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东盟国家概况期末论文

东盟国家概况期末论文
东盟国家概况期末论文

论中国和新加坡两国关系

摘要:随着中国改革开放的发展和中国加入东盟的新趋势发展,中国与东盟国家的关系日趋紧密,中国与东盟成员过的关系也成为了各界关注和研究的焦点。本文主要探讨的是中国与东盟成员国之一----新加坡的双边发展关系。为使文章清晰明了,本文主要分成五个大部分,从中新两国关系发展的历史、现状、存在问题、应对措施及前景等方面研究中新两国关系。关键字:中新关系、历史、现状、存在问题、应对措施、发展前景

一、中新两国关系发展的历史回顾

中国与新加坡关系发展远远早于中国人民共和国的成立。中国劳工为摆脱贫困和战争而来到新加坡。许多新加坡人的祖根在其实就在中国南部的福建,广东,海南等省。

在英国统治新加坡之前,新加坡和前中华民国也已经有外交关系。在20世纪70年代以来,中国人民共和国和新加坡开始非官方关系。1985年,开始在中国大陆和新加坡之间有商业航空服务。

两国之间的外交关系,其实正式开始于1990年。新加坡仍维持与中华民国合作,在军事方面于1975年签署关于培训和设施的协议。因此,中国已经提供了新加坡一些训练设施。双边关系潜水时,2004年新加坡副总理部长李县龙到台湾进行私人访问。在2004年晚些时候,中国政府极力把双边关系保持稳定状态。苏州工业园区和中新天津生态城与新加坡的帮助下,中国和新加坡两国之间的关系得到改善和发展。新加坡得益于中国名人,促进了许多行业的发展。这种名人效应的主角包括巩俐和李连杰,还有中国出生的新加坡乒乓球选手代表包括李佳薇,杨梓和冯天薇。

中国和新加坡发展迅速,中新之间的双边贸易在最近几年保持东盟国家贸易双边贸易的第一位。虽然新加坡是中国的第九大贸易伙伴,但是中国是新加坡第三大贸易伙伴。中国出口到新加坡的产品主要有纺织品,服装,农业生产,石油化工,金属,机电设备,饲料,运输,通信设备和电子元器件。

二、中国与新加坡经贸发展现状

随着经济全球化,东南亚各国之间的贸易越来越密切,形成亚洲经济发展的一种新型模式。新家坡目前是我国在东南亚地区最大的经贸合作伙伴。中新两国对国际和地区事务有着广泛共识,一直保持着良好的合作。了解中、新两国的经贸发展历史和现状,预期两国未来的发展趋势,对促进两国的经贸发展、合作交流有积极性意义。

建交前,中国、新加坡两国人民已有较密切的交往。新中国成立后,当时仍在英殖民当局统治下的新加坡同我国保持着民间贸易往来。七十年代中期起,两国往来增加,两国主要领导人多次相互访问。此后两国在经贸、科技、文化等领域合作发展顺利。中新于 1990年10月3日建交。建交后,两国关系发展顺利,双方在政治、经贸、教育、文化等领域的交流与合作不断扩大。两国领导人互访频繁,双方绝大多数主要领导人均已实现互访。两国执政党和军事代表团也实现了互访,两党两军关系正式建立。

近年来,伴随着经济全球化与区域化进程的加速,新加坡积极推动与中国的经贸合作,大力拓展中国这一新兴市场,使中新经贸关系呈现出新的发展态势。新加坡在中国的投资结构有了新的变化,呈现多元化发展趋势。即由原来的产品加工、一般制造和房地产等行业向基础设施、环境保护、航运、物流、服务贸易和金融等方面发展。投资企业的规模也从原来的中小型向包括上市公司在内的大型企业发展。由于中新两国政府和工商界都有强烈的合作愿望,随着中国的对外开放的扩大和投资环境的进一步改善,新加坡继续扩大对中国的投资,

投资地域也逐步由东南沿海向中西部和东北地区延伸,已先后多次有新加坡团到西部地区考察。例如在港口方面,中国放宽了外资对集装箱码头设施及营运公司的持股比率,允许外资拥有多数股权。它将吸引新加坡港务集团加速进军中国集装箱码头业务。目前该港务集团已在大连、福州和广州合资经营码头。在旅游业方面,随着中国逐步改变原有对外资进入国内旅游业严格限制的规定,允许外资占多数股权,外商进人中国旅业的限制将大幅放宽,这将进一步推动双边旅游业的合作。

在金融业方面,随着中国的银行、证券、保险业逐步开放,外国金融机构将踊跃进入中国境内设立分支机构,这也将为新加坡的银行金融机构提供发展空间和市场。中国与新加坡的金融合作,也走在中国与东南亚国家金融合作的最前端,新加坡的发展银行,大华银行,华侨银行,吉宝银行等多家银行,已在中国设立了分行或代办处。中国银行在新加坡已有长期开发业务的历史。中国工商银行,建设银行,农业银行,也在新加坡开设了分支机构。中国国际信托司已在新加坡发行国债。

三、中新两国关系发展过程中存在问题

作为亚洲的一个小国,新加坡其依靠敏捷和轻巧的外交政策,逐渐发展壮大,在世界上的影响力越来越大,可能超过其他任何国家。

各种现象都显示,中国在新加坡的发展得到了令人振奋的成果,两国的区域合作一直有条不紊的顺利进行,双方资源各具优势,产业结构各有特点,互补性强,合作潜力大为双方带来了经济、政治、外交等多方面的综合利益,也为东亚、东南亚地区乃至全球经济的繁荣稳定做出了突出贡献,不过在合作的过程中同时也存在着一些问题,这些问题的存在直接制约着中国的进一步发展。

中国与新加坡合作的过程中存在的问题主要有:

(一)区域合作的动力来源:政治主导下的经济驱动,中国与东盟之间的区域合作,究竟多少成分是出于经济考虑的,如何平衡经济与政治、外交利益是中国和东盟区域合作需要解决的一个问题。从双方之间的经济竞争性与互补性来看,中国经济和贸易的快速发展,使东盟担心失去自身在劳动密集产品的国际市场份额。而新加坡属于东盟的成员国,在中国与它合作过程中,我国相当大一部分劳动密集型产品出口是在香港和中国台湾地区再加工制造的。两国在制造业结构和发展水平存在差异,如果与整个东盟相比,双方的制造产业结构非常相似。新加坡在劳动密集型制造业方面与中国存在竞争关系。这种竞争集中体现在国际出口市场的争夺上。因为中国与欧盟各成员均无一例外的高度依赖美国、欧盟以及日本等主要发达经济体的市场,因此可以看出双方均不是对方最重要的贸易伙伴,美国、欧盟和日本才是双方最大的共同市场,这种意味在给双方带来利益的同时也埋下了隐忧。由于政治性外部收益的存在,双方贸易增加的激励减少,为双方经济合作的长远发展留下后患。

(二)中国与新加坡在经济发展水平上和经济结构等当面存在差异。按照最优货币区理论,经济制度、经济发展水平和经济结构相近,以及要素的自由流动是构成区域货币金融合作的基础,由于两国经济发展水平相差悬殊,经济一体化。新加坡企业对中国的直接投资主要集中在东南沿海地区,对中西部和中国东北地区的投资较少,应加大对这些地区的投资力度。因为中国正在实施西部大开发和振兴东北老工业基地战略,新加坡企业增加在这些地区的投资不仅有利于地区经济发展,而且新加坡企业也会获得更多的利益。

四、应对的政策建议

(一)加速中国—东盟自由贸易区建设

自由贸易区的加速发展,从贸易方面来看,将促进中国扩大出口规模,提升出口竞争力,优化出口商品结构,实现出口市场多元化战。

我国纺织业、农业等方面比较优势,新加坡在电子机械、化工业、信息技术等方面比较发达,双方在资源、产业构成等方面各具有特色。通过与新加坡互补商品贸易的发展,将促进经济合作结构的进一步优化,因此伴随着双方贸易的增长,中国具有比较优势的产品出口将会增多,信息机电产品特别是高新技术产品比重将会有明显增大。

在自由贸易区建设中,两国也将政治安全作为自由贸易区会议的重要内容纳入,通过自由贸易区的启动,与新加坡建立战略伙伴关系,能为中国营造良好的区域政治环境,提高中国的国际政治地位,使我国在世界经济贸易、政治和外交方面具有更大的发言权,从而扩大中国的政治影响力。

(二)促进对中国吸引外资的增加

由于中国、新加坡产业结构和发展水平存在差异,贸易发展模式存在局限,容易对中国构成侵害,导致贸易条件恶化,利益分配不均衡,加剧贸易摩擦的可能性。而在吸引外资方面,因为中国投资的环境比大部分东盟国要好,相比其他东盟国投资中国更容易取得成效,因此中国吸引外资的竞争中处于有利的地位,特别是为中新两国的经济合作化深化提供了有利的因素,缓和各国之间的相互罐子,协调立场。

(三)淡化区域主导权问题。

中国与新加坡的合作关系中,中国处于主动但不主导的地位。奉行“主动但不主导”的区域经济合作战略由于新加坡是小国,其固有的不安全、不安定和自卑感使得它热衷于获得区域一体化的“主导权”。新加坡甚至于东盟整个区域一体化战略的核心就是牢牢把握住“主导权”。在与中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚等国家相继签署FTA后,中国与东盟国合作的战略蓝图已经很清晰,就是构建以东盟国家为核心,以东盟和其他亚太国家的自由贸易区为支撑的亚太经济一体化网络。通过这样的方式,与中国、日本等大国相比处于弱势的东盟国可以保证自己在亚太地区的主导地位,因此可见新加坡一直处于主导的位置。在自身的主导权受到挑战或者威胁的时候,新加坡不惜引入区域外的大国稀释地区性大国影响力。在这样的情况下,中国应该淡化区域主导权问题,奉行“主动但不主导”的区域经济合作战略,稳住新加坡,获取实质性的区域经济合作利益,而不至于被所谓的虚名所累。

五、中新两国关系的发展前景

近年来,随着经济规模的扩大,中国在全球经济中的影响力不断提升,中国庞大的市场需求成为拉动世界经济增长的重要动力;同时,中国也需要积极参与经济全球化进程,主动融入世界经济大家庭。而新加坡作为高度开放的经济体,既在世界经济版图中占有特殊地位,同时也具有相当高的对外依存度。在最新全球排名中,新加坡国家竞争力位居第二、创新指数排名第三、经商环境以及国际贸易和投资开放度均雄踞榜首。同时,新加坡还是重要的国际航运枢纽、贸易中心、金融中心、资产管理中心和亚洲石油产品定价中心。全面推动中新经贸合作可实现优势互补、互利共赢,两国在众多领域合作前景广阔。

中新双向投资仍有广泛的合作空间。

除了苏州工业园、天津生态城、广州知识城等沿海地区一大批重点合作项目外,随着中部崛起、西部大开发战略的实施,中国广阔的中西部地区将为新加坡企业提供大量新的投资合作商机。而新加坡独特的优势也将吸引更多中国企业前来投资合作、设立区域总部、开展跨国

并购。另外,中新企业也可强强联合,共同到第三国投资开发产业园区和承揽基础设施建设项目。

中新货物贸易潜力有待深度挖掘,服务贸易有望成为双边合作新亮点。在货物贸易方面,中国企业应充分利用新加坡广泛的国际贸易网络及其作为国际大宗商品交易中心、定价中心的地位,重在利用新加坡国际化平台构建自身的国际营销网络。在服务贸易方面,新加坡现代服务业发达,2011年服务贸易进出口额达到2000多亿美元,相当于其当年GDP的87%。但中新两国间的服务贸易规模明显偏小,在新加坡服务贸易总额中的比重较低。随着中新自贸区建设的逐步推进,双方在运输、金融、文化、旅游、医疗保健、商务服务和服务外包等领域的合作空间广阔,可借助中国北京国际服务贸易交易会等平台、通过相关多双边合作机制大力推进中新服务贸易的发展。

中新金融合作有望取得新突破。新加坡现有700多家来自世界各地的金融机构为全球客户提供包括商业银行、保险、证券、资本市场融资、财富管理在内的全方位金融服务。随着中新自贸协定项下金融合作协议近期的签署,中国可利用新加坡国际金融中心的有利条件稳步推进人民币国际化进程,两国金融机构在对方市场做大做强的条件也更为成熟。另外,双方还可争取在重大合作项目联合融资以及吸引优质中资企业来新加坡上市等方面取得新突破。有专家表示,中国的“十二五规划”和《东盟经济共同体蓝图》为香港与新加坡勾勒了清晰的增长路线。随着中新自贸区建设的逐步推进,双方在运输、金融、文化、旅游、医疗保健、商务服务和服务外包等领域的合作空间广阔。

综上所述,中新两国关系已有相当长的一段历史,并在曲折中前进着,虽然在发展中难免存在一些问题,但并不是不可调和的。相信只要经过双方政府和人民的共同努力,中新关系将达到一个友好互利的新高潮。

参考文献

(1)张家寿中国—东盟区域合作及其对区域经济发展的合作

(2)王丽亚中国与东盟合作的现状与前景分析

(3)百度文库网站 https://www.doczj.com/doc/e38028003.html,

( 4 ) 新华社。2002-05-17

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