工业锅炉使用说明书
Industrial Boiler Operation Instructions
CS-SM8
一、前言Preface
本说明书适用于工作压力《2.5Mpa，蒸发量《35t/h的工业锅炉。
This book is suitable for the boiler with capacity ≤35t/h, and working pressure ≤2.5MPa.
1、本说明书仅作为用户在制定运行规程中的参考资料。
This boos is written as per the boiler specifications and only for reference to the operation regulations of boiler.
2、有关燃料部分、传动部分使用说明，请另见炉排，炉排传动装置，碎渣机使用说明书。
The operation instruction of fuel and driven part shall see details on the books of stoker, grate driven device and slag crusher.
3、本说明书如与国家颁布的有关规程有抵触，以上级规程为准，建议用户单位注意参阅。
If there is something in this book against the regulations, subject to the superiors regulations.
二、锅炉升火Boiler Firing
（一）、升火钱的检查准备 Preparing before firing
1、炉墙不允许有凸出裂缝，所有看火孔、人孔、吹灰孔等均需关严。
The furnace wall is not allowed to be cracked. All the fire holes, manholes and ash holes shall be closed.
2、所有烟道及风道的挡板，闸门等位置应正确，开关要灵活。
The baffles and gates of the flue gas duct and air duct shall be in the right position with the flexible switches.
3、各处保温绝热层均应完整良好，不许脱落。
The entire insulation layer shall be kept well, with no fallen parts.
4、锅筒与水冷壁集箱等处的膨胀指示器，应无卡住现象或顶碰等现象。
The expansion indicators on the drum and water cooling wall header shall be in the good condition.
5、燃烧室和各部分受热面应清洁正常。
The combustion room and all heating area faces shall be clean and normal.
6、上、下锅筒的检查。
Inspection of top and bottom drum
A. 上、下锅筒的焊缝、胀口、封头处人孔装置，应符合制造
安装质量要求。
The welding beam, bulged ring and the manhole on the end enclosure shall be produced as per quality requirements.
B. 锅筒内壁、封头人孔装置、管孔、管座内的泥土、水垢等物应仔细清除。
The mud and water dirty in the drum inner wall, end enclosure manhole, tube hole and tube base shall be removed carefully.
C. 水位指示仪应清除泥土及水垢，防止水位波动的挡板应正确装好。
The mud and water dirty in the water level indicator shall be removed and the baffle, which is used for avoiding the water level change, shall be in the right place.
D. 在锅筒内蒸汽空间部分的给水设备法兰盘及分离器设备连接处应严密，装置尺寸应符合图纸要求。
The joint among the water supply device, flange plate and separator shall be tighten, the size shall meet the requirements of drawing.
7、检查所有零件是否都已装好，各处是否有被忘掉和没有上紧的螺母、螺栓、垫料等，所有杂物应从管道中清除。
Make sure all the parts are in the right place. Tighten all the nuts, bolts and gaskets. All the dirty shall be removed
from the piping.
8、汽水系统及附件的检查：
Steam-water system and accessories
A. 锅筒、过热器及省煤器等处安全阀位置是否正确，排汽管及安全阀应很好固定。
Make sure the safety valves on drum, super-heater and economizer are in the right position. Exhausting pipe and safety valve shall be fixed well.
B. 水位计的旋塞及阀门等附件装置应正确，开关要方便。
The cock and valves of water level gauge shall be in the right position and make sure the switch is easy to operate.
C. 压力表的连接旋塞、开关要方便，固定要牢固。
The connection cock and switch of pressure gauge shall be easy to operate and well fixed.
D. 放水阀门、给水阀门、调整阀门、截止阀及给各种阀门类，开关要灵活正确。
The switches of drain valve, water feeding valve, adjusted valve, stop valves and doors shall be easy to operate.
E. 锅炉附件中附有远距离传动装置的结点及相联处应紧固。
The joint of long distance driven device shall be fixed well.
9、锅炉附件仪表、流量表、压力表、自动记录仪、定性分析
表、电流表等仔细检验和校正。
Make sure the accessories instruments, flow meter, pressure gauge, automatic recorder, qualitative analysis device, current meter shall be worked.
10、冷炉上水的温度不超过90℃，新建锅炉在煮炉之前上水温度应在40-50℃内，如水冷壁管上发现潮湿汗水时，其进水温度不应超过60℃。
Feeding water temperature to cold furnace cannot more than 90℃, before boiling, the temperature range shall be from 40℃ to 50℃. If there is wet on the water cooling wall tube, the feeding water temperature shall not more than 60℃.
11、进水由省煤器进入，其进水速度不宜太快，在夏天不少于2小时，冬天不少于4小时，上水过急会引起膨胀不均，以致漏泄。
The water inlet shall pass through the economizer with slow speed. In summer, the feeding time cannot less than 2 hours and in winter that cannot less than 4 hours. To fast water feeding can led uneven expanding, which shall cause the leaking.
12、用手动给水阀门调节锅炉进水，如有给水自动调整器，此时应不加入运行，而且手动给水调整阀门的杠杆则固定在完全打开的位置。
Adjust the boiler water inlet by handy water feeding
valve, even if there is water feeding automatic adjust device.
13、空气阀门内管出水时，应关闭此空气阀门，同时省煤器压力表的三通旋塞应开到工作位置。
When there is water out from the air valve, close the valve and open the tee cock of economizer pressure gauge.
14、锅炉进水时应检查锅炉和省煤器的放水阀门、排污阀门、法兰和手孔等处应严密，如有漏水现场，应拧紧螺钉。
Make sure the sealing of drain valves, blow down valves, flanges and hand holes on boiler and economizer during the boiler water inlet. Tighten the nail if there is leaking.
15、锅炉进水至玻璃水位计的最低水位记录处，关闭水门观察水位计的水位是否有升高，降低现象，应找出原因及时消除之。
When the boiler water inlet on the lowest position of glass water level gauge, close the water door and watch the water level on gauge. If the level is up or down, find a reason and fix it.
16、升火前，如非沸腾式省煤器应打开省煤器的旁道烟道门，关闭直通省煤器的烟道门。如采用沸腾式省煤器的锅炉，必须将锅筒与省煤器集箱间连接管上的再循环阀门开启，以便在启动期间通过省煤器形成水循环。
Non-boiling type economizer shall open the bypass flue gas duct door and close the direct flue gas door before
firing. Boiling type economizer shall open the recycle vale connects between the drum and joint tube on economizer header to make sure the water cycle during the operation by economizer.
17、升火前应将所有水冷却设备的冷却水门打开。
All the cooling door of cooling device shall be open before firing.
（二）、锅炉的升火Boiler Firing
18、完成以上升火前的检查和准备工作后，才可以允许开始升火。
The boiler firing can be started only finished the check and preparing work before firing.
19、升火前应对锅炉机组烟道加以通风，其时间5分钟，时间过长，引风机电流过大可能引起电动机烧坏。
Make 5 minutes ventilation to the flue gas duct before firing. If the ventilation time is too long, the large current of ID fan may damage the motor.
20、炉篾上铺木柴用油纱引火后再在炉篾上加煤。
Put woods on the grate and start firing with oily yarn, and then let the coal on the grate.
21、锅炉升火时间不宜太快，一般为2-4小时。
The firing period can not be too fast; normally it is 2-4 hours.
22、在自然通风或强力通风时，燃烧室上部应维持负压2-3毫米水柱。
The burning room upper part shall keep 2-3mm water pillar with negative pressure under the condition of natural ventilation or forced draft.
23、注意锅筒及水冷壁管集箱等膨胀情况，从膨胀指示器观察升火时间是否合理。
Notice the expanding condition of drum and water cooling wall tube header. Estimate the firing time is reasonable or not by watching the expanding indicator.
24、锅炉内在升高压力之前，应打开空气阀或一个安全阀直至压力达1.5-2表压力冒出蒸汽时，应关闭空气阀和将安全阀回放至原处，同时冲洗压力表导管，注意汽压继续上升情况。
Air valve shall be open or one safety valve shall be steaming when the pressure up to 1.5-2 atmospheres before the pressure inside the boiler is rising. Then close the air valve and put the safety valve on the right place, washing the pressure gauge guiding tube and notice the steam pressure rising.
25、锅炉升火时应将过热器出口集箱上的疏水门打开，以便蒸汽过热器内流动冷却，以免引起烧坏过热器管，不允许向过热器加水冷却，当压力升高时，应逐渐关闭疏水门，在并入蒸汽管后，疏水门
应严密关闭。
The drain door on the outlet header of super-heater shall be open during the boiler firing. Make sure the steam in the super-heater is cooling by flow and avoid burning out the super-heater tube. Cooling super-heater by adding water is not allowed. Close the drain door slowly with the pressure rising and fully close the drain door after into the steam tube.
26、锅炉升火后应经常注意水位，炉水受热后，水位逐渐升高时，应进行放水，维持其较低水位。
Notice the water level after boiler firing. The water level shall be rising after the heated. Make the water level in a low position by draining.
27、锅炉升火后，应使燃烧室及其所有受热面均匀受热，避免受热不均而引起炉墙裂缝，炉管胀口漏泄等。
Make the burning room and all the other heating uniformly heated after boiler firing to avoid the furnace wall crack and furnace tube leakage by Uneven heating.
28、锅炉内汽压上升至0.5-1表压时，应进行冲洗玻璃水位计一次，使其指示的水位正确、可靠。
When the boiler inner pressure up to 0.5-1 atmosphere, washing the glass water level gauge one time to make sure its indicating level is correct.
29、汽压上升至3-4表大气压时，应均匀的拧紧各结合面的螺钉，严禁汽压汽温较高时，进行紧螺丝工作。
When the boiler inner pressure up to 3-4 atmospheres, all nails on the joint shall be tighten. Tight the nail under the high steam pressure and temperature is forbidden.
30、锅炉升火期间，应检查省煤器内水温，当水温在工作压力下应低于饱和温度40℃，以防止沸腾而产生水冲击现象。如超过该饱和温度时，应视水位之情况而进行锅炉放水，并增大省煤器进水，以便保证正常水位。
Check the economizer inner water temperature during the boiler firing. the temperature shall be lower 40℃ than the saturated temperature under the working pressure to avoid the water impact caused by the boiling. If the temperature excess the saturated temperature, draining as per the real water level and increase the economizer water inlet to make sure the water level in normal position.
31、当锅炉参加运行后，才能开启通往省煤器的烟道门，把旁通烟道门关闭，使烟气全部通过省煤器，如有再循环门回路时，应将其关闭，使给水自省煤器进入锅炉。
Open the flue gas duct door to the economizer after boiler operation. Close the bypass flue gas door to make the flue gas completely go through the economizer. If there is
recycle loose, close it to make the water into the boiler by the economizer.
32、锅炉升炉到达规定压力时，应立即校正安全阀门，对锅炉工作压力为（1.25-2.5Mpa）过热器上安全阀的动作压力为1.04倍工作压力，锅筒上的为1.06倍。
When the boiler pressure up to the regulated data, safety valve shall be adjusted as below:
The safety valve on the super-heater (boiler pressure is 1.25-2.5Mpa): pressure is 1.04 times working pressure;
The safety valve on the drum: pressure is 1.06 times working pressure;
三、锅炉运行时管理
Management during boiler running （一）、锅炉运行Boiler running
1、锅炉运行时，必须均匀连续给水，使炉内保持正常水位，水位不得低于最低容许水位，水位表内的水位允许微有波动。
The feeding water shall be well-distributed and continuously enter into the boiler when it is running, keeping the boiler water level on the normal position. The water level can not be lower than the lowest allowable level. The water level on the water level gauge is allowed to have the little change.
2、通过改变减温器的给水量来调节过热温度，当汽温≤300℃
时，偏差为+30℃-20℃，当汽温为350℃时，偏差为±20℃，当汽温为400℃时，偏差为+10℃-20℃。
Adjust the superheat temperature by changing the water feeding capacity to de-super-heater. When the steam temperature is less and equal to 300℃, the deviation is +30℃-20℃; when the steam temperature is 350℃, the deviation is ±20℃; when the steam temperature is 400℃, the deviation is +10℃-20℃.
3、锅炉运行时，容许的汽压波动范围为±0.05Mpa.
The allowable pressure change range is ±0.05Mpa during the boiler operation.
4、应经常监视风压与燃烧情况，控制与调节各风门的开启程度，维持燃烧室出口的负压2-3毫米水柱，保证燃烧完全，不向外喷烟。
Watching the air pressure and burning condition regularly. Control and adjust the air door to keep the burning room outlet has 2-3mm water pillar with negative pressure. Make sure the burning is completely and no smoke goes out.
5、安全阀每昼夜至少检查一次，用手小心地稍稍抬起安全门的杠杆端，检查安全门的动作，安全阀放回原处后，检查是否冒汽。
Every day and night, the safety valve shall be checked at least once. Lift up the railing end of safety door slowly
and check the movement of door. Check the steaming after the safety valve on the right place again.
6、在锅炉及管道上所有阀门和旋塞，在开启和关闭时都必须慢慢地进行，严禁用锤或其他物体来敲击。
All the valves and cock on boiler and piping shall be slowly open or close. Knock by hammer is forbidden.
7、每班必须检查锅炉、水冷壁、过热器、省煤器及上下锅筒等处的放水阀和排污阀的严密性。
Every shift shall check the boiler, water cooling wall, super-heater economizer and the sealing of drain valve and blow down valve on top and bottom drum.
8、在运行中应注意和检查给水泵的正常工作。
Keep notice on the water pump during the boiler operation.
9、在运行中，严禁进行裂缝焊接以及紧人孔或手孔等处的螺钉，当发现人孔或手孔等处漏水或漏气时，仅在去压的情况下，并征得锅炉房负责人的许可和在其监督下，才允许紧螺钉，一般应在停炉后处理。
During the operation, welding the crack and tighten manhole or nail near the hand hole is not allowed. When there is leakage on the manhole or hand hole, tighten the nail is allowed only under the non-pressure condition or get the permit from the
boiler room supervisor. Normally, these things shall be dealt after boiler shutdown.
10、为了保持受热面内部清洁改善蒸汽品质，须对锅炉进行连续排污与定期排污。
In order to keep the clean of heating area and improve the steam quality, the regular and continuous blow down shall be taken.
11、非沸腾式省煤器，应经常检查省煤器出口水温，其允许的最高温度应低于饱和温度40℃。
Non-boiling type economizer shall be regularly checked the outlet water temperature. The allowed max temperature shall be lower 40℃ than the saturated temperature.
12、锅炉超负荷运行不允许超过10%额定负荷，而且只允许在短时间内运行。
The overload operation of boiler can not excess 10% rated load in a short time.
（二）、燃烧系统之管理Management of burning system
锅炉燃烧系统的设备，如抛煤机或加煤斗链条炉排，齿轮箱等，它们的使用、安装与维护工作，均与其设计的结构性能有关，另出专用使用说明书，这里不再予以重复。
The devices of boiler burning system, such as coal spreader, chain grate, gear box and so on. Their operation,
installation and maintenance instructions have relations to their design structure. They shall have their own books.
四、锅炉停炉Boiler Shutdown
锅炉设备除在运行中发生事故，需紧急停炉外，其他是有计划经常性的检修停炉，其停炉应按下列程序进行：
The boiler has problem during the running, need the emergency shutdown. The boilers also need the regular shutdown for maintenance as per the below steps:
1、先停供燃料至燃烧室，停止送风机接着停止引风机。
Firstly, stop feeding the fuel to burning room, then stop the FD fan and finally stop the ID fan.
2、随锅炉负荷降低，相应减少锅炉的进水，并维持玻璃水位表上正常水位。
With the boiler load is become smaller, reducing the boiler water feeding accordingly and keep the water level on the normal position on glass water level gauge.
3、当锅炉停止燃烧后，压力与蒸汽流量逐渐减低，当流量表指示接近零时，可将锅炉出口之主汽阀慢慢关上，此时应切断其与蒸汽母管之间的连接。
When the boiler stops burning, the pressure and steam flow shall be drop slowly. Once the flow gauge indicates near zero, close the main steam valve on the outlet of boiler slowly
and cut off the connection to the steam main tube.
4、当停止供过热蒸汽后，必须开启过热器出口集箱上疏水门约30-50分钟后再关闭，以冷却过热器，无过热器的则例外。
After stop supplying the superheat steam, the drain hole on the super-heater outlet header must be open for 30-50min before close to cooling the super-heater.
5、当锅炉停供蒸汽后，应关闭通往省煤器的烟道门，使烟气由旁通烟道排出，如无旁路时，应注意省煤器水温的变化，沸腾式省煤器应开启锅筒至省煤器再循坏阀。
When the boiler stops supplying steam, the flue gas door to the economizer shall be closed to let the flue gas exhausting by the bypass duct. If there is no bypass, keep notice on the water temperature change of economizer. The boiling type economizer shall open the recycle valve connecting drum to economizer.
6、当锅炉停止供汽后，应清除炉排上灰渣。
Remove the ash and slag on the grate when the boiler stops supplying steam.
7、正常停炉后的4-6小时内，应紧闭炉门及自然通风门等，以免锅炉急剧冷却，但为了冷却炉排可以稍进一些空气。
After 4-6 hours of boiler normal shutdown, the furnace door and natural ventilation door shall be closed to avoid the
boiler suddenly cooling. For cooling the grate, small air can be into the furnace.
经4-6小时后，打开烟道门慢慢加强通风，并进行锅炉必要的放水，经8-10小时后，锅炉可以再放水一次，有使锅炉加速冷却之必要时，则可开动吸风机及增加锅炉入水与进水次数。停炉18-24小时后，如炉水温度不超过70-80℃，开始可将炉水完全放出，若锅炉有缺陷时，则应延长停炉时间。
After 4-6 hours, flue gas duct door shall be open to improve the ventilation and the boiler shall take the necessary draining. After 8-10 hours, boiler can take another draining. If there is necessary to speed up the boiler cooling, ID fan can be open and increasing the boiler water inlet and outlet times. After 18-24 hours of boiler shutdown, if the temperature of furnace water no more than 70-80℃, furnace water can ne draining totally. If there is defect on boiler, the shutdown time can be prolonged.
8、当汽压降至0.15-0.2Mpa时，方可开启空气阀，在锅炉未全部去压以前仍应继续监视水位表、压力表以及燃烧室和锅筒的情况。各种辅机在电源未断绝前，亦应加强注意。若停炉后，炉内有余压时，应注意保持炉内的正常水位。
When the steam pressure drops to 0.15-0.2Mpa, the air valve can be open. Before the boiler totally has no pressure,
you shall keep eyes on the water level gauge, pressure gauge, and condition of burning room and drum. All the accessories also can be noticed before power shutdown. If there is still pressure in the furnace after boiler shutdown, keep the water in normal position.