专题十二句子种类
重难点分析
句子是具有一定的语法结构,表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。高考重点要求考生:1.掌握陈述句的基本用法;2.掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的应答;3.掌握祈使句的构成及作用;
4.掌握感叹句的用法和构成;
5.分清简单句、并列句和复合句的类型。考生对句子种类相关知识的掌握对提高书面表达的准确性也显得尤为重要。
一、句子种类
二、简单句的五种基本句型
三、并列句和并列连词
注意:when作并列连词,常译为“就在这时”,主要用于was/were doing sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were about to do sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were on the point of doing sth. when sth./sb. did等句型中,表示“当某人或某物正在或正要做某事,就在这时突然又发生另一事”。如:I was walking in the park with my parents when I saw two foreigners. 我和父母在公园散步,就在这时我看到了两个外国人。
四、感叹句
1. 感叹句的用法:表示说话人强烈的感情。
2. 注意:(1)在复数可数名词和不可数名词之前不可用“How+形容词”构成感叹句,而应用“What+形容词+复数可数名词或不可数名词”。也就是说“How+形容词”可置于带不定冠词的单数名词之前构成感叹句。如:What great changes we have had these years! 这些年我们的变化真大啊!(不可说成How great changes we have had these years!)
(2) 在口语中,感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。如:
What a nice present! (省略it is)
How disappointed! (省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)
五、祈使句
表示请求或命令的句子是祈使句。谓语动词无时态与数的变化,用动词原形。祈使句一般用降调,为了使祈使句听起来比较婉转,可用低升调,祈使句句末用句号或感叹号。
1. 祈使句有两种主要类型,即含有第二人称和带有第一、三人称主语的祈使句。每种类型又有肯定形式和否定形式。用don’t否定时,通常只能用其缩略式。
2. 注意:
① 第二人称主语通常不表示出来,有时为了强调指明向谁提出要求或发出命令,主语也可表示出来,这时主语需要重读。
② 第一人称祈使句可在let前面加do,表示强调,而第三人称祈使句不可以。如:
Do let me have another try. 请务必让我再试试。
注意以下两句的区别:
Don’t let the children make much noise. 不要让孩子发出大的噪声。
Let the children not make much noise. 让孩子不要发出大的噪声。
③ 为了使祈使句听起来比较客气、婉转,除了用低升调外,还可用下列方法:
a. 在句首或句末加please。如:
Please give me a hand. 请帮一下忙。
Lend me your dictionary, please. 请把你的字典借给我。
b. 在句末加will you。如:
Read the text, will you? 读一下课文好吗?
c. please和will you同时使用。如:
Be careful, please, will you? 请小心些,行吗?
d. 句末用would you则更加客气。如:
Shut the window, would you? 关上窗户,行吗?
e. 句末加won’t you, can’t you, why don’t you。如:
Turn down the radio, won’t you? 关小声一点收音机,好吗?
Take it away, can’t you? 拿走,不行吗?
Be patient, why don’t you? 耐心点,难道不行吗?
六、反意疑问句
反意疑问句由陈述句和简略问句构成。当陈述句为肯定时,简略问句用否定;当陈述句为否定时,简略问句用肯定。同时简略问句的主语和陈述句保持一致,只能用人称代词或it(there除外),简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句保持一致,如果是否定,一定要用简写。如:
Jim isn’t a student, is he? 吉姆不是一名学生,是吗?
There are some books in it, aren’t there? 它里面有一些书,不是吗?
七、复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。(见专题13、14、15讲解)
考点练透
一、完成下面的反意疑问句
1. Catherine is a girl’s name, ___________?
2. I am a teacher, ___________?
3. There’s little water in the glass, ___________?
4. Don’t take the book out of the library, ___________?
5. He’ll never forget it, ___________?
6. Let’s have a rest, ___________?
7. I think Kate speaks English well, ___________?
8. That boy must be Tom, ___________?
9. He can hardly swim, ___________?
10. Everyone in your family is a teacher, ___________?
二、完成下面的感叹句(根据需要可以加上a或an)
1. ___________ nice music it is!
2. ___________ that boy missed his mother!
3. ___________ great fun it is to hike!
4. ___________ beautiful parks there are in Shanghai!
5. ___________ good the soup tastes!
6. ___________ useful subject Chinese is!
7. ___________ bad weather it is today!
8. ___________ happy life we’re living today!
9. ___________ lovely deer they are!
10. ___________ bad cold you’ve got!
三、汉译英将下面的汉语句子翻译成英文。
1. 请务必提醒她早点回来。________________________________________
2. 请你安静一会儿。________________________________________
3. 让我告诉你答案吧。________________________________________
4. 不要让任何人打扰你。________________________________________
5. 请再给他一次机会。________________________________________
6. 禁止吐痰。/ 禁止乱扔垃圾。/ 禁止吃喝。________________________________________
7. 不要在教室里吃东西。________________________________________
8. 对于这件事,咱们什么也不要说。________________________________________
9. 绝不能以貌取人________________________________________
10. 勿践草坪。________________________________________
四、语法填空阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
There are over 800 boarding schools in the UK with students from home and foreign countries. Boarding schools 1 (start) hundreds of years ago in the country. 2 the earliest boarding schools were set up for white, rich boys only. Now 3 boys and girls have access to boarding schools from 7 to 18.
In the UK, boarding schools have three terms in a school year, 4 13 weeks in each term. Students study
and live together. They can’t go outside 5 they are not allowed to. In addition to the usual classrooms and laboratories, the boarding schools have lots of other facilities for their students, 6 music rooms, boats, swimming pools, cinemas and theatres. Most boarding schools have a “light out” time. So 7 it is time to go to bed, all the lights in the bedrooms are turned off. There are house-masters 8 (take) care of students all the time, especially after school hours.
Nearly all students at boarding schools wear 9 school uniform. Boys usually wear a shirt and a tie, and girls wear a white blouse, sometimes also a tie and a skirt. As students get 10 (old), the rules become less strict.
助读词汇
house-master n. 舍监school uniform 校服
boarding school 寄宿学校set up 建立;设立
have access to 可以使用/进入in addition to 除了……之外
from home and foreign countries/abroad 来自国内外
参考答案
考点练透
一、完成下面的反意疑问句
1. isn’t it
2. aren’t I
3. is there
4. will you
5. will he
6. shall we
7. doesn’t she
8. isn’t he
9. can he 10. aren’t they / isn’t he
二、完成下面的感叹句(根据需要可以加上a或an)
1. What
2. How
3. What
4. What
5. How
6. What a
7. What
8. What a
9. What 10. What a
三、汉译英
1. Be sure to remind her to come back early.
2. Be quiet for a moment.
3. Let me tell you the answer.
4. Don’t let anyone disturb you.
5. Do give him another chance.
6. No spitting. / No littering. / No eating or drinking.
7. Don’t eat in the classroom.
8. Let’s not say anything about it.
9. Never judge a person by looks.
10. Keep off the grass.
四、语法填空
本文作者简单介绍了英国寄宿学校的情况。
1. started 动词start在此句中显然作谓语,故只需要考虑时态和语态,由hundreds of years ago可知用一般过去式,语态明显是主动语态。
2. But 由后面的were set up for white, rich boys only不难得知,此处存在一个转折关系,不填But,注意大写。高考规定,不大写不给分。
3. both 惯用搭配,both…and…意为“……和……都”,此题较为容易。2013年高考也考查了类似搭配(neither…nor… 既不……,也不……)。因此,对于这些常用的搭配和习惯用语,同学们一定要熟记。
4. with 此空与后面的13 weeks in each term在整个句子中不作主语也不作宾语,一般常填介词。表示“在……中有……;带有……”,常用with。如:I bought a house last year, with two bedrooms and a dining hall.
5. if 空的前后分别是两个分句,一定是填连接词。再分析句意,显然此处存在一个条件关系,故填if。
6. including 从语法角度分析同第4题。前面的facilities是“总”,后面罗列的事物是“分”,故填including,意为“包括”。(提示:including是介词,并不是非谓语动词)。
7. when 空后分别是两个分句,故肯定是填连接词。再从句意分析不难得知,此处是填when引导的时间状语从句。
8. to take 分析句子成分得知,take在此处作非谓语。那只考虑三种形式:-ing, -ed和不定式。此处并不是表示正在发生的动作,故只能填不定式作后置定语。
9. a 不定冠词的基本用法,表“一套……”。
10. older 从后面的less strict不难得知,此处要填older。类似的题,如果括号中的词是形容词,那要么是考比较等级,要么就是词类转化题。句意:随着学生年龄渐长,规则就变得不那么严格了。