虚拟语气
第一部分：语气的定义和种类
1 语气(mood)
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类
⑴、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：
①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？
③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！
⑵、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：
①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
②Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
⑶、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功！
虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。
第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气
一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐！
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如：
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）
(1).God save me．
(2).Heaven help us．
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如：
(1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气
第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：
1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept
B. slept
C. might have slept
D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)
四）、注意：
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：
表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order
表示“主张”的：maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist
例如：
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错:
(错)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对)14. I insisted that you were wrong.
例题分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played
B. not be played
C. not to play
D. did not play
全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should＋动词原形”。本句的主语从句中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play 也是动词play的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。
练习：
16). The chairman requested that .
［A］the members studied more carefully the problem
［B］the problem was more carefulnessly studied
［C］with more carefulness the problem could be studied
［D］the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
［A］would be discussed
［B］will be discussed
［C］be discussed
［D］may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient .
［A］that he not work too hard for three months
［B］take it easy for three months
［C］taking it easy inside of three months
［D］to take some vacations for three months
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
练习：
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?
［A］It is believed
［B］Should they believe
［C］They would believe
［D］If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
［A］will leave
［B］may leave
［C］leave
［D］leaves
四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer 之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。
(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地说，我希望
你不要卷入这件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。
(10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
注：①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today．
②would rather．．．than．．．中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today．
五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。
第二节：主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）
常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。
常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令) 1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of
school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible．这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project．重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。
9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。
注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience．汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。
二、在It is ＋名词＋that…的主语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is ＋名词＋that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词
有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ，
requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建议派他去国外进一步学习。
第三节：虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中
当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)
advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)，
recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off．我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone．由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。
⑴、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.
(名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告)
⑵、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)
⑷、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .
［A］both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
［B］some of the criminals there are of guilt only
［C］the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
［D］the prisoner be sentenced to death
第四部分：条件句中的虚拟语气
第一节：if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。
一、if引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断
1、可以把条件句分为两类：
1).真实条件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。例如：
⑴、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。
⑵、As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我说了什么错话，你一定要指出来。
⑶、If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。）
2).虚拟条件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。例如：
⑴、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话，就去参加会议了。
⑵、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话，就会看见他的老朋友。
⑴、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。）
2、.if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。
③与将来事实可能相反。
3、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：
①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例：
⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn't go out.
4、注意事项
①if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。
②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。
二、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法：
（一）、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：
从句：if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用were) + ……
主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ ……
例：
1.If I were you, I would go with him.
2.If the weather were fine, I would go there.
如果天气好，我去那儿。（事实天气不好）
3.If I were you, I would read it again.
如果我是你的话，我再读一遍。（事实上我不是你）
4.If time permitted, I would write it again.
如果时间允许的话，我再写一遍。（事实上时间不允许）
5.If it weren’t snowing, we wouldn’t stay in the house.
要是现在不下雪的话，我们就不会待在屋里。（事实上现在下雪）
6.What would I do if I were in your place?
要是我处于你地位我会怎么办？（事实上我不在你的位置上）
7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus.
他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。（可是他不着急）
8.If it weren’t for your help, we would get into trouble.
如果没有你们的帮助，我们就会陷入困境。（而事实上得到了你们的帮助）
9.If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land.
如果有人力,我们还能开更多的荒地.
10. If I were you, I would go with him.
(从句If I were you, 主句I would go with him.)
11. If I were you, I should buy it.
(从句用过去式动词were，主句用动词原形buy)
12. If I had time, I would study French.
(如果有时间，我会学习法文。）（从句用过去式动词had，主句用动词原形study）13. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.
(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我帮了。)(从句用过去式动词knew, 主句用动词原形ask) 注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："主语+ would be + 进行式动词+ ……"
14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.
(从句用过去式动词were, 主句用would be speaking)
（二）、表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为：
从句：If + 主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ ……
主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词+……
例如:
⑴、If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。（事实上你没有听我的劝告）
⑵、I shouldn’t have been able to write such good novels if I hadn’t live
d among th
e peasants for five years.如果我不是和农民生活了五年，就不可能写出这样好的小说。（事实上我和农民生活了五年）
⑶、If you hadn’t invited me, I shouldn’t have come to the party.如果你不邀请我，我就不会来参加你的舞会。(事实上你邀请了我)
⑷、If it hadn’t been for your help, I shouldn’t have finished this work o n time. 要是没有你们的帮忙，我就不会按时完成了这项工作。（事实上你们帮助了我）⑸、If he hadn’t broken the law, he wouldn’t have been put in prison.如果他不违法的话，就不会被打入监狱。（事实上他违法了）
⑹、If I hadn’t been ill yesterday, I might have come to school.昨天要是不生病，我是可能来上学的。（事实上我生病了）
⑺、If I had been your headmaster, I should have dismissed you from scho ol. 我要是你们校长的话，就把你开除学籍了。（事实上我不是）
⑻、If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(从句动词用had studied, 主句动词用have passed)如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。
⑼、If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用have failed)如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。
⑽、If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(从句动词用h ad got up, 主句动词用have caught)如果你起身得早一点，你就会赶得上火车了。⑾、If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(从句动词用had snowe d, 主句动词用have skied)如果下雪的话，我就可在公园里滑雪了。
注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："主语+ would + have + 完成进行式动词+……⑿、If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(从句动词用had been, 主句动词用have been speaking)
（三）、表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)。其句子结构为：
从句：If + 主语+ should (或were) + 动词原形+……
主句：主语+ would (could, should, might) + 动词原形+……
例如：
⑴、If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我来解这道难题，我会用另外一种方法的。
⑵、If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再
做这样的事情，就会受到惩罚。
⑶、If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力学习的话，我会取得更大的进步。(事实上我不可能努力学习)
⑷、If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。（根据天气情况，明天不可能下雨）
⑸、If he should come, I could ask him for some advice.万一他来了，我就能够向他请教。（事实上他来的可能性很小）
⑹、If he came tomorrow, I would do it with him.如果明天他来的话，我将和他一起做此事。（事实上他来的可能性很小）
⑺、If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(从句动词用should rain，主句动词用be)如果天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。
⑻、If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(从句动词用were to, 主句动词用tell)如果明天他走的话，他可能会告诉你。
⑼、If he were here, I would give him the books.(从句动词用were, 主句动词用give)如果他在这儿，我可能会把书给他。
注意：如果动作在进行中，从句(不是主句喔)要用："If + 主语+ 过去进行式动词+……"
⑽、If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(从句动词用were staying, 主句动词用let)如果她现在留在这儿，我可能会让她骑我的马。
三、混合条件句----主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
⑴、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here no w.
⑵、If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do th
e experiment next week。
2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：
⑴、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon,
Iwould have gone to see the film with you last night.
3.从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
⑴、If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do thee xperiment next week.
4.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：
⑴、If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
5.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
⑴、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here no w.
⑵、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work no w.
如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）
6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去
⑴、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）
7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在
⑴、If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. 假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）
四、含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况；
1. 条件暗含在短语中。如：
(1)、What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)
(2) 、It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)
(3) 、This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同样
的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中) (4)、But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help)
(5)、He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could hav
e vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)
(6)、Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)
2. 条件暗含在上下文中。如：
(7)、You might stay her forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
(8) 、We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kep t trying)
(9) 、Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含if you sho uld accept it)
(10) 、I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)
3. 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：
(11) 、You wouldn’t know. 你不会知道。
(12) 、I would like to come. 我愿意来。
(13) 、I wouldn’t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
(14) 、He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。
五、条件从句中省略if 采用倒装语序的情况
1、在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或ha ve的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。
例如：
1). 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.
去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面) 2). 原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
5).Were I in your place, I wouldn’t do that.
6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。
2、如果虚拟条件句中有were, had或should时，把它们放在if的位置上；但是如果条件句中没有were, had或should不能用倒装。例如：
⑴、Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢？
⑵、Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。
⑶、Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。
3、在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。如：
⑴、If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to ap peal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
⑵、Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
⑶、____ ,I will take her as my wife.
［A］Were she rich or poor
［B］Being rich or poor
［C］Be she poor or rich
［D］Whether is she poor or rich
4、注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, wit hout, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。
⑴、We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have teleph oned him.
⑵、Without you help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much.
⑶、But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
六、有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：
1. I could help you. (只有主句）
2. If I had time. (只有从句）
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)
4. If he had much more money. (只有从句)
第二节：其他形式的条件句中的虚拟语气
一、用“without/but for/in the absence of ”表示“要不是”，“如果没有”（相当于if it were not
for…）表示条件时，句中一般用虚拟语气。（也可用陈述语气）
Without your help, I couldn' t finish my work on time.
In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.
二、由“providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order
that”引导的条件从句或目的从句，根据情况，可用虚拟语气。（有时也可用陈述语气）They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage.
三、用without / but for / in the absence of 表示"要不是"、"如果没有"，表示条件虚拟句：
(1). Without air, nothing could live.要是没有空气，什么也不能生存。
(2). But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的帮忙，我们是难有成就的。
(3). In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果没有水和空气，什么也不能生存。
第五部分：其他几种情况下的虚拟语气
第一节：虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用
虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同
1.表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：
(1) .He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。
(2). He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.他做起事来好象是个电视专家。
(3).Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman．艾伦谈起罗马来好像他是个罗马人一样。
(4).John pretends as if he didn' t know the thing at all, but in fact he kno ws it very well.(用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设)
(5). He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he know s it very well.（用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设）他假装好象完全不懂那事，其实他对那事非常了解。
2. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。如：
(1).The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time.
A. hasn't watered
B. didn't water
C. hadn't bee watered
D. wasn't watered
那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。（答案是c）
(2).The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone bac k to time 20 years ago.（用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实）
(3). The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone bac
k to time 20 years ago.(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实)那老人看着照片，他觉得仿佛回到20年前的时光。
3.表示与将来事实相反:
(1).They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形，表示与将来事实相反)
(2). They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形动词meet，表示与将来事实相反)他们谈了又谈，仿佛他们不会再相见的样子。
注: 在as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气.
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
第二节：虚拟语气用在lest，for fear that及in case引导的目的状语从句中
在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should ＋动词原形构成，should也可省略。
例如：
⑴、He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．他被处以惩罚以免他再犯。
⑵、The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.
a. injure
b. injured
c. had injure
d. would injure
这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。（答案是a）
第三节：介词短语表示虚拟
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。如but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, un der more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设。
1).He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。)
2).We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。)
3). But for his help，I .
［A］should not have succeeded
［B］had not succeeded
［C］did not succeed
［D］have not succeeded
4). But that he came to help me, I .
［A］could not have succeeded
［B］did not succeed
［C］could not succeed
［D］can’t but succeed
第四节：虚拟语气用在It is（about ／high）time ＋that定语从句中
在It is（about／high）time ＋that定语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“该做……的时候了”，其动词形式用一般过去时或should ＋动词原形。
(1).It's already 5 o'clock now．Don't you think it's about time we went ho me？现在已经5点钟了，你不认为我们应该回家了吗？
(2).It is about time you were in bed.
(3).It is high time we left.
(4).It is the first time I came here.
注：
1、在this is the first time ／second time that．．．句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。
例如：
Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？这是你第一次参观香港吗？
2、It's time to do something有别于It's time that．．．
第五节：在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气
谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式(谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同).
⑴、If only he didn’t drive so fast! (现在)
⑵、If only she had asked someone’s advice.(过去)
⑶、If only the rain would stop.(将来)
例题解析:
⑷、Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice.
A. follow
B. had followed
C. would follow
D. have followed
if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是……多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生（事实上不可能发生）与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是：“看我现在的处境多糟糕！要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上，句中的“我”没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。
题中空格处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。
第六部分：虚拟语气从句中should可以省略的情况
1. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的动词后的从句（宾语从句）里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如：
advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine,
grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose,
request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.
常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request. 如：
⑴、His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.
⑵、The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.
2. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的名词后的从句（表语从句，同位语从句）里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如：
advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand,
determination, indication, insistence, order,
preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.
例如：
⑴、It was Bill’s suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
⑵、His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.
⑶、He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
3. 在It is/was +形容词（或名词）后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略.
句型结构如：It is suggested / important / demanded / necessary / a pity /…+ that…
⑴、It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
⑵、It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial,
desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要),
impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary,
obligatory, possible, preferable, probable,
recommended, urgent, vital etc.
虚拟语气详解 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望（往往与客观事实相反），或是表示假象和猜测。虚拟语气无论从形式上还是时态上都比较复杂，需要归类记忆。 虚拟语气大体分为三类：(1) be型虚拟(2) were型虚拟(3) if 条件句及主句虚拟下面会详细说每种虚拟形式的特征和规律，考试时先判断属于哪种虚拟类型，剩下的皆是套路~ （1）be型虚拟（基本是套路） 形式：should + 动词原形，should可以省略 用法：1）表示“命令、建议、要求”等意义词语之后的宾语从句用be型虚拟，常见的词如下: demand, desire, insist, order, ask, command, propose, recommend, suggest, prefer, require, request等 最常见的形式是这类动词后面接着一个宾语从句，则宾语从句的谓语部分要用（should）+ 动词原形来虚拟 例: We demand that the meeting（should）be postponed. The manager suggested that we (should) work together. 注意：有时候你所见到不一定是上述动词引导的宾语从句，而是由上述词变体后所引导主语从句(it做形式主语，如：it is advised/ suggested/ requested/ ordered/ proposed that…)、表语从句或同位语从句 例如：It is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language. (主语从句) The requirement is that all the equipment in the meeting room (should) be checked twice before. (表语从句) We didn’t stand for his proposal that the meeting (should)be postponed. (同位语从句) 只要看到句中有上述动词或其变体，不管词性怎么变、句型怎么变，都用be型虚拟！ 特例：suggest和insist这两个比较特殊，当suggest作“暗示、表明、说明”讲，insist 作“坚持说”讲，后面一般跟的是客观事实，不需要虚拟~这是一个比较重要的考点，体会下面两组句子： We all suggest that a lab (should) be built. 我们都建议建一个实验室。 Her expression suggests that she is angry. 她的表情说明她生气了。 She insisted that we should find the source of the river. 她坚持主张我们应该找到河的源头。 She insisted that she had done nothing wrong. 她坚持说自己没做错事。 suggest 的区别很明显，但insist有点难辨别，一般来说如果insist后面跟的是某种主张，或是坚持要做一件事，那么用虚拟。 2）表示主观看法，常表示“某事是必要的、重要的。。。怎么怎么样的”，尤其是在“ it is +名词/形容词+ that从句”结构中，常见的形容词包括：advisable, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, dispensable, impossible, natural, surprising等 例如：It is advisable that you (should) leave now. It is necessary that teenagers (should) take part in outside activities. It is of great importance that smoking (should) be banned in public area.
高中英语虚拟语气详细讲解 虚拟语气 什么是虚拟语气？是的，我们要学习虚拟语气就必须先弄明白它的概念。 虚拟语气包含两种：一种指与事实相反或不可能发生。“虚拟条件句+虚拟主句”的结构都属于这一类；even if、even though、as if、as though引导的状语中如果需要用到虚拟语气也属于这一类；wish、would rather后面接的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望，还是属于这一类。 另一种指与事实实际是否发生没有直接关系。如和suggest、order、demand等表示建议、命令、要求等相关的名词性从句都属于这一类。 大家知道以上两类虚拟语气后，我们就从从句的角度来系统学习虚拟语气。紧跟小简老师的步伐哦！ 一. 虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况 从句：If+主语+did(be动词用were) 主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do
If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句：If+主语+had+done 主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示与将来事实相反的情况
高考英语专题虚拟语气知识点真题汇编含答案 一、选择题 1．—Would you mind if I ______ the window? —Not at all. In fact, I was going to suggest you ______ it. A．open; did B．opened; to do C．open; doing D．opened; do 2．-You came second in the running race. Congratulations! -Thanks. But practising more, I _______ a different result. A．might get B．may get C．may have got D．might have got 3．If penicillin available, many people from sickness or even small wounds in World WarⅡ. A．was not; would die B．were not; would have died C．had not been; would died D．had not been; would have died 4．louder, all the students would hear. A．If the teacher had spoken B．If the teacher will speak C．Had the teacher spoken D．If the teacher spoke 5．The snowstorm sweeping across California delayed my flight, otherwise I _____ in Hawaii sunbathing on the beach now. A．would be B．could have been C．will be D．might have been 6．It is time that we ________ a decision on how to approach this problem. A．make B．made C．to make D．will make 7．Some teachers recommended that more books to satisfy the students’ needs. A．are purchased B．have been purchased C．were purchased D．be purchased 8．The board thought it urgent that these files _____ right away. A．printed B．had been printed C．would been printed D．be printed 9．--- Are you happy now? --- If only I _____ slimmer, more beautiful, richer, more clever. A．am B．were C．had been D．should be 10．They both look as if they ______ ten years younger after a heart-to-heart talk. A．are B．were C．have been D．had been 11．She wouldn’t have flown off the handle _____the fact that you didn’t intend to hurt her. A．were she to know B．had she known C．did she know D．should she have known 12．_____, the student insisted that he _____ separated from his desk mate, who is very naughty. A．To avoid being affected; be B．To avoid to be affected; would be C．Avoid being affected; should be D．Avoiding to be affected; be 13．-Would you ___ first aid to him, had it been possible? -Yes, but I _____. A．have offered; had got hurt.B．offer; had got hurt. C．have offered; got hurt.D．had offered; had got hurt. 14．________, the damage would be incalculable.
虚拟语气专项练习 1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made. A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. are reading 2.You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him. A. come; would meet B. had come; would have met C. come; will meet D. had come; would meet 3.The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been 4.It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately. A. speak B. spoke C. will speak D. to speak 5.He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time. A. was B. were C. has been D. had been
6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____. A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours C. have lied there for two hours D. have lain there for two hours 7.I wish that I _____ with you last night. A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone 8.Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel? A. will you B. should you C. would you D. do you 9.I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything. A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known 10._____ the fog, we should have reached our school. A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for
高中英语语法讲解--虚拟语气 1. 语气的定义和种类 （1）语气的定义 语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 （2）语气的种类 A. 陈述语气 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。 We are not ready. Did it rain all day yesterday? What a fine day today！ B. 祈使语气 表使说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。 Be careful. Don’t forget to clo se the window. Open the door, please. C. 虚拟语气 表使动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 2. 虚拟语气 一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如： If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。 Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。 虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。 1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might，could）+动词原形。 如： If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。 （事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。） If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。 （事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。） 2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （would, might，could）+ have ＋过去分词。 如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.
英语虚拟语气解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案)及解析 一、初中英语虚拟语气 1．I’ m so busy. If I time, I travel around. A．have; would B．have; could C．had; would D．had; will 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。其主要有三种结构： 1、与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形” 2、与过去事实相反 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时（had+过去分词），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+have+过去分词” 3、与将来事实相反 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形”。 句意：我是那么忙。如果我有时间我会周游世界。与现在事实相反故选C。 考点：考查虚拟语气。 2．If I _______ you, I would say another student could do it better. A．was B．were C．were D．are 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 句意：如果我是你，我会说另一个学生可以把它做得更好。 考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知“现在事实”相反，此句是虚拟语气，be动词使用were；故选A。 3． If I ____Alice, I _____them the truth. A. was , would tell B. were ,would tell C. am, will tell D．is , will tell 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：本题的含义是如果我是你，我将告诉他们真相，本题if引导的是一个虚拟的条件句，在虚拟句中，be用were，主句通常用过去的一种，will应该用would，故本题选B。 考点：if引导的虚拟条件句。 点评：在英文中条件句有两种，一种是真实的条件句，if后遇到将来时用一般现在时，一
虚拟语气 第一部分：语气的定义和种类 1 语气(mood) 语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 2 语气的种类 ⑴、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如： ①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 ②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ ③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！ ⑵、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如： ①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。 ②Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。 ⑶、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： ①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 ②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。 ③May you succeed!祝您成功！ 虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。 第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气 一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如： ⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？ ⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。 二、表祝愿。 1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。 ⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！ ⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐！ ⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！ ⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。 ⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 ⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。 2、用动词原形。例如： (1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！ (2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！” (3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！ 三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”） (1).God save me． (2).Heaven help us． 四、表命令 1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。 2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！ 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go 4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。 (1). Work ! (2). Work harder ! (3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be) (4). You go out ! (5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气) (6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not) 五、在一些习惯表达中。如： (1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。 (2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。 第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气 第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clause)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
一. 简介 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。 二. 应用条件 虚拟语气常在表示条件和结果的状语从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时动词有三种时态：现在时，过去时，将来时，过去完成时，现在完成时。在条件句中的应用：条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。虚拟语气 在什么情况下用虚拟语气? 在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。 三. 虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 真eg . If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实条件状语)（不是虚拟语气）If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气） 非真 eg. If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。（非真实条件状语从句）If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实条件状语从句） 2、用法及动词形式 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例： 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） 3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） 5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况if+主语+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 例： 1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测①if+主语+were to do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他②if+主语+did/be(were)+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他③if+主语+should+do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他
英语总复习虚拟语气完整归纳(1) 一、初中英语虚拟语气 1．—A student in my class said to me, “if I ______our math teacher, I_____ make math learning easier and more interesting instead of giving the kids much homework to do every day.”A．were, would B．am, will C．was, would D．were, will 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析：句意：我班里的一个学生对我说：如果我是数学老师，我会使数学学习更简单有趣，而不是每天给学生许多作业去做。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。其主要有三种结构： 1、与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形” 2、与过去事实相反 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时（had+过去分词），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+have+过去分词” 3、与将来事实相反 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形”。 该句描述的是与现状相反的事实故选A。 考点：考查虚拟语气。 2．---Can you tell me what to wear at the party? ---If I ___you,I___the blue jeans. A．was,will wear B．am,will wear C．were,would wear D．were,wore 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析： 句意：---你能告诉我穿什么参加聚会吗？---如果我是你，我会穿蓝色的牛仔裤。本题考查的是虚拟条件句中主句和从句的时态问题。用if引导的虚拟条件句，虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式（be 一般用were），主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.结合语境可知应选C。 考点：考查虚拟语态。 3． I________ a big house for my family if I _____ a lot of money． A．would buy, have B．would buy, had C．will buy; had D．will buy, will have 【答案】B
虚拟语气用法 英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。 1、表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。 China is an Asian country. (肯定句) How interesting my stay in China has been! (感叹句) 2、祈使句表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。如: Please come over here. 请到这边来。 Watch your steps! 当心!(走路) 3、虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外，如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如: If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。 If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 【注意】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had 等缩略成Weren't，Shouldn't，Hadn't而置于句首。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。 ②有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time，I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…) 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。 ①将条件会暗含在介词短语中，如without…, but for…,otherwise（要不是因为）等 But for his help, we would be working now. (要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
虚拟语气归纳和练习 虚拟语气的重点是： 1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。 2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。 4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。 上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。 下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。 一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型 （1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气 A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。 B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. ---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” ---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he weren’t so lazy. (2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later. (3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如： I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太
浅谈初中英语虚拟语气的用法 一．语气的概念 英语动词不仅有时态、语态等的变化，而且还有语气的变化。语气和时态、语态一样都是英语的语法现象。 从形式上看，语气是动词的一种变化形式。 从意义上讲，语气是表示说话人对某一行为或某一事情的看法和态度。根据说话人的意图，语气可分3种： ⑴直陈语气（又叫陈述语气）——用来陈述事实（或提问题）等。可以用于陈述句，也可以用于疑问句或感叹句。 ⑵祈使语气——用来提出请求或命令等。主要用于祈使句。 ⑶虚拟语气——见下面。 语气和时态是截然不同的概念，但语气要通过动词的时态形式表示出来。 二．虚拟语气 ㈠概念通常是表示说话人所说的话不是一种事实，而是一种纯粹的假设、虚拟、主观愿望或建议等。可以用于陈述句，也可以用于疑问句等。 ㈡动词形式虚拟语气的动词形式大多数情况是用动词（相应）的过去时（相对直陈语气而言）。动词be若用过去式时可以一律用were。 ㈢应用 ⑴在含有条件状语从句的复合句中的应用。表示纯粹的假设，或可能性很小的情 况。主从句的谓语动词主要形式如下： 例：1）If I were you, I’d wear a shirt and tie. 2）What would you do if you had a million dollars ? 3）If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 4）If he hadn’t been strict with himself, he wouldn’t have made such progress. ⑵在wish等宾语从句中的应用。表示纯粹的主观愿望，不可能实现的，或实现的可能性极小的情况。宾语从句谓语动词根据具体情况常可用一般过去时，过去将来时或过去完成时等。 例如： 1）I wish that I could help him now. 我现在要是能帮上他该多好啊！或我多么希望现在能帮上他！（言下之意：我现在帮不上他，没能力帮助他） 2）I wish I could come here tomorrow. 明天我要是能来这儿就好了！（言下之意：我明天根本不可能来这儿，或我明天能来这儿的可能性很小） 3）We wish he hadn’t gone. 他要是没有走该多好啊！ ⑶用在suggest等的宾语从句中，表是纯粹的建议。 句型为：suggest(ed) that … (should) + 动词原形…（should可省略） 1）He suggests that we (should) visit the museum. 2) We suggested that he _____ here every day. A. come B. comes C. came D. can come E. could come 虚拟语气的几种特殊用法 1.省掉if的条件从句结构： Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,…) 2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如： A true friend would not do such a thing. (=If he were a true friend, he...) (=If there were no water,…) (=If you hadn’t helped me,…)
虚拟语气 有些条件句是可能实现的，称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿.请求，设想，等未能或不可能实现的事实，或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型，即由if引导的虚拟条件句，省略if的倒装形式，可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句，同位语从句，表语从句的句型，以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without， but for等介词引导的短语或句子. 主要用法 1). 主语从句，同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法. 2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法，尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法. 3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法，应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点. 4). would rather（=wish）等结构中虚拟语气的用法. 5). if only（如果。。。就好了）结构中虚拟语气的用法. 6). But， or， otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法. 7). It’s time (that)（早该。。。。）等结构中虚拟语气的用法. 1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用 (1) 虚拟语气现在时，用以表示与现在/将来事实相反的假设或现在实
现可能性不大的情况. Eg. If I were a bird， I would fly to you. If it is not for their help， we shall be in a very difficult position. If it were not for their help， we should be in a very difficult position. If I had seen the film, I would….. (2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设. Eg. If we had started earlier， we should not have missed the train. If she hadn’t been ill， she might have come. If she were not ill， she might come.