Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯
语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。
语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。
7.1 衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence)
衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。
衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。
7.2 衔接(Cohesion)
7.2.1 定义
衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。
e.g. Paris? I’ve always wanted to go there.
7.2.2 分类
衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。
7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异
1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。
2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。
3.对英汉互译的启示。
7.2.4指称/照应(reference)
指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。
e.g. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it.
e.g. Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.
e.g. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true? Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.
e.g. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.
e.g “But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”
---Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice
7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)
省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。省略是在简洁和清晰两者间的一种协调。它往往包括名词性省略、动词性省略和分句性省略。
e.g. Because Alice won’t, Mary has to dust the furniture.
e.g. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
e.g. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.
7.2.6 替代（substitution）
替代指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。它分为名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。
A: Will we get there on time?
B: I think so.
甲：我们能准时到达吗？
乙：我想能.
e.g. As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is … but then who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being and the energy without which life cannot continue.
e.g. I never met a more interesting man than Mayhew. He was a lawyer in Detroit. He was an able and successful one. By the time he was thirty-five he had a large and a lucrative practice, he had amassed a competence, and he stood on the threshold of a distinguished career. (Mayhew, William S. Naugham)
7.2.7 连词（conjunction）
连词作为衔接手段，是“使句子、分句和段落相互联系的形式标记”（Mona Baker）。可以分为四类：增补、转折、因果和时间（Halliday &Hason）。
e.g. Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)
e.g. We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of children “belonging” to their parents. But nobod y is “belonging” to anyone else. (Love Is Not Like Merchandise, Sydney J. Harris)
e.g. With night approaching, the boatman and I had no choice but to wait until the wind stopped. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)
7.2.8 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）
指运用词语达到语篇衔接目的的手段
包括同义衔接和组合衔接
同义衔接：
指运用同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概况词等所构成的词汇链。
组合衔接：
词语一旦进入语篇生成过程，它们便不再是一个个孤立的词语，它们的意义也不在是字典上所罗列的孤立的、静态的意义。词语的意义是不同词语组合的结果，是受不同的上下文，或者说语言语境的制约而生成的。语篇中的词语处于一种动态的组合状态中，它们的意义是相互紧密衔接的，这便是所谓的组合衔接。
e.g. One hundred hours a week were devoted to study and 45 minutes to football. This bias was not wholly popular.
e.g. There is nothing in the high comedy of the world so admirably as the special department called Fame.
e.g. It is a very long time since I attended a Mass. In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing,
with a crowd of real worshippers; and because of the shrine, those who come to church include the paralyzed, the crippled, the blind, the deformed, the dying, a terrible parade…
7.3 连贯(Coherence)
是指以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础，铜鼓逻辑推理来达到予以的连贯。是词语，小句，句群在概念、逻辑上合理、恰当地连为一体的语篇特征。
e.g. Wife ( in the bedroom): There’s the doorbell.
Husband (in the study): I’m checking my e-mail.
Wife: Okay.
连贯不当
影响译文连贯的因素有如下几个：
7.3.1衔接
试改译：
e.g. 蜜蜂这物件，最爱劳动。广东天气好，花又多，蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着。酿的蜜多，自己吃的可有限。每回割蜜，给它们留一点点糖，够他们吃的就行了。它们从来不争，也不计较什么，还是继续劳动、继续酿蜜，整日整月不辞劳苦……（杨朔：《荔枝蜜》）
—The bees are industrious while our province has good weather and plenty of flowers. They work the whole year round, and eat only a fraction of the honey they produce. Each time we extract it we leave them a little sugar. They never argue or complain, just go on producing honey day after day. (《英汉对照中国文学现代散文卷》，281页）
7.3.2 信息结构
试改译
e.g. 恰逢山外集会，猎手一不做二不休骑着自行车驮着4只狼仔上了路。4只狼仔当做4只狼狗仔很快就出了手。每只60元，4只240元。一卷票子塞进了猎人的腰包。（张增有：“猎手”，见《大学英语》98/6，48页）
—It happened to be the time of the country fair outside the mountains. In for a penny, in for a pound. The hunter put his game on his bike and set out on his journey. The four whelps were soon sold as four baby wolfhounds, 60 yuan for each, 240 yuan in all. A wad of money was squeezed into his pocket.
联系信息的主位(Theme)、述位(rheme)（optional）
补充：A message is made up of a topic and what is said about the topic. Similarly, a clause is made up of a theme, i.e., its topic, and rheme, i.e., what is said about the topic.
e.g. Jonny failed the exam.
—THEME：Jonny；RHEME：failed the exam.
e.g. Once I found a cave in a mountain outside the city.
e.g. Sing a happy song to us.
e.g. What words shall I say to her?
中英文的信息结构差异：
*Topic-prominent vs Subject-prominent
e.g. There was a heightened awareness of each sunny day, the beauty of flowers, the song of bird. How often do we reflect on the joy of breathing easily, of swallowing without effort and discomfort, of walking without pain, of a complete and peaceful night’s sleep?
7.3.3 逻辑关系
翻译过程不仅是一种语言符号的转换过程，也是逻辑关系的转换过程。翻译时要对原文进行逻辑重组。
e.g. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet.
—他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，（1）只要不再回到旧的生活里去－－（2）它已经在他的脚下化为尘埃了，（3）派他做什么工作都行。（张培基等，《英汉翻译教程》，288页）
问题：谁与谁的逻辑关系更近？可否重组？
e.g. 为了逃避那一双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后经人介绍他来到湖南南县一家木器厂做临时工。
7.3.4 文化背景信息
e.g. On the subject of extra-terrestrial life—something about which the cosmologist is frequently asked—he said he did not believe aliens had visited Earth. If they had, he added, it would have been “more like Independent Day than ET.”
总结：翻译的着眼点不应只局限于词汇意义的层面，而应该有语篇意识，也就是说要使译文在语篇的层面更好地传达原文的意义，最大限度地做到等值。
*总结：译者，必须是一个很好的协调者（coordinator）和媒介人（mediator）
Chapter 7
衔接
e.g. The sacred cows in India are well known. Cows can go everywhere they want to in the street of India, and they can eat anything they want to from the supplies of the foodsellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologist believe that there are reasons for it. First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.
e.g. Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who read books, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mothers and daughters. Like the menfolk, they fretted about money, they scrimped and made-do. But, when the pay stopped coming in, they were not the ones who had failed. Nor did they have to go to war, and that seemed to me a blessed fact. By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church.
山东外语教学 Shandong Fore ign Language Teaching Jour nal 2004年第3期( 总第100期) 语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯 刘庆元 (湖南理工学院外语系,湖南岳阳 414006) 收稿时间:2003-12-01 作者简介:刘庆元(1962-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:话语翻译。 摘要:语篇翻译中,衔接与连贯虽属两个不同的概念,但两者在构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。由于每一种语言都有其特定的表达习惯,因此,译者在翻译过程中要根据目的语的要求采取不同的策略,对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到语义上的连贯。关键词:语篇翻译;衔接;连贯 中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-2643(2004)03-0095-05 1.0引言 语篇是翻译的对象和基本单位,作为一种交际活动,它具有七项标准:衔接性,连贯性,意向性,可接受性,语境性,信息性和互文性,“如果其中的任何一项标准没有达到,语篇就失去了交际性”(Beaugrande &Dressler ,1981:3)。语篇的衔接性与连贯性虽属两个不同的概念,但两者构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。“衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,是语篇的有形网络;连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。”(方梦之,2002:326)在语篇翻译中,译者要考虑用适合目的语读者的语言把原文信息重新表达出来。重新表达不仅需要词汇方面的转换,还需采取一些相应的策略对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到译文的连贯。 本文拟就衔接与连贯在译文中的表现方式及转换手段进行讨论,是把语篇分析理论运用于翻译研究的一种尝试。2.0译文的衔接 衔接(cohesion )或称词语连接,是指一段话中各部分在语法或词汇方面有联系或两方面都有联系。这种联系可能存在于不同的句子之间,也可能存在于一个句子的几个部分之间。衔接是语段、篇章的重要特征,是语篇研究的核心。语言学界普遍认为韩礼德和哈桑的Cohesion in English 是衔接理论创立的标志。他们认为,衔接是产生语篇的必要(尽管不足)的条件。在他们看来,有了衔接不一定产生语篇,但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。他们将衔接分为五大类:照应(reference ),替代(substitution ),省略(ellipsis ),连接(conjunction )及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion )。(Halliday &Hason ,2001:6)其中前四类属于语法衔接手段,后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接是语篇具有的典型特征之一。在语篇翻译 中,语篇特征原则可用来解释如何获得原文和译文在语篇层面上的对等。衔接的优劣,关系到译文是否被接受者理解和接受。因此,译文要根据目的语的语篇特征,借助恰当的衔接手段,将句子与句子、语段与语段逻辑地粘连起来,构成一个完整或相对完整的语义单位。下面我们从语篇翻译的角度对汉英语法衔接手段中的照应及连接的特征和译文中的转换策略进行讨论。2.1语法衔接2.1.1照应的增减 无论是严复的“信、达、雅”,还是刘重德教授的“信、达、切”,以及奈达的“等值翻译”,都强调了译文必须忠实于原文,做不到这一点就不能视为翻译。最大限度的意义和形式对等是语篇翻译的终极目标。然而,由于源语和目的语的个性,衔接手段上会存在一定的差异性,这种差异性处理得是否得当直接影响到翻译质量。就英汉语而言,“现代英语在语句衔接方式上来说多用形合方法(hypataxis ),即用连接词语将句子衔接起来;而汉语既用形合方法,又用意合方法(parataxis ),但重意合法”(胡曙中,1993:601)。鉴于汉语衔接的“意合”性,语篇构建时少用照应手段,转换成英语时,应根据“形合”的特点予以补充。下面分别举例说明: (1)昨奉大函,诵悉一是。尊稿极佳,唯篇幅甚长,本志地位有限,故不克刊登,良用歉然。 I received your letter yesterday .Your article is very good ,but I am sorry that owing to pressure of space ,I find it too long to be published . 例(1)的源语中,没有一个代词,是汉语中典型的“意合”照应方式。但是,为了符合英文的“形合”粘连原则,译文用
第二讲 原句：I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. 译文：我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。 原文：There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. 译文：吸烟肯定与肺癌有关，但这并不能使你感到太不舒服，因为吸烟的人不止你一个。 原文：Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking. 译文：德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last (man) to blame. 原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 译文：约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。 Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 死译：one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word. 硬译：word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences. Literal translation goes beyond one-to-one translation, ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, to sentence to sentence. Literal translation is the basic translation procedure both in communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. ---by Newmark Liberal Translation mainly conveys the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech. 原文：我们的朋友遍天下。 错译：Our friends are all over the world. 译文: We have friends all over the world. 单词
Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。 语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。 衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence) 衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。 衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。 衔接(Cohesion) 7.2.1 定义 衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。 . Paris I’ve always wanted to go there. 7.2.2 分类 衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。 7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异 1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。 2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。 3.对英汉互译的启示。 7.2.4指称/照应(reference) 指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。 . Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it. .Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it. . Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.
Clinton is the first black president . 克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统 Clinton is the first woman president. 克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统 1. We want to buy quality steel. 我们要买高质量的钢材。 2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术，高薪金的劳动队伍。 3. The president now is on a poverty tour. 总统目前正在访问贫困地区。 4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施 5. She is on her listening tour of New York. 她正在纽约巡回访问，听取群众的意见。 6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss. 史密斯教授要离开学校了。这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。 7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征，代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。Criminal law 刑法； Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师； Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击； criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病 This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同，但却很能给人启发。 Bryant Gumbel is sometimes favorably compared with Ted Koppel. 人们有时把布来恩特甘贝尔和特德考波尔相比，认为甘贝尔更好。The so-called critics are only generically mentioned, but not individually mentioned. 那些所谓的批评者，传媒提到他们时总是泛泛而指，从来不指名道姓。The areas could be profitably rehabilitated. 重建这些地区是有利可图的。 The consensus strategies for managing the world’s forests sustainably. 既能获得各方同意，又能使全球森林得以可持续生长的管理策略。 Men tend to enjoy public, referentially orientated talk, while women enjoy intimate, affectively orientated talk. 男人喜欢公开谈论有具体内容的话题，而女人则喜欢两三个人私下交流感情。 15．The joy of his return 由于他回来而有的喜悦 16. of humble parentage, he began his working life in a shoe factory. 由于出身低微，他的第一个工作是在一家制鞋厂。
●英语与汉语在指代衔接手段的运用方面确实存在差异。英语中，为了实现衔接，在某 一意义名词出现后，除非是要达到某种修辞效果，一般尽量采用代词指代。这样，一方面避免语篇的累赘，繁复；同时也可以使语篇主题鲜明，读起来逻辑清晰。 ●相比之下，汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”（胡壮麟1994： 64-66），省略主语。请看下例： 幻灯片9 ● A green caterpillar was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge) 幻灯片10 ●[参考译文1] 一条绿色蠕虫正慢慢地从生菜下面爬出来，很大，很肥，显然吃得 很好。它在旅途中停下来以观察周围的环境，亨利气得脸色发紫，话都差点说不出来。 ●或者重复前面的名词，将其译为： ●[参考译文2] 一条绿虫子正慢吞吞地从生菜底下爬出来。那虫子又大又肥，显然吃 得很好，在途中还停下来审视周围的环境。亨利此时气得脸色发青，话都差点说不出来了。 幻灯片11 ●为了更加清楚地看出英汉两种语言在行文上的差异，我们再看两个汉译英的例子： ● 1. 朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座房子时，孩子们还上着学，如今都成家立业了。 ●My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. ● 2. 杨志取路，不数日，来到东京。入得城来，选个客店，安歇下。 ●Yang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capital and he came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to rest. 幻灯片12 ●由此可见，代词是现代英语语篇中的重要衔接手段，在某一意义名词出现后，英语中 一般使用代词指代前面出现的名词。 ●汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者省略主语。 ●因而，在英汉互译中我们要注意两种语言在衔接手段使用上的差异，使译文更加符合 译入语语篇的行文习惯。 幻灯片13 7.1.2省略 ●省略指某结构中未出现的词语可从语篇的其他小句或句子中找回（胡壮麟，1994）。 ●一般来说，省略的内容可以从篇章语境中推知，这就要求在翻译时要考虑全文框架， 把握具体语境。 ●根据韩礼德和哈桑（1976）的解释，这种省略也可以认为是“零式指称”（zero
Poor Birds 可怜的小鸟 There was a flock of birds in the jungle near a village. They lived together in a big tree and had a lot of fun every day. This flock of birds usually flew to different places in groups, making a beautiful picture in the sky. Sometimes they have a heated discussion in the tree. 在一个小村庄附近的丛林里有一群小鸟，它们共同栖息在一棵大树上，每天过着快乐的生活。这群小鸟常常成群结队地飞往不同的地方，它们的身姿形成天空一道漂亮的风景。有时，它们会在大树上展开激烈的争论 One day, a farmer went to the jungle to trap some animals for dinner. He saw a lot of birds in the tree, so he threw some corn on the ground and waited until the birds came down to eat. Then he threw a big net over the birds to trap them. 一天，一个农夫到丛林里捕捉猎物用作晚餐。他看到大树上有很多小鸟，于是就在地上撒了些谷物，等着小鸟来吃。然后他支起一张大网捕捉来觅食的小鸟。 When the birds were in the net, they were all afraid and wanted to get out of the net. Some birds in this net said, “Let’s help one other to fly together and push this net up into the tree so we can get out of here.”Everyone listened and count ed, “One, two, three—everyone flies!” They all flew and pushed the net up into the tree and flew out of the net. 被网罩住后，小鸟们都很害怕，想从中逃出去。有些鸟说：“我们
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲 （英文名称E-C Translation: Theory and Practice） 一、课程说明 课程编码 22110280 课程总学时 32 周学时 2 学分 1.5 课程性质专业必修课适用专业英语专业1、教学内容与学时安排（见下表）： 教学内容与学时安排表
2、课程教学目的与要求： 本课程是高等学校英语专业三年级学生开设的一门专业必修课。它是理论与实践相结合的一门课程，其主要目的在于使学生具备笔头英汉翻译的基本能力。通过介绍各类文体语言的特点、汉英两种语言的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法，使学生掌握英汉翻译的基本理论，掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英译汉的能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅，翻译速度达到每小时250-300字。 3、本门课程与其它课程关系： 本课程为英语专业本科三年级学生开设。学生在修该课程之前已修完综合阅读，综合英语，语法学，词汇学，英美文化等课程，这些课程都为学生修该课程奠定了扎实的语言基础。该课程又是学生综合英语语言运用能力的体现和反映，它的开设不仅能提高学生的翻译能力，而且它与英美文学，语言学，口译，高级英语等都能帮助学生进一步提高他们的综合英语语言运用能力。 4、推荐教材及参考书： 教材采用孙致礼编著的《新编英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社（2003年4月第1版）教学参考书 Baker, Mona. 2001. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Bassnett S, Lefevere A. 2001. Constructing Cultures: Essays On Literary Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Brown Gillian & Yule George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000 Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Hatim B. 2001. Communication Across Cultures:Translation Theory and Contrastive Text
语篇的衔接与翻译 In the last 20 years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, (however,) have at the same time grown faster. (And so) The standard of living hasn’t improved. (What’s more) The increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. (As a result,) There has been no gain in the productivity of land labor. Most of those who have watched enviously from the sidelines sense that gravity will assert itself sooner of later. Many of the online gamblers who have earned a fortune in paper profits betting their savings on shares in Yahoo. Amazon and the rest will never get their money out. For the very features that have led to a near-vertical climb of internet share prices also favor its precipitous collapse. In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position. Credit cards enable their holders to obtain goods and services on credits. They are issued by retail stores, banks, credit card companies to approved clients. The bank or credit card company settles the client’s bill, invoicing him monthly and charging interest on any outstanding debts. Their profit comes from the high rate of interest charged, the card-holder’s subscriptions, and the fees paid by some organizations that accept cards. According to an Asian woman’s website poll, more than half of the respondents suggested that the new economy dress code should be comfortable. Even employers agree with that. In future trade, the key development to watch is the relationship between the industrial…and the developing nations. Historical evidence shows that birth… and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial age. He wants the maximum responsibility and …the maximum reward; he does not mind the risk. This is the year, they predict, that Web-enabled phones will take off, both here and in Europe. If you don’t already have one, you’ll probably find one under the Chri stmas tree. Under all the measures of industrial promise, a key one must be investment in upgrading plant, machinery and skills. Venture capitalists generally do not run companies; managements do. Thus, the success of any venture capital investment is dependent, in large part, on the strength of the related management team. Is a quiet revolution under way in the nations shopping habits? Are we gradually allowing an increasingly select number of large companies to take care of all our basic requirements? The supermarket chains certainly hope so. The truth of course is that you have to pay a professional to do it for you. This should be looked at as another investment: you have to spend money in short term to save money in the long term. Now some observers say that supermarket chains risk damaging their brands by moving into a sector which they have no experience of. How do you react to that?
《英汉翻译理论与实践》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英汉翻译理论与实践（English-Chinese Translation Theory and Practice） 二、课程编号：11012010 三、学时与学分：68/4 四、考核方式：考试 五、先修课程：基础英语1-4 六、适用学科专业：英语 七、教学目的与要求： 本课程为本科三年级学生开设。学生在一、二学年里打好了较为牢固的英语基础，具备了较强的汉语驾驭能力，并掌握了英汉两种文化的一般性背景知识，进而修读这门课程。本课程理论与实践相结合，根据学生实际探讨基本翻译理论。上学期通过分析英、汉语语言及文化方面的差异，向学生介绍常用翻译技巧，并要求学生做大量的有关练习，提高学生处理词、句层次的水平，使其具备基础的翻译能力。下学期则引入篇章翻译。 通过对不同文体文本的篇章特点及其翻译的讲评和实践练习，培养学生针对不同文体进行翻译的能力及其篇章意识。要求学生修完本课程后，能熟练运用基本翻译技巧对较宽体裁的文本进行较为准确、流畅的翻译，每小时译速为250—300词/字。 八、基本教学内容与学时安排： 教学内容分为两部分。第一部分介绍词、句层次上的相关翻译技巧：词语的增译、减译，词类转换，句子中的语态变换，正说反译与反说正译的运用，词序调整，分译与合译等。第二部分针对各种常见体裁的文本进行篇章翻译的讲授，培养学生文体意识，对新闻、广告、商贸信贷函、法律、科技等不同文体的篇章特点进行分析，评述篇章翻译对忠实传达原文风格的重要性。与此同时，向学生介绍一些基本翻译理论知识，如翻译标准，翻译原则，奈大的功能对等理论，文化差异对翻译等值的影响以及语言差异对翻译的影响。 具体学时分两个学期安排。 第一学期共17周，每周二学时，安排如下： 第1周翻译的基本知识 2—3周英汉语言对比 第4周直译、意译及混合运用 5—14周翻译技巧：选择词义，词类转换，增译减译，重复译法，正说反译，否定转译，语态变换，词序调整，分译合译等 第15周定语及定语从句 第16周英汉主语的表达 第17周长句的翻译 第二学期共17周，每周二学时，安排如下： 1—2周：介绍文体的翻译 3—4周：人物、景象描写的翻译 5—6周：散文的翻译
第二部分翻译实践篇详解 一、非文学类文本（社会人文） 1. Van Gogh Although art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping discrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquainting
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲（英文名称E-C Translation: Theory and Practice） 一、课程说明 课程编码 22110280 课程总学时 32 周学时 2 学分 1.5 课程性质专业必修课适用专业英语专业 1、教学内容与学时安排（见下表）： 教学内容与学时安排表
2、课程教学目的与要求： 本课程是高等学校英语专业三年级学生开设的一门专业必修课。它是理论与实践相结合的一门课程，其主要目的在于使学生具备笔头英汉翻译的基本能力。通过介绍各类文体语言的特点、汉英两种语言的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法，使学生掌握英汉翻译的基本理论，掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英译汉的能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅，翻译速度达到每小时250-300字。 3、本门课程与其它课程关系： 本课程为英语专业本科三年级学生开设。学生在修该课程之前已修完综合阅读，综合英语，语法学，词汇学，英美文化等课程，这些课程都为学生修该课程奠定了扎实的语言基础。该课程又是学生综合英语语言运用能力的体现和反映，它的开设不仅能提高学生的翻译能力，而且它与英美文学，语言学，口译，高级英语等都能帮助学生进一步提高他们的综合英语语言运用能力。 4、推荐教材及参考书： 教材采用孙致礼编著的《新编英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社（2003年4月第1版）教学参考书 Baker, Mona. 2001. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Bassnett S, Lefevere A. 2001.Constructing Cultures: Essays On Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Brown Gillian & Yule George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000 Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
英汉语篇衔接对比与翻译 【2004年8级测试汉译英】 ①在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。②人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。③这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。④开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。⑤吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。⑥愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。⑦于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。⑧这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。⑨第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。 Cohesive devices 衔接手段 1. reference 照应 2. substitution 替代 3. ellipsis 省略 4. conjunction 连接 5. lexical cohesion 词汇衔接 ----- Halliday & Hasan Cohesion in English 重复与替代 汉英两种语言的部分语篇衔接手段在使用上有所偏重，汉语更常使用原词复现和省略，而英语则更多使用照应和替代。 汉语倾向于用重复手段，而英语倾向于用替代手段。汉语不喜欢使用同义替代的手段，因为会使精神分散；也不喜欢使用代词，因为容易变得所指不明。结果由于强调重复，反而变成了某种意义上的“形合”。 开始吃的时候你正处在饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜 …as you start eating you are in hunger, and when you are in hunger chaff tastes as honey…（学生译文） …as you start eating you are in hunger, when chaff tastes sweet as honey…（参考译文） 他这时来了，而这时我根本想不到他会来。 He came at a time when I least expected him. 那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分人待在家里。 It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stayed at home. Vice versa 用来替代 汉语两个子句意思是相对的，转折的，英语可用替代词vice versa，the other way round E.g. We gossip about them and vice versa . (they gossip about us ) 为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中
摘要：连贯作为语篇的一个深层语义特征，在以语篇为单位的翻译活动中显得尤为重要。语篇翻译的过程也可以说是连贯的识别和重构的过程。本文将语篇作为翻译单位，从连贯角度探讨了翻译过程中译者对原语语篇衔接手段的调整及采用的翻译策略。 关键词：衔接手段连贯照应替代 一、引言 传统翻译观以句子为翻译的基本单位，“注重研究源语与目的语之间的异同及言内关系，将翻译过程视为把一种文字材料转换成另一种文字材料，把一种语言产物在保持内容（命题）不变的情况下改变成另一种语言产物的过程”（张美芳、黄国文，2002）。随着篇章语言学的兴起，人们已逐渐摆脱了传统语言学和语法学的束缚，将语言研究的重心由句子转为语篇。大多数语言研究者也不断地将语篇分析延伸到其他领域，这自然也包括翻译领域。李运兴认为“翻译活动所处理的不是一个个孤立的词句，而是由互相关联和制约的词语和句子……有机地组合在一起的语篇。因此建立明确的语篇意识，不论在翻译实践还是在翻译研究中都十分重要。”（李运兴，2001：19） 连贯这一决定语篇语义结构的重要因素，在以语篇为基础的翻译活动中发挥着重要作用。译者在翻译时，首先需要对原文语篇内部的各种衔接手段进行分析，以便在原文与译文之间建立语篇层次上的意义与功能对等（谭键，2002）。译者必须尽可能保全和复现原文语篇的连贯性和完整性，才能使译文语篇结构严谨、行文流畅、语气贯通。因此，在翻译中语篇连贯的实现直接关系到译文的可读性，并决定着译者对翻译策略的选择。 二、英汉语篇衔接手段的翻译策略 Halliday和Hasan指出，衔接就是把上下文联系起来的机制，它本身是意义概念，是由“衔接是语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义词汇语法来实现的， 关系。这一‘其他成分’也必须在语篇中能找到……”（Halliday、Hasan，2004）。Halliday 和Hasan认为，语篇内部的衔接关系通过五种语言形式来实现：指称、省略、替代、连接、词汇。虽然以上五种衔接手段在所有的语篇中都有使用，但是翻译毕竟是对不同语言代码的转换，译者需要根据译语语篇的特点对衔接手段进行调整，以保证译文的连贯性。下面我们从连贯角度来探讨一下英汉语篇衔接手段的翻译策略。 （一）保留原语篇的衔接方式 在不影响译文语篇连贯性和可读性的前提下，将译文中的衔接方式一一对应地译出，可以在最大程度上反映出原语语篇的衔接与连贯特点。 （1）原文：At first，I attributed this new habit to advancing age—I had recently turned 40—and glumly concluded that I was becoming morbid.But why，then，was I finding my secret rite so uplifting？ Finally，after many years of starting the day this way，I have figured out that I am doing it not to obsess about death but to find out about life. 译文：起初，我以为这是因为上了年纪的缘故（当时我刚四十岁），于是我不无悲哀地认为这是一种病态心理。可令我不解的是，为什么我竟对这个秘密的仪式感到如此振奋？我就是以这种方式年复一年地度过清晨那片刻的时光，直到有一天我突然明白过来，我如此喜欢读讣告并非迷恋死亡，而意在探索生命，真正的生命。（Suzanne B.Levine，2004）例（1）原文主要通过一系列的连接词来表示语篇中句与句之间的逻辑关系（以时间为主的叙述顺序夹带着因果和转折关系），译文基本上复制了原文的衔接链，将原文的时间衔接链“at first—after many years—finally”译为：“起初—年复一年地—直到有一天”；在原文中表示因果而非并列关系的“and”被相应地译成“于是”；表示转折关系的“but”译为汉语中相对的转折词“可”。在例（1）中，源语语篇中的衔接手段在汉语中同样适用，因此这