2018考博英语阅读训练【三篇】

考博英语模拟题2018年(22)(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionText 1The London Stock Exchange has been famous as a place for men only, and women used to be strictly forbidden to enter. But the world is changing day by day, and even the Stock Exchange, which seemed to be a men"s castle, is gradually opening its doors to the other sex. On 16th November 1971, a great decision was taken. The Stock Exchange Council (the body of men that administers the Stock Exchange) decided that women should be allowed onto the new trading floor when it opened in 1973. But the "castle" had not **pletely conquered. Thefirst girls to work in "The House" were not brokers or jobbers. They were neither allowed to become partners in stock broking firms, nor to be authorized dealers in stocks and shares. They were simplyjunior clerks and telephone operators.Women have been trying to get into the Stock Exchange for many years. Several votes have been taken in "The House" to see whether the members would be willing to allow women to become members, but the answer has always been "No". There have been three refusals of this kind since 1967. Now women are admitted, although in a very junior capacity. Two forms of jobbers made an application to the Stock Exchange Council to be allowed to employ girl clerks. Permission was finally given. A member of the Stock Exchange explained after this news had been given, "The new floor is going to be different from the old one. All the jobbers will have their own stands, with space for a telephone and typewriters, therefore there will have to be typists and telephone operators. So women must be allowed in." This decision did not mean a very great victory in the war for equal rights for women. However, it was a step in the fight direction. The Chairman of the new building will eventually lead to women being allowed to have full membership of the Stock Exchange. It is only a matter of time; it must happen.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The London Stock Exchange is famous ______.A for its favorable locationB for its policy of opening its doors to womenC because it has been a place for men onlyD because women are now beginning to enter its doors to work分值: 6.25答案:C[解析] 本题的依据是文章的第1句话：has been famous as a place for men only。

1.These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect.A amount toB conform toC contribute toD attach to2.The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug.A most poisonousB most likelyC most famousD most desirable3.This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak.A with the favor ofB find good jobs forC assume the responsibility forD accept the challenge of4.The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned.A collapsedB disappearedC perishedD scattered5.Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly.A for benefitsB by luckC for everD at hand.6.An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advanced students.A ideaB changeC matterD policy7.This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has been propagated.A extendedB terminatedC speculatedD restricted8.The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off.A was releasedB proved satisfactoryC failed completelyD won awards9.Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt.A gravitationB fascinationC seriousnessD incurability10.When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age.A utilizeB handleC masterD dominateSection B :Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B , C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11.The country once threatened to ___ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was too friendly to the rebels.A show offB keep offC break offD call off12.In English leaning, a ___ circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.A viciousB vigorousC verticalD voluntary13.Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow ___by the sun on the slate.A thrownB flungC castD tossed(upward)petition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare ___ with other localdistricts.A significantlyB favorablyC dramaticallyD superficially15.If you don’t know how to ___ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be a nightmar e.A take hold ofB get rid ofC let go ofD make fun of16.This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not taken seriously.A episodeB epidemicC equivalentD eruption17.With a wide variety of fresh fruit ___available, canner fruit is no longer so popular as before.A willinglyB appropriatelyC confidentlyD readily =easily18.The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____that events could take once the coalition troopsare withdrawn.A processB lineC wayD course19.Decades of ___ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad.A insulationB irrigationC integrationD isolation20.There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains ____ through suicide.A by and largeB once for all =foreverC heart and soulD on the wholePart II. ClozeDirections: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere---- from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 21 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can’t 22 demand,” said inventor MitchAltman of San Fran cisco, U.S. “I didn’t know there were so many people who wanted to turn TVs off.”Hundreds of orders for Altman’s US $14.99 TV-B-Gone device poured in last week. The tiny remote control device had been 23 in Wired magazine and other online-media outlets. 24 , the unexpected attention overloaded the website of his company. Cornfield Electronics, and caused it to 25 .The keychain device works like a 26 remote control ----but it only turns TVs on or off. With a push of the button, it goes through a 27 of about 200 infrared codes that control the power of about 1,000 television models. Altman said the majority of TVs should 28 within 17 seconds. It takes a little more than a minute for the device to 29 all the trigger codes.The 47-year-old Altman got the idea for TV-B-Gone a decade ago. He was out with friends at a restaurant and they found themselves all 30 by the TV, but no one was around to turn it off.21. A expects B expectation C expected D expecting22. A give in to B hold on to C make up for D keep up with23. A acknowledged B announced C admitted D applied24. A At times B On time C Behind time D At the same time25. A clash B crush =smash C cruise D crash26. A commonplace B universal C mean D medium27. A string B flock C school D fleet28. A repel B repeat C react D reproach =blame29. A submit B permit C omit D emit30. A bothered B haunted C interrupted D hinderedPart III. Reading ComprehensiveDirections: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAnimals are more like us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, and they show affection, excitement and love. All these finding have been made by scientists in recent years----and such results are beginning to change how we view animals.Strangely enough, this research was sponsor ed by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC. Pressured by animal rights groups, these companies felt they had to fund scientists researching the emotional and mental states of animals. McDonald’s, for instance, funded studies on pig behaviors at P urdue University, Indiana. This research found that pigs seek affection and easily become depressed if left alone or prevented from playing with each other. If they become depressed, they soon become physically ill. Because of this, and other similar studies, the European Union has banned the use of isolating pig stalls from 2012. In Germany, the government is encouraging pig farmers to give each pig 20 seconds of human contact a day, and to provide them with toys to prevent them from fighting.Other scientists have shown that animals think and behave like humans.Koko, the 300-pound gorilla (大猩猩)at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California, for instance, has been taught sign language. Koko can now understand several thousand English words, more than many humans who speak English as a second language. On human IQ tests, she scores between 70 and 95.Before such experiments, humans thought language skills were absent from the animal kingdom. Other myths are also being overturned, like the belief that animals lack self-awareness. Studies have also shown that animals mourn their dead, and that they play for pleasure.These striking similarities between animal and human behavior have led some to ask a question: “If you believe in evolution, how can’t you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have?”Until recently, scientists believed that animals behaved by instinct and that what appeared to be learned behavior was merely genetically-programmed activity. But as Koko the Gorilla shows, this is not the case. In fact, learning is passed from parents to offspring far more often than not in the animal kingdom.So what implications does this knowledge have for humans? Because of this , should we ban hunting and animal testing? Should we close zoos? Such questions are being raised by many academics and politicians. Harvard and 25 other American law schools have introduced courses on animal rights.31. The author feels it strange that the research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC probably because these companies_____.。

【导语】作⽂是英语考试的重中之重，想要写出好的作⽂，可以多背多记⼀些模板。

以下是®⽆忧考⽹为⼤家整理的《2018考博英语作⽂万能模板【五篇】》希望对⼤家的写作有启发和帮助。

【第⼀篇：社会热点类】社会热点类模板1 The two pictures illustrate vividly ……. In the left picture ……,while in the right ……. From the two pictures we can sense a crazy tendency of ……. Aside from ……,another telling example is ……,which was so successful in that ……. The pictures also make it obvious that we should ……. Admittedly,it is natural that ……. Nevertheless,it is the responsibility of our government and society to ……. In my opinion,what’s the more important is to ……. In short,……. 社会热点类模板2 It goes without saying that this picture aims at revealing a current problem; ……. In this drawing,Even …….. It seems to me that the artist is sending a message about the importance of ……. Though the drawing is a little exaggerating,it is not rare for us to find in ……. If we let this situation of continues,it not only harms ……,but also prevents ……. Accordingly,we urgently call for ……. Though the government has already taken pains to implement regulations,it still failz to ……. In my opinion,this problem should be urgently solved so as to protect benefits. I expect the government will put forward more effective propositions as soon as possible.【第⼆篇：情感类】情感类模板1： As is shown in the picture above,…… . Obviously from we can surmise that …… . It goes without saying that the primary purpose of the picture lies in eulogizing the practice of …… . As a matter of fact, it is not rare to find in our everyday life deeds of similar nature.For instance,…… . Additionally, we can also hear many stories about …….Not to mention those moving cases of …… . All in all, I firmly believe that a harmonious society is based on a …… . By ……, people not only harvest ……, but also gain that can never be purchased via money. 情感类模板2： Just as is depicted in the picture. It is not difficult to find that in today’s society， more and more people begin to …… . It is rather good news to …… . The picture reminds us that in China, due to ,…… . Moreover, there are …… .In addition， we should not forget ……. ……is a good way to express human love. To some extent, it also reflects individuals' sense of social responsibility. It is also a feeling from deep heart that is beyond words and is difficult to obtain no matter how rich one is. Therefore, I strongly advocate that…… . I am sure our society will hence be more beautiful because of…… .【第三篇：正⾯话题类】As is shown above, in the middle of the cartoon stands + 主题词，which symbolizes + 主题词的另⼀种表达，+ 同位语即主题词第三种表达 + 表⽰主题词动作的⾮谓语动词 (例如：in the middle of the cartoon stands a hot pot，which symbolizes culture，the one containing many Chinese culture symbol. The drawer's intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking. It is therefore safe to draw the conclusion that + 主题词 + is momentous and fundamental to the mind what food is vital and significant to the body.) Not only I, but also the best philosophers and poets also praise that this concept should be a permanent universal values. Obviously, I can think of no better reasons for the phenomenon other than the following two. Initially, the millennia-long run of + 主题词 + left us with a lot of traditions that are extremely profoundly rooted. 加拓展句：主题词 is a kind of emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark around us becomes.(⽐如：爱⼼/⾃信/亲情/团结/坚持/诚信/友谊/乐观的态度/是⼀种情感的⼒量，⽆论我们周围有多么的⿊暗，它都能⽀持我们。

2018考博英语完形填空模拟练习【1-3】十年寒窗，开出芬芳;十年磨剑，努力未变;十年坚守，成功守候。

十年的风雨兼程奋力追逐，让梦想现实的时刻。

祝努力备考，金榜题名，考入理想院校。

以下是无忧考网为大家整理的《2018考博英语完形填空模拟练习【1-3】》供您查阅。

【第一篇】Every human being has unique arrangement of skin on his fingers andthis arrangement is unchangeable. Scientists and experts have proved the 1 offinger-prints and discovered that no 2 similar pattern is 3 from parents tochildren, 4 nobody knows why this is the 5 .The ridge 6 on a person’finger doesn’t change 7growth and is not affected by 8 injuries. Burns, cuts and other damages to the9 part of the skin will be replaced 10 by a new one which bears thereproduction of the 11 pattern. It is onlywhen the inner skin is injured thatthe arrangement will be 12 Some criminals make use of this to 13 their ownfinger-prints 14 this is a dangerous and rare step to 15 .Finger-prints can be made very easily with a printer’s ink. Theycan be recorded easily. With special method, 16 can be achieved successfullywithin a short time. 17 the simplicity and economy of this system, finger-printhave often been used as a method of solving criminal cases. A 8 man may denythe charge but this may be 19 . His finger-prints can prove who he is even his20 has been changed by age or accident.1. A. uselessnessB. quantityC. magnitudeD. uniqueness2. A. naturally B. exactlyC. especiallyD. particularly3. A. passed onB. passed awayC. passed outD. passed off4. A. ifB. whenC. thoughD. as5. A. reasonB. causeC. groundD. case6. A. constructionB. structureC. locationD. position7. A. withB. because ofC. untilD. under8. A. graveB. severeC. substantialD. superficial9. A. outsideB. outwardC. innerD. outer10. A. in timeB. on timeC. at timesD. behind time11. A. originalB. differentC. definiteD. customary12. A. restoredB. hurtC. destroyedD. restricted13. A. diminishB. disposeC. undermineD. remove14. A. andB. butC. whenD. if15. A. makeB. takeC. doD. adapt16. A. realizationB. detectionC. identificationD. investigation17. A. In spite ofB. Irrespective ofC. Because ofD. In case of18. A. suspectedB. doubtedC. distrustedD. doubtful19. A. out of caseB. in vainC. at randomD. in question20. A. lookB. expressionC. appearanceD. sight1. 【答案】D. uniqueness【解析】本题测试词义搭配。

真题演练(三)[2015·江苏]AVisitor Code•Arrive with nothing that can harm New ZealandIf you are arriving from overseas，bring no food，animal or plant material into the country.If in doubt declare it to Customs.•Protect plants and animalsNever allow dogs or other pets to run freely in areas of nesting birds，other wildlife，or where signposted.•Get rid of rubbishAlways get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste(e.g.，glass，paper) where possible.•Be considerate with other wasteIf using a portable toilet always throw away your toilet waste at a proper waste station.In the back country，bury your toilet waste in a shallow hole away from waterways.•Keep New Zealand’s water cleanBecause soaps and other wastes can harm waterways，be careful your washing water doesn’t pollute the sea，lakes and rivers.•Take care with fireAlways observe district fire bans.Be careful if you smoke or have an outdoor fire or barbecue—make sure ashes are cold before leaving.•Camp or picnic carefullyWhen camping or picnicking，use facilities provided.•Keep to the trackKeep to the track，where one exists，so you lessen the chance of damaging fragile plants.•Be considerateWhen driving，minimize noise and observe no smoking signs.56．According to the Code，visitors should act .A．with care and respectB．with relief and pleasureC．with caution and calmnessD．with attention and observation答案 A解析推理判断题。

【导语】想要考研阅读题多拿分，就需要多做练习。

以下是为⼤家整理的《2018年考研英语阅读模拟题及答案【⼋篇】》供您查阅。

【第⼀篇】At 18， Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease，” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent)， she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source， in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992， she is completely healthy with normal immune function， according to one of the doctors who treated her， W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease，” Anderson says， “within 50 years.” It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005， and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse，” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.” At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center， immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University， researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia， researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise. But somehow， things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment，patients show a response at first， but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999， when Jesse Gelsinger， an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder， died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer， researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already， officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “gene doping.” But the principle is the same， whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy isa very good idea，” says Crystal. “And eventually it's going to work.” 1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________. [A] show the promise of gene-therapy [B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases [C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team [D] explain how gene-based treatment works 2. Anderson‘s early success has ________________. [A] greatly speeded the development of medicine [B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy [C] promised a cure to every disease [D] made him a national hero 3. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly. [B] Despite the huge funding， gene researches have shown few promises. [C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses. [D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores. 4. The word “tarnish” (line 5， paragraph 4) most probably means ____________. [A] affect [B] warn [C] trouble [D] stain 5. From the text we can see that the author seems ___________. [A] optimistic [B] pessimistic [C] troubled [D] uncertain 答案：A B C D A【第⼆篇】According to psychologists(⼼理学家), an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When a person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. if the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call　the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world. it can be created by a person's thoughts. Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only learns his emotions but learns how to act in certain situations because of an emotion. Psychologists think that there are two types of emotion: positive and negative. Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight, and hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a person. Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied. They include anger, fear,despair, sadness, and disgust. in growing up, a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy. Emotions may be weak or strong. Some strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them. in order to feel happy, the person may choose unusual ways to avoid the emotion. Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems. They may prevent a person from learning or paying attention to what he is doing. For example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly. The worry drains valuable mental energy he needs for the examination. 56. We learn from the passage that an emotion is created by something___________. A)one thinks bad or good B)one feels in danger C)one faces in the outside world D)one tries to escape from real life 57. Which of the following is NOT true? A)Children learn emotions as they grow up. B)Babies are born with emotions. C)Emotions fall into two types in general. D)People can cope with the negative emotions in life. 58. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to___________. A) explain why people have emotions B) show how people avoid the negative emotions C) explain what people should do before emotions D) define and classify people's emotions 59. We can safely conclude that a student may fail in an exam if___________. A) he can not think properly B) he can't pay attention to it C) he can't pay attention to it D) he is not full of energy 60. As used in the last sentence, the word drains means___________. A) stops B) ties C) weakens D) flows gradually 答案1.A2.B3.D4.B5.C【第三篇】。

2018考博英语作文范文：白色污染问题现象与措施11. 开头(介绍背景)：先下定义，白色污染(white pollution)是随意2丢弃塑料袋(disposal of plastic bags)，难以降解处理(hard to be decomposed 3in nature)，造成环境破坏：影响市容(destroy the look of city)，同时对4人体有潜在危害(has hazards to human’s health)。

52. 问题产生根源：居民为其方便(for the sake of convenience)，6大量使用，造成不可逆转的污染(cause irreversible damage to environment)。

73. 措施1：政府制定政策(make policies and regulations)，限制污8染企业(place a limitation on the development of factories that pollute; 94. 措施2：政府大力探索新材料(make an effort to seek new10material)，用清洁环保材料代替(use environmental-friendly materials to 11replace old ones) ，既清洁又便利;125. 措施3：政府应做好民众的宣传(make known to people the danger 13of white pollution)，提高民众环保意识(raise the public awareness towards 14environmental protection)，比如多用环保袋去替代产生白色污染的塑料袋15(encourage people to use reusable bags more);165.结尾(号召)：解决白色污染问题不是梦，要考政府和民众的齐心努17力(requires the collaboration of the government and the population)。

考博英语模拟题2018年(11)(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionText 1The United States is often considered a young nation, but in fact it is next to the oldest continuous government in the world, and the reason is that its people have always been willing to accommodate themselves to change. It should be realized, however, that sharing benefits of our achievements was the result of trial and error. Unprincipled businessmen had first to be restrained by government before they came to learn that they must serve the general good in pursuing their economic interests. Thus, although early statesmen strongly believed in private enterprise, they chose to make the post office a government monopoly and to give the schools to public ownership. Since then, government has broadened its activities in many ways including preventing monopolies from taking over the economy.Increased growth by acquisition by our largest corporations has resulted in a situation where virtually independent economic giants will dominate the American economy. Growth of these vast corporate structures, even though accompanied by an increase in the number of much smaller and less **panies that operate under their control, foretells the creation of monopoly—like structures throughout American business. In general, the major acquisitions by the **panies were corporate organizations that were profitable and successful before acquisition. The main effect of the merger or acquisition was to transfer control and management of an already successful enterprise to a new group. Profitability ratios indicate that, in most instances, the **panies operated less efficiently after acquisition.Americans hold with Lincoln that "the legitimate object of government is to do for a community of people whatever they need to have done but cannot do at all, or cannot do so well for themselves, in their separate and individual capacities." Clearly merger restriction is one example of legitimate government intervention.1. It is implied that the main quality of the United States stressed is its ______.A. youthB. shared wealthC. trial and errorD. flexibility2. The term "general good" (Line 5, Para. 1) refers to ______.A. efficient practicesB. ethical practicesC. common well-beingD. profitable decisions3. The creation of U.S. post office monopoly is cited as an example of a ______.A. replacement of the existing economic orderB. restraint of unprincipled businessmenC. flexible view of governmentD. system of shared profits4. From the text we learn that when mergers occurred, the **panies had ______.A. low profitability ratiosB. management difficultiesC. poor productivityD. achieved success5. The author"s view of mergers is ______.A. criticalB. cautiousC. qualifiedD. favorableText 2Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities. Of course, there have always been people who have looked for adventure—those who have climbed the highest mountains, explored unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans. Now, however, there are people who seek an immediate excitement from a risky activity which may only last a few minutes or even seconds.I would consider bungee jumping to be a good example of such an activity. You jump from a high place (perhaps a bridge or a hot-air balloon) 200 meters above the ground with an elastic rope tied to your ankles. You fall at up to 150 kilometers an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground. It is estimated that two million people around the world have now tried bungee jumping. Other activities which most people would say are as risky as bungee jumping involve jumping from tall buildings and diving into the sea from the top of high cliffs.Why do people take part in such activities as these? Some psychologists suggest that it is because life in modem societies has become safe and boring. Not very long ago, people"s lives were constantly under threat. They had to go out and hunt for food, diseases could not easily be cured, and life was a continuous battle for survival.Nowadays, according to many people, life offers little excitement. They live and work in comparatively safe environment; they buy food in shops; and there are doctors and hospitals to look after them if they become ill. The answer for some of these people is to seek danger in activities such as bungee jumping.1. A suitable title for the passage is ______.A. Dangerous Sports: What and Why?B. The Boredom of Modem LifeC. Bungee Jumping: Is It Really Dangerous?D. The Need for Excitement2. More and more people today ______.A. are trying activities such as bungee jumpingB. are climbing the highest mountainsC. are close to death in sportsD. are looking for adventures such as exploring unknown places3. People probably take part in dangerous sports nowadays because ______.A. they have a lot of free timeB. they can go to hospital if they are injuredC. their lives lack excitementD. they no longer need to hunt for food4. The writer of the passage has a (n) ______ attitude towards dangerous sports.A. positiveB. negativeC. objectiveD. subjectiveText 3When they advise your kids to "get an education" if you want to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide man power for your society, but not too much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you are occupationally dead, unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison and you can successfully drop out in grade school.Get a college degree, if possible. With a B. A., you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master"s degree, make sure it is an MBA, and only from a first-rate university. Beyond this, the famous law of diminishing returns begins to take effect. Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more a year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was $24,000, while the full professors managed to average just $23,930.A Ph.D is the highest degree you can get, but except in a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry, where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, you are facing a dim future. There are more Ph.Ds unemployed or underemployed in this country than in any other part of the world by far.If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or languages or—worst of all—in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.Thousands of Ph.Ds are selling shoes, driving cabs, waiting on tables and filling out fruitless applications month after month. And then maybe taking a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.1. According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out people who ______.A. will not be a shame to the societyB. will become loyal citizensC. can take care of themselvesD. can meet the demands as a source of manpower2. Many Ph.Ds are out of job because ______.A. they are wrongly educatedB. they are of **mercial value to the societyC. there are fewer jobs in high schoolsD. they prefer easy jobs to more money3. The nation is only interested in people ______.A. with diplomasB. specialized in physics and chemistryC. valuable to the gross national productD. both A and C4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Bernard Shaw didn"t finish high school, nor did Edison.B. One must think carefully before going for a master"s degree.C. The higher your educational level, the more money you will earn.D. If you are too well educated, you"ll make things difficult for the society.Text 4I wonder if you realize just how many others share your problem. It is so common for people to distort the truth about themselves. Sometimes it"s just an invented excuse when you"re late for something or a pretence that you like someone you don"t. These white lies don"t usually harm anyone and indeed often help smooth over difficult social situations. They certainly are embarrassing if exposed but, on the whole, they"re easily forgiven.What you describe is a habit of lying that is more serious than this. I suspect that the lies you tell are ways of defending an idea you have of your own worth. People who have doubts about their own self-esteem often worry that others will judge them as harshly as they feel they deserve because of a secret idea that they are pretty worthless. In other words, they create a false picture of themselves, a picture of someone who meets all the expectations they think others have of them, and as you say, that causes problems—since they have to keep living up to that image. At the same time, they have to tell further lie to cover the stories they have already told. According to some authorities, this is particularly among women especially those who have few opportunities to develop an adequate sense of self-worth.I suggest you give yourself one day during which you stick solidly to the truth about yourself. Give yourself a small treat at the end of the day if you have managed to keep it up. Wait a week and then try it again. Once you have achieved three separate lie-free days, see if you can cope with three days running, then extend it to a whole week. Don"t make a promise to yourself that you will never lie again because almost certainly you will—it"s too much to take on at once. Try to change things little by little, by setting yourself manageable targets. After a while, you"ll wonder why you ever had the problem at all.1. This passage is a reply to someone who ______.A. keeps a habit of lying for vain reasonsB. works hard to meet others" expectationsC. does not know the truth about himself and is too sure of himselfD. does not know how to make a realistic plan for himself2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. White lies often cause embarrassment in social situations.B. It is important for women to have an adequate sense of self-worth.C. It takes a little time to get rid of your habit.D. Take exercise like running if you are free and keep it up.3. The expression "living up to" in the second paragraph can best be replaced by ______.A. growing up withB. living withC. seekingD. sticking to4. In the last paragraph the writer implies that ______.A. you will solve the problem with patience and a strong willB. you must be hard on yourself to accomplish somethingC. your problem lies in the fact that you hasten to make promisesD. you must set different targets at different stages of your life。

医学考博英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题2分）1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason for the increasing prevalence of obesity?A. Increased portion sizesB. Decreased physical activityC. Increased consumption of sugary drinksD. Increased use of antibiotics答案：D2. What is the primary focus of the article?A. The causes of obesityB. The consequences of obesityC. The treatments for obesityD. The prevention of obesity答案：A3. The author suggests that which of the following is a contributing factor to obesity?A. Sedentary lifestylesB. Lack of sleepC. High stress levelsD. All of the above答案：D4. What is the main purpose of the study mentioned in the passage?A. To identify the causes of obesityB. To develop a new treatment for obesityC. To assess the effectiveness of a weight loss programD. To compare the obesity rates in different countries答案：A5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a strategy to combat obesity?A. Encouraging physical activityB. Reducing portion sizesC. Banning the use of antibioticsD. Implementing public health campaigns答案：C二、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）6. The doctor advised her to take a rest for a few days, saying that overwork might _______ her health.A. affectB. effectC. infectD. defect答案：A7. Despite the heavy rain, the construction work was _______ on schedule.A. wentB. goingC. goneD. being gone答案：B8. The new drug is reported to be _______ effective than the old one.A. veryB. farC. quiteD. much答案：D9. _______ the meeting on time was more important than anything else.A. To arriveB. ArrivingC. The arrivalD. Having arrived答案：B10. The patient was told to _______ the medication three times a day after meals.A. take offB. take inC. take upD. take on答案：D三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）11. The research team _______ the data for several weeks before they could draw any conclusions.A. analyzedB. analyzedC. was analyzingD. had been analyzing答案：D12. The study found that _______ the risk of heart disease was significantly reduced by regular exercise.A. inB. onC. atD. by答案：A13. Despite the benefits of a healthy diet, many people still _______ to make changes.A. hesitateB. persistC. insistD. resist答案：D14. The doctor emphasized the importance of _______ a balanced diet.A. maintainingB. maintainingC. to maintainD. maintained答案：A15. The new policy aims to _______ the number of hospital-acquired infections.A. reduceB. minimizeC. decreaseD. all of the above答案：D四、翻译（共20分，每题10分）16. 将下列句子从英文翻译成中文："The introduction of new medical technologies has revolutionized the way we treat diseases, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs."新医疗技术的引入彻底改变了我们治疗疾病的方式，导致患者结果改善和医疗保健成本降低。

昆明理工大学英语2018年考博真题博士入学试卷昆明理工大学2018年博士研究生招生考试试题（A）考试科目代码：1111 考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

Part I Structure and Vocabulary( 15 points )Directions: In this part, there are fifteen incomplete sentences. For each sentence four alternatives A, B, C or D are given. Decide which of the alternatives best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.1.When ______ at the door, she was given a warm welcome.A.appearB. appearedC. appearingD. appears2.Mr. Lee is far too wise a man not ______ that.A.seeingB. being seenC. seeD. to see3.The residents, ______ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A.all their homesB. all whose homesC.all of whose homesD. all of their homes4.______, I must do another experiment.A.Be it ever so lateB. It is ever so lateC.It be ever so lateD. So late it be ever5.I wish ______ to Stockholm when I was in Sweden. I hear it’sa beautiful city.A.I wentB. I had goneC. to goD. to have gone6.Tom ______ better than to ask Dick for help.A.shall knowB. has knownC. shouldn’t knowD. should have known7.There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______from the farmingcommunity.A.straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally8.The ______ view in Britain and other Western countriesassociates aging with decline,dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A.predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable9.The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A.prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment10.They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A.sizeableB. adverseC. beneficialD. consequential11.Just as you do not wish others to ______ their desires upon you, you must leave it to them tobe free to follow their own direction in life.A.inflictB. disputeC. ridiculeD. antedate12.The children have a more ______ view, only taking in consideration what will work.昆明理工大学2018年博士研究生招生考试试题第 1 页共 8 页。

2018年英语二阅读第3篇Title: My Favorite Hobby - ReadingReading is my favorite hobby. I love to immerse myself in the world of books and explore different stories and ideas. Here are a few reasons why reading is so important to me.Firstly, reading helps me expand my knowledge and vocabulary. I come across new words and phrases that I can incorporate into my own writing and speaking. It also exposes me to different cultures and perspectives, allowing me to broaden my horizons.Secondly, reading is a great way to relax and unwind. Whenever I feel stressed or overwhelmed, I can escape into a book and forget about my worries for a while. It’s like entering a whole new world where anything is possible.Thirdly, reading helps improve my imagination and creativity. When I read a well-written story, I can visualize the characters and settings in my mind. This not only makes the reading experience more enjoyable but also stimulates my own creativity when I write my own stories.Lastly, reading is a lifelong skill that will benefit me in many aspects of life. Whether it’s for academic purposes, such as studying for exams, or for personal growth and development, reading provides me with valuable information and insights.In conclusion, reading is not just a hobby for me, but a passion. Itallows me to learn, relax, and be creative. I encourage everyone to pick up a book and discover the joy of reading!。

2018年考博英语完形填空答题技巧【三篇】导读：本文2018年考博英语完形填空答题技巧【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

一、意思相反，正确答案往往在其中1、This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air, the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact,though,we are extremely sensitive to smells, even if we do not generally realize it.[A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking空格前面指出了鼻子的局限性，空格后面指出了附着在物体表面的大部分气味，二者形成了对比，我们可以大胆推测，此处应该填入与perceiving含义相反的词汇，来表现人类嗅觉的局限性，A项中的catching和D项中的tracking，分别意为“抓住”、“跟踪”，均在含义上与perceiving相接近，故不符合题意，ignoring和missing一个表示“忽视”，另一个表示“错过”，意思相近，但ignoring为主观上故意不理睬而忽视，由于人类并不是主观上故意忽视附着在物体表面的大部分气味，因此C入选。

在这里我们可以一眼看出missing与catching互为相反词，所以考生们在选择时可以适当的利用技巧节省答题时间。

二、四项带入均可，分析上下文2、Finding ways to this growing homeless population hasbecome increasingly difficult. Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss题干中显示：找到方法来_____与日俱增的无家可归者变得越来越难，仅根据题干我们不知道作者要表达什么，采用代入法将四个选项分别带入。

2018年中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。

考博英语阅读资料100篇Unit OnePassage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storage B) storage of productsC) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control.These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB) mental distress once they are woundedC) only body pains without feeling sadD) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.A) cannot control their muscular contractionsB) have developed a capacity of feeling no painC) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____.A) animals don't show suffering to usB) dogs are more endurable than human childrenC) we cannot know what animals feelD) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.B) We should protect and save all the animals.C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____.A) argue for something B) explain somethingC) tell a story D) describe an objectPassage 3In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.A) a good example B) an imaginary modelC) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.A) mathematicians approach scienceB) building a house is like performing experimentsC) science is more than a collection of factsD) scientific experiments have led to improved technology13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous resultsC) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A) Sifting through known facts.B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.C) Providing direction for scientific research.D) Linking together different theories.15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D) A good scientist needs to be creative.B) Education systems need to be radically reformed.C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated.D) Education involves many years of professional training.20. The passage is organized by ___A) listing and discussing several educational problemsB) contrasting the meanings of two related conceptsC) narrating a story about excellent teachersD) giving examples of different kinds of schoolsPassage 5The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century American philosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its rootslie in ancient Greek philosophy), the designation is nonetheless telling: people tend to credit Thoreau, an American, with the idea because civil disobedience, is a hallmark of American eth- ics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand, and the imperatives of civil law on the other, forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960'S.What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First, an act of civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second, it requires as its target a specific law or policy, rather than the entire legal system. This is true even if the protester's ul- timate goal is to alter radically the legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system'sinequities. The American civil rights movement, for example, first targeted discrimination on public transportation, then used its victories as a springboard to address other injustices. Third, the act must be done publicly, because the ef- fectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability to mobilize public sentiment against the protest's target. Finally, those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail--us-ually jailing--and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion, since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target.21. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.A) inappropriate B) revealing C) insignificant D) challenging22. In the passage, the author mentions that the civil rights movement _______.A) focused its early efforts on public transportationB) did not always practice civil disobedienceC) started in nineteenth centuryD) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model23. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons should civil protests be donepublicly?A) To alter the legal system in radical way.B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law.C) To stimulate public support for a cause.D) To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.24. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______.A) it helps convince the public to support their causeB) they usually do so unwillinglyC) it is because their protest has not gone according to planD) they are always released almost immediately25. In the 2nd paragraph, the author ________.A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessaryB) provides an extensive history of civil disobedienceC) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedienceD) defines the concept of civil disobediencePassage 6In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxationsas hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group workprovided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some ofthe rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.26. What is the passage mainly about?A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C) The clergy organized them.D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "the pursuitof pleasure" ?A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.B) They felt that it was not necessary.C) They felt that it should be productive.D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?A) Very frequent. B) Useful and enjoyable.C) Extremely necessary. D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities.Passage 7For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge that is intrinsic and consubstautial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be a man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a we N-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, be-cause the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, the foundation for practical results would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.31. The most important advances made by mankind come from __.A) technical applications B) apparently useless informationC) the natural sciences D) philosophy32. The word "Utopians" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __.A) idealists B) Greek mathematiciansC) scientists D) true human33. In the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss __.A) the value of technical research B) the value of pure researchC) philosophy D) unforeseen discoveries34. The word "resign" in the 6th sentence in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning toA) dismiss B) quit C) remark D) submit35. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is __.A) "Technical Progress"B) "A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing"C) "Man's Distinguishing Characteristics"D) "The Function of Theoretical Knowledge as Compared to Its Practical Applications"Passage 8In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn oneither art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, this was the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, the recent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes and ears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him in the store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the "accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitude(真实)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions. Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes which took hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplementedby national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.36. This article is based on the idea that ________.A) people today no longer follow modelsB) People attach little importance to whoever they followC) people generally pattern their lives after modelsD) People no longer respect heroes37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______.A) inspiring literate immigrantsB) frustrating educated immigrantsC) preventing the assimilation of immigrantsD) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______A) toward realism B) toward fantasyC) against the teaching of morals D) away from realism39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____A) a logical evolution of ideas B) widespread moral decayC) the influence of the press D) a philosophy of plenty40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaningto ______.A) presentations B) misinterpretationsC) influences D) limitationsPassage 9The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literatureand drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil.The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense—is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them.You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non- dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.41. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the _____.A) relativistic view of morals B) greater concern with religionC) emphasis on evil D) greater concern with universals42. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____A) relative B) unimportantC) constantly in conflict D) dramatically neutralized43. When the author uses the expression "it is a long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, heis commenting on the ___A) length of the novelB) indifference to the moral behavior of the charactersC) monotony of the storyD) sensational depravities of the book44. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel be-cause of Paton's ____.A) insight into human behaviorB) behavioristic beliefsC) treatment of good and evil as abstractionsD) willingness to make moral judgments45. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A) shut B) attend C) show D) avoidPassage 10African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990sthere has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due toa very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience than anticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidatefor expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs,why have they not received full scale support7Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players have convinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films they would prefer to eschew entirely.Also to blame for this deleterious phenomenon are legions of desperate and Machiavellian African-American film producers, directors, and writers who would transform The Birth of A Nation into a black musical as long as it would provide them with gainful studio employment. These filmmakers not only perpetuate negative stereotypes in their films, but they also season them with a sprinkling of African-American authenticity. This situation would be onerous enough, given the economic exploitation of the community involved; unfortunately these films also validate the pathologies they depict. The constant projection of the black community as a kind of urban Wild Kingdom, the glamorization of tragic situations, and the celebration of innercity drug dealers and gangsters has a programming effect on black youth. The power of music infilm is a particularly seductive and propagandistic force which in the recent crop of African-American films has rarely been used in a positive social manner.What flows from this combination of factors is a policy of market exploitation rather than market development, evidenced by the fact that any number of films may open to 1,500 screens。

2018考博英语作文范文：白色污染问题现象与措施1. 开头(介绍背景)：先下定义，白色污染(white pollution)是随意丢弃塑料袋(disposal of plastic bags)，难以降解处理(hard to be decomposed in nature)，造成环境破坏：影响市容(destroy the look of city)，同时对人体有潜在危害(has hazards to human’s health)。

2. 问题产生根源：居民为其方便(for the sake of convenience)，大量使用，造成不可逆转的污染(cause irreversible damage to environment)。

3. 措施1：政府制定政策(make policies and regulations)，限制污染企业(place a limitation on the development of factories that pollute;4. 措施2：政府大力探索新材料(make an effort to seek new material)，用清洁环保材料代替(use environmental-friendly materials to replace old ones) ，既清洁又便利;5. 措施3：政府应做好民众的宣传(make known to people the danger of white pollution)，提高民众环保意识(raise the public awareness towards environmental protection)，比如多用环保袋去替代产生白色污染的塑料袋(encourage people to use reusable bags more);5.结尾(号召)：解决白色污染问题不是梦，要考政府和民众的齐心努力(requires the collaboration of the government and the population)。

2018考研英语阅读理解模拟练习题含答案2018考研英语阅读理解模拟练习题含答案2018考研英语阅读理解题的备考需要考生多花时间去做模拟练习题，熟悉题型，提高做题的准确率。

今天，店铺准备了2018考研英语阅读理解模拟练习题，以供考生练习。

2018考研英语阅读理解模拟练习题：【原文】Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America， but this year's is a whopper. Until last week， it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities，concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool， barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight， the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half——and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated， they're now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. “This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply，” says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information，“and the lack of redundancy in our system.”Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. T o create a single dose of flu vaccine， a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg，then crack the egg， harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow，demand is fickle and， because each year's flu virus is different，any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result， the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)——and when one of them runs into trouble， there isn't much theother can do about it. “A vaccine maker can't just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs，” says Manon Cox， of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. “There's a whole industry that's scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.”Sleeker technologies are now in the works， and experts are hoping that this year's fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures——a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way，but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy， and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.For America， the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That's nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand，but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact， many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign——encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 10/18/2004，p57-57，2/3p，1c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象1—4题模仿1997年真题text 3，第5题模仿1997年真题text 4的第四小题;2018考研英语阅读理解模拟练习题：【题目】1. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____.[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccineproduction[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up2. The word “cleared” (Line 5， Paragraph 3) might mean ____.[A]permitted[B]removed[C]proved[D]produced3. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____.[A]complicated process， high cost， low profit and high risk[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs[C]difficulty in growing live virus[D]fast changing of flu virus4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ____.[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year5. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE?[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short timebecause private companies refuse to produce more.[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.2018考研英语阅读理解模拟练习题：【答案】D A A B B。

2018考研英语阅读理解练习题附答案2018考研英语阅读理解练习题附答案2018考研英语阅读理解的复习，做练习题必不可少。

今天，店铺准备了2018考研英语阅读理解练习题，以供考生练习。

2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【原文】The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers andacquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America toEurope and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in thesecountries are looking at this process and wo rrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollableanti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and morepowerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% ofinternational trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growingrapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment ofproduction in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. InArgentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationalswent from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largestfirms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smallereconomic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of theworld economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&Awave are the same that underlie the globalization process: fallingtransportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers andenlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers'demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. Asproductivity grows,the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration waveare scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms todaycould re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly acentury ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergersof telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices forconsumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary,the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration isincreasing—witness Daimler andChrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does notappear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. Afew weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the bankingindustry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of lastresort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationalsshift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict aboutinfringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself therole of“defendingcompetition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs.Microsoft case?2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【题目】33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A]To take in more foreign funds[B]To invest more abroad[C]To combine and become bigger[D]T o trade with more countries34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behindM&A wave is _________.[A]the greater customer demands[B]a surplus supply for the market[C]a growing productivity[D]the increase of the world's wealth35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _________.[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can besaid to be _________.[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biased2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【答案】名师解析33. What is the typical trend of businesses today? 今天的商业典型的发展趋势是什么?[A]To take in more foreign funds 吸收更多外资[B]To invest more abroad 进行更多对外投资[C]To combine and become bigger 合并做强[D]T o trade with more countries 与更多国家贸易【答案】 C【考点】事实细节题。