特殊句式（强调/省略/倒装）状语从句
1. David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature______he chose the course.
A. that
B. what
C. why
D. how
2. Was it near the white building, if I may ask, __ Martin Luther King gave a speech “I have a dream”？
A. where
B. that
C. why
D. in which
3. It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do______benefits our work most.
A. who
B. which
C. that
D. what
4. It was ____ he came back from Africa that year____ he met the girl he would like to marry.
A. when; then
B. not; until
C. not until; that
D. only; when
5. ——I’ve read another book this week.
——Well, maybe _____is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. this
B. that
C. there
D. it
6. I just don't understand___ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect.
A. why it does
B. what it does
C. what it is
D. why it is
7. ---- Where did you get to know her? ------It was on the farm ____we worked.
A. that
B. there
C. which
D. where
8. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if_______regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out
B. carrying out
C. carried out
D. to carry out
9. He is only too ready to help others, seldom, _______, refusing them when they turn to him.
A. if never
B. if ever
C. if not
D. if any
10. _______ we move the couch over there. Don’t you think the room will look larger?
A. What about
B. What if
C. How far
D. How come
11. —He probably will give you a ride.
—Really, _______ I don’t need to buy a ticket.
A. if necessary
B. if so
C. if that
D. if ever
12. —You should have thanked the hostess before leaving.
—I meant ______. But I couldn’t find her when I was leaving.
A.to do
B.to
C.doing
D.doing so
13. —Mum, I am afraid I won't do well in the coming test.
—Honey, ________ more careful, ________ you will make it.
A. is; so
B. be; and
C. be; then
D. being; and
14. Only when he reached the tea-house ______it was the same place he’d been in last year.
A. he realized
B. he did realize
C. realized he
D. did he realize
15. John opened the door. There _____ he had never seen before.
A. a girl did stand
B. a girl stood
C. did a girl stand
D. stood a girl
16. At the meeting place of the Y angtze River and the Jialing River____, one of the ten largest cities in China.
A. lies Chongqing
B. Chongqing lies
C. does lie Chongqing
D. does Chongqing lie
17. Never______ Lisa would arrive but she turned up at the last minute.
A. did we think
B. have we thought
C. we thought
D. we have thought
18. Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him.
A. did he begin
B. had he begun
C. he began
D. he had begun
19. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only ________, but students became more
interested in the lessons.
A. saved was teachers’ energy
B. was teachers’ energy saved
C. teachers’ energy was saved
D. was saved teachers’ energy
20. So sudden ________that the enemy had no time to escape.
A. did the attack
B. the attack did
C. was the attack
D. the attack was
21.Unsatisfied _________with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.
A. though was he
B. though he was
C. he was though
D. was he though
22. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and ______.
A. I was neither
B. neither was I
C. I was either
D. either was I 23. He will come to call on you the moment he ____ his painting.
A. will finish
B. finished
C. has finished
D. had finished
24. Hardly ________ the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived at
B. had I arrived
C. had I reached
D. I had got to
25. No sooner ____ to the station ____ the train left.
A. had I got, when
B. I had got, than
C. had I got, th an
D. did I get, when
26. ---- Your father is very strict with you. ---- ____. He never lets off a single mistake of ours
A. So he is
B. So is he
C. He is so
D. So does he
27. We must apply what we have learned to our daily work because in no case_____from practice.
A.should theory separate
B.should theory be separated
C.theory should separate
D.theory should be separated
28. _____ the expense, I _____ to Italy.
A. If it were not, go
B. Were it not for, would go
C. Weren't it for, will go
D. If it hadn t been, would have gone
29. It was announced that only when the fire was under control _____to return to their homes.
A. the residents would be permitted
B. had the residents been permitted
C. would the residents be permitted
D. the residents had been permitted
30. The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, ____
accompanied by an adult.
A. once
B. when
C. if
D. unless
31. ______the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it.
A. If
B. While
C. Because
D. As
32. In some places women are expected to earn money ____ men work at home and raise their children.
A. but
B. while
C. because
D. though
33. I’m sorry you’ve been waiting so long, but it’ll still be some time ___Brian gets back.
A. before
B. since
C. till
D. after
34. After the war, a new school building was put up ________there had once been a theatre.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. when
35. He was about to tell me the secret ______ someone patted him on the shoulder.
A. as
B. until
C. while
D. when
36. _______you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.
A. However a serious problem
B. What a serious problem
C. However serious a problem
D. What serious a problem
37. — Our holiday cost a lot of money.
— Did it? Well, that doesn’t matter________you enjoyed yourselves.
A as long as
B unless
C as soon as
D though
38. Tim is in good shape physically ________he doesn't get much exercise.
A. if
B. even though
C. unless
D. as long as
39. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _____ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many
B. as many twice
C. twice as many
D. twice many as
40. My parents live in a small village. They always keep candles in the house ____ there is a power out.
A. if
B. unless
C. in case
D. so that
41. At no time, as we know, ______forget that solving Taiwan Issue is entirely internal Chinese affair.
A. we can
B. we could
C. can we
D. could we
42.It’s required that the students _____mobile phones in their school, so seldom_____ them using one.
A. not use, will you see
B. should not use; you will see
C. don’t use; will you see
D. would not use; you will see
43. Hearing the cat coming, off_____.
A. fled all the mice
B. away fled the mice
C. all the mice fled away
D. fleeing all the mice
44. —Don’t go there alon e in such late hours. —Don’t worry. I__________.
A. don’t
B.won’t
C. haven’t
D. didn’t
古代汉语特殊句式(精华版)
常见文言特殊句式例说 一、判断句 从表达的内容看，可分两种类型：“是非判断句”和“因果判断句”。 １．是非判断句对事物本身或肯定或否定，可分为三个系列： （1）“……者……也” 系列。这是文言文判断句最常见的格式，由此变化，就形成一个系列： 夫将者．，国之辅也．。（……者……也） 此谋攻之法也．。（……也） 百战百胜，非善之善者也 ．．。（……者也） 粟者．，民之所种。（……者……） 刘备天下果雄（……） （2）“乃”，“为”系列。文言判断句，又常用“乃”、“为”、“则”、“即”、“是”、“惟（维）”等来表示，构成又一个系列： 当立者乃．公子扶苏。 全国为．上，破国次之。 此则．岳阳楼之大观也。 神即．形也，形即．神也。 翩翩两骑来是．谁？ （3）副词系列。文言判断句，还常以“非”、“素”、“必”、“皆”、“诚”、“亦”等副词来表示，译时应把副词的原义译出并补上判断词。又构成另一个系列： 非．其父兄，即其子弟。
和谓语间不是判断关系，不是同一类别或同一事物。一般可分为三类。 （1）谓语表示相似或比喻。译时可加判断词“是”，也可以加比喻词“象”。如： 视其行步，窃铁也；颜色，窃铁也。 故凡不学而无求其道，皆北方之学没（潜水）者也。（2）谓语解释原因。如上述“因果判断句”，不另举例。（3）主语部分或谓语部分只突出了某一关键的词语，因而不能形成同一关系。译时，可补充必要成分。如：百乘，显使也（带领一百辆车的使臣是显贵的使臣）。夫战，勇气也（打仗是凭勇气的事）。 判断句 判断句是用句词或句词性短语表示判断的句子。对客观事物表示肯定或否定，构成判断与被判断关系的句子。依靠判断动词“是”构成判断句的形式在文言文里只是个别现象，如：“不知木兰是女郎””同是天涯沦落人”。在古代汉语中，判断句一般是以名词或名词性短语为谓语而表示判断句。文言中常有以下几种形式表示判断。 1.以虚词配合一定的句式表示的判断句，如借用“者”、“也”等词构成。用“者”或“也”表判断。 ①“.……者，……也。”这是文言判断句最常见的形式。主语后用“者”，表示提顿，有舒缓语气的作用，谓语后用“也”结句，对主语加以肯定的判断或解说。 如：“廉颇者，赵之良将也。”《廉颇蔺相如列传》 “陈涉者，阳城人也。”《史记.了涉世家》 ②“……，……也。”判断句中，有时“者”和“也”不一定同时出现，一般省略“者”，只用“也”表判断。
英语语法专项训练特殊句式1 1.---I have some big news for you. You’ve been accepted as a member of our club. --- That’s great! A. Have I? B. Pardon? C. Congratulation! D. Good idea! 2. You didn’t use to like him much when we were at school, ? A. were we B. weren’t we C. did you D. didn’t you 3. Not only _____ interested in football but _____beginning to show an interest in it. A. the teacher himself is; all his students are B. the teacher himself is; are all his students C. is the teacher himself; are all his students D. is the teacher himself; all his students are 4. It was announced that only when the fire was under control to return to their homes. A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted C. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted 5. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and . A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I 6. I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom so lonely as now. A. have I felt B. I had felt C. I have felt D. had I felt 7. ---My room gets very cold at night. --- . A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does 8. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party, . A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will 9. Little that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realized B. he didn’t realize C. didn’t he realize D. did he realize 10. So difficult it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found 11. ---Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday? ---Yes. , I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city. A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible 12. ---Who should be responsible for the accident? ---The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order . A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told 13. Only then____ how much damage had been caused. A. had she realized B. she realized C. did she realize D. she had realized 14. We all know that, , the situation will get worse. A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt with C. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with 15. It was along the Mississippi River Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. A. how B. which C. that D. where 16. I just wonder that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is 17. Depend on us, sir! Nowhere else better service. A. you will find B. will you find C. you have found D. have you found 18. ---Tom, you go and pick up Mary from the station, ? ---But, she’s already got home. A. don’t you B. do you C. will you D. shall you 19. By no means to move to a new place for away from her work place, because it isn’t convenient for her family and herself. A. Karen will agree B. will Karen agree C. Karen will disagree D. will Karen disagree 20. It was back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go C. until midnight when he didn’t go D. not until midnight that he went 21.If you can’t get in the front door, to the back door. A. go B. to go C. going D. to be going 22. It’s his voice we recognized at once although his face changed a lot. A. what B. when C. where D. that 23. ---Helen has been working at a local language school for 3 years. --- she is so familiar with the city. A. No doubt B. No wonder C. Now that D. As a result 24. rapid progress has he made that we all admire him. A. Very B. So C. Such D. Too 25. Was it in the village we used to live in the accident happened? A. where; that B. which; that C. that; where D. where; which 26. Hardly closed my eyes I began to make this fantastic dream. A. had I; when B. I had; when C. did I; than D. I did; then 27. Either you or the headmaster the prize to these gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out 28. Three-quarters of the land here wet land, an ideal place for migrating birds. A. are B. having been C. is D. being 29. Deep in the forest , who made no contact with the outside world. A. living a couple B. were a couple living C. did a couple live D. lived a couple 30. In no case leave your position at present. A. you are able to B. will you be able to C. are you able to D. you will be able to 31. every student aware of the importance of study, they would study efficiently. A. Were B. Should C. May D. Had 32. The door opened and in . A. did he come B. came he C. he came D. did a man come 33. --- He has to finish the experiment today. He must be in the lab, ? A. mustn’t he B. won’t he C. doesn’t he D. isn’t he 34. ---They suggest the number of cars should be limited to stop air pollution. --- , the idea is not very practical. A. Sounds good as it B. As it sounds good C. As good it sounds D. Good as it sounds 35. There ought to be an exam this week, ? A. oughtn’t it B. isn’t it C. oughtn’t there D. isn’t there 36.____about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious 37. given an English name by their English teacher. A. They each was B. They each were C. Everyone of them was D. Each of them were 38. Not until the early years of the 19th century ________what heat is. A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know 39. ---Look! Here . How beautiful it is! ---Well, that’s the headmaster’s. A. coming a black car B. a black car comes C. come a black car D. comes a black car 40. ---Do you think it’s going to snow over the weekend? --- . A. I don’t believe B. I don’t believe it C. I believe not D. I believe not so
文言特殊句式 一、判断句 用“者……也”表判断 “陈胜者，阳城人也。”（陈胜是阳城人） “廉颇者，赵之良将也。”（廉颇是赵国的良将） 句末用“也”表判断 “城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。”（城北徐公是齐国的美丽的人） “方柯，天才也。”（方柯是天才） 用“者”表判断 “方柯者，中国之人。”（方柯，是中国人） 用“乃”表判断 “是乃狼也。”（这是狼） “电脑乃高科技用具。”（电脑是高科技用具） 需要注意的是，判断句中谓语前出现的“是”一般都不是判断词，而是指示代词，作判断句的主语，而有些判断句中的“是”也并非都不表示判断，“是”在先秦古汉语中少作判断词，在汉以后作判断词则多起来。还有，肯定判断谓语前加的副词和否定判断谓语前加的否定副词“非”，都不是判断词。 用副词“乃”“则”“即”“皆”“耳”等表判断。这种形式也较为多见。例如： 当立者乃公子扶苏。(司马迁《陈涉世家》) 此则岳阳楼之大观也。(范仲淹《岳阳楼记》) 夫六国与秦皆诸侯。(苏洵《六国论》) 用否定副词“非”等表示否定的判断。例如： 六国破灭，非兵不利，战不善，弊在赂秦(苏洵《六国论》) 城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也……(《孟子·得道多助，失道寡助》 直接表示判断。既不用判断词，也不用语气词，通过语意直接表示判断。例如：刘备天下条雄。(司马光《赤壁之战》) 刘豫州王室之胃。(同上)（一）宾语前置 二、被动句 所谓被动，是指主语与位于之间的关系是被动关系，也就是说，主语是位于动词所表示的行为的被动者、受害者，而不是主动者、实施者。 1、用“为”“为……所……”(“为”引出动作的主动者)或“……为所……”表被动。例如：“身死人手，为天下笑者。”（……被天下人嘲笑） 有如此之势，而为秦人积威之所劫。(苏洵《六国论》) 不者，若属皆且为所虏。(司马迁《鸿门宴》) 2、用“见”“见……于……”表被动(“于”引出动作的主动者)。例如：吾长见笑于大方 之家。 3、用“被”表被动“忠而被谤，能无怨乎”（忠心却被别人诽谤，能不怨恨吗） 用介词“于”受……于……”表被动(“于”引出动作的主动者)。例如：不拘于时，学于余。 4．用介词“被”表被动。例如：予犹记周公之被逮。
特殊句式的结构 1.It 结构一、强调句 强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。强调句型的使用特点主要有以下几个方面： (1)被强调的是状语或状语从句时，要用that引导从句，而不能用which，而且通常不能省略。 (2)被强调的是人时，引导词可用who，也可用that。 Was it you that/who let out the secret to her? 是你把这个秘密泄露给她的吗？ (3)被强调的不管是单数还是复数名词，主句的be动词都用单数is或was。 It was Marie Curie and her husband who discovered radium. 是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现了镭。 It is the PLA men who/that are safeguarding our country day and night. 是解放军战士日夜保卫着我们的祖国。 (4)对not...until时间状语从句进行强调时，其句型是： It is/was not until...that从句，即not和until在强调句中总是紧挨着的。注意习惯上不用not till，而且从句不能用when引导。 It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital. (5)强调句的疑问形式： When was it that he made up his mind to take this course? 他是什么时候决定选修这一门课程的？ Why is it that he doesn’t like th e book? 他为什么不喜欢这本书？ Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? (6)强调句型与It is/was＋时间＋when从句： 在上述句型中it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。 注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。 It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. 昨天晚上我半夜才回到家。 It was midnight when I got here yesterday. 昨天当我到达这儿时，已是半夜了 2.but 的用法 a.anything but…一点儿也不 She was anything but mad. b.nothing but…仅仅，只 She heard nothing but the wind. c. but for….除非，要不是 But for your help, I wouldn’t have succeed. d. can’t help but do (can’t help doing…) 禁不住…
古汉语中常见文言特殊句式集锦 一、判断句 1，者……也……①廉颇者，赵之良将也。《廉颇蔺相如列传》 陈涉者，阳城人也。《史记.了涉世家》 ②和氏璧，天下所共传宝也。《廉颇蔺相如列传》 ③四人者，庐陵萧君圭君玉，长乐王回深父，余弟安国平父，安上纯父。游褒禅山记》 ④城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》莲，花之君子者也。周敦颐《爱莲说》 ⑤刘备，天下枭雄。《赤壁之战》 2.在主谓之间，用“乃、必、亦、即、诚、皆、则、素、悉、本””等副词表示肯定判断，兼加强语气。例如： 当立者乃公子扶苏。《陈涉世家》此则岳阳楼之大观也。《岳阳楼记》 夫六国与秦皆诸侯。《六国论》项燕为楚将《陈涉世家》 此诚危急存亡之秋也《出师表》 3.用动词“为”和判断词“是”表判断。其中“是”表判断，要注意和用作代词的“是”的区别。例如： 如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉，何辞为?《鸿门宴》 问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。《桃花源记》 石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也。(代词，这样)《石钟山记》 同行十二年，不知木兰是女郎。《木兰诗》 斯是陋室《陋室铭》 4.用否定副词“非”等表示否定的判断，这种句子跟白话文“……不是……”的句式相当。 六国破灭，非兵不利，战不善，弊在赂秦。《六国论》 二、被动句 （一）有标志的被动句，大体有以下几种形式： 1,夫赵强而燕弱，而君幸于赵王，故燕王欲结于君。《廉颇蔺相如列传》 则今之高爵显位，一旦抵罪，或脱身以逃，不能容于远近。(张溥《五人墓碑记》) 六艺经传皆通习之，不拘于时，学于余。(韩愈《师说》) 只辱于奴隶人之手《马说》 吾不能举全吴之地，十万之众，受制于人。(司马光《赤壁之战》) 2, 及其衰也，数十伶人困之，而身死国灭，为天下笑。(欧阳修《伶官传序》) 吴广素爱人，士卒多为用者。(司马迁《陈涉世家》) 为乡里所患《周处》 有如此之势，而为秦人积威之所劫。(苏洵《六国论》) 不者，若属皆且为所虏。(司马迁《鸿门宴》) 3众人皆醉而我独醒，是以见放《屈原列传》 欲予秦，秦城恐不可得，徒见欺。《廉颇蔺相如列传》 ②构成“主语+见+动词+于+名词”的格式。臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵。《廉颇蔺相如列传》 吾长见笑于大方之家。(《庄子·秋水》) 其它:1.舞榭歌台，风流总被雨打风吹去。《永遇乐京口北固亭怀古》 3. 曲罢曾教善才服，妆成每被秋娘妒。 4. 信而见疑，忠而被谤，能无怨乎？ （二）动词本身表被动。这是意念上的被动句，需要根据上下文来判别。 兵挫地削，亡其六郡……《屈原列传》 蔓草犹不可除，况君之宠弟乎? (《左传·郑伯克段于鄢》) 傅说举于版筑之间，胶鬲举于鱼盐之中，……(《孟子·生于忧患，死于安乐》) 三、倒装句（宾语前置；状语后置；定语后置；主谓倒置） （一）、动词宾语前置 1、否定句中代词宾语前置
宾语前置句 动词可以带宾语，介词也可以带宾语，在文言文中，宾语前置是有条件的。一、动词宾语前置 文言文中动词宾语前置，大致有以下四种种情况： （一）否定句中，代词作宾语。 否定句中动词的宾语如果是代词，这个代词宾语一般要放在动词的前面，这是古汉语特有的用法。 1、动词前面有“不”“未”“弗”“无”等否定副词的否定句。在这种否定句里，动词的宾语如果是代词，一般放在动词的前面 2、古之人不余欺也。（《石钟山记》）译文：“古时候的人没有欺骗我呀。” 这是个否定句。动词前面有否定副词“不”，代词宾语“余”，放在动词“欺”的前面。翻译的时候应该按现代汉语的顺序，即“古之人不欺余也”。 忌不自信。（《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》）译文：“邹忌不相信自己（比他漂亮）。” 这是个否定句。动词前面有否定副词“不”，代词宾语“自”，放在动词“信”的前面。翻译时应该按现代汉语的顺序，即“忌不信自”。 3、以否定性无定代词作主语的否定句。在这类否定句中，动词的宾语如果是代词一般也要放在动词的前面。 三岁贯汝，莫我肯顾。（《硕鼠》） 这是否定句。它的主语是“莫”“莫”是否定性无定代词。宾语“我”也是代词，现代汉语“莫我肯顾”应理解成“莫肯顾我”。 （二）疑问句中，代词作宾语，放在动词谓语前。在古代汉语里，使用频率大的疑问代词是“何”字，其他的还有“谁、孰、恶、安、焉、胡、奚、曷”等，它们作宾语时，也放在动词谓语前面。 ①良问曰：“大王来何操？”（〈鸿门宴〉）译文：“张良问道：‘大王来时带什么了吗？’” 这是疑问句，“何”是疑问代词，它充当动词“操”的宾语，前置到“操”的前面。按现代汉语的顺序，应是“大王来操何？” ②沛公安在？（〈鸿门宴〉）译文：“沛公在哪里？” 这是疑问句，“哪里：是疑问代词，它是动词在“的”宾语，前置到“操“的
文言文特殊句式 现代汉语的句子成分的顺序，一般为“主─谓─宾”“定（状）─中心词”，但在文言文中，在一定条件下，句子成分的顺序会发生变化的，这就是古汉语中的所谓倒装句，即指文言文中一些句子成分的顺序出现了前后颠倒的情况。主要有以下几种倒装形式： 一、主谓倒装（谓语前置或主语后说） 古汉语中，谓语的位置也和现代汉语中一样，一般放在主语之后，但有时为了强调和突出谓语的意义，在一些疑问句或感叹句中，就把谓语提前到主语前面。 例如： ①甚矣，汝之不惠！（汝之不惠甚矣！） ②安在公子能急人之困（公子能急人之困在安） ③宜乎百姓之谓我爱也（百姓之谓我爱宜乎） ④甚矣，乌纱之横，皂隶之俗哉！（乌纱之横，皂隶之俗甚矣！） 二、定语后置 1、在中心词和后置定语中间加“之”字，再用“者”字结尾，组成“中心词＋之＋定语＋者”的格式。例如： ①于是集谢庄少年之精技击者而诏之。（精技击之少年） ②五谷者，种之美者也。(五谷是庄稼中的好种) ③马之千里者一食或尽粟一石（千里马） ④石之铿然有声者所在皆是也（铿然有声之石） 2、在中心词和后置定语中间加“之”字，组成“中心词＋之＋定语”的格式，表示定语后置。例如： ①蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也（蚓无利之爪牙，强之筋骨） ②云霞雕色，有喻画工之妙，草木贲华，无待锦匠之奇。(云霞绘出色彩，已超过巧妙的画师；草木装饰鲜花，不依靠神奇的绣工) ③居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。（居高之庙堂，处远之江湖） 3、定语放在中心词后，用“者”字结尾，组成“中心词＋定语＋者”的格式。例如： ①遂率子孙荷担者三夫。 ②其故人尝与佣耕者闻之。［他（陈胜）一些曾经一道给人作雇工耕田的老朋友听到了这个消息］ ③太子及宾客知其事者皆白衣冠以送之（知其事之太子及宾客） ④计未定，求人可使报秦者（求可使报秦之人） ⑤村中少年好事者（好事之少年） 4、在中心词和后置定语中间加“而”字，再用“者”字结尾，组成“中心词＋而＋定语＋者”的格式。例如：
常见文言特殊句式例说 一、判断句 从表达的内容看，可分两种类型：“是非判断句”和“因果判断句”。 １．是非判断句对事物本身或肯定或否定，可分为三个系列： （1）“……者……也” 系列。这是文言文判断句最常见的格式，由此变化，就形成一个系列： 夫将者．，国之辅也．。（……者……也） 此谋攻之法也．。（……也） 百战百胜，非善之善者也 ．．。（……者也） 粟者．，民之所种。（……者……） 刘备天下果雄（……） （2）“乃”，“为”系列。文言判断句，又常用“乃”、“为”、“则”、“即”、“是”、“惟（维）”等来表示，构成又一个系列： 当立者乃．公子扶苏。 全国为．上，破国次之。 此则．岳阳楼之大观也。 神即．形也，形即．神也。 翩翩两骑来是．谁？ （3）副词系列。文言判断句，还常以“非”、“素”、“必”、“皆”、“诚”、“亦”等副词来表示，译时应把副词的原义译出并补上判断词。又构成另一个系列： 非．其父兄，即其子弟。 且相如素．贱人。 然安刘氏者，必．勃也。 此三子者，皆．布衣之士也。 此诚．危急存亡之秋也。 此亦．妄人也已矣。 ２．因果判断句对事物间的因果关系进行肯定或否定。“因果判断”表达的意思是“……是因为……”，或“……的原因是……”例如： 吾所以为此者．，以先国家之急而后私仇也．。 蟹六跪而二螯。非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者．，用心躁也．。 夫韩、魏灭亡，而安陵君以五十里之地存者．，徒以有先生在也．。 橘柚生于江南，而民（各地的人）皆甘之于口，味同也．（是因为人们对味道的感觉相同）。 从表现的形式看，可分三种类型：“一般判断句”，“简略判断句”和“特殊判断句”。 １．一般判断句指有判断标志的判断句，以上例子都是有判断标志的句子，不另举例。 ２．简略判断句简略判断句包括两类，一类是无任何上述标志的判断句，一类是省略主语的判断句。例如： 荀卿，赵人。 夫鲁，齐、晋之唇。 对曰：“［］忠之属也，可以一战。” 子曰：“［］非吾徒也！小子鸣鼓而攻之可也！” 3．特殊判断句这种句子具有判断句的形式，但主语和谓语间不是判断关系，不是同一类别或同一事
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其后四年，越复伐吴。吴士民罢弊，轻锐尽死于齐、晋。而越大破吴，因而留围之三年，吴师败，越遂复栖吴王于姑苏之山。吴王使公孙雄肉袒膝行而前，请成越王曰：“孤臣夫差敢布腹心，异日尝得罪于会稽，夫差不敢逆命，得与君王成以归。今君王举玉趾而诛孤臣，孤臣惟命是听，意者亦欲如会稽之赦孤臣之罪乎”句践不忍，欲许之。范蠡曰：“会稽之事，天以越赐吴，吴不取。今天以吴赐越，越其可逆天乎且夫君王蚤朝晏罢，非为吴邪谋之二十二年，一旦而弃之，可乎且夫天与弗取，反受其咎。‘伐柯者其则不远’，君忘会稽之戹乎”句践曰：“吾欲听子言，吾不忍其使者。”范蠡乃鼓进兵，曰：“王已属政于执事，使者去，不者且得罪。”吴使者泣而去。句践怜之，乃使人谓吴王曰：“吾置王甬东，君百家。”吴王谢曰：“吾老矣，不能事君王！”遂自杀。乃蔽其面，曰：“吾无面以见子胥也！”越王乃葬吴王而诛太宰嚭。 1、越复伐吴。复，副词，又。 2、吴士民罢弊。罢，通“疲”，疲惫。 3、吴王使公孙雄肉袒膝行而前。肉、膝，名词作状语，译为“把肉（袒）、用膝（行）。 4、孤臣惟命是听。命，宾语前置。 5、意者亦欲如会稽之赦孤臣之罪乎？之，用在主谓之间，取消句子独立性，不译。（虚词用法） 6、且夫君王蚤朝晏罢。蚤，通“早”，早晨。 7、范蠡乃鼓进兵。鼓，名词用作动词，击鼓。 8、不者且得罪。不，通“否”，否则。 9、吾置王甬东。省略句，“甬东”前省略了介词“于”。（省略句） 10、君百家。君，名词用作动词，做……君。 11、吾无面以见子胥也！判断句，用“也”表判断。 一、古今词义的异同 1.死古：①丧失生命②尸体今：单指丧失生命 2.大古：通“太”，如姜太公今：指大小之大 3.布古：本义是麻布今：发布，宣布；陈列，展开 4.尝古：曾经今：品尝 5.听古：张口笑的意思今：用耳朵感受声音 6.意古：①心意②预料，猜想今：意思 7.亦古：胳肢窝今：副词，作“也”讲 8.欲古：欲望，中性词今：贪欲，情欲，物欲，多用于贬义 9.取古：获取猎物或抓获俘虏时，断取左耳今：指获取，求取，嫁娶等义 10.属同“嘱”古：连接今：嘱托，请托 11.不古：本义指花萼今：指否定 12.君古：①指古代帝王、诸侯②统治今：敬词，对对方的尊称 13.面古：以背相向，反手缚于背后今：脸
高中英语语法讲义————特殊句式 倒装句 通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。 一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。 1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Out rushed the children laughing loudly. Away flew the plane. 2.such 位于句首。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sci entist. 注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前 1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends; so do I. 2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。 Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy. 3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He di dn’t make a single mistake. 4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only if you work hard will you be admitted to a top university. 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood Such progress did he make that he won much respect. 三．形式倒装：在语法上称为前置。只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! =How interesting a talk they had! 2.the+比较级.....,the +比较级.....句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 3.whatever+ n.或however+ adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句 Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 4,as / though引导让步状从，表语、状语、含情态动词的谓语提前，表语为单数名词提前不用冠词。 Young as /though he was, he was successful. Child as /though he is, he knows much.
古汉语特殊句式
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古汉语特殊句式 一、判断句 判断句是对事物的性质、情况、事物之间的关系做出肯定或否定判断的句子。文言中常用以下几种形式表示判断。 1．用“者”或“也”表判断。这是典型的文言判断形式。有用“……者，…也” 的，其中“者”表停顿,“也”表判断；有单用“者”或“也”的;也有“者也”在句尾连用的。 例如:陈胜者,阳城人也。(司马迁《陈涉世家》) 师者，所以传道受业解惑也。(韩愈《师说》) 四人者,庐陵萧君圭君玉,长乐王回深父,……（王安石《游褒禅山记》) 项脊轩,旧南阁子也。(归有光《项脊轩志》) 夫战,勇气也。(《左传·曹刿论战》) 2．用副词“乃”“则”“即”“皆”“耳”等表判断。这种形式也较为多见。 例如:当立者乃公子扶苏。(司马迁《陈涉世家》） 此则岳阳楼之大观也。（范仲淹《岳阳楼记》) 即今之傫然在墓者也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》） 夫六国与秦皆诸侯。(苏洵《六国论》) 3．用动词“为”“是”表判断。其中“是”表判断,要注意和用作代词的“是” 的区别。 例如：故今之墓中全乎为五人也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》) 如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉,何辞为? (司马迁《鸿门宴》） 问今是何世,乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。(陶渊明《桃花源记》) 巨是凡人,偏在远郡，行将为人所并。(司马光《赤壁之战》) 同行十二年,不知木兰是女郎。（《木兰诗》) 4．用否定副词“非”等表示否定的判断。 例如:六国破灭，非兵不利，战不善，弊在赂秦(苏洵《六国论》） 城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也……(《孟子·得道多助，失道寡助》 5．直接表示判断。既不用判断词,也不用语气词，通过语意直接表示判断。 例如：刘备天下枭雄。(司马光《赤壁之战》) 刘豫州王室之胄。(同上)
语法填空特殊句式
语法填空特殊句式 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】
语法填空之特殊句式和固定搭配 专题一特殊句式 考点１. 强调句 强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who... 使用强调句型的几个注意事项： (1)被强调成分是主语，who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与原句中的主语保持一致。 It is I who am right. 对的是我。 It is he who is wrong.错的是他。 It is the students who are lovely.可爱的是学生们。 (2)被强调成分即使是在句子中作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等，也不能用when, where, because，而要用that。 It was in front of the bank that the lady was robbed.那位女士是在银行前面遭遇抢劫的。 It was because of the heavy rain that he came late.他是因为下大雨来晚的。 (3)被强调成分是作主语的代词时用主格，是作宾语的代词时用宾格。 It was he that helped me yesterday.昨天是他帮助了我。 It was me that he helped yesterday. 他昨天帮助的是我。 (4)被强调部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who。 It was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about.他们谈论的是他们记得的人和事。 注意：助动词do, does, did用在动词原形前，用来对谓语动词进行强调。 . Do come here tomorrow. . He does study hard. 【易混易错】
古汉语特殊句式及例句 一、判断句形式及例句 1.判断句：对事物有所肯定或有所否定的句子。可以分为两个系列："……者，……也"系列和"乃、为"系列。"……者，……也"系列："……者，……也"是文言文判断句最常见的格式，由此变化，就形成一个系列。 ①廉颇者，赵之良将也。(……者，……也) ②百战百胜，非战之善者也。(……，……者也) ③栗者，民之所种。(……者，……) ④虢，虞之表也。(……，……也) ⑤忠义者圣贤家法。(……者……) ⑥刘备天下枭雄。(……) 文言判断句，又常用"乃"、"为"、"即"、"则"、"是"、"非"来表示，构成又一个系列。 ①当立者乃公子扶苏。 ②我为赵将，有攻城野战之功。 ③即今之傫然在墓者也。 ④翩翩两骑来是谁？ ⑤审谛之，顿非前物。 二、被动句的形式及例句 1、“于”字句：①而君幸于赵王。②吾不能举全吴之地，十万之众，受制于人。 2、“为”字句：①身死人手，为天下笑。“为……所”式：①今不速往，恐为操所先。 3、“见”字句：①信而见疑，忠而被谤，能无怨乎？“见……于”式：①臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵。 三、省略句形式及例句。 ⑴主语和谓语的省略。 ①永州之野产异蛇，(是蛇)黑质而白章；(蛇)触草木，草木尽死；(蛇)以啮人，(人)无御之者。[承前省主语] ②夫战，勇气也。一鼓作气，再(鼓)而(气)衰，……。[省谓语、主语] ⑵修饰语和中心词的省略。 ①吾妻之美我者，私我也；(吾)妾之美我者，畏我也；(吾)客之美我者，欲有求于我也。[修饰语的省略] ②行一不义(事)，杀一无罪(人)，而得天下，不为也。[中心词的省略] ⑶宾语与兼语的省略。 ①(赵括)尝与其父言兵事，(赵)奢不能难(之)，然不谓(之)善。 ②杞子自郑使(人)告于秦。 ③郑穆公使(人)视客馆。 ⑷介词和介词宾语的省略。 ①死马且买之(以)五百金，况生马乎？ ②臣与将军戮力而攻秦，将军战(于)河南，臣战(于)河北。 ③试与他虫斗，(他)虫尽靡。又试之(以)鸡，果如臣言。 ⑸分句的省略 ①然力足以至焉，(而未至，)于人为可讥，而在己为有悔。 ②骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，(亦可致远)，功在不舍。 四、倒装句式 （一）宾语前置句的形式及例句