处地域、自然条件和地理环境所形成的文化,表
现在不同民族对同一现象或事物有着不同的态度或表达方式。比如,汉语中,“东风”使人想到温暖和煦,草长莺飞;而“西风”则正好相反,有一 种砭人肌骨的味道。马致远的“古道西风瘦马”便是例证。然而英语的情况却与汉语不同。我们会读到SamuelBulter的“biting eastwinds”(刺骨东风);关于西风,则有JohnMasefield的“It's awarm wind, thewestwind, full of birds'cries”(那是一种温暖的风,西风吹时,万鸟争鸣; )。两种风在两个语言中的味道截然相反。这就是地域差异所造成的。中国西部高山,东临大海,东风吹来,自然无比舒心,而来自西伯利亚的西风则刺人肌骨。英国是个岛国,东风来自欧洲大陆北部,所以寒冷;西风由大西洋吹来,温暖宜人。又如,在中国人的心目中,“夏天”常常与酷暑炎热联系在一起,而莎士比亚在他的第18首十四行诗中将心爱的人比喻成“夏天”:“Shall I compare thee to a sum-mer day? Thou artmore lovely and temperate.”(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?你啊比夏天来得可爱和煦。)这又是双方不同的地理位置所致。中国位于亚洲大陆,属大陆性气候,四季分明,夏天最明显的特征就是骄阳似火,炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带,属海洋性气候,夏天明媚温和,是最宜人的季节。因此,在翻译和地域文化相关的内容时,就应该对地域文化差异作一注释,否则会给缺乏这 一知识的读者造成困惑或误解。 三、风俗习惯差异 英汉两个民族的风俗习惯相去甚远。 above the salt 和below the salt 这两个习语源于旧时西方宴会上的习俗。那时盐被视为珍品。离盐罐近的，即坐在盐罐上首的常常是尊贵的客人(above the salt)，而普通
100个中国传统文化英文单词 1.元宵节:Lantern Festival 2.刺绣:Embroidery 3.重阳节:Double-Ninth Festival 4.清明节:Tomb sweeping day 5.剪纸:Paper Cutting 6.书法: Calligraphy 7.对联:(Spring Festival) Couplets 8.象形文字:Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9.雄黄酒:Realgar wine 10.四合院:Siheyuan/Quadrangle 11.战国:Warring States 12.风水 :Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13.昆曲 :Kunqu Opera 14.长城 :The Great Wall 15.集体舞 :Group Dance 16.黄土高原 :Loess Plateau 17.红白喜事:Weddings and Funerals 18.中秋节:Mid-Autumn Day 19.花鼓戏:Flower Drum Song 20.儒家文化:Confucian Culture 21.中国结:Chinese knotting 22.古装片:Costume Drama 23.武打片:Chinese Swordplay Movie 24.元宵:Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25.越剧:Yue Opera 26.火锅:Hot Pot 27.江南:South Regions of the Yangtze River 28.《诗经》:The Book of Songs 29.谜语:Riddle 30.《史记》:Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31.《红楼梦》:A Dream of Red Mansions 32.《西游记》:The Journey to the West 33.除夕:Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34.针灸 :Acupuncture 35.唐三彩 :Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36.二人转 : Errenzhuan 37.偏旁 :Radical 38.孟子:Mencius 39.亭 / 阁:Pavilion/ Attic 40.黄梅戏 :Huangmei opera 41.火药 :Gunpowder 42.农历 :Lunar Calendar 43.印 / 玺 :Seal/Stamp 44.腊八节 :The laba Rice Porridge Festival 45.京剧 :Beijing Opera/Peking Opera 46.秦腔 :Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera 47.太极拳 :Tai Chi 48.《本草纲目》: Compendium of Materia Medica 49.天坛 :Altar of Heaven in Beijing 50.小吃摊 :Snack Bar/Snack Stand 51.红双喜 :Double Happiness 52.国子监:Imperial Academy
如何将汉语翻译成英语 将汉语翻译成英语的技巧 一、代入法 这是进行英语写作时最常用的方法。同学们在掌握一定的词汇和短语之后，结合一定的语法知识，按照句子的结构特点，直接用英语代入相应的句式即可。如： ◎他从不承认自己的失败。 He never admits his failure. ◎那项比赛吸引了大批观众。 The match attracted a large crowd. ◎他把蛋糕分成4块。 He divided the cake intofour pieces. 二、还原法 即把疑问句、强调句、倒装句等还原成基本结构。这是避免写错句子的一种有效的办法。如： ◎这是开往格拉斯哥的火车吗? Is this the train forGlasgow? 还原为陈述句：This isthe train for Glasgow. ◎他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。 It was because he lovedmy money that he married me. 还原为非强调句：Becausehe loved my money, he married me.
◎光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。 So fast does lighttravel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 还原为正常语序：Lighttravels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed. 三、分解法 就是把一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。这样既能把意思表达得更明了，又能减少写错句子的几率。如： ◎我们要干就要干好。 If we do a thing, weshould do it well. ◎从各地来的学生中有许多是北方人。 There are students fromall over the country. Many of them are from the North. 四、合并法 就是把两个或两个以上的简单句用一个复合句或较复杂的简单句表达出来。这种方法最能体现学生的英语表达能力，同时也最能提高文章的可读性。如： ◎我们迷路了，这使我们的野营旅行变成了一次冒险。 Our camping trip turnedinto an adventure when we got lost. ◎天气转晴了，这是我们没有想到的。 The weather turned outto be very good, which was more than we could expect. ◎狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。 Wolves are highly socialanimals whose success depends upon their cooperation.
中西方节日文化差异比较 传统的民族节日形成是一个民族的历史文化的长期积淀。节日的由来原因与人们的生活有密切的联系, 它体现了人民丰富的情感 世界, 寄托了人民对生活的热爱。有这样一句名言: “每个民族的每个节日, 正是反映这个民族文化最真实的一面”。可见, 要了解一个民族的文化底蕴, 必须从他们的传统节日入手, 才能了解到他们的 文化特色与民族特点。 一、中西节日的起源与形成差异 中国长期以来处于封建自给自足的农业社会和自然经济中, 其传统 节日具有浓厚的农业色彩,包含了农耕文明的社会特征, 主要是从岁时节令转换而来的。我国古代长期以农为本, 在生产力和农业技术不发达的情况下, 十分重视气候对农作物的影响。在春种、夏长、秋收、冬藏的过程中认识了自然时序的复杂规律, 总结出四时、二十四节气,形成了以节日为主的传统节日。勤劳的中国人民为了更好地生存, 必须大力发展农业, 而农业的发展离不开天气的关照。古人云“春雨贵如油”、“清明忙种麦, 谷雨种大田”。在古代, 春节、清明节( 古代称三月节) 等都是重要的农事节日。 西方文化由于长久受基督教的影响, 其传统节日起源带有浓厚的宗 教色彩, 如情人节( 纪念名叫瓦丁的基督教殉难者) 、复活节( 基督教纪念耶稣复活) 、万圣节( 纪念教会所有圣人) 、圣诞节( 基督教纪念耶稣诞生) , 这些节日的起源大多与宗教有关系。当然, 西方节日中也有和农业有关的节日, 但他们以农业为主的节日的历史不如
中国漫长。 二、中西节日庆祝方式差异 中国的传统节日, 基本是封建社会时期形成的, 不可避免地留下封建社会的痕迹: 等级制、家族式, 节日无不以家族内部活动为中心。西方的传统节日就不同了, 更多的是表现出人们的互动性、集体性和狂欢性, 以自我为中心, 崇尚个性张扬。这与中国节日的家族性恰好相反, 体现了西方文化的群体性, 反映了人们渴望互相交流、群体参与的愿望,体现了人人平等、自由表现自我的特点。这里试举两例说明。 ( 1) 春节与新年。作为新一年的开始, 中西方有着极大差异的庆祝方式。春节作为中国最重要的传统节日, 源于秦朝, 定于每年农历的一月一日, 从农历12月23日开始, 人民开始开展各种庆祝方式, 一直持续到元宵节。春节的习俗繁多, 如大扫除、吃团圆饭拜年、放鞭炮, 舞狮子等。总之, 不论是大街小巷, 都笼罩着一股浓浓的喜庆气氛。而西方, 他们崇尚的是过公历新年, 即元旦。相比之下他们过年的方式就浪漫多了, 在12月31日晚, 各地区的人民涌上街道,进行盛大的狂欢, 到了深夜接近零时时, 数十万人会聚集于一起, 诚心地祈祷, 为新的一年的到来倒计时。当大钟敲响12下, 顿时, 优美的乐曲奏响, 揭开了华丽舞会的序幕, 人们通宵达旦地庆祝。 可见, 春节与新年各有千秋: 春节, 充满浓厚的传统气息和独有的魅力; 新年, 体现时代的气息和潮流的感觉, 更贴近现代生活。( 2) 万圣节与中元节。万圣节作为西方的重要节日之一, 颇受人民
中国文化相关词汇英文翻译 元宵节：Lantern Festival 刺绣：embroidery 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 对联：（Spring Festival）Couplets 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 战国：Warring States 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 函授部：The Correspondence Department 集体舞：Group Dance 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weedings and Funerals 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 附属学校：Affiliated school 古装片：Costume Drama 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling（Soup） 一国两制：One Country，Two Systems 火锅：Hot Pot 四人帮：Gang of Four 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 素质教育：Essential-qualities-Oriental Education 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 大跃进：Great Leap Forward（Movement） 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 针灸：Acupuncture 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/The Tang Tri-colored pottery 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 偏旁：radical 孟子：Mencius 亭/阁：Pavilion/Attic 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 火药：gunpowder
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/eb7840606.html, 从电影中看中西方文化英语翻译的差异 作者：秦川 来源：《校园英语·月末》2018年第12期 【摘要】电影是我们日常生活中非常稀松平常的用来消遣时间的娱乐工具，但是我们不得不思考一个问题：中西方文化会导致英语翻译有差异的问题，也是电影译制工作人员所不得不考虑的重要问题，我们本文就从电影译制方面来看中西方文化英语翻译的差异，并就此进行浅要的分析。 【关键词】电影；英语翻译；文化差异 【作者简介】秦川（1995.04.28-），女，汉族，山西运城夏县人，甘肃农业大学，本科，学生，研究方向：英语翻译。 伴随着全球一体化的深入，中国人学习外语的热情日益高涨，看电影学英语作为寓教于乐的英语学习方式日益受到英语爱好者的喜爱。而我们在打开国门的同时想当有必要探讨一下中英文化差异对电影字幕翻译中词句翻译和情境叙述风格翻译的影响，希望能够为英语爱好者更好地学习英语、了解西方文化、提升翻译素养提供帮助。 一、中西方电影文化英语翻译的差异 1.中国电影文化的特色。 （1）文化背景。我们知道，中国一直是以一种内敛含蓄的含蓄美呈现于世界，形成了独特的东方美，让很多人都对中国感到很好奇，在他们眼中中国无疑是传奇和神秘的，而近些年来越来越多的中国电影也逐渐被国际所接受，还有很多年轻有为的电影导演携带他们的作品到国际上参加电影节和电影展，也获得了非常不错的成绩，而正是中国拥有着深厚的文化底蕴，才使得中国电影得以在世界上有不可取代的地位。 （2）人物造型设计。在人物造型上，首先打进国际市场的无疑是张艺谋，从最初的《红高粱》中给外国人以传统中国形象到后来的《金陵十三钗》中的十三钗秦淮河女子的形象，都深入人心，张艺谋对于演员的挑选也有着自己独特的方式和方法，使得其人物造型上也更加贴近人心。中国电影能够在世界上有其一席之地，是与其自身独特的人物造型和设计的功劳。 （3）中国国家故事。上世纪四十年代的美国电影《魂断蓝桥》的英文原名是《Waterloo Bridge》，直译就是“滑铁卢桥”。大凡知道这个原名的人，马上就会联想到与“滑铁卢”相关的滑铁卢大战。其实不然，滑铁卢桥又叫伦敦桥（LondonBridge），它始建于1817年，它不在比利时，而是一座位于英国伦敦的桥。当时，中国发行这部电影时，翻译片名颇费一些周折，
第四单元中世纪 课前导读 1、预习本单元内容时，请你想想你所知的中世纪是什么样子。为什么这个时期 被称为欧洲历史的“中世纪”。 2、你是否有这样的印象，中世纪时期是一段非常“黑暗”的历史时期？这种普 遍存在的印象是因何产生的呢？ 3、你对欧洲大学的早期历史有怎样的了解？ 4、你知道圣女贞德吗？她做过什么呢？ 5、你知道亚瑟王吗？你知道哪些关于他的故事？ 第一部分中世纪 中世纪或中世纪时期是指欧洲历史中从公元五世纪到公元十五世纪的这段时间。西罗马帝国的灭亡标志着这一时期的开端，其后经历了文艺复兴和地理大发现时期。传统意义上的西方历史分为三个阶段，中世纪时期是中间时期，此外还有古典时期和现代时期。而中世纪也被细分为中世纪早期、中世纪中期和中世纪晚期。 中世纪早期，在晚古时期就已开始发生的人口减少、逆城镇化和蛮族入侵等现象仍在继续。蛮族入侵在曾经的西罗马帝国建立了新的王国。公元七世纪，原西罗马帝国（拜占庭时期）的北非和中东地区在被穆罕默德后代占领后变成了伊斯兰帝国的一部分。虽然社会和政治结构上都有着实质上的变化，但中世纪和欧洲远古世纪还没有完全分离。拜占庭帝国领土依旧广阔且仍然作为一种主要势力存在着。拜占庭帝国的法律《查士丁尼法典》在中世纪晚期受到了备受敬仰。在西方，大多数国家都结合了现存的罗马制度法规，而随着基督教在西欧国家的流传修道院也随之建立。卡洛林王朝时期的法兰克人建立了一个新的帝国，占领西欧大多数地区；卡洛林王朝持续到九世纪，最后屈服于外敌入侵的压力——北方的维京人，东方的马扎尔人和南方的撒拉逊人。 中世纪中期始于公元1000年。在这个时期，技术和农业上的创新使得贸易兴盛农作物增产，因此欧洲人口迅猛增加。中世纪中期的主要社会形式是庄园制度和封建制度。第一次十字军东征始于1095年，西欧的基督教徒们希望通过武力手段从穆斯林人手中重新夺回中东的圣土。国王成为中央集权国家的首领，
英语翻译1 Eating Food That’s Better for You, Organic or Not 吃对你有益的食物，无论是否有机 In the six-and-one-half years since the federal government began certifying food as “organic,” Americans have taken to the idea with considerable enthusiasm. 自从联邦政府六年半前开始对食物“有机”认证以来，美国人以相当大的激情接受了这个概念。 Sales have at least doubled, and three-quarters of the nation’s grocery stores now carry at least some organic food. 销售额至少翻倍，国内3/ 4的食品杂货现在都在出售有机食品。 A Harris Poll in October 2007 found that about 30 percent of Americans buy organic food at least on occasion, and most think it is safer, better for the environment and healthier. 2007年10月的一份哈里斯民意调查发现大约30%的美国人至少会偶尔买有机食品，大部分人认为它更为安全，更有利于环境和更健康。 People believe it must be better for you if it’s organic,” says Phil Howard, an assistant professor of community, food and agriculture at Michigan State University. 密歇根州立大学的社区、食品和农业助理教授Phil Howard说，“人们认为如果它是有机的话一定会对你更好。” So I discovered on a recent book tour around the United States and Canada. 最近我在美国和加拿大宣传新书时发现了这个问题。
英语六级翻译必备词汇——中国文化 来源：文都图书 自从四六级改革以后，翻译就由之前的部分句子汉译英变成了整段的汉译英，这对于考生来说难度确实加大不少。新翻译涉及到社会、经济、历史、文化等等，这就要求大家在这些方面多加注意并积累。文都在这里给大家总结了一些有关中国文化的必备词。 火药gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass 《三字经》The Three-Word Chant 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游记》Journey to the West; 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 中国画traditional Chinese painting 书法calligraphy 水墨画Chinese brush painting; 中国结Chinese knot 旗袍Cheongsam 京剧人物脸谱Peking Opera Mask 相声comic crosstalk
皮影戏shadow play; 说书story-telling 武术martial art 阳历solarcalendar 阴历lunarcalendar 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 太极拳：Tai Chi 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 孟子：Mencius 敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves 北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck 火锅：Hot Pot 关于六级翻译，内容还是比较广泛的，对于日常生活中比较常见的词语最好都要弄清它的英文翻译。平时也要多注意进行练习，因为是新题型，所以真题比较少，大家可以配套文都出版的《大学英语六级考试真题精析与标准预测》，里面附赠20片短文翻译，让大家有题可做。
浅谈中西方文化差异背景下英语翻译技巧 随着目前世界间交流联系的日益紧密，语言屏障的突破成为人们的在进行文化交流中的障碍，翻译的这一语言的转化过程，有效的帮助人们突破语言的屏障，形成更为广泛的交流。在翻译的进行过程中，不仅需要对于所翻译内容的语言以及语法具有充分的理解以及认知，还需要具备东西方文化的背景知识，作为翻译过程中能够帮助译者进行理解的重要手段，其中也存在着一部分的翻译技巧，可以通过系统的学习进行掌握，本文对此展开探讨。 标签：中西方；文化差异；英语；翻译技巧；探讨 引言：在文化的形成过程中，主要是根据不同语言的应用所形成的。中国的语言文字来源于古老的形象文字，英语作为一种字母文字其中存着较大的区别。在历史文化的发展中，中国历史文化的发展始终在统一以及连续中进行，英语国家在历史中面对着文化断层等种种问题，因此英语文化与中华文化之间存在差异较大，需要将其中的文化差异进行理解，并在翻译的过程中进行体现。 一、翻译的过程中存在的问题 1、文化基础不够牢固。 在语言的翻译过程中，首先需要具备专业的英文基础，对于所需要翻译的内容进行深度的阅读以及理解，其次在进行语言转换的过程中，需要遵循着信达雅的原则。在精确的阐明其英文语言意义的同时，能够将其中所包含的文化内容，用中文的中类似的形式进行展现。由于目前一些翻译人员的文化基础不够牢固，在进行翻译的过程中，对于英语文化性的内容缺乏理解。例如，在英语的别称中，有Lone Star State这一名词，翻译者的文化积淀程度不足，即不能够对此进行准确的翻译。此外，也存在着一些翻译者的中文文化程度不足，不能够对于所需要翻译的内容进行充分的中文表达的状况[1]。 2、忽视语言环境。 在英语的翻译过程中，需要对于词汇的实际应用语境具有明确的认知，帮助翻译者对于整体的文章内容和个别语句之间的关系進行理解。在实际的语言翻译中，翻译者存在着脱离语境，进行独立的句意理解的情况。 3、对于语言互用情况的重视程度不足。 随着我国的经济文化发展，许多的汉语词汇在英文世界中已经形成固定的意向群，以及固定的用法。由于这一部分的内容较新，许多学校的课程设置中没有进行课程的设置，翻译者缺少西方文化的背景或者经历，对此了解的程度不足，造成了翻译中仍旧以自我的理解方式进行翻译，反而造成了英语母语者的理解困难。
1.香囊(scented sachet)，古代也称“香袋”，通常是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织的袋子，里面塞满香草(aromatic herbs)。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫和避邪。香囊不仅有用，而且可作装饰品。它们的形状和大小各异，有圆形、椭圆形和其他形状。它们通常配有精致的图案，每个图案都象征着特别的含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(peony flower)等图案象征女性;松树和仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮的香囊不仅是装饰品，而且含有丰富的文化和历史内涵。 翻译：Scented sachets, also called “fragrant bags” in ancient times, are bags usually sewed with cloth or weaved with multicolor silk threads and stuffed with aromatic herbs. The fragrant bags were originally used for absorbing sweat, repelling insects and warding off evils. Scented sachets are not only useful, but also ornamental. They come in different shapes and sizes, such as round, oval and many others. And they are normally decorated with elaborate patterns, with each pattern symbolizing a special meaning.For instance,a double-fish or double-butterfly pattern smybolizes the love between a man and a woman;patterns like lotus or peony flowers symbolize women;pine and crane patterns symbolize longevity and a guava pattern is the symbol of lots of children.A nice scented sachet is not just an ornament,but more of something that contains cultural and historical richness. 2.中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，是对人类的人生感悟的哲学注解。中国人祖先的哲学论断是“近看自己，远观他人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术的原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类的本能欲望是生存并通过繁衍(propagation)继续存在。人生来的首要本能是求生，然后是长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳和永生的观念始终贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会的所有基本哲学理念。 翻译：Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unified in the belief that yin-yang produces all living things in the world. Originated in Chinese primitive society, this was the philosophical explanation of human's perception of life. Chinese ancestors philosophical conclusion was to “look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essential to the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation. To live and to continue life through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human. From birth, a person's first instinct is to survive, and then to live a long life. From primitive society to the present day, the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophical concepts. 3.象棋(Chinese chess)两人玩的棋盘游戏，源于春秋战国时期的军事战略。早期的象棋由三部分组成:棋子、骰(dice)和棋盘。现代象棋没有骰子,它在棋子和棋盘方面与古代不同。棋盘有9行宽、10行长，共90个交叉点，构成方形网格(grid)。棋子在交叉点上落子或移动。对弈者在棋盘进行象征性的军很战争，部署马匹、战车，根据自己对棋局和游戏规则的理解组织军队。目前，中国象棋已传至全世界，进一步传承、发扬中国传统文化。
大学英语作文之中西方文化对比 Lines and Circles,West and East Everything is relative, cultural difference being no exception. Culture, as the total pattern of human behavior and its products, oversteps geographical limits and historical conditions in many ways, and it is characterized by its strong penetrativeness and fusibility. The advancement of the globalized economy and the rapidity and ease of modern communication, transportation, and mass media have resulted in an ever increasing exchange between cultures, unprecedented in scale, scope, and speed. Consequently, an increase in universality and a reduction in difference between cultures is an inevitable trend. It is no surprise to see phenomena characteristic of one culture existing in another. As a result, some people even fear that the world will become a dull place when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.Nevertheless, the “cultural sediment” formed through long-range accumulation is not to be easily removed, and the cultural tradition handed down from generation to generation shows great consistency and continuity. The cultures of different regions and nations still have their own distinctive peculiarities, and therefore significance still needs to be attached to the study of the individualities of different cultures against the background of their universality. By and large, linearity and circularity can be used to indicate the major