全国医学英语博士统一考试2006

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷(2006年3月)考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ词汇15分钟10分Ⅱ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅲ阅读80分钟40分试卷二：小计110分钟65分Ⅳ英译汉30分钟15分ⅴ写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2006PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.A. in lineB. in tradeC. at timesD. at odds4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. leftovers5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden collapse into unconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.A. expensesB. revenuesC. budgetsD. payments10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.A. accountableB. submittedC. subjectedD. available11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected19. Some 121 countries may be designated“developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries_______more than four-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victimPART Ⅱ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun; it’s just that his desire to ex cel 22 drives his decision-making process.A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 , but for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had not25 out as well as they have, I would have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior. “But spending the extra time studying has been well w orth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain 27 .”28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he can remember. “I’ve always been goal29 ,” he says. “Th is internal drive has caused me to give my all 30 pretty much everything I do.”Klise 31 Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for his next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of H ealth (NIH).“I am hoping that my I.S. experience will help me33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program gives students a chance to work with some of the nation’s34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate to gradua te studies or a career in the medical field.”21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided30.A. about B. with C. at D. in31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocationPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete state ments. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneShe’s cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years old—entering any meat-market bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beauty. “You can see it. It’s just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New Mexico State University who sounds a little in love with his creation.The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changes wrought by Johnston’s software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a“hyper-female”. The eyes grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“feminized”versions of averaged faces more beautiful.Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attempting to apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.The research results so far are surprising—and humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human beauty may not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it may be health and fertility: Halle Berry’s flawless skin may fascinate moviegoers because, at some deep level, it persuades us that she is parasite-free.Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—the allure of hyper-females, for example, is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point: We won’t conquer“looks-ism” until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The idea that beauty is unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .A. in fact in her late twentiesB. Johnston’s ideal girlfriendC. a stunning beautyD. is a professional prostitute37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of16 .A. beautiful European womenB. different women around the worldC. casually chosen white womenD. ordinary western women38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .A. masculineB. averageC. feminineD. neutral39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .A. give his computer a beautiful screenB. study the myth of human attractivenessC. prove the human capacity to create beautiesD. understand why Caucasian faces are special40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .A. culturally differentB. a disease-free idolC. individual-dependentD. a world agreed value41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .A. why they look attractiveB. when attractiveness is importantC. how powerful beauty isD. what constitutes beautyPassage TwoIt’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise, “Lobsters. Blueberries. Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that’s the difference between taking the drugs or doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Pingree, former Maine state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies of drugs.” Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lack insurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Su preme Court. It hasn’t yet taken effect.Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on health benefits that are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sanford C.Bernstein, an investment research fi rm. What’s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.It’s little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and politicians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago when state legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus trips.42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .A. sold wholesaleB. over the counterC. less expensiveD. tax-free43.We can learn from the second paragraph that .A. people can buy as many drugs for personal useB. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal controlC. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugsD. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .A. billB. drug companyC. customs officeD. seniors society45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .A. have more leisure timeB. fill more prescriptionsC. mostly enjoy long tripsD. are fond of street shopping46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .A. they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderlyB. they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votesC. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributorsD. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.A. the two groups are evenly matched in strengthB. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful group_____.C. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful groupD. both of the two groups are losersPassage ThreeIt’s navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse that makes an old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that’s supported by a growing body of controlled psychological studies.In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings predicted whether they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research bySusan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures have little benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselves from thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.A. people need self-reflection when they feel blueB. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partnersC. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful pastD. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peakB. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partnerC. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationshipD. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph 5 refers to people who_____.A. boast of their own successB. hesitate in romantic relationshipsC. worry about their futureD. focus on their past52. Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.C. Help them figure out what has happened.D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.53.According to the passage, _____can help people get over a painful experience.A. pouring out their feelings about itB. distracting their attention from itC. discussing it with specialistsD. recalling the specificsPassage FourPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that willbring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally, a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of“flow”, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying. Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.A. looking foolishB. failing in wordsC. not attracting attentionD. appearing pressurized55.According to the passage shy people_____A. have greater difficulty than extrovert onesB. are not good at actingC. may well do a good job in a speechD. are better speakers in the public eye56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.A. can act naturallyB. makes careful preparationsC. rehearses adequatelyD. can get across easily57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_____.A. showing modesty in publicB. talking about one’s own tradeC. presenting the topic logicallyD. communicating with the audience58.“Shallow depth” in the last paragraph implies_____.A. being yourself in the performanceB. trying to look seriousC. pretending to be well-preparedD. being seemingly knowledgeable59.From the passage, we get the impression that public speaking issomething_____.A. hard to do wellB. scary but manageableC. tough but rewardingD. worthwhile to challengePassage FiveAfrican American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural and socially constructed ideas of beauty. As an essential component in traditional African societies, cosmetic modification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness. Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity, indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautification of the hair and body play an essential role. In our racially conscious society, presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage. It also represents a sense of personal style. In the search for the African American identity, blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle. Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful. Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul, all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on a daily basis.“During the sixties, white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was easier to care for, but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage. Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness; a tribute to group unity; a statement of self-love and personal significance.”By rejecting the white standards of beauty, black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember b attling with the idea of going natural for several years. I never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair, I never saw beauty. Now my hair is natural, thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves to wear their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it. Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.It was a different story in the past. African Americans were pressed. Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity. By being brainwashed into believing black people are“inferior”and white people are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to look“pretty”by whit e standards.Hair is as different as the people it belongs to. People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities. Ultimately, individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of the African American community.60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.A. have been trying hard to be socially acceptedB. have been changing their value about beautyC. have maintained their identity of traditional AfricansD. have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society61. What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?A. They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.B. Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.C. They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.D. Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. dislikeB. betrayalC. approvalD. suspicion63. African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.A. they reversed the attitude the white people had towards themB. they started to see beauty in their thick curly hairC. they feel good and comfortable in being differentD. they accepted the white standards of beauty64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.65.To African Americans, hair is a significant indicator of_____.A. their cultural identityB. their aesthetic tasteC. their social recognitionD. their challenge against the societySection B (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneFrancois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge tha n by the nature of the questions it puts forward.”66 .Admittedly, the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement. 67 . Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries. The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty, which was established a thousand years ago. This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”, another name for Chinatown. And it was during the same time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.68 However, when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today, the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited. But in all history books, the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail, while the cultures of the People’s Republic of China and the Arab League are seldom mentioned.69 . For instance, the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insufficient, but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful. In the works of the Greeks and。

全国医学博士英语统一考试指南pdfIn the realm of medical education, the National Unified English Test for Medical Doctorates, commonly known as the Medical Doctorate English Test, plays a pivotal role in assessing the English proficiency of aspiring medical doctors. The exam is designed to ensure that candidates possess the necessary language skills to effectively engage in medical research and international collaborations. Given the significance of this exam, having access to a comprehensive and reliable study guide, such as theNational Medical Doctorate English Unified Test Guide inpdf format, is invaluable.The pdf version of the guide offers several advantages that make it an essential resource for exam preparation. Firstly, its portability allows candidates to study anytime, anywhere, without the need for a physical copy. This flexibility is especially beneficial for busy medical students and professionals who need to juggle their studies with clinical duties and other responsibilities.Moreover, the pdf format ensures that the content remains consistent and unaltered, eliminating thepossibility of errors or outdated information. The guide typically covers all aspects of the exam, including the format, content, and scoring criteria, providing a comprehensive overview of what to expect on the test day. One of the key features of the guide is its focus on strategy and technique. It often includes tips on how to approach different sections of the exam, such as reading comprehension, writing, and listening comprehension. These strategies can help candidates maximize their scores by efficiently managing their time and energy during the test. Additionally, the guide often includes sample questions and practice tests, which are invaluable for simulating the actual exam conditions. By practicing with these materials, candidates can familiarize themselves with the question types and pacing required on the exam, thus boosting their confidence and reducing anxiety on the test day.In summary, the National Medical Doctorate English Unified Test Guide in pdf format is a crucial resource for anyone preparing for the Medical Doctorate English Test.Its portability, consistency, and comprehensive coverage make it an essential tool for enhancing exam performance.By utilizing this guide, candidates can gain a competitive edge and increase their chances of achieving a successful outcome on this important exam.**全国医学博士英语统一考试指南pdf的重要性及应用** 在全国医学教育领域中，全国医学博士英语统一考试，简称医学博士英语考试，对于评估医学博士候选人的英语水平起到了至关重要的作用。

全国医学博士英语统一考试辅导全国医学博士英语统一考试是一项重要的考试，对于准备攻读医学博士学位的学生来说至关重要。

本文将为大家介绍如何高效地备考这一考试，并提供一些实用的辅导方法和建议。

首先，备考全国医学博士英语统一考试需要制定一个合理的学习计划。

考生应该根据自己的实际情况，合理安排每天的学习时间，并将重点放在需要提升的部分。

可以根据考试大纲制定学习计划，将整个学习过程分为几个阶段，逐步攻克每个阶段的内容。

其次，考生应该熟悉考试的题型和考点。

全国医学博士英语统一考试包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译等多个部分，考生需要了解每个部分的要求和考点，针对性地进行练习和学习。

可以通过查阅往年的考试资料和习题集来了解考试的题型和难度，做题过程中可以注意分析和总结出题规律和解题技巧。

第三，提高听力能力是备考全国医学博士英语统一考试的重要一环。

听力部分是考试中最容易失分的部分，因此考生需要加强听力练习。

可以通过听英语新闻、英语演讲和英语电影等方式来提高听力能力。

在听的过程中，可以重点关注英语的语音语调、听懂主旨和细节信息的能力。

同时，做一些听力练习题，熟悉考试的题型和解题思路。

第四，提高阅读能力也是备考的重点之一。

阅读部分是考试中的重要环节，考生需要具备快速阅读和理解英语文章的能力。

可以通过阅读英文原版书籍、英文报纸和期刊等来提高阅读能力。

在阅读过程中，可以注意词汇的积累和理解词语的词义和词性。

同时，做一些阅读理解的练习题，提高对文章的理解和解题技巧。

第五，写作和翻译部分是考试中的重要环节，需要考生具备一定的写作和翻译能力。

可以通过多读英文原版书籍和英文文献，提高对英语语法和词汇的掌握。

同时，可以多做一些写作练习和翻译练习，积累写作和翻译的经验。

在写作和翻译过程中，可以注意语法和词汇的正确使用，以及语言的流畅和准确性。

最后，备考全国医学博士英语统一考试需要有恒心和毅力。

考试的内容较多，需要花费大量的时间和精力来备考。

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health.It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of theconditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.A. missed the most serious problems thereB. were poorly assembled for the missionC. cannot be called scientists at allD. value nature above people80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.A. must redefine our relationship with the environmentB. should not take it seriously but to take it easyC. need a new way of thinking about natureD. need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage FiveHumanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of people lived in cities; by 2050, 70% are projected to do so – most of them in poorer。

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension （30% ）Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After youhear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ’ t had a bite all day.Question: What’ s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ’ s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B.About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD.About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work.B.Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D.Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about thedoctor.B.He won’ t complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn’ t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do’nt always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals. Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, aftereach of which, you will hear five questions. After each question,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on theA NSWERSHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C.A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health–remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Direction: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases,marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Thenmark your answer on theA NSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying,produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico leftmy mind in such a __ that I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high bloodpressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then _ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical , even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time mayweaken the immune system, aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’ s personality traits, being modest and generous,people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has astrong _t o a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablyDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ’ success is a process of long-term accumulation,in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’ s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks receptionat Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growingchildren in the form of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbatedt heir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate theoriginal composition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored theconstruction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards ofmarital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving hima full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on theright side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWER SHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is badfor your health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positiverather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducteda study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect theonset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped thatfurther study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51.A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,e ach of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answersmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark theletter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medicalmasks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery ona tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottomprices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the9 / 18word.conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improvetheir manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should beextended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recentlyinstituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy thetools of their trade, they should .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going tohelp humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend orinvest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged withindexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims arehard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure ofgreenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue.In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is notthe same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products.Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green ElectronicsCouncil shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclosedata. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legalrequirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clearmessage that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then marketforces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy –and it ’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then toindividual products, the author argues that .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for .A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in thehighly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of _.A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightlytaxed one73.When she says that ⋯that can’ t be the only thing going on in the mind , Cosmides most probably implies that .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-makingsystemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favoredevolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens andenvironmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene （人类世）–an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet ’snatural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. Wecannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden,and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work intoa list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where theboundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about ourrelationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims inthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society __________ .A.a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC.a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, .A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC.a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that .A.they made the first classification of Earth systems。

全国医学博士英语统一考试词汇表ablate v.切除，摘除abscess n．脓肿achromatopsia n．色盲acidosis n．酸中毒acne n．痤疮，粉刺acupuncture n．针刺，针刺疗法adduce v．引证；提出admonish v．告诫aerobic a．需氧的afebrile a．无热的afferent a．传人的agile a．敏捷的，灵活的ague n．疟疾；寒颤alga n．水藻，海藻almighty a．全能的；糟糕透的alveolus n．小窝，牙槽；肺泡ambient a．周围的，包围着的；环境的ambulant a．走动的；适宜于下床活动的ameliorate v．改善，改良，转好amenable a．顺从的，有义务的; 经得起检验的amputate v．切断，截(肢)anatomy n.解剖学ancestral a.祖先的，祖传的anemia n．贫血症anesthesia n．感觉缺失；麻醉anesthetic a．麻木的n．麻醉剂animate v．使有生气，使活泼；激励animation n．生气，活泼，兴奋；动画片anorexia n．食欲缺失；厌食anoxia n．缺氧(症)antenna n．触角；天线antibiotics n．抗生素(抗菌素)antifebrile a．退热的n．退热药antiseptic a．防腐的，抗菌的n.防腐剂；抗菌剂antitoxin n．抗毒素appendicitis n．阑尾炎appraiser n．评价人，鉴定人arena n. 竞技场地armament n. 军队, 武装力量; 军械; 武器, 备战aroma n. 芳香; (艺术品的) 风味; 韵味arrhythmia n．心律不齐；心律失常arthritis n．关节炎articular a．关节的articulate v．接合；清晰地发出音来；a．接合起来的；关节联接的aseptic a.无菌的; 防腐的; 冷漠的asphyxia n．窒息assassinate v．暗杀，行刺assiduity n.刻苦，勤奋asthma n．气喘，哮喘artrium n．心房atropine n．萎缩，虚脱attenuate v．变细(小)；减弱减毒; 稀释attomey n．辩护律师atypical a．非典型的;不规则的;不正常的audiometer n.听度计，听力计auditorium n.礼堂；听众席aural a.听觉器官的;耳的auscultate v.听诊auspice n.预兆，先(前)兆;吉兆Austria n．奥地利autopsy n.尸体解剖；尸检axilla n.腋(窝)bacillus n．(芽胞)杆菌balm n．香油，香脂；止痛药膏barbiturate n．巴比妥盐barley n．大麦baton n．棍棒；指挥棒；警棍battalion n．营；部队；大队(的人)BCG 卡介苗beancurd n．豆腐bellyache n．腹痛beriberi n．脚气病berth n．(车，船)卧铺；座位beset v．镶嵌；困扰bibliography n．目录学；文献目录bicarbonate n．碳酸氢盐biliary a.胆汁的binocular a．双目的；双筒的n．双目镜biopsy n．活组织检查biostatistics n．生物统计学biotic a．生命的；生物的bladder n．囊，膀胱blanch v．漂白；使变白；使(植物)不见日光而变白blister n．水疱v．起疱bloat v．肿胀；n．肿胀病人blur v．弄脏；(使)模糊不清bondage n．奴役，束缚botanical a．植物学的，植物的bout n．一回；发作bowel n．肠；内部bran n．麸；糠bronchitis n．支气管炎bronchus n．支气管broth n．肉汤bushel n．蒲式耳butcher n．屠夫，卖肉者buttock n．屁股；臀部cadre n．干部；骨骼；骨干callous a．起老茧的;无感觉的;冷淡的callus n．胼胝；骨痂，接骨质camphor n．樟脑cancellation n．取消，删除cancellous a．网眼状的；海绵状的；网状骨质的candid a．公正的, 正直的；坦率的cane n．茎；甘蔗；手杖canine n．犬齿canker n．溃疡；口疮cannula n．套管，插管canvas n．粗帆布，油画布capacitor n．电容器carcinogen n．致癌物carcinogenesis n．致癌作用；癌发生cardiogram n．心电图cardiology n．心脏病学cardiovascular a．心血管的caries n．龋；骨疡；骨疽cartilage n．软骨cartridge n．弹药筒；子弹；软片，胶卷catabolism n. 分解代谢cataract n. 大瀑布；白内障catheter n．导管celerity n．迅速,敏捷celery n．芹菜celiac a．腹的；腹腔的cellular a．细胞的；由细胞组成的centennial a．一百周年的cephalic a. 头的，头部的；头侧的cereal a．谷类的，谷类植物的n. (pl.)谷类；谷类食物cerebellum n. 小脑cerebrum n．大脑cervix n．颈；子宫颈chamber n．房间;议院；会所；腔,心室char v．／n．打杂，(做)家庭杂务charter v．租船，租车n．宪章chemotherapy n．化疗chestnut n．栗子;栗树chickenpox n．水痘chlorine n．氯(气)chlorophyl n．叶绿素cholera n．霍乱chromosome n．染色体chronicle n．编年史；历史，记事chyme n．食糜cilia n．睫；纤毛cinerary a．灰的；骨灰的circadian a．生理节奏的circumscribe v．在…周围划线；限制，约束cirrhosis n．硬变；肝硬化citrus n．柠檬；柑橘clavicle n．锁骨cleave v．(cleft；cleft or cloven)劈开;把…分成几个小部分cleft n．裂，裂口climacteric n．更年期；绝经期；转折点closure n. 关闭；罩子colic n．绞痛,急腹痛a. 绞痛的;结肠的colitis n．结肠炎collaboration n．合作，协作，勾结collagen n．胶原(蛋白)colloquial a．口语的，会话的combustion n．燃烧；氧化commemorate v．纪念compatriot n．同胞composer n．作曲者；创造者concave a．凹的，凹面的conducive a．有助于…的，有益的conduit n．管道；导管congenital a．先天的，天生的conjecture v．推测；假设conjunctiva n．结膜consecutive a．连续的，连贯的；顺序的consonance n．调和，一致；共鸣．constipation n．便秘continence n．自制，节制；节欲contingent a．可能(发生)的，偶然的，意外的；应急的n．意外事件；代表团；小分队contour n．轮廓，外形contractile a．可收缩的contractor n．订约人；承包人；收缩肌contraindicate v．禁忌contralateral a．对侧的convalescent a．恢复健康的，渐愈的；恢复期的n．恢复中的病人conviction n．定罪；深信，确信convulsion n．震动；痉挛，惊厥cooper n．制桶工人，修桶工人v.修桶；挫败；毁掉copious a．丰富的，大量的cordial a．诚恳的，亲切的，热诚的;刺激的；强心的n.兴奋剂cork n．软木塞cornea n．角膜coronary a．冠状的corps n．军团，部队corpse n．死尸，尸体corpuscle n．小体，细胞，血球；微粒cortex n．皮质costal a.肋骨的countenance a．面部表情；脸色county n；郡，县covert a．隐藏的；暗地里的crane n．鹤；起重机v．伸(颈)；用起重机起吊cranium v．头盖(骨)；颅crook n．钩；钩状物crux a．十字形；难事,关键,最重要点crotherapy n．冷冻疗法cuckoo n．杜鹃，布谷鸟cue n．(人或车等候着的)长队；发辫cuff n．袖口；护腕cunning a．／n．狡猾(的)，狡诈(的)cupboard n．碗柜，木橱curb n．／v. 控制、抑制、约束curriculum n．学校的全部课程；(一门)课程cusp n．尖，尖端cutaneous a．皮的cyst n．囊(肿)cytogenetics n．细胞遗传学cytology n．细胞学dagger n．匕首；短剑；剑号dairy n. 牛奶场，奶店dander n. 头皮屑；怒火dandruff n. 头垢；头皮屑datum n. (p1．)资料，材料debris n. 瓦砾堆，废墟,碎片deception n．欺骗，蒙蔽；骗术decibel n．分贝deciliter (decilitre) n．分升，十分之一升decompensate v．代偿失调decompose v．分解，使腐败，使腐烂decubitus n. 褥疮defecate v．澄清，净化；排粪，通大便deference n．听从；敬重deferent a.输送的;输出的;输精的defervescence n.退热deflate v.排放…(空)气；解除气胀deflection n.偏离；偏转deleterious a．(对身心)有害的；有毒的deliberate a．深思熟虑的，审慎的，蓄意的v．仔细考虑deliberately ad．审慎地；故意地，蓄意地delineate v．描绘；叙述delitescence n．潜伏期；潜伏状态；(炎症)突然消退dementia n．痴呆demography n.人口统计学denominate v.给…命名；称呼…为denture n.一副牙齿；假牙；全口假牙deodorant a.除臭的n．除臭剂dependant n.受赡养者；侍从depicture v.描述，描绘；想象depilate v.拔去…毛；脱去…毛deposition n．免职，罢官；作证；沉淀；沉淀物depot n．兵站；仓库depravity n．堕落；腐败depreciation n.价值低落,贬值,蔑视,贬低depurate v．净化，提纯deputy n．代理人，代表；副…derivation n．引出；起源，由来;衍生,衍生物derma n.真皮dermatitis n.皮炎dermatology n.皮肤病学decendant n.子孙，后代desolate a．荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的v．使荒芜，使孤寂destitute a．没有的；缺乏的detachment n．分开，拆开，分离；分遣；分遣队detention n.拘留，扣押；阻留，滞留detoxify v．解毒，除去…毒物,去除…放射性沾染devoid v.缺乏，没有dextral a．右边的；用右手的；右旋的dialect n．方言；行话dialectical a．辩证的；辩证法的diaper n．尿布diaphoresis n．发汗；出汗diaphragm n．膈，膈膜diarrhea n．腹泻diastole n．(心)舒张期diction n.措词；词令dilate v. 膨胀，扩大dilemma n. 窘境，进退两难diphtheria n．白喉discharge v．／n．卸货；排出；释放;出院discourse n．讲话，演讲；论说；论文disdain v. n．轻视；不屑一顾disgorge v.吐出，呕吐disguise n．／v．假装，伪装disincentive a．阻止的，抑制的n．(在生产等方面)起抑制作用的行动(或措施) dislocation n．关节脱位，脱臼dismal a．忧郁的dismay n．灰心惊愕，沮丧v.使惊愕，使沮丧；使灰心dispensary n. 药房dispense v.分配；配(方)；发(药)dissect v．分割；解剖disseminate v. 散播,传播,散布dissert v. 论述,写论文dissertation n．专题论述；(学位)论文dissuade v．劝阻，阻止distal a．远侧的；末梢的；远中的distend v．扩张；肿胀diverge v．分叉；分歧；离题；使…岔开，使转向divine a．神的，神圣的dorsum n．背，背部；背状部分draught n．拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风，v.起草，设计drench v．浸透；淋透dropsy n.水肿病(浮肿病)duodenum n．十二指肠dwarf n. 矮子,侏儒dysentery n．痢疾dysfunction n．功能障碍,功能不良/死调dyspepsia n．消化不良dysphagia n．吞咽困难dysplasia n．发育不良, 发育异常dyspnea n．呼吸困难dystrophy n．营养不良, 营养障碍ebb n. v．落潮；退潮eccentric a. 古怪的，偏执的,不同圆心的eclipse n. 日蚀，月蚀v．把…遮暗ecstasy n. 狂喜；出神，入迷ectopic a. 异位的eczema n.. 湿疹edema n．水肿(浮肿)efferent a．传出的ejaculate v. 突然喊出,射出(液体)electrify v．使充电；使电气化;使触电；使震惊；使兴奋eligible a．合格的；适宜的elongate v．拉长；伸长；延长elucidate v．阐明；说明，解释emaciate v．衰弱；消瘦emancipate v．解放embolism n. 栓塞embolus n. 栓子embrace v. ／n．抱, 拥抱,包括,包含embryology n. 胚胎学eminence n．卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家emphysema n．(肺)气肿enamel n. 搪瓷；(牙齿的)珐琅质encumber v. 妨碍，阻碍；阻塞；牵累encyst v. 包在囊内endemic a. 地方性的；地方病的endermic a. 经皮的，皮下的endocrine a. 内分泌的endogenic a. 内源的endorse v. 背签；批注endoscope n. 内镜endotoxin n. 内毒素engrave v. 刻上；铭记engross v. 使全神贯注enumerate v. 数,点;列举epidemiology n．流行病学epilepsy n. 癫痫epithelium n. 上皮erythrocyte n. 红细胞escalator n. 自动电梯esophagus n．食管ethical a．伦理学的；伦理的；道德的ethics n．伦理学；道德学；伦理观，道德观；道德标准ethnical a. 种族的；人种学的etiology n. 病因学evocative a．唤起…的，引起…的exacerbate v．恶化，加剧；触惹exanimate a．已死的；无生命的；无生气的；没精神的exasperate v．激怒；使(疾病)加剧,使恶化excise v．删去；切除excursion n．短途旅行，集体游览exogenous a. 外生的；外源的；外因的exotic a. 外(国)来的；异国情调的n. 外来物exotoxin n. 外毒素expectorate v．咳出(痰)；吐(血，唾液等)expiration n．满期，届期；呼气，吐气expound v．详述；解释；阐述extraterrestrial a．地球外的，地球大气圈外的extremity n．末端；肢exudates n．渗出物，渗出液eyelid n. 眼睑Fahrenheit a．华氏(温标)的n．华氏温度计farthest a．／ad．最远的(地)fastener n．扣件；钮扣，揿钮,钩扣;扣钉feat n．功绩；武艺，技艺a．灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的febrifuge n．退热药；解热药feces n．粪便；排泄物；渣滓femur n．股骨；大腿ferment n．v．发酵；酵素ferrous a．铁的；含铁的；亚铁的,二价铁的fibrillation n．纤维性颤动；原纤维形成作用fibrosis n．纤维变性；纤维化firecracker n．爆竹；鞭炮fistula n. 瘘管flaccid a. 松弛的flank n. 侧面;胁;胁腹flatulence n. 肠胃气胀；空虚；浮夸fleck n. (皮肤的)斑点;雀斑flora n. 植物区系；菌丛florid a. 绚丽的；红润的;脸色好的fluoroscopy n. 荧光屏检查；X射线透视检foe n．敌人，敌军；危害物foil n．箔；金属薄片；衬底forceps n．镊子forensic medicine n．法医学forthcoming a. 即将到来的；乐意帮助的foul a．难闻的；恶臭的；腐败的fowl n．禽；家禽；禽肉fraternity n．兄弟关系；友爱，博爱fulminant a．(疾病)暴发性的fulminate v．(疾病)暴发；爆炸fundus n. 底，基底futile a. 无益的；无效的fuzzy a. 有绒毛的；绒毛状的；模糊的;失真的gadfly n．虻；牛虻galactic a．乳汁的；催乳的gallbladder n. 胆囊gallop v．飞跑，疾驰；n．奔马律；(马等的)疾驰gallstone n．胆石ganglion n. 神经节;腱鞘囊肿gangrene n. 坏疽gape v．张口；打呵欠；目瞪口呆地凝视garlic n．大蒜gastritis n. 胃炎gastroenterology n. 胃肠病学gastro scope n. 胃镜gem n. 宝石，美玉；珍宝，珍品genetic a．创始的，发生的，遗传学的genial a．亲切的，和蔼的；宜人的genital a．生殖的；生殖器的genus n. 类；属geological a. 地质学的geometry n. 几何学geriatric a. 老年病学的；老年的;衰老的germicide n. 杀菌剂germinate v. 发芽；发生；发展gerontology n. 老年医学giddy a. 头晕的,眼花缭乱的;轻浮的gild v. 把…镀金；装饰gimp n. 瘸子，跛行glib a. 圆滑的；油嘴滑舌的globulin n．球蛋白glossal a. 舌的glossitis n. 舌炎glottis n. 声门glycerol n. 甘油glycogen n. 糖原glycosuria n. 糖尿goiter n. 甲状腺肿gonad n. 性腺；生殖腺gorge n．咽喉；胃；暴食;山峡v.塞饱；狼吞虎咽地吃gout n．痛风gram-negative a．革兰阴性gram-positive n．革兰阳性的groove n. 杂货店；杂货grope n. 槽，沟，纹v．开槽grope v．／n．(暗中)摸索；探索guinea-pig n．豚鼠；天竺鼠gut n．肠子；(pl.)内脏；勇气：力量；效力gynecology n. 妇科学halitosis n. 口臭hallucination n．幻觉handout n．施舍物，救济品；免费发给的新闻通报headquarters n．司令部；指挥部;总部;总局heartburn a．胃灼热；妒忌，不满hectic a．肺病的；消耗热的；发热的；闹哄哄的heed v．／n．注意，留意halitosis n. 中暑,日射病hematology n．血液学hematoma n．血肿hematuria n．血尿heme n．血红素hemiplegia n．偏瘫hemisphere n. 半球,大脑半球hemoglobin n．血红蛋白hemolysis n．溶血作用hemoptysis n．咯血hemorrhage n．出血hemorrhoid n．痔疮hemostasis n．止血(法)hepatic a．肝的hepatitis n．肝炎hepatosis n．肝病herald n．先驱；预兆hermia n．疝；突出herpes n．疱疹hiatus n．裂孔；间隙；(稿件等的)脱字；漏句histology n．组织学hoard v．贮藏；积聚hoe n．锄头homeostasis n．体内平衡homogeneous a．同类的，同族的；均匀的;同质的honourable a．光荣的，荣誉的；可尊敬的hoop n．箍；环；(百日咳)咳嗽声humoral a. 体液的hush v．不作声，静下来husk n．外皮；壳hyaline a．透明的；玻璃样的hydraulic a．水力的；液力的；水压的；液压的hydrophobia n．狂犬病，恐水病hydropic a．水肿的(浮肿的)hydrotherapy n．水疗法hygiene n．卫生学；卫生术hyperplasia n．增生hypertension n．高血压hypernosis n．催眠术；催眠状态hypnotherapy n．催眠疗法hypoplasia n．发育不全hysteria n．癔病，歇斯底里icteric a．黄疽的id(idem) a．同著者的；同上的；同前的idiopathic a．自发的，特发的；原发的ileocolic a．回结肠的ileum n．回肠ileus n．肠梗阻imbibe v．喝，、饮；吸人，吸收immemorial a．古老的，太古的imminent a．急迫的；危急的immunodeficiency n．免疫缺陷；免疫缺损immunology n．免疫学immunoregulation n．免疫调节immunotherapy n．免疫疗法imprudent a．轻率的；鲁莽的impudent a．厚颜无耻的；无礼的inappetence n．食欲不振；欲望缺失incense n．香，熏香，香气v．焚香incessant a．不停的，连续的incision n．切口，切开incitant n．兴奋剂a．兴奋的，刺激的inclination n．倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好indicator n．食指(伸肌)；指示器；指示剂；指示物indisposition n．不舒服；小病；无意；厌恶indomitable a．不屈不挠的induction n．就职；人会；入伍仪式；首次经验，入门；归纳法inertia n．惯性；不活动；无力infarct n．梗死inference n．推论，推理；推断的结果infest v．大批出没于；侵扰；寄生于infiltrate v. 渗入；浸润infinitive n. 不定式a．不定的inflame v. 使燃烧；使极度激动；使发炎inflammable a．易燃的；易激动的inflammation n．炎症，发炎；燃烧；激动inflammatory a．使激怒的；炎性的innate a．天生的；固有的；先天的；遗传的innocuous a．无害(毒)的；不关痛痒的inoculate v．给…接种；做预防注射inoperable a．不能(宜)动手术的insanitary a．不卫生的；有害健康的；易引起疾病的inseminate v．播种于；使受胎insidious a．阴险的；隐匿的；暗中为害的；(疾病)不知不觉之间加剧insolation n. 曝晒；日光浴；中暑insomnia n. 失眠interferon n．干扰素interim n．间歇；a．间歇的；期间天；暂时的interlace v．交织，交错intern(e) n．实习医生interposition n．插入；干预；(中)间位；介植；插补术interrogative a．疑问的；讯问的；质问的intersperse v．散布；点缀intolerant a．不容忍的；不耐(性)的intramuscular a．肌内的intravascular a．血管内的invalid a．有病的；病弱的；伤残的n．病人；伤病员invigorate v．使精力充沛invoke v．恳求；乞求；引起，产生involuntary a．非故意的，偶然的；非自愿的；不随意的iodine n．碘irresistible a．不可抵抗的；不能压制的irreversible a．不可逆的，不可倒置的ischemia n．局部缺血isotope n．同位素ivory n．象牙a．象牙制成的；象牙色的jack n．[J-]普通人；千斤顶v.用起重器举(或顶)jade n．玉；绿玉色jaundice n. 黄疸;妒忌;厌恶;偏见jaw n. 颌,颚jejunum n．空肠jeopardize v．使受危险；危害jigsaw n．竖锯，线锯v．使互相交错搭接jot n．一点儿；(最)小额；(最)少量v．草草记下judicious a．明断的；明智的；审慎的；有见识的ken n．认识范围的，知识范围;(盗贼、乞丐等的)窝kernel n．核，仁；核心；中心kerosene n．煤油kinesiatrics n．运动疗法kit n．用具包(袋)；工具箱knitwear n．针织品knob n．门把，拉手；球形突出物;疖，瘤knot n．结；节疤；难题；海里v.打结knuckle n．指(关)节；(猪等动物的)膝关节labium n．唇lacerate v．撕碎，割碎；伤害(感情)lachrymal a．泪的n．(p1．)泪腺lactate v．分泌乳汁；喂奶laden a．装满了的；充满了的;负了重担的；苦恼的lament n．／v．悲痛；哀悼n．挽歌；悼词lancet n．刺血针；柳叶刀languish v．变得衰弱无力；失去活力lantern n．灯，灯笼lap n．(跑道的)一圈；(衣服的)下摆；(人坐着时)腰以下及大腿的前部laporotomy n．剖腹术lapse n．失检；小错；跌落，下降；失检，偏离；流逝，间隔v．失检，背离；终止；失效lard n．猪油v．涂油于；润色(文章)larva n．幼虫(昆虫)，蚴(蠕虫)laryngology n．喉科学larynx n．喉lash n．鞭打；严厉的批评;眼睫毛lassitude n．疲乏；无精打采lateral a．(外)侧的；旁边的laxative n．轻泻药a．轻泻的leaflet n．小叶；传单lease n．租约；租赁期限；租赁权leprosy n. 麻风(病)lesion n. 损害，损伤lethal a．致死的，致命的leukemia n. 白血病leukocyte n. 白细胞leukocytosis n. 白细胞增多ligament n．韧带lime n．石灰v．用石灰处理lipase n．脂(肪)酶lithiasis n. 结石病litter n. 四下乱丢的东西;废物,废纸;轿;担架;一胎生下的小动物v.乱丢;产仔lizard n．蜥蜴lobe n．叶lobule n．小叶locomotive n．机车；火车头a．运动的；机动的locust n．蝗虫lofty a．高耸的；崇高的longevity n．长寿；资历lounge n．休息室;起居事;闲荡v.闲荡louse n．虱lucid a. 神志清醒的；清楚的;易懂的lueky a．梅毒的；传染病的lull v．使安静，哄(小孩)睡觉；变平静n．间歇，暂停lumbar a．腰的lumber n．木材，木料v．以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动lumen n．腔luncheon n．午餐；午餐会lusty a．强壮的；精力充沛的;强烈的lymph n. 淋巴；淋巴液lymphocyte n. 淋巴细胞lyse v. 溶解，溶化lysis n. 溶解；消散；(疾病)渐退macroscopical a．宏观的；肉眼可见的macula n．(尤指皮肤上的)斑点macular a．斑(点)的magnesium n．镁magnitude n．大小；数量；重要性；巨大maintenance n．维持；保养malaise n．不适，欠安malaria n．疟疾malformation n．畸形，变形malfunction n．故障；功能碍障malicious a．恶意的；蓄意的malignant a．恶性的；有害的malnutrition n．营养不良managerial a．经理的；管理人的；管理上的，经营上的mandatory a．强制的；委托的manometer n．压力计；血压计mansion n．大厦，大楼marrow n．骨髓；精华；活力marshal n．元帅martyr n．烈士；(因疾病等)长期受痛苦的人masculine a．男性的；男子气概的n.阳性；阳性词massage n．按摩，推拿v．按摩，推拿mastery n．控制；统治;优势;优胜;掌握，精通maternal a．母亲的；母系的maternity n．母性；产科医院；怀孕matron n．护士长；女总管；总干事maturate v．成熟；化脓maxim n．格言，箴言measles n. 麻疹meddle v．干涉，干预medico-athletics n．医疗体育medico-legal a．法医学的meditate v．沉思，冥思；反省；考虑;策划Mediterranean n．／a．地中海(的)medulla n．髓(质)melanin n．黑(色)素memorandum n．备忘录meningitis n．脑(脊)膜炎menstrual a．月经的；每月一次的metastasis n．转移；转移灶；转移瘤meteorology n．气象学meticulous a．过细的，细致的microfilm n．缩微胶卷；缩微照片v.用缩微法拍摄microorganism n．微生物mince v．切碎；绞碎n．肉馅miniature n．小画像；小型物misbirth n．堕胎；流产miscarriage n．失败；误投；小产；流产;堕胎mismatch v．／n．配错；配合不当mitigate v. 缓和；镇静；安慰mitral a. 僧帽形的；二尖瓣的molar n．磨牙，臼齿a．克分子的mole n．胎块；痣；克分子molten a．熔化的；熔融的monetary a. 钱的；货币的；金融的monocyte n．单核细胞morbid a．病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的morbidity n. 发病率morphology n．形态学；结构；词法moss n．苔藓，地衣v．长苔藓moth n．蛾；蛀虫mothball n．卫生球；樟脑球mould n．模子，模型，铸模；霉；霉菌v．造型，浇铸；发霉mount v．登上，爬上，骑上；增长；固定；镶嵌n．登上，骑马，支架；底座，底板mucus n．粘液multiplication n．增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法mumps n．流行性腮腺炎murmur n．咕哝；(心脏)杂音musk n．麝香mutate 变异；突变mutter v．／n．轻声低语；咕哝：抱怨mycology n．真菌学myopia n．近视napkin n．餐巾(纸)naprapathy n．推拿疗法；矫正疗法narcotherapy n．麻醉疗法；睡眠疗法narcotic a．麻醉的narrate v．讲(故事)；叙述narration n．讲述；故事；记叙体narrative a．叙述的n．记事；叙述;记叙文nausea n．恶心；晕船necropsy n．尸体剖解；验尸necrosis n．坏死neonate n．不满一个月的婴儿neoplastic a．新生物的；赘生的;(肿)瘤的nephritis n．肾炎neuralgia n．神经痛neurology n．神经病学neuron n．神经元，神经细胞nib n．钢笔尖；尖头nickle n．镍；五分镍币v.镀镍niggard a．／n．小气的(人);吝啬的(人) nightwalker n．梦游病患者nil n．无，零nip v. 夹,钳,咬;剪断,夹断nipper n．钳子；镊子；螯nipple n．乳头；乳头状隆起nocturia n．夜尿nocturnal a．夜间的；夜发的node n．节；结；瘤；中心点nodule n．小结节，小瘤nomenclature n．名称；术语；命名(法),术语集nonsignificant a．无足轻重的,无意义的nonspecific a．非特异性的nostril n．鼻孔notary n．公证人，公证员nude n．裸体的；肉色的, 与生俱有的, 无装饰的; nuisance n．麻烦事；讨厌的人(或事)nutriology n．营养学nyctalopia n．夜盲症oaf n. 畸形儿；痴儿；笨汉oar n. 桨，橹v．划船，划行oat n. 燕麦oatmeal n. 燕麦片；燕麦粥obesity n. 肥胖症oblige v. 迫使;责成;使感激，施恩obliterate v．擦去；涂抹；去掉…痕迹；消失；除去oblivious a．忘却的；健忘的obstetrics n．产科学；助产术occlusive 闭塞的；堵塞；(牙齿)咬合occult a．隐(伏)的；潜隐性的；秘密的odo(u)r n．气味；香气；臭气officinal a．药房现成有售的；依据药典配制的；药用的n．成药；药用植物officious a．过分殷勤的；好管闲事的；非官方(正式)的ominous a．不祥的，不吉的；预兆的，预示的oncology n．肿瘤学opiate n．鸦片制剂opium n．鸦片；麻醉剂optometrist n．配镜师orbit n．眼眶，眼窝；轨道v.作轨道运行orchard n．果园orchestra n．管弦乐队ordeal n．严峻；考验；折磨organelle n．细胞器；小器官orifice n．孔，口ornamental a．装饰的；作装饰用的n．装饰品；观赏植物orthopedics n．矫形外科学osteoma n．骨瘤ostrich n．鸵鸟otitis n．耳炎otorhinolaryngology(otolaryngology) n．耳鼻喉科学outpatient n．门诊病人outrageous a．蛮横的；残暴的；无耻的overcast n．阴天a．阴暗的；郁闷的oversleeve n．袖套overt a．公开的；明显的overthrow v．／n．推翻；颠覆ovum n．卵细胞oyster n. 牡蛎pagoda n．塔pail n．提桶painstaking a．苦干的；艰苦的,费力的;刻苦的pal n．好朋友，伙伴v.成伙伴palate n．腭palliate v．减轻；缓和palliative a. 姑息的；治标的pallor a. 苍白；灰白palpation n. 触诊palpitate v. 悸动；急速地跳动palsy n．瘫痪；中风，痉挛pancreas n．胰(腺)pandemic a. 流行的；传染的n．传染病pant n．v．气喘；心跳pap n．软食；半流质食物papula n．丘疹；小突起parachute n．降落伞v．用降落伞降落paragraph n．段落，节；短讯；短评paralyse v．使麻痹，使瘫痪paralysis n．麻痹，瘫痪paralyze v．使麻痹，使瘫痪paraphrase n．释义；意译v．将…释义(意译)parasite n．寄生虫；寄生菌；食客parcel n．小包，包裹；(土地的)一块parenterally ad．不经肠道parish n．教区parliament n. 国会；议会parliamentary a．议会的；国会的parlo(u)r n．客厅；休息室paroxysm n．阵发；突发pathogen n．病原体pathology n．病理学pathophsiology n．病理生理学pavilion n. 亭子peck v．／n．啄peculiarity n．独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖pedagogy n．教育学；教学法pediatrics n．儿科学peg n．木(或金属)钉；衣夹v.钉木钉pelvis n．骨盆penalty n．罚；惩罚pendulum n．摆；钟摆peninsula n．半岛peninsular a．半岛的；半岛状的pepsin n．胃蛋白酶peptic a．消化性的；助消化的；消化液的percuss v．叩诊；震动；敲打percutaneous a．经皮的perforate v．穿孔；贯穿perfuse v. 洒；灌注；使充满peril n．严重危险v．置…于危险中pernicious a．有害的，有毒的；恶性的;致命的personify v．拟(某物)为人;使人格化；表现；体现perspire v. 排汗pertain v．(to)附属，从属；关于；有关；适合，相称pertinent a．恰当的；贴切的；中肯的；有关的；相干的pertussis n. 百日咳petition n.／v．请愿，申请，祈求pharmaceutical a．药学的;药物的；药用的;药剂师的pharyngitis n. 咽炎pharyngoscope n．咽镜pharynx n. 咽philosophical a. 哲学家的;哲学上的;达观的phonetic a. 语音(学)的phosphorus n. 磷picket n．桩，尖桩v．派去放哨;用栅子围上pickle n．腌制品；泡菜pictorial a．绘画的；图片的n．画报picturesque a．景色似画的；别致的pine n．松树v．憔悴;消瘦;渴望pinkeye n．火眼pitiable a．引人怜悯的；可怜的pituitary a．垂体的；粘液的n.垂体,垂体前后叶制剂plaque n. 班,血小板;噬菌区plaster n. 灰泥;膏药v.涂灰泥;敷贴膏药;减轻platelet n．血小板plenary a．完全的；绝对的；全体出席的pleura n．胸膜plexus n．(血管，淋巴管，神经等的)丛plump a．丰满的；饱满的plunder v．／n．掠夺；抢劫polyp n．息肉polytechnic a．多种工艺的；多种科技的porcelain n．瓷；瓷器porch n．门廊portal a．肝门的；门静脉的；postdoctoral a．博士后的posterior a．后面的postmortem a. 死后的;验尸的n．尸体解剖；验尸postscript n．又及；附言；再者potassium n．钾potent a．有力的；有效力的；有势力的；烈性的potentiate v．加强；使更有效力(尤指药物) poultry n. 家禽precautious a.有防备的；戒备的；警惕的predispose v.使易感染；预先安排predisposition n.倾向；素质；易罹病的素质prelude n.序言；预兆premed(premedical) a.医科大学预科的preoccupy v. 先占,使全神贯注;迷着;吸引preponderance n. 优越,优势prerequisite a.必须先具备的；先决条件的prescriptive a.规定的，指示的；约定俗成的prick v. 刺(穿)；戳(穿)；刺痛prism n.棱镜；棱柱(体),角柱(体)probation n.检验；验证；试用；见习procaine n.普鲁卡因prodrome n.前驱症状；序论profuse a.极其丰富的；过多的prognosis n.预后prolapse n. 脱垂；下垂propagate v.繁殖；宣传；传播prophylaxis n.预防；预防法prostate n.前列腺protoplasm n.原生质，细胞质prototype n.原型；标准；典型protract v.延长；伸长protrude v.伸出；突出prodent a.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的；节俭的psychiatry n.精神病学psychic a.精神的,心理的psychological a.心理的,心理学的psychology n.心理学psychosis n.精神病,精神极度不安puberty n.青春期puff n.(一)喷，(一)吹；一阵，一股(气味)；隆起的小块pulmonary a.肺的purulent a. 化脓的；脓性的pus n. 脓；脓液pajama n.(pl.)睡衣裤pylorus n.幽门pyrexia n.发热quack n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人;骗子quadrant n.四分体；象线quarantine n. 检疫；检疫处；隔离；隔离区quarterly n.季刊a．季度的ad．季度地questionnaire n.调查表；问题单quiescence n.静止;休眠;(疾病的)被遏制状态quilt n.被(子)；被状物v.缝(被)；用垫料填塞quinsy n.扁桃体周脓肿quota n. 定额rabies n.狂犬病radial a.光线的；射线的；辐射状的；桡骨的n．放射部；射线radicle n.根；基radiograph n.放射照片radiology n.放射学radiotherapy n.放射疗法rale n.罗音；水泡音rancher n.大牧场主(或工人)；大农场主(或工人)；大牧场(或农场)管理人员rarity n.罕见的事物rascal n.流氓；无赖rating n.级别，等级；额定值,定额；责骂，申斥ration n.定量；给养；口粮rationale n.基本原理；理论基础；原理的阐述reactionary a.反动的n．反动分子ream n.令；大量v．铰大,钻大;榨出…的汁rebellious a.造反的，反抗的；(疾病等)难治的rebuke v./n.训斥，指责；非难,谴责receptacle n.容器，贮藏器；插座，插孔reciprocal a.相互的；往复的；互利的n.有相互关系的事物；倒数reck v.顾虑，介意；有关系，相干；注意，对…有关系recklessly a.不在乎的；不顾后果的reckon v.数，计数；看作，认为reclaim v.开垦；回收；改造；感化recoil v./n.撤回；退位；跳回;弹回；产生反作用recompensce n.酬报；赔偿reconcile v.使和解；调解reconciliation n.和解recrudesce v.(病痛)复发rectitis n.直肠炎recumbent a.躺着的；斜靠的referral n.工作的分派；治疗安排refluent a.倒流的，回流的refractary a.难治疗的；顽固性的refreshment n.茶点，点心;恢复;爽快refute v.反驳，驳斥regimen n.社会制度；生活制度；服药时间(表)rehabilitate v.使复原，恢复(正常生活)rehearsal n. 排练，排演；练习，演习；背诵；详述，复述reinforce v.增援，加强n．加固物relapse n./v.复发；再发relaxant a.弛张的；n．弛缓药relay v.中继，转播；接力；再放；重新涂；重新铺设relic n. (p1.)遗体，尸体；遗物；遗迹；废墟remit v.缓解，减轻remittent a.弛张的；忽重忽轻的removal n.排除；切除；搬迁，移动render v.使得，使变为；提出,提供；给予；呈报n．缴纳repent v.悔悟；后悔representative n.代表；代理人a．代表性的reproach v./n.责备，申斥，指责reproduce v.繁殖，生殖；复制，仿造resect v.切除resemblance n.相似；相似点；相似物resin n.树脂；松香reticular a. 网状的retina n. 视网膜retrograde a. 后退的；退行性的；逆行的reunification n. 重新统一reunion n. 再结合，再联合；团聚revitalize v.使恢复元气；使新生rheumatism n.风湿病rheumatoid a.类风湿病的rhinitis n.鼻炎rib n.肋骨rickets n.佝偻病ridicule v./n.嘲弄，挖苦，奚落rift n.裂缝；空隙v．裂开；渗入rigor n.寒战；发冷；僵直rinse v.冲洗；漂清riot n./v.骚乱；闹事ritual n./a.仪式(的)；典礼(的)rivalry n.竞争；竞赛；敌对rod n.杆，棍，棒rubella n.风疹ruby n.红宝石a．红宝石色的v．染成红宝石色sabotage n.故意毁坏；破坏sac n.囊；液囊salubrious a.(气候，空气等)有益健康的；健康的，有利的salutary a.有益健康的；有治疗作用的；有益的salve n.油膏剂；药膏；止痛药sanatorium n.疗养院；休养地sanitary a.有助健康的；有疗效的sane a.无疾病的；健全的；神智正常的；明智的sanitarian a.公共卫生的；保健的n．公共卫生学家；保健专家sanitary a.关于环境卫生的；清洁的；卫生的sarcasm n.讽刺，挖苦sardine n. 沙丁鱼satchel n.书包；小提包saw v. 锯,锯开n.锯子,锯床scab n. 痂v．结痂scabies n. 疥疮scalpel n. 手术刀scarlet n./a.猩红色(的)；鲜红的(的)scavenge v.清除(污物，垃圾等)；以(腐肉，腐物等)为食schistosomiasis n.血吸虫病schizophrenia n.精神分裂症sclerosis n.硬化(症)scorch v.烧焦；枯萎scramble v.爬行，攀爬；杂乱蔓延;碎片；片段；废料screwdriver n.起子scrupulous a.审慎的；严格认真的,一丝不苟的scrutinize v.细看；仔细检查scurvy n.坏血病seagull n.海鸥secretive a.不坦率的；分泌的secretary a.分泌的sedative n.镇静药；止痛药sedentary a.坐着的；静坐的seep v.渗出；渗溢semester n.学期；半年；半学年semiconductor n.半导体semi fluid n./a.半流质(的)senate n.参议院senesce v.开始衰老senescent a.开始有衰老现象的,衰老的senile a.老年的；年老所致的sensation n.感觉，知觉；轰动，轰动一时的事物sensational a.感觉的；轰动的，耸人听闻的sensitize v.使敏感；致敏sensory a.感觉的；传递感觉的sentiment n.思想感情；情操；情绪separator n.分离者；分离器septic a.腐败性的；脓毒性的；败血病的sequel n.继续；后果；后发病；后遗症sequel n.后遗症；后发病；结果serology n.血清学serpent n.蛇sesame n.芝麻sever v.分离；切断shareholder n.股东sheath n.护套；鞘shed n.棚；车库v．脱落，脱去；流出，流下shelter n.躲避处；掩蔽v．掩蔽,庇护shield n.盾；屏障v．防护；保护shilling n.先令shipwreck n./v. 船舶失事shovel n.铲，铁锹v．铲，铲起shrimp n.虾shudder v./n.震颤，战栗shunt v.分路；分流n．旁路;分流术sickle n.镰刀sift n. 筛,筛分;过滤;细查;选拔sigmoid n.乙状结肠silicosis n.硅肺；矽肺simultaneously ad.同时发生地，同时存在地sincere a.诚恳的，真诚的singularity n.单一，独个；异常，非凡sinus n.窦；窦房结sip v./n.呷，啜site n.场所，地点v．定…地点situate v.使位于；使处于slander v. n.诽谤；造瑶中伤slippery a.滑的，滑溜的slough n.蛇(脱的)皮；腐肉，死肉，腐痂v．脱皮；(痂等)脱落sluggish a. 懒惰的；迟钝的；萧条的slumber n. 睡眠；微睡sly a. 狡猾的；狡许的smallpox n. 天花smear v. 涂；敷；弄脏．n．污点；涂片smother v.使窒息；透不过气来；忍住；抑制snag n.残根；暗礁；断牙；歪斜不齐的牙齿；隐伏的困难sneer v.冷笑；嘲笑；讥笑sob v./n.哭泣，呜咽1sober a. 清醒的；认真的，冷静的v．使清醒socket n.窝，穴,孔;插座,插口sole n.脚底，鞋底a．单独的,唯一的solemnly ad.庄严地；严肃地；隆重地solicit v.请求；征求；诱发solidarity n.团结(一致)solidify v. (使)凝固，(使)固化,(使)团结solitary a.独居的；单独的；荒凉的；偏僻的；寂寞的solitude n.孤独；寂寞；与外界隔绝soma scope n.超声波检查仪somatic a.躯体的；身体的；肉体的soothe v.安慰；使平静；使减轻;缓和；奉承sophomore n.大学二年级学生spoor n.迷睡；酣睡souvenir n.纪念品；纪念礼物Soviet n./a.苏维埃(的)sow v.播种；散布spacious a.广阔的；宽广的sparrow n.麻雀sparse a.稀少的；稀疏的spasm n.痉挛，抽搐；一阵发作spear n.枪，矛v．用矛刺spectacle n.(复)眼镜；场面，景象；奇观，壮观spectacular a.公开展示的；壮观的；引人注意的；惊人的n．展览物；壮观的景象sphincter n. 括约肌sphygmomanometer n. 血压计signage n. 菠菜spindle n. 锭子，纺锤,心轴,指轴v. 装锭子splay v.展开，张开；成八字形a.向外张开的；成八字形的splint n. 夹板spongy a.海绵质的；海绵状的,有吸水性的spontaneous a.单个发生的；散见的;零星的spore n. 孢子，芽胞spotted a.有斑点的；玷污的;有污点的sprain n./v.扭，扭伤sprout v. 发芽n．新芽spurt v. 喷出；突然进发；突然兴隆sputum n. 痰；唾液squad n.班；小组squalors a.有鳞的；鳞状的stadium n.体育场stammer v./n.口吃，结巴steamer n.汽船，轮船steno sis n.狭窄stem a.严厉的，苛刻的；坚决的，坚定的n．船尾；臀部sternum a.胸骨stethoscope n.听诊器steward n.乘务员；(学校医院等的)伙食管理员stifle v.窒息；使闷住；抑制；扑灭stipulate n.规定，订定stool n. 凳子；粪便streamline n.流线；流线型a．流线型的v.使现代化，使合理化strenuous a.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的streptomycin n.链霉素stricture n.狭窄strut v.肿胀，鼓起；大摇大摆地走；炫耀；支撑；撑开n．高视阔步；支柱，撑杆stud n.大头钉；领扣；种马；种马饲养场v．装饰钉于；散布；点缀steppe n.湿热毛巾(用于热敷)v.热敷。

临床医学博士专业学位英语全国统一考试The National Unified Examination of Doctor of Clinical Medicine Professional Degree in EnglishIntroductionThe National Unified Examination of Doctor of Clinical Medicine Professional Degree in English is a comprehensive examination designed to assess the language proficiency and knowledge of candidates pursuing a Doctor of Clinical Medicine degree. This examination is administered nationwide and serves as an important evaluation tool for students in this field. In this article, we will explore the purpose, structure, and content of the examination, as well as provide tips for successful preparation.Purpose of the ExaminationThe primary purpose of the National Unified Examination of Doctor of Clinical Medicine Professional Degree in English is to evaluate the English proficiency of candidates in the field of clinical medicine. As healthcare professionals, doctors must be able to effectively communicate with patients, colleagues, and medical researchers from around the world. Thus, the examination aims to assess candidates' ability to understand and use English in a medical context.Structure of the ExaminationThe examination consists of four main components: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. Each component assesses a specific language skilland contributes to the overall evaluation of the candidate's English proficiency.1. Listening (Duration: approximately 45 minutes)The Listening component tests candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in a medical context. Candidates will listen to a series of recordings, such as doctor-patient dialogues, medical lectures, or medical research discussions, and answer questions based on the information presented in the recordings.2. Reading (Duration: approximately 90 minutes)The Reading component assesses candidates' reading comprehension skills in a medical context. Candidates will be presented with a variety of texts, including medical journal articles, case studies, and patient records, and will be required to answer multiple-choice questions or provide short written responses to demonstrate their understanding of the texts.3. Writing (Duration: approximately 60 minutes)The Writing component evaluates candidates' ability to communicate effectively in written English. Candidates will be given a prompt related to clinical medicine and must write an essay or a report discussing the topic. This component assesses candidates' ability to organize their thoughts, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and present coherent arguments.4. Speaking (Duration: approximately 15 minutes)The Speaking component tests candidates' ability to express themselves verbally in English. Candidates will participate in a face-to-face interviewwith an examiner, during which they will be asked questions related to clinical medicine. This component assesses candidates' ability to think quickly, articulate their thoughts clearly, and demonstrate fluency in spoken English.Preparation TipsTo excel in the National Unified Examination of Doctor of Clinical Medicine Professional Degree in English, candidates should adopt effective study strategies. Here are some tips for successful preparation:1. Create a study schedule: Allocate dedicated time each day to review different aspects of the examination, such as listening practice, reading comprehension, writing exercises, and speaking practice.2. Utilize authentic materials: Engage with authentic medical texts, such as medical journals or textbooks, to familiarize yourself with the language and terminology commonly used in the field of clinical medicine.3. Practice listening skills: Listen to medical podcasts, lectures, or seminars in English to improve your listening comprehension skills. Focus on understanding medical terms, concepts, and discussions.4. Enhance reading comprehension: Read medical literature in English to develop your ability to comprehend complex medical texts. Pay attention to key information, context, and author's purpose.5. Improve writing skills: Practice writing essays or reports on medical topics to enhance your written communication skills. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to refine your writing style and grammar usage.6. Enhance speaking fluency: Engage in conversations or participate in group discussions related to clinical medicine to improve your fluency and ability to express ideas clearly. Practice pronouncing medical terms accurately.ConclusionThe National Unified Examination of Doctor of Clinical Medicine Professional Degree in English plays a significant role in evaluating the language proficiency of candidates pursuing a Doctor of Clinical Medicine degree. By understanding the purpose, structure, and content of the examination and adopting effective study strategies, candidates can strive for success in this important assessment. Good luck to all candidates undertaking this examination and may it pave the way for successful careers in clinical medicine!。

2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题（一）第一部分: 听力(共两节, 满分30分)第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有1个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. How many students are there in this class?A. About 20.B. About 40.C. About 60.2. Why isn't Helen present?A. She decided not to come.B. She forgot to come.C. She wasn't invited.3. When can the student leave?A. The student can't leave unless he has put everything back in the cupboard.B. The student can leave after he has tidied the lab.C. The student can leave after he turns off the electricity.4. Why did the woman thank the man?A. Because the man brought her into a room.B. Because the man showed her a book.C. Because the man gave her a gift.5. How much had Jack saved?A. 4 yuan.B. 20 yuan.C. 24 yuan.第二节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分，满分22. 5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

全国医学博士英语统考English: The National Medical Doctoral English Examination is designed to test the English proficiency of medical professionals in China who wish to pursue doctoral studies. The exam covers a wide range of topics, including medical research, clinical practice, biomedical engineering, and healthcare policy. The exam consists of two parts: a written section and an oral section. The written section assesses the user's reading and writing abilities, whereas the oral section tests the user's listening and speaking skills. The exam is challenging, and candidates must have a high level of English proficiency to pass.中文翻译：全国医学博士英语统考旨在测试中国医学专业人士在攻读博士学位时的英语水平。

考试涵盖了广泛的主题，包括医学研究、临床实践、生物医学工程和医疗保健政策等。

考试分为笔试和口试两个部分。

笔试测试考生的阅读和写作能力，口试则测试听力和口语表达能力。

考试难度较大，考生必须具备高水平的英语能力才能通过。

2006骞村悓娴庡ぇ瀛﹁€冨崥鑻辫鐪熼璇曞嵎(鎬诲垎锛?4.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)涓€銆?Structure and Vocabulary(鎬婚鏁帮細20锛屽垎鏁帮細40.00)1.How can personal income tax be levied to______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.interestB.benefitC.profitD.concern2.To fund the______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.beneficentB.expensiveC.costlyD.luxurious3.Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week but they are______ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.outdoneB.outweighedC.outrunD.outrivaled4.This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and______at a record pace.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.wastedB.reconstructedC.destructedD.reversed5.The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the______of the Russian winter.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.severityB.consequenceC.influenceD.threat6.The company, EDS, is smart enough to______90,000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.break outB.break offC.break away fromD.break down7.Most environmental______from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss have become markedly worse.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.symptomsB.highlightsC.indicatorsD.symbols8.What we call nature is, ______, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.in common senseB.from a senseC.by the senseD.in a sense9.Although the "on line" life style has dominated the majority of city youth, most people in the remote countryside still think internet or something is______to their life.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.unconcernedB.irrelevantC.inseparableD.inaccessible10.______near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to explore every aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and student life, popular culture, the natural landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.PossessingB.AcquiringC.ApprehendingD.Interpreting11.Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ______the postal service is less efficient.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.whereB.sinceC.thatD.whereas12.The board of directors have already discussed the subject______ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.in placeB.at lengthC.on endD.off and on13.Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ______they may be.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.whatsoeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.which14.The World Bank is taking steps to______ its lending to reducing poverty in the Third World Countries.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.orientB.tailorC.adaptD.adjust15.Total investments for this year reached $ 56 million, and to put this into______ investments this year will double those made in 199锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.sightB.visionC.perspectiveD.horizon16.The year of 776 BC is considered to be the founding date of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lasted more than 11 centuries ______ they were banned in 393 A D.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.whenB.afterC.asD.until17.As did his______ Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.contemporariesB.part-ownerspanionsD.accomplices18.In a world where information is a flood鈥擾_____to everyone, and where nothing is secret or proprietary鈥攖he only organizations and managers who will thrive are those who can quickly wade into the water, harness what they need, and then add value to it through speedy, innovative business decisions.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.acceptableB.availableC.accessibleD.attainable19.The car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and efficiency, and in micropro-cessed engine technology, have radically cut______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.releasesB.emissionsC.poisonsD.contamination20.If humans use up too much soil鈥攚hich they have often done and are doing鈥攖hen they will starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat. This is nature's "indifferent" 锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.flexibilityB.justiceC.plasticityD.sensibility浜屻€?Reading Comprehension(鎬婚鏁帮細5锛屽垎鏁帮細50.00)Throughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitches an ox to a plough. Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to be carried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist. The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small of feed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired. The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasiticinfestation. Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies. In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances. About 10,000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5,000 years ago. This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5,000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks. To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most marked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city. The most complex nonhuman societies', those of the insects, are, however, the re-suit of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body. It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.The process of species making chemical energy is similar to the process of combustion.B.The process of species making chemical energy is less complicated than the process of combustion.C.Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.D.Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species.(2).From the passage we know______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestationB.fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficientlyC.fire made some animals frightenedD.fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely(3).Judging from the context, the phrase "hand-to-mouth" (Line 2, Para. 5) most probably means______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.adventurousB.unhappyC.wanderingD.unstable(4).The point of similarity between a complex human society and a complex bee societyis______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.the division of laborB.the use of fireC.the development of industryD.the development of a written language(5).According to the passage, insect societies______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.are governed by the instincts of insectsB.are not fundamentally different from human societiesC.are composed of individuals of the same typeD.are as not warlike as human beingsModern technology may not have improved the world all that much but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell鈥攊f he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter. Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed "passive" systems, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective "active" system, which doesn't just contain, deflect, or mask the noise, but annihilates it electronically. The system works by countering the offending noise with "anti-noise", a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image) , so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite. This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it madefor a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost high-power microprocessors has made activenoise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market. Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound wavesalready headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise signal and send it to the system's microprocessor, which almost instantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is to eliminate: the anti-noise cancelling Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethoven's Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressure produced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it atits source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs one's peace of mind.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).The writer holds that______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.modern technology has disturbed the quiet life of the peopleB.modern technology has made people indifferent to noise pollutionC.modern technology has made the present world quieter than beforeD.modern technology has failed to solve the problem of noise pollution(2).According to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.contains noise rather than negates itB.eliminates noise rather than muffles itC.deflects noise rather than baffles itD.holds noise back rather than stifles it(3).In paragraph 5 the word "buffs" means______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.settlersB.enthusiastsC.buyersD.manufacturers(4).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.In the past, people sometimes plugged their ears to fight against the offending noise.B.An active noise-cancellation system follows the principle of a wave being flattened by meeting its exact opposite.C.The first active noise-cancellation system was made in the 1930s.D.Active noise-cancellation systems are now available on the market.(5).Active noise-cancellation systems require______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.microphonesB.microprocessorsC.loudspeakersD.all of the aboveIn the early years of the twentieth century, astrophysicists turned their attention to a special category of stars, known as Cepheid (閫犵埗鍙樻槦) variables. A variable star is one whose apparent brightness changes from time to time. Among some variables, the change in brightness occurs so slowly as to be almost imperceptible; among others, it occurs in sudden, brief, violent bursts of energy. Cepheid variables have special characteristics that make them a useful astronomical tool. It was Henrietta Leavitt, an astronomer at the Harvard Observatory, who first examined the Cepheid variables in detail. She found that these stars vary regularly in apparent brightness over a relatively short period of time鈥攆rom one to three days to a month or more. This variation in brightness could be recorded and preciselymeasured with the help of the camera, then still a new tool in astronomy. Leavitt also noticed that the periodicity of each cepheid variable鈥攖hat is the period of time it took for the star to vary from its brightest point to its dimmest, and back to its brightest again鈥攃orresponded to the intrinsic or absolute brightness of the star. That is, the greater the star's absolute brightness, the slower its cycle of variation. Why is this so? The variation in brightness is caused by the interaction between the star's gravity and the outward pressure exerted by the flow of light energy from the star. Gravity pulls the outer portions of the star inward, while light pressure pushes them outward. The result is a pulsating in-and-out movement that produces increasing and decreasing brightness. The stronger the light pressure, the slower this pulsation. Therefore, the periodicity of the Cepheid variable is a good indication of its absolute brightness. Furthermore, it is obvious that the more apparent brightness of any source of light decrease the further we are from the light. Physicists had long known that this relationship could be described by a simple mathematical formula. If we know the absolute brightness of any object鈥攕ay a star鈥攁s well as our distance from that object, it is possible to use the inverse square law to determine exactly how bright that object will appear to be. This laid the background for Leavitt's most crucial insight. As she had discovered, the absolute brightness of a Cepheid variable could be determined by measuring its periodicity. And, of course, the apparent brightness of the star when observed from the earth could be determined by simple measurement. Leavitt saw that with these two facts and the help of the inverse square law,it would be possible to determine the distance from earth of any Cepheid variable. If we know the absolute brightness of the star and how bright it appears from the earth, we can tell how far it must be. Thus, if a Cepheid variable can be found irt any galaxy, it is possible to measure the distance of that galaxy from earth. Thanks to Leavitt's discovery, astronomical distances that could not previously be measured became measurable for the first time.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to explain______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.the background and career of the astronomer Henrietta LeavittB.how and why various categories of stars vary in brightnessC.important uses of the camera as an astronomical toolD.how a particular method of measuring astronomical distances was created(2).According to the passage, the absolute brightness of a Cepheid variable______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.depends upon its measurable distance from an observer on earthB.may be determined from the length of its cycle of variationC.changes from time to time according to a regular and predictable patternD.indicates the strength of the gravitation force exerted by the star(3).Which of the following did Leavitt's work provide astronomers with the means of determining?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.The absolute brightness of any observable Cepheid variable.B.The apparent brightness of any object at a given distance from an observer.C.The distance from earth of any galaxy containing an observable Cepheid variable.D.Both A and C(4).Cepheid variable of great absolute brightness would probably exhibit______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.a relatively rapid variation in brightnessB.a correspondingly weak gravitational forceC.slow and almost invisible changes in brightnessD.a strong outward flow of light pressure(5).The passage implies that Leavitt's work on Cepheid variables would not have been possible without the availability of______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.the camera as a scientific toolB.techniques for determining the distances between starsC.a method of measuring a star's gravitational forceD.an understanding of the chemical properties of starsThe American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required for pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people. Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations? Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future. Earlier criticism of mandatory retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1986. The same kind of criticism has been leveled at the practice of age discrimination in employment. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. The negative stereotypes of older workers have caused employers to be reluctant to hire or train older people. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive. In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rate higher. Interest in the potential productivity of older workers has stimulated the growth of industrial gerontology, a field concerned with recruitment, performance appraisal, retraining, and redesign of jobs to permit older workers to be more productive. Managing an older workforce will clearly be a challenge for the future. There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is adaptations of retirement roles or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is thefact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later in the 1990s. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).Opponents of the retirement policy say______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.it gives more leisure to old people than they know how to useB.it costs too much money in the form of retirement pensionsC.it is too rigid and flexibility should be integrated into itD.retirement should be practiced only in the public sector(2).What happened in 1986?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.Retirement stopped being practiced.B.Age limitation in retirement was abolished.C.Age discrimination was legally abolished.D.Retired people were no longer entitled to pensions.(3).Empirical studies indicate that old people______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.are less productive than younger peopleB.prefer working to retiringC.are reliable workersD.are less dependable(4).Industrial gerontology is concerned with______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.how to mange older workforceB.finding out how productive older workers can beC.how to meet the challenge of the futureD.finding out what kind of people can stay after the retirement age(5).Which of the following might lead to work life extension?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.Retraining of old people in modern skills.B.The trend toward early retirement.C.The expansion of agriculture and manufacturing industry.D.The declining younger labor force.Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages, to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic (璇█涓婄殑) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (澶氳瑷€鐨? guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives 鈥攗sually the richer鈥攚ho speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods. But all that is past, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle-Easterners would most probably______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.stand stillB.jump asideC.step forwardD.draw back(2).The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.cultural self-centerednessB.casual mannersC.indifference towards foreign visitorsD.arrogance toward other cultures(3).In countries other than their own most Americans______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.are isolated by the local peopleB.are not well informed due to the language barrierC.tend to get along well with the nativesD.need interpreters in hotels and restaurants(4).According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorancewill______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.affect their image in the new eraB.cut themselves off from the outside worldC.limit their role in world affairsD.weaken the position of the US dollar(5).The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB.it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC.it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD.it is time to get acquainted with other cultures涓夈€?English-Chinese Translation(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細2.00)21.A few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite鈥攏amely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries. This new fear is more dangerous than the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the industrial countries would suffer if they cut their links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell. The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance. Lending useful support to this first error is a second鈥攖he idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic, the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong. At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________ 鍥涖€?Writing(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細2.00)。