全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试
现代语言学试题
（课程代码：00830）
I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )
A. American linguist N. Chomsky
B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
C. American linguist Edward Sapir
D. British linguist J. R. Firth
2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )
A. stops
B. fricatives
C. affricates
D. plosives
3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )
A. free
B. bound
C. root
D. inflectional
4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as parts
of speech.( )
A. verbs
B. nouns
C. phrases
D. categories
5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )
A. complete homonyms
B. homographs
C. hyponyms
D. homophones
6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )
A. directives
B. expressives
C. commissives
D. representatives
7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )
A. English
B. Sanskrit
C. German
D. Danish
8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech
variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )
A. social
B. regional
C. cultural
D. political
9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )
A. human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speak
B. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brain
C. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the back
D. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front
10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “dat” for “that” belongs to _______ error.( )
A. fossilization
B. transfer
C. interference
D. overgeneralization
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)
11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.
12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.
13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.
14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”
15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.
16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.
17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.
18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.
19. The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic l_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.
20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.
22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.
23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.
24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.
25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.
26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.
27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).
28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”
29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.
30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)
31. displacement
32. general linguistics
33. assimilation rule
34. derivational affix
33. hierarchical structure
36. semantic triangle
37. grammatical meaning
38. cooperative principle
39. high variety
40. right ear advantage
V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.
42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition.
第五单元 Directions: In this section you'll hear some short conversations. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear. 1. A. She is upset with her daughter's school. B. She has nothing for her to do where she is. C. She is starting her own company. D. She has a new job. 2. A. He's too lazy. B. It's summertime. C. He can't see them. D. They look good. 3. A. She didn't want to answer while relaxing. B. She didn't notice that it was ringing. C. She didn't want to leave her bath. D. She was asleep at that time. 4. A. The man wants to marry the woman. B. The woman wants to marry the man. C. The man and woman are married. D. The man's mother wants the two to marry. 5. A. The woman is cleaning the home. B. The man is inviting the woman to stay. C. The man and woman live together. D. The man doesn't want the woman to move. 6. A. On the street. B. In the woman's home. C. With his mother. D. In his own place. 7. A. The man has a title he fought for. B. The man only had a couple of days to train. C. The man is a boxer with an upcoming fight. D. The man has trouble when he trains for fights. 8. A. The woman is talking on her mobile phone. B. The woman wants to bring home some milk. C. The man has picked up some bread.
2020年08月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷 课程代码 00015 本试卷共8页。满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。 必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。 第一部分:阅读判断 下面的短文后列出了十个句子，请根据址文的内容对每个句子作出判断:如果读句提供的是正确信息，选择A如果读句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果读句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。 Bicycle Commuting I may not be a movie star, best-selling author，or millionaire when I grow up，but one thing I will be known for，at least locally，is commuting by bicycle. I's sad to see how few people do even though many could Lots of people eagerly campaign for the reduction of greenhouse gases，but by driving cars，they're sill contributing to the problem. You might be picturing me as an extreme environmentalist (环保主义者)，but I'm not one of those teenagers who wear shirts that say "Help save the world: Recycle." Actually，my interest in exercise，health，and fitness led me to cycling. Cycling can help you lose weight，improve your health，and prevent many diseases. Cycling also carries a relatively low chance of injury. While being good for your body，bicycle commuting is also a great way to cut greenhouse gases. Many environmentalists recycle，plant tees，and drive hybrid cars (混合动力汽车)，but bicycle commuting could be even more effective than all of those combined. You could cut down the amount of greenhouse gases just by commuting by bicycle a few times a week. Bicycle commuting saves money too. When you buy your bicycle and the things that usually go with it. You might be shocked by the cost. But if you think about the increasingly high gas prices, you will know for sure that you can save a significant amount each year by not driving a car. You might think that you don't have time for bicycle commuting Actually. you probably do. You could cut back on your TV time and pick up this activity. It helps you care for the environment，save money，and most importantly get fit. 1. I will write a best-selling book on cycling. ( ) A:True B:False C:Not Given 英语（二）试卷第1页（共8页）
《大学英语》试卷及答案 学号：姓名：专业层次: 分数： 一．单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分） 1. The Business Banking Department is on_____C_______second floor. A. / B. a C. the 2. Maria often has a walk with______C______parents in the morning. A. she B. their C. her 3. There_____B_______four children in the picture. A. is B. are C. have 4. I’d like______A______oranges, please. A. some B. any C. / 5. ______B______does the flat cost a month? A. How many B. How much C. How about 6. I’m bad at spelling, but Jane is_____B_______than me. A. bad B. worse C. less 7. He______B______in Beijing, but his parents____________in Hangzhou. A. live, lives B. lives, live C. live, live 8. - I’m enjoying the long summer evenings. -____A________am I. A. So B. Neither C. Nor 9. I usually get up_____A_______7 o’clock in the moring. A. at B. in C. on 10. It often______B______in winter in the north of China. A. snow B. snows C. is snowing 11. —The second bedroom isn’t big enough. —Yes, I agree. It is______B______. A. small B. too small C. enough small 12. This is his book. Could you give it_____A_______him？ A. to B. with C. for 13. I’m interested _____A_______cooking. A. in B. to C. at 14. I’d like to_______B_____you to a party this Saturday. A. join B. invite C. leave 15. When_______A_____for London? A. is she flying B. she flies C. she is going to fly 二．阅读理解（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）
2005年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷及答案 （课程代码：00015） PART ONE （50 POINTS） Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1.Would’t you rather your child ______ successful with his study and won the scholarship? A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes 2. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders _______will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this 3. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, ________ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting . A. while B. after C. since D. as 4. We cannot leave this tough job to a person_________. A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of 5. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it . A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless 6.Hey, leave _____!I hate people touching my hair. A. behind B. out C. off D. over 7.I thought the problem of water shortage would ________ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it. A. come up B. come up to C. come over D. come to 8.Mr.Smith , can I ________ you for a minute? I’d like to hear your opinion on this issue. A. say a word with B. have words with C. mention a word with D. have a word with 9.There is a deadlock (僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the over . A. a way B. way C. the way D. its way 10. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted ________ the height of students at different ages. A. with B. for C. to D. in Ⅱ.Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point for each item) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate __11___ by the fact most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets. Japan’s __12__ has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that __13__ to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan’s work force was disciplined, so it was capable __14__ applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies, who were __15__ licensers, felt that the Japanese companies might take a large share of the world market __16__ they were
模拟题四 第一部分：交际用语 此部分共有5个未完成的对话，针对每个对话是未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。 1. ---Do you mind if I sit here? --- _____A_________. A. Not at all. There is plenty of room. B. Of course. Do sit down, please. C. Never mind. I’d like to have some companion. D. Sure. I’d like to have someone to talk to 2. –Why do you always tell me what to do? To be frank, I don’t like it. --- I know, but _C__. A. I don’t like it either. B. How do I do for you? C. I just want the best for you. D. Obviously. You are right. 3. ----That was a delicious dinner. ----_D_. A. Thank you. Don’t mention it. B. You’re welcome. C. Not so delicious, I’m afraid. D. I’m glad you enjoyed it. 4. --- You are most beautiful in that red sweater. --- __C___. A. Oh, no. It’s just an old one, and I have had it for years. B. Yes. I think it goes nicely with my pants. C. Thank you. My mom knitted it for me some years ago. D. Oh, but I’m not sure if it suits me. 5. ---I missed Prof. Wang’s linguistics class again yesterday. ----_____C_____. A. Congratulations! B. How nice you are! C. What a pity! D. Have a nice weekend. 第二部分：阅读理解 此部分共有2篇短文，每篇短文后有5个问题。请从每个问题后的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。 Passage 1 Many countries face a somewhat more serious economic problem in the form of an unfavorable trade balance with other nations. Such an imbalance exists when the total value of a country’s imports exceeds that of its exports. For example, if a country buys $25 billion of products from other countries, yet sells only $10
2011年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷 I. Vocabulary and. Structure (10 points, 1 point each) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1 .Students should_____their own interests as well as do their schoolwork. A. persuade B .pursue C. persist D.proceed 2. I'd like to remind you that there is no_____on the part of suspects to answer questions. A. obligation B.evidence C.transaction D.motivation 3. He blamed his poor performance_____jet lag. A.to B .for C.on D.at 4 .We_____knowledge from our families,schools,jobs,and the mass media. A.request B.require C.inquire D.acquire 5. Not until recently_____that Thompson had ben telling the truth all along. A.I realized B.did I realize C.I did realize D.realized I 6. I don’t need any help at the moment,but I_____your offer. A.appreciate B.admire C.enjoy D.like 7 .The sad condition of women working as house servants around the world received much media_____early this year. A .importance B. attention C.significance D.popularity 8 .She has no hostility to us, _____can be judged from her eyes. A. that B.and C.hence D.as 9 .When you're_____ a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone. A.going through B.going in for C.going after D.going over 10.Decision on whether the message is right or wrong should at least come after _____what the message is. A.putting out B.turning out C.working out D.running out II. Cloze Test (10 points,1 point each) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 People in all parts of the world are observing "No Tobacco Day". It is the day 11 the World Health Organization (WHO) appeals to people to stop using tobacco products. WHO hopes if people stop smoking cigarettes or 12 tobacco for one day, they will stop permanently. Health experts have warned for years that smoking can lead to heart disease, cancer and other 13 ．WHO says diseases linked to smoking kill 14 2,500,000 persons each year. Still, many people find it 15 stopping smoking. One reason is nicotine, a substance found in cigarettes. Nicotine is a drug. Its effects are 16 those of cocaine and heroin. "No Tobacco Day" is intended for smokers and 17 who earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are urged to stop selling tobacco products for twenty-four hours. 18 are urged not to carry advertisements for cigarettes. WHO has approved plans to help reach its 19 of a "smoke-free" world. They urge governments to take action to help 20 make money by growing other crops. They also call for improved public information campaigns about the risks of smoking. 11. A. whether B. which C. when D. what
广东纺织职业技术学院2010～2011学年第一学期 《专业英语》期中试卷 考试时间：120分钟考试形式：开卷适用专业：班级：学号：姓名：成绩： 各题20分 一、单词翻译（英译汉） titrimetric analysis reagent titrant flask oxidation precision standard solution sodium hydroxide Equilibrium constant equilibrium. manifest equilibrium concentration frictional flow ionization constant correct for molarity compressed gas neutralization device plus elevation neutral positive-displacement meter reciprocating sodium hydroxide piston external centrifugal pump in the absence of rotational at the expense of rotational velocity compensation stream specific upstream station streamline downstream station 二、单词翻译（汉译英） 垂直于传热面滤饼卸料 符合，一致陶器的 动量，动力，要素滤液 动量传递孔 随机运动，无规则 运动 胶体微粒 扩散的构造，配置 .邻近的，接近的. 波动，起伏 振动的，振荡的大气压(1atm＝ 101. 3 kPa) (远离表面的)流 体(本体)温度 (风车、螺旋桨等 的)翼，叶片 目录，目录册切线的 线性相关蜗壳形式
2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二）试卷 （课程代码：00015） 本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。 必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。 第一部分：阅读判断（第1?10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 To Lease(租赁) or Not to Lease Planning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy? Think again. Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying. Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money. They're right-it is cheaper, but only in the short term. For example, if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester, you might pay $300 per month for the car. If you were to buy the same car, you would pay about $400 per month. Over a three-year, you would save $3600-a big savings. But after your lease is over, you have to give the car back. Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford. For example, if you spend $300 monthly on a car, you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer. For the same price, you
现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are
一、单项选择 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项 best friend Neil is ________ honest boy. You can believe him. A. a B. an D./ like red best. What about___________? ---My favourite colour is orange. It represents joy. A. you I have a ticket , please? ---Sorry,sir. All the tickets were sold out ten minutes ago. A. May you seen the film Alice in Wonderful? ---Yes. ____________ wonderful film it is! A. What a a Xiang came third ______ the 110-meter-hurdle race last month in Shanghai. ’s go hiking ___________ staying at home , shall we? ----A good idea. A. as well as order to of addition to _________ nature is to help ourselves , or we will be punished. the disaster can destroy our homes, but_______can destroy the love in our people. fire was completely ________ shortly afterwards with the help of the firemen. down out out away , I’m really ________ about the result of the exam. ---Cheer up. I believe you can be successful. can use QQ to communicate with each other online. ----Good. Will you you please show me ____________. to use B. how to use it to use to use it you like to have ___________ cake ? ----No, thanks. I’ve had two. That’s enough. other ’s the news about ? ---________ entertainment stars gathered to attact donations for Yushu. member of kind of packet of number of seem to be lost. Could you tell me ___________? ---Sure. You can take the bus to get there. A. where is the nearest hospital long it will take me to the airport far is my trip to the Olympic Village I can get to the National Museum , Frank. I’m busy today. I can’t go swimmming with you.
自考本科英语二难吗怎么提高英语2分数 本科英语2难吗？要知道自考很多专业英语都是要选考的，而更多人选择考英语二而不是英语一，那么英语二的考试难度怎么样？怎么提高英语2作文得分，下面跟着学赛小编一起来看看吧。 自考本科英语2难吗 英语二题目分为单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、词汇、汉译英以及英译汉六大题型，其要求为：一是词汇约3800个(其中中学阶段所学词汇1600个)，词组约750个，阅读量为50000余词。 自考英语二本科难度相当难易程度应该与英语三级差不多的， 英语二没有听力和写作，所以并不是很难，且只有通过英语二才能拿到自考学位证书哦。 怎么提高英语二分数 备考英语(二)最大的资本就是课本，考生最少要留一个月时间，把课文从头到尾复习一遍，力求吃透课本知识。3个月复习时间比较紧张，基础不好的考生还要
花时间，英语二书中出题的概率很大，甚至最后一道英译汉也是从课文中选取的。 1、多背写单词 单词背诵要贯穿始终，每天都要坚持背点，多重复，多回头看，多比较，可以采用联想、口诀、拆分等方法来记忆单词，日积月累才会收到良好效果。单词背诵主要以考试大纲为蓝本。可以把单词分为会拼、会用、会认三个层次，考拼写的一般不会太难，基本上中等难度。 2、多做真题 第二个月复习重点是做题，做题要选择英语(二)历年真题。因为真题的含金量最大，可以通过历年真题了解到考试重点和题型分布。留两套最新的真题到临近考试时测试用。在做题过程中，如果发现不懂的地方，要及时翻书，再把知识点夯实。 3、模拟练习题同样需要多做题 选择一些适合的模拟题来做，模拟题一定要找适合自考水平的题，如果选择太难或太易的。 以上就是学赛小编对自考本科英语二难易程度的 介绍，以及告诉大家怎么提高英语2分数，掌握好的 得分技巧很重要,通过以上的学习技巧，还有一个很重
全国2011年1月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题答案及解析点评 （课程代码：00838） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20%) 1. C 【解析】句意：语言使用者所知道的语言能力，与我们在实际生活中对语言的产出和理解的具体运用之间存在着区别。因此应当选C。参考书本第7页。 【点评】本题考查语言学中语言能力与语言运用的区别，属重点，应识记。 2. A 【解析】The letter “ch” in the word “church” pronounces /t?/, while the letter “dge” in “judge” pronounces /d?/. /t?/ and /d?/ are all affricates. Affricates means “赛擦音”. 【点评】本题考查英语语音的分类。属概念题，应理解记忆。 3. D 【解析】能够表示如数，时态，级，格这样的语法关系或语法范畴的语素是曲折词缀。曲折词缀——inflectional morpheme 相见书本第52页。 【点评】本题考查形态学中的语素特性，应了解。 4. D 【解析】X-标杆理论中XP可能不仅仅只包含X，它通常包含核心语（head），补语（complement），另外还有指示语（specifier），故选D specifier 详见书本80页。 【点评】本题考查X-标杆理论中XP包含的成分，应了解。 5. C 【解析】意义是词汇内在的，抽象的，游离于语境之外的，是词汇所有特征的集合，而词汇所制成的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。详见书本第96页。 【点评】本题考查意义与所指两个术语的概念，属于常考点，应识记。 6. C 【解析】言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，是在说话过程中完成的行为。 【点评】本题考查奥斯汀语言实施行为的3种行为中的言外行为。属重点，应牢记。 7. C 【解析】语音系统的变化包括元音的变化，语音的丧失，元音的增加，语音移位。语音的丧失中的尾音脱落（apocope）指词尾语音成分的去除。如name在古英语中发音为/nɑ:ma: /，而在中世纪英语中发音是/nɑ:m? /,再到现代英语中的/neim/, name 的发音在英语发展中词尾的发音脱落掉了。