强调、语序、倒装和省略
所谓强调，就是指要突出句中的某一个部分，使其显得更加重要。强调句的基本句型是：It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。倒装也是强调的手段之一。省略是为了避免重复或是由于习惯而省略句子中的一个或几个句子成分。本章将从强调句的基本句型讲起，之后对语序做分类讲解，包括定语的语序和状语的语序，然后对倒装做全面的分析，最后讲解英语中关于省略的重要用法。
典型例句：1.It was in London that I met Ann.（强调）我是在伦敦遇到安的。
2.Do you like these animals?（倒装）你喜欢这些动物吗？
3.（I am）Glad to see you.（省略）很高兴见到你。
一、强调
1.强调句的基本句型
1.用下面的句型来强调某个词或某个短语
句型：It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分
They will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.他们明天要在这个办公室开个会。
→It is they who/that will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.（强调主语）
就是他们（而不是别人），明天要在这个办公室开个会。
→It is a meeting that they will have in this office tomorrow.（强调宾语）
他们明天要在这个办公室开个会（而不是做别的）。
→It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in this office.（强调时间状语）
→It is in this office that they will have a meeting tomorrow.（强调地点状语）
就在这个办公室（而不是其他地方），他们明天要开个会。
2.使用强调句型的注意事项
①强调句中常强调主语、宾语（包括介词宾语）、状语，可以强调单个的词、短语和从句。
it本身没有词义。
②强调句中的连接词一般只用who，whom（指代人）和that（可指代物，也可指代人），即使在强调时间状语从句和地点状语从句时也如此。
③that或who，whom之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致（即人称和数要与原句中的一致），且不可以省略。
④强调句的时态只有两种：一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was...，其余的时态用It is...。
It was Joe whom he waited for last night.他昨晚等的人是乔。
Was it in Shanghai that he used to live?他曾经在上海住过，是吗？
When was it that the Long March started?长征是什么时候开始的？
3.强调词it和形式主语it的判别
可用恢复原句的方式来判别，即把It is/was...that...取消后，如果剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子，那么这就是强调句型，否则就不是。
①It’s in that very seat that the teacher sat down.老师坐的就是那个座位。
去掉It was...that...就变成：→（正）In that very seat the teacher sat down.
②It is clear that not all boys like football.很明显，不是所有的男孩都喜欢踢足球。
去掉It is...that...就变成：→（误）Clear not all boys like football.
说明：①中去掉It was...that...后仍是完整的句子，由此可判断它是强调句，强调的是地点状语in that very seart。
②中去掉It is...that...后不是完整的句子，因此它不是强调句，it是形式主语。
2.not...until...句型的强调句
1.基本用法
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句型：It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分
My boyfriend didn’t start to work until/till ten o’clock.我男朋友直到10点才开始工作。
→It was not until ten o’clock that my boyfriend started to work.（强调句）
注意：此句型只用until，不能用till，但如果这句不是强调句型，则till和until可以通用。Regular radio broadcasts didn’t begin until/till 1920.直到1920年，收音机才开始普遍使用。（在1920年以前，收音机使用不普遍。）
→It was not until1920that regular radio broadcasts began.（强调句）
I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until/till she took off her dark glasses.
直到这位大电影明星把她的墨镜摘下来，我才认出她来。
→It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.（强调句）注意：因为句型It is/was not...已经是否定句了，所以that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句。
2.与倒装句的转换
原句：I did n’t notice it until/till yesterday.直到昨天我才注意到这件事。
强调句：It was not until yesterday that I notice it.
倒装句：Not until yesterday did I notice it.
原句：I did n’t phone the office until/till Wednesday.直到星期三我才给办公室打去电话。
强调句：It was not until Wednesday that I phoned the office.
倒装句：Not until Wednesday did I phone the office.
原句：The bus will not go until/till all the people get on it.直到所有的人都上车，车才开走。
强调句：It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.
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倒装句：Not until all the people get on it will the bus go.
=Only when all the people get on it will the bus go.
3.谓语动词的强调
It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语，要用助动词do，does或did。请同学们仔细看下面的几个例句。
Do sit down.（务必）请坐。
He does work hard.他学习确实努力。
He did remember writing to you last week.他确实记得上周给你写了信。
The letter I was expecting did arrive yesterday.我一直期待的那封信昨天终于到了。
重要：此种强调句只用do，does和did，没有别的形式。过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
二、语序
在英语中，句子的一般语序为“主语+谓语+宾语”，此语序与汉语基本相同，但是定语和状语在句子中的位置，英语和汉语略有差异，本节内容即对此做详细说明。
1.定语的语序
1.当定语是形容词或动词-ing形式时
当定语是形容词或动词-ing形式时，在英语中多将定语放在所修饰词的前面，与汉语相同。He is a naughty boy.（形容词作定语）他是个淘气的男孩。
I need some listening material.（动词-ing形式作定语）我需要一些听力资料。
2.当定语是短语或定语从句时
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当定语是短语（介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语）或定语从句时，放在所修饰词的后面。The students in the room are from Asia.（介词短语作定语）房间里的学生们来自亚洲。
The young man who is having his lunch is my boyfriend.（定语从句作定语）
正在吃午饭的那个年轻人是我的男朋友。
3.当定语是副词或某些动词的过去分词时
当定语是副词或某些动词的过去分词时放在所修饰词的后面。
The women here are for you.（副词作定语）这儿的女士们都支持你。
I like the books written by him.（过去分词作定语）我喜欢他写的书。
2.状语的语序
在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语，先地点后时间：地点状语→时间状语。这和汉语中的状语的语序不同，汉语是先时间后地点。
The 28th Olympic Games were held in Athens in 2004.第28届奥运会于2004年在雅典举行。There was a spring rain in Shanghai last night.昨夜，上海下了一场春雨。
I stayed there for three weeks last year.去年我在那里呆了3个星期。
三、倒装
主语和谓语的顺序分为两种：①自然语序→主语+谓语；②倒装语序→谓语+主语
1.倒装的类别
我们通常使用的是自然语序，即“主语在前，谓语在后”。但有时会将谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，即采用倒装语序。倒装的原因，或者是语法结构的需要，或者是为了强调。倒装语序又分为部分倒装和全部倒装两种。下面我们将分别进行讲解。
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部分倒装是谓语中的一部分（如情态动词、助动词或系动词be）放在主语前面，其余部分仍在主语后面。
Only in this way can we work out the physics problem.（情态动词）
只有用这种方法，我们才能解出这道物理题来。
Never had he had any experience like that.（助动词）
他从来没经历过那样的事。
Not only is he a singer,but (also) he is a dancer.（系动词be）
他不仅是一位歌唱家，而且还是一位舞蹈家。
2.全部倒装
全部倒装是句子中没有情态动词、助动词或系动词be时，要把谓语动词放在主语的前面。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
Up went the arrow into the sky.箭嗖地一下射上了天。
The door opened and out rushed the children.门一开，孩子们冲了出来。
例外：这时若主语是人称代词，则主谓不倒装。
2.倒装的用法
在英语中，倒装从形式上分为部分倒装和全部倒装，我们为了便于理解和使用，还可以把它分为语法性倒装和修辞性倒装。语法性倒装是由于语法上的需要而必须倒装的句子；修辞性倒装，顾名思义，如果不是特意加以强调，可以不必倒装。
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A.各种疑问句的倒装
Are you doing your homework now?你正在做你的家庭作业吗？
Which colour do you like best?你最喜欢什么颜色？
注意：主语若是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的，语序不变。
A:Who did it?谁做的这件事？B:Li Ming did it.李明做的。
（疑问词who是主语，语序不变，仍为“主语who+谓语did”。）
How many students in your school joined the army?你们学校有多少名学生参军了？
（主语students由how many修饰，语序不变。）
B.there be句型中的倒装
在此句型中，无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中，主语总是在谓语之后。
There were no schools or hospitals there before以前那里既没有学校，也没有医院。
Is there any milk in the bottle?瓶子里有牛奶吗？
说明：在此句型中，there是引导词，真正的主语在be动词之后。上例中的schools or hospitals 和milk是句子真正的主语。
C.直接引语中的倒装
①直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，它的主语（说话人）和谓语（引述动词）常要倒装。
②当主语是代词或谓语含有助动词时，一般不倒装。
③如果谓语比主语长，或是它后面有宾语时，一般也不倒装。
“Will you please carry it for me?”said the old man.“劳驾，请帮我搬一下好吗？”老人说。“Please do me a favour,”he said.“请帮我个忙。”他说。（主语是代词时不倒装）
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“I am hungry,”the little girl had said.“我饿了。”小女孩说。
“I can’t understand you,please repeat it again,”Tom said to the stranger.
“我没明白你的意思，请您再重复一下。”汤姆对那个陌生人说。
D.省略if的虚拟语气条件句中的倒装
if引导的虚拟语气条件句中如果含有助动词were，should或had时，可以使用倒装。
句型：Were/Should/Had+主语+……
=If+主语+were/should/had+……
当if省略时，助动词were，should和had要倒装到主语之前；而当if不省略时，主语和助动词要用正常语序。
Were I to solve this problem,I should do it in a different way.
=If I were to solve this problem,I should do it in a different way.
要是我来解决这个问题，我要用一种不同的方法。
Should Joe come,I would let you know at once.
=If Joe should come,I would let you know at once.
乔要是过来，我会立刻告知你。
Had you my troubles,you would despair.
=If you had my troubles,you would despair.
如果你遭遇到我的困难，你会绝望的。
E.so，nor和neither用于句首时的倒装
so，nor和neither置于句首，用于说明前一句中谓语表示的情况也适用于另一个（些）人或物时，句子要倒装。
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A:I have had my breakfast.我吃过早餐了。
B:So have I.我也吃过了。
注意：倒装句中的助动词、情态动词、系动词be等要和前一句中的保持一致。A:Li Ming can speak three languages.李明会说3种语言。
B:So can I.我也会（3种）。
A:Will you go to the cinema this weekend?这个周末你去看电影吗？
B:No,and neither will John.不去，约翰也不去。
After that we never saw her again,nor did we hear from her.
从那以后，我们就再也没看到她，也没收到她的信。
F.as引导的让步状语从句的倒装
句型：形容词+as+主语+系动词be
Strong as Joe is,he cannot lift the weight.
=Although/Though Joe is strong,he cannot lift the weight.
=Joe is strong,but he cannot lift the weight.
虽然乔很强壮，但他也没能举起这个重物。
Angry as my father was,he didn’t blame me.
=Although my father was angry,he didn’t blame me.
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尽管父亲很生气，但他没有责怪我。
Hard as steel is,it will bend or break under the action of a strong force. 钢虽然很硬，但在强力作用下也会弯曲或断裂。
句型：名词（不带冠词）+as+主语+系动词be
Child as he is,he knows a lot of things.
=Although/Though he is a child,he knows a lot of things.
=He is a child,but he knows a lot of things.
虽然他是个孩子，可是他知道很多事。
Scientist as she is,she wants to learn more.
=Although she is a scientist,she wants to learn more.
虽然她已经是科学家了，她还是想学更多的东西。
注意：此倒装句型中，句首的名词前不用冠词。
句型：副词+as+主语+行为动词
Much as I like it,I won’t buy it.
=Although/Though I like it much,I won’t buy it.
=I like it much,but I won’t buy it.
虽然我很喜欢它，但我还是不会买它。
Fast as you run,you can’t catch up with him.
尽管你跑得很快，你还是赶不上他。
句型：行为动词+as+主语+助动词
Try as she does,she never seems able to succeed.
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=Although she tries,she never seems able to succeed.
=She tries but she never seems able to succeed.
无论她怎样努力，她似乎都不能成功。
Search as they would,they could find no sign of the boy.
无论他们怎么寻找，也未能发现那个男孩的踪影。
2.修辞性倒装
除了语法性倒装之外，有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的，叫做修辞性倒装。
A.否定词放在句首时的倒装
句型：否定词+be动词/助动词+主语
By no means is translation easy.
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=Translation is by no means easy.翻译绝不是一件简单的事。
Barely does he have enough money to live on.
=He barely has enough money to live on.他没有足够的钱为生。
Little did I think that I would lose the game.
补充：little置于know，think，imagine，guess，dream，expect等有关思考意思的动词前面时，相当于not at all，译为“一点也不”。
=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.我根本没想到我会输掉这场比赛。
Never did I dream of seeing him in America.（强调没想到）
=I never dreamed of seeing him in America.（语气平淡）
我真没想到会在美国见到他。
在上面表格所列的否定词中，有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接的。
a.hardly...when...（一……就……）
Hardly had the result been announced when the crowd applauded.
结果刚一宣布，人们就欢呼起来。
b.scarcely...when...（一……就……）
Scarcely had I reached the station when the train started.
=The train started as soon as I reached the station.我刚到车站，火车就开了。
c.no sooner...than...（一……就……）
No sooner had he arrived than we wanted to leave.
=We wanted to leave as soon as he arrived.他刚到我们就要离开。
d.not only...but also...（不但……而且……）
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Not only did I make a promise,but I also kept it.
补充：not only...but also...如果连接两个句子，则第一个句子要倒装，第二个句子不需要倒装。not only...but also...如果连接主语，句子不倒装。
Not only I (am invited) but also Ann is invited.不但我而且安也被邀请了。
=I not only made a promise,but (also) I kept it.我不但许下诺言，也遵守了诺言。
Not only is he a scientist,but also he is a painter.他不仅是位科学家，还是位画家。
B.副词（短语）放在句首时的倒装
here，then，now，thus，such，there，so，out，in，up，down，away等副词放在句首，句子要倒装，表示特别强调的语气。
Look,here comes Joe in his best suit.
=Look,Joe comes here in his best suit.看，乔穿着他最好的西装来了。
Then came the heavy snow.
=The heavy snow came then.接踵而来的是一场大雪。
There stands a tall tower at the summit.
=A tall tower stands there at the summit.在那山的顶峰上耸立着一座高塔。
C.“Only+副词”放在句首时的倒装
①Only+副词+助动词+主语
②Only+副词短语+主语
③Only+状语从句+be+主语
Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.
=I realized I made such a big mistake only then.
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只是在那时，我才认识到我犯了一个多么大的错误。
补充：only放在句首时，如果强调的是一个词或一个短语（即only引导的是一个简单句），则需要倒装。如果only强调的是一个句子（即整个句子是一个主从复合句），那么从句不倒装，主句倒装。
如果only强调的是主语，则句子不倒装。
Only her mother was invited.只有她妈妈被邀请了。
Only in this way can you work it out.
=You can work it out only in this way.只有用这种方法你才能算出这道题来。
Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.
=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.
当他到了家之后，他才知道父亲发生了什么事。
Only when one loses health does one know its value.
只有当人们失去健康时才认识到健康的重要性。
D.频率副词放在句首时的倒装
频率副词always，often，once出现在句首时，句子要倒装。
Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.
=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.
我们将永远记住这次会议的重要性。
Often had I intended to speak of it.
=I had often intended to speak of it.我曾常想谈谈此事。
E.其他情况
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为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使上下文紧密衔接时，需要倒装。The soldiers arrived at a house,in front of which sat a little boy.
士兵们来到了一座房子，房子前面坐着一个小男孩。
To the list may be added the following names.
名单上可加上以下这些名字。
四、省略
1.句子成分的省略
1.省略主语
(I) Thank you for coming here.感谢你来到这儿。
(It) Sounds like a good idea.听起来是个好主意。
(It) Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2.省略谓语或谓语的一部分
(Is there) Anything I can do for you?您想要什么吗？/有什么事儿需要我帮忙吗？
His room is big and mine (is) small.（省略系动词）
他的房间大而我的房间小。
A:Do you often go to see films?你常去看电影吗？
B:No,I don’t (often go to see films).不，我不常去（看电影）。
B:Never.（省略主语和谓语）从来不去（看电影）。
A:Are you hungry?你饿吗？
B:Yes,I am (hungry).（省略表语）是的，我饿了。
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3.省略主语或谓语中的主要部分
A:Would you like to do it with me?你愿意和我一起做吗？
B:Sure./Certainly./Of course.(I’d like to.)（省略主语和谓语）当然了。/很愿意。A:Which magazine do you like best?你最喜欢哪一本杂志？
B:The right one.=I like the right one best.右边的那一本。
4.省略宾语
Let’s do the dishes.I’ll wash (the dishes) and you’ll dry (the dishes).
让我们来洗碗吧，我来洗，你来擦干。
I borrowed some money from Peter.I will pay him back (the money) tomorrow.
我向彼得借了些钱。我明天还他。
5.省略定语
He spent part of the money,and saved the rest (of the money).
那钱他花了一部分，其余的他都存了起来。
Old men and (old) women are well respected in China.老年人在中国很受尊重。
2.复合句中的省略
1.宾语从句中的省略
that在宾语从句中作连词（连接主句与宾语从句）时，常省略。
The letter says (that) they are ready for it.信上说他们已经做好准备了。
The boss said (that) he wasn’t satisfied with my work.老板说他不满意我的工作。
I hope (that) the scheme will succeed.我希望这一计划成功。
2.定语从句中的省略
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A.关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
He is the last person (that/who/whom) I want to see.You’d better not mention him to me.
他是我最不想见的人，你最好别提他。
The music (that/which) you are listening to is very beautiful.你正在听的音乐非常好听。Here is the man (that/who/whom) you have been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。
The man (whom) we met yesterday used to be my schoolmaster.
我们昨天遇到的那个人是我从前的老师。
Harvard is the college (that/which) he wants to go to.
重要：如果介词出现在关系代词前，关系代词不能省略，也不能用that。
Harvard is the college to which he wants to go.
=Harvard is the college where he wants to go.哈佛大学是他想去的学校。
补充：这个句子也可以用关系副词来连接，关系副词不可以省略。
B.关系代词that在定语从句中常常代替when，why，where等，而且可以省略。
The last time (when/that) I saw her,she was quite well.我最后一次见到她时，她身体很好。That’s the reason (why/that) I took it.那就是我拿它的原因。
This is the city where I was born.
=This is the city (that) I was born in.这就是我出生的那座城市。
C.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时可以省略。
She is no longer the girl (who/that) she used to be.她再也不是过去的她了。
Shanghai is no longer the city (which/that) it was.上海不再是过去的上海了。
3.状语从句中的省略
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A.在目的、结果状语从句中
I got up early so (that) I could catch the early bus.
=I got up early (so) that I could catch the early bus.（目的状语从句）
我起得早，以便能赶得上早班车。
Lily is such a clever girl (that) all of us like her.（结果状语从句）
莉莉是如此聪明的女孩，我们都喜欢她。
B.在比较状语从句中
My elder sister is a head taller than I (am tall).我姐姐比我高一头。
The weather in autumn in Beijing is better than (the weather) (is) in spring (in Beijing).
北京秋天的天气比春天的要好。
The night sky seen from the moon is a wonderful sight as (it is) seen from the earth.
在月亮上看到的夜空和在地球上看到的夜空同样美妙。
C.在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中（即由when，though，as if，if等引导的从句中），如果从句中的谓语有“be”，从句中的主语又和主句的主语相同或是it时，往往把从句中的主语和be都省略。
When (he was) in trouble,he always asked me for help.当他有困难时，他总是找我来帮忙。Though (they were) surrounded,the soldiers didn’t give up.
虽然士兵们被包围了，可是他们没有屈服。
If (it is) necessary,the boss will go himself.如果需要的话，老板将要亲自去。
4.在虚拟语气中的省略（请参见“虚拟语气”）
3.不定式的省略
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1.省略不定式符号to后的动词
省略不定式符号to后的动词，是指前面出现过的动词在下文再次出现时，可以单纯使用不定式符号to，省去动词。
A.不定式作某些动词的宾语时
这种情况常用的动词有like，love，care，hope，wish，expect，prefer，refuse，mean，try，advise，agree，want，afford，forget，remember，manage等。
A:Would you like to go to university?你想去上大学吗？
B:Yes,I would like to (go to university).是的，我想去。
B.不定式在句中作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时
这种情况经常用的动词有ask，tell，advise，force，persuade，wish，allow，permit等。Don’t touch anything unless your teacher allows you to (touch them).
除非你的老师允许，否则不要碰任何东西。
She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).她想来，但她父母不让她来。
C.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时
这种情况经常用的形容词有happy，glad，eager，anxious，willing，ready等。
A:Will you join us in the game?你想和我们一起做游戏吗？
B:Thank you.I’d be happy to (join in this game).谢谢，我很高兴加入。
I think she should get a job,but you can’t force her if she’s not ready to (get a job).
我认为她应该找一份工作，但如果她不愿意，你也不能强迫她。
D.不定式作某些复合谓语时
这种情况经常用的结构有be able to，be going to，have to，ought to，used to，mean to，try to
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等。当不定式与上述结构构成复合谓语时，省略to后的动词。
The little girl doesn’t want to clean the plates after dinner but she has to (clean them).
小女孩饭后不想洗盘子，但她不得不洗。
He never goes there by bus now but he used to (go there by bus).
现在他从来不坐公共汽车去那儿，可是以前他总是坐公共汽车去那儿。
补充：当省略的不定式内容是作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留到原形have或to。
He did not come,but he ought to have (come).他没有来，但是他应该来的。
2.不定式符号to的省略（请参见“动词不定式”）
4.习惯用法中的省略
What/How about you?你怎么样？
What/How about swimming?去游泳怎么样？
Why not watch TV?
=Why don’t we watch TV?（意思是“让我们看电视吧！”）
我们为什么不看电视呢？
Common Mistakes（注意！失分陷阱！）
陷阱例题①
It was in the small house __________ was built with stones by his father __________ he spent his childhood.【典型试题】
A.which;that
B.that;which
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