Reading :
?英文原文
?中文对照
Lost for words无言以对
In the Native American Navajo nation which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying.
对于美洲土著纳瓦霍人（其居住在美国西南四州）而言，他们的土著语正遭受灭顶之灾。
Most of its speakers are middle-age or elderly.
讲土著语的大都是中年或老年人。
Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English.
尽管很多学生仍然在学校中学习纳瓦霍语，但是学校的官方语言却是英语。
Street sign, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English.
路牌、超市商品、甚至他们自己的报纸都是使用英语的。
Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.
不足为奇的是，语言学家已经开始猜测一百年后到底还会不会有讲纳瓦霍语的土著人存在。
Navajo is far from alone.
并非只有纳瓦霍语才如此。
Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations - that’s one language lost every ten days. 全世界6800种语言当中，有一半很可能在两代人之后彻底消失，这相当于每十年就有一种语言消亡。
Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace.
世界语言多样性的萎缩速度从未如此之快。
“At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world”, says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. “It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the lost is difficult to know.
“当前，我们正进入一个由3-4种语言主导的世界”，雷丁大学的生物进化学家M. P.这样说道，“这是一场大规模的消亡，而且我们人类是否能从中恢复过来还不得而知。”
Isolation breeds linguistic diversity as a result,
与外界的隔绝带来了语言的多样性，
the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.
这导致世界上有很多语言只有很少数量的人会讲。
Only 250 language have more than a million speaker,
使用者超过一百万的语言只有250种，
and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500.
而使用者不超过2500人的语言却至少有3000种。
It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear.
但不是语种小才导致其消失
Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
---纳瓦霍语拥有15万的使用者，但仍然被认为是濒危语种。
What makes a language endangered is not that the number of speakers, but how old they are.
导致语种濒临灭亡的不仅仅是其使用者的多少，还包括使用者的年龄。
If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe.
如果这种语言的使用者很年轻，那么该语言也相对安全。
The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairblanks.
那些只有老年人才会讲的语言则已接近灭亡边缘。来自ANLC的M.K.给出了以上提法。
Why do people reject the language of their parent?
为什么会有人抛弃父辈的语言呢？
It begins with a crisis of confidence,
这种情况始于自信的缺乏。
when a small community find itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their culture’ he say. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old tradition.’
来自BFEL的N.O.说，当一个小群体发现他们紧邻一个庞大的富有群体时，“小群体中的人们就会对自己的文化失去信心，当新一代人到了十几岁的时候，他们可能已经不想再接受老的传统。”
The change is not always voluntary.
这种变化并不总是自发的。
Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in school, all to promote national unity.
政府经常通过在公共场所或学校内禁止使用这些语言来试
图扼杀少数民族语言，这些做法都是为了提升国家的凝聚力。
The former US policy of running Indian reservation in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list.
例如，美国早前的一项政策要求在印第安保留地学校以英语授课，这种做法最终导致纳瓦霍语濒临灭亡。
But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics Department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation.
但是S.M.（UC大学语言学系主任）提出，最致命的威胁并不是政府政策，而是经济全球化。
‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their la nguage, but they have had to adapt to socioeconomic pressures’ he say. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English".
“土著美国人并没失去对自己语言的自豪感，但是他们不得不强迫自己适应社会经济压力。如果大部分商业行为都使用英语，他们也就只能使用英语。
But are languages worth saving?
“但是语言值得我们去挽救吗？
At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead.
至少，对于语言及其进化的研究而言，我们的数据变少了，因为这种研究依赖于语言间的对比，不论这种语言是否已经消亡。
When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.
当一种没有文字或者没有录音的语言消失时，我们就永远无法再去研究它了。
Language is also intimately bond up with culture,
语言与文化的联系也是密不可分的，
so it may be difficult to reserve one without the other.
所以只保留二者之一是很难做到的。
‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something' Mufwene says.
M.说，“如果一个人放弃纳瓦霍语改讲英语，他失去的不仅是本民族语言”。
‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world’ say Pagel.
P说，“更有甚者，语言多样性的降低也可能剥夺我们认识世界的很多途径”。
There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in brain.
越来越多的证据表明，学习语言会带来大脑的一些生理变化。‘Your brain and mine are difference from the brain of someone, who speaks French, for instance’ Pagel says,
“你我的大脑与讲法语的人的大脑是不同的”，P.说，
and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions.
这种不同会影响我们的思维和看法。
‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’
“我们在各种概念之间建立起的模式和联系很可能是由自身的语言习惯构筑成的”。
So despite linguist s’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century.
所以，无论语言学家如何努力，很多语言都会在一百年内消失。
But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true.
但是人们对文化认同的兴趣越来越浓厚，这也许能防止那些最耸人听闻的预言变成现实。
‘The key to fos tering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut.
“提升多样性的关键就在于，人们要学习长辈的语言，同时也要学习主流语言。”位于NHC的ELF机构的奠基人兼主席D.W.说，
‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism’ he says.
“如果这些语言脱离了双语环境，很多就无法存在下去。”
In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language.
在新西兰，儿童教育减缓了毛利语的消亡，并且重新燃起了人们对毛利语的兴趣。
A similar approach in Hawaii has produce about 8000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years.
夏威夷也采用了同样的方法，使得波利尼西亚语的使用者在过去的几年里增加了8000人。
In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages.
在加州，“学徒”计划为某些土著语提供了生存支持。
Volunteer 'apprentices' pair up with one of the last living speakers of Native American tongue to learn traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language.
志愿者“学徒”与某些土著语仅存的使用者组对，学习编框等传统技能，而整个教学过程只能使用土著语。
After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to next generation.
在300小时的学习之后，他们大都可以足够流利的把自己的语言传递给下一代。
But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using every day.
但是M.提出，防止语言消亡和通过日常使用赋予其新生并不能相互等同。
‘Preserving a language is more likely preserving fruits in a jar’ he says.
他说，“保存语言更像用罐子保存水果”。
However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead.
然而，保存语言的确可以让语言起死回生。
There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by latter generations.
一些语言通过书面形式幸存下来，继而被后人赋予新的生命，这样的例子不止一个。
But a written form is essential for this,
但是这种做法的关键是要有书面形式的保存，
so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing
where none existed before.
所以，这仅存的可能性使得很多濒危语种的使用者开始研究书写系统，因为这些系统过去并不存在。
Animal’s Self-Medicatin TRUE/NOT GIVEN/FALSE/TRUE pitch/terpenses/alkaloids/detoxity/hooks G/D/E/C Development of Public Management Theory BE/AD/AB/AC/A/B/D/C/B ---------------------------------------------17 Koalas C/C/A/B/A YES/NO/NO/NOT GIVEN/YES/NOT GIVEN/YES A Coastal Archaeology of Britain C/D/A TRUE/FALSE/TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/TRUE/ADF
Communication Styles and Conflict iii/vii/i/iv/ix/viii/v/ii TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/TRUE B Talc Powder Applied on Food and Agricultural Industries B/B/A/A/C/B 20/foam/waste water/harmful/biodegrade/droplet(s)/lamination(packing)/gr ape grower(s) Human Navigation-finding our way B / C / A / C / B / C / D / A / TRUE / NOT GIVEN / TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN Plant Scents B/A/F/C TRUE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/FALSE B/B/C/D/A
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（4）
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雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（2）
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2019年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案14 The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology. In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands. The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons", are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena of irritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed
2019年11月4日雅思阅读机经真题答案及解析 一、考试概述： 本次考试的文章两篇新题一篇旧题，第一篇描述了两个科学家在撒哈拉的发现，研究了古代人的生存方式，第二篇是讲了利用心理学对课堂行为实行研究，第三篇是讲非语言交流的，人类除了用语言交流，其他手势、行为等的非语言形式也很重要 二、具体题目分析 Passage 1： 题目：Human Remain in Green Sahara 题型：判断题4 +简答题3+填空题6 新旧水准：旧题 文章大意：描述了两个科学家在撒哈拉的发现，研究古代人的生存方式。 参考文章： Human Remain in Green Sahara A On October 13,2,000, a small team of paleontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere，on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg，turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a
雅思阅读考试语法部分复习指导 语法在雅思阅读的复习考试过程中所起到的作用，主要表现在以下几个方面： 一.词汇 雅思阅读对于词汇量要求较高。根据统计，雅思阅读要获得不错的成绩需要掌握5000多个单词，而且其中还以常见的动词、形容词语或名词为主(专有术语和专有名词往往对于解题和理解不会有太多的影响)。对于许多考生而言这在短期内是一个难以逾越的障碍。在克服这点困难上，语法的作用主要体现在以下两个方面; 第一.通过掌握语法中的词法部分，能够很好的帮助学生扩展词汇量。 第二.即便是有某个单词不认识，对于语法有很好掌握的同学也可以利用词法或者句法知识，通过上下文来理解单词的含义。 二.句子 雅思阅读的另一个难点是文章中的长句。在遇到长句的时候，如果对句子的每个部分都不加区分的阅读，既浪费时间，而且也很难快速抓住其主要含义。因此，在遇到长句时，考生要学会利用语法中的句法知识在阅读中学会抓住句子的主干部分，对其进行阅读，而对于句子的修饰补充说明成分可以略过不看。值得注意的是，尽管雅思的文章和句子往往都比较长，但是句子本身理解起来并不难，只要能够分析出主、谓、宾一般就能准确理解起含义。 三.答题 在解题的过程中，语法的作用突出的体现在完成句子题、总结题型(Summary)和简答题这三种题目之中。不提供备选项的完成句子题、总结题和简答题有个共同点，就是答案往往是要根据题目要求和原文信息进行改写，尤其是对于完成句子题和总结题而言，我们根据原文信息所填写的答案必须是要使得整个句子符合语法的。这种改写中往往便渗透了对于语法的考查。即便是对于提供备选项完成句子题和总结题，语法也可以帮助考生筛选备选项，缩小范围，从而提高答对题目的可能性。 比如我们来看一道例题： The new Nokia handset boasts of a ___ and ____. 这是一道雅思中的阅读完成句子题。通过对于题目的分析我们发现其特点在于两个空格之前只用了一个不定冠词a，这实际上说明这两个空格所填的名词之间存在的某种配套使用的关系。如knife and fork这个词组中尽管是两个名词，但是前面只用一个不定冠词a,以表示成套使用。如果我们能够通过两个空格前的一个不定冠词a判断出它们之间的关系那么解题速度将会大大加快。 四.复习 在讲完语法在雅思阅读中所起到的作用以后，下面我们来谈谈应该怎样复习语法以为雅思阅读做好准备。首先、复习语法要抓住一个核心、两条主线。英语句子——作为能表达完整意思的一个最小的语言单位，是人们在交流思想时所使用的语言媒体。因此，对于语法的学习应紧紧以句子为核心，考生们即使在做语法练习的时候，也要学会从语句中找到相应的语言提示或上下文的逻辑关系。语法的本质就是一系列的规
Section I Words A.Match the words with the same meaning.W rite down the letters on you answer sheet. (1(1’’*6) 1.epidermic 2.motivate 3.assume 4.appealing 5.controversy 6expertise A.skill or knowledge in a particular area B.dispute,argument C.attractive D.an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely E.to provide with an incentive;impel . F.to take for granted,suppose B.Fill in the blanks with proper forms of words given in the box,one word can be used more than once.(1(1’’*10) evolve prepare propose minimum peer through cheat weep address exploit except 1.Not surprisingly,his was not well received,even though it seemed to agree with the scientific information available at the time.. 2.The little girl with disappointment when she learned that her favourite Barbie Dolls were sold out. 3.The price is her,she refuses to lower it any further. 4.Apes,monkeys and many other primates have fairly elaborate systems of calls for communicating with other members of their species. 5.Some melodies are quite manipulative,working on our emotions very effectively,and composers have often this to the full. 6.I realized I’d been when I saw the painting on sale for half the price I paid for it. 7.To this problem,Counter Intelligence built a kitchen of its own and started making gagets to fill it with. 8.Most birds don’t have a good sense of smell,but fish-eaters such as petrels and shearwaters are significant. 9.Why bother a clear door,when you can put a camera in the oven to broadcast snapshots of the activities in the oven to a screen in another room? 10.Exploration will allow us to make suitable for dealing with any dangers that we might face,and we may be able to find physical resources such as minerals. SectionⅡ.Translation A.Translate the following sentences into English.(3(3’’*5) 1.Despite the hardship he encountered,Mark never (放弃对知识的追求) 2.由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。(owing to; ignorance)
雅思阅读语法方面三大注意事项 雅思阅读测试就像一团大线球，只要你找到线头，一切就迎刃而解。然后，这个线头在哪里呢？想在雅思阅读中得到一个比较良好的成绩，考生需要具备哪几方面的硬件呢？ 1. 词汇；不管是在雅思阅读还是托福阅读，考查语言水平的一个基本方面就是词汇。而在雅思阅读当中，考生不仅仅需要一定量的词汇，而且在注重词汇的多样性，即同意转化。特别是考生在记一些雅思考试的高频词汇的时候，就更强调这个词相对应的英文同义词。总所周知，中英是有差异的。 2. 语法；语法和词汇一样是考查语言水平的一个基本方面。然后这个方面在雅思阅读考试中相对比较重要。 3. 题型；雅思的题型当然也就是雅思阅读的最重要的特点。考生只有熟知各个题型的特点，换句话说，考生只有了解游戏规则，才能成为最后的赢家。 雅思阅读的语法方面到底要注意哪几个方面呢？ 一．长句的处理 总所周知，雅思阅读的三篇文章都比较长，而且单词也相对比较难。然后最让考生头 痛的就是几乎一半以上的句子都是长句。而所谓的对长句的处理就是指能清楚地知道这个长句的主干在是什么呢，基本上指的就是这个长句的主谓宾或主谓表是什么。这样的话，就大大减轻了考生的负担和压力。因为主干的单词往往都相对而言比较简单，并且，主干上的意思基本上就是作者的要表达的意义。当然，还有一个点是能弄懂长句的比较有立竿见影的好处就是出题者的出题特点。 我们先来看几个例子 1. 题目：Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion……(C3T2P2) A reduced the productivity of farmland by20 per cent B was almost as severe as in India and China C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland
雅思英语阅读练习题及答案：第十二篇雅思英语阅读练习题及答案：第十二篇 ★Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia), but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade, briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years, European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty: the Maastricht treaty in 1992, the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997, the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution, laying the ground for
今天下午试讲的稿子。当然，十分钟讲了其中的一小部分。其实一直也是觉得自己无才成为雅思老师，但是年轻人嘛，我还是去了。给我电话的那个人力资源的人说---“我们如果觉得你适合，可以对你进行后期培训的”现在想想，面试过程被面试的D老师牵着走了。导致被其误导。不够自信。一大败笔。“姜还是老的辣”。（好久没用这句话了）:han2第一篇挫作，从一个考雅思的考生要升级到研究雅思的老师，我想我现在还没有那个资格和条件在这里说是一篇“作”吧，就当作我的第一篇家庭作业。希望对烤鸭们有所帮助。敬请批评指正。继续再接再厉。为了实现某个梦想。努力努力！ 雅思考试阅读理解T/F/NG题型初析 静至境 （一）雅思阅读A类阅读考试：时间1小时，由三篇独立的文章组成，（八种题型）每篇的文章长度在700--1200字,40题。其中至少有一篇文章为文科类型（与社会、经济等文科专业有关），另外两篇涉及理、工、农、医，一般与科技有关。 （二）该题型的重要性：先看一份题型统计表剑3剑4剑5T/F/NG534160（总题量：160题）08年雅思A类阅读考试的三巨头题型：Matching,T/F/NG,SummarP （三）如何考查？(五)考查点：a百分比附近b大写字母、斜体字、粗体字附近c例子：人物言辞、引经据典、数据1）数字考查数字精确度(年份、人数、份数)推断数字剑4T2Q17原文：Ina1983nationalhealthsurveP,1.9%ofpeoplesaidthePhadcontactedachiro practor,naturopath,osteopath,acupuncturistorherbalistinthetwoweekspri ortothesurveP.BP1990,thisfigurehadrisento2.6%ofthepopulation.题目:Between1983and1990thenumberofpatient’svisitingalternativetherap
2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004，the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia，but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.One exception was France，where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti- globalisers’favourite enemy operates. B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing https://www.doczj.com/doc/e41923377.html,st year European sales increased by 5.8%and the number of customers by 3.4%， the best annual results in nearly 15 years.Europe accounted for 36%of the group’s profits and for 28%of its sales.December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain，and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly. C Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations，to be“locally relevant”，and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants.McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat，exploiting workers，treating animals cruelly，polluting the environment and simply for being American.Mr Hennequin says