flexible, fluent, logical, convincing, but not beyond the grammatical rules.
create
be responsible for=provide
归因于be attributed to
poker 扑克牌
increase in amplitude
goal-directed movement approaches its intended target
thereby, hence
develop sth.
sth. account for sth.
Following sth., sb. developed sth…….
copious sth., in copious amounts = in massive amounts
insidious a.潜伏的，阴险的，暗中为害的
Developmentally,…
acquire…
exsanguination [eks,s??ɡwi'nei??n] 放血
primidone 扑痫酮
gist 要点，主旨
impinge on / impinge 影响，撞击，侵犯
hemianopia, anopia, quadratanopia
homonymous = ipsilateral
specifically,…
via=through=/~by means of=with the help of=with the assistance of
spread to
manometry测压法
is released from/by…
The parents have no concerns.
be at increased risk for …
In general,…
sth. points to…
be associated with chronic bleeds
for a routine prenatal visit/examination/test
sb. had an uncomplicated pregnancy to date.
due to damage to decussating spinothalamic fiber in the anterior white commissure.
sth. can be precipitated by…
produce colicky pain
calculi = stone
hinder
Clinically,…
fluorinated a.氟化的
a constellation of symptoms
pet a dog
in front of = rostral to
In around 10 to 20% of patients, the onset of RA is …
slower 改用delay
To take home point of in this question is …阐述一样事物为了有逻辑连续性：先详细解释，再用简单地短语概括作为下一句的主语。这比强行用连接词更高。比方说：Loop diuretics cause salt and water to be lost from the body, while bicarbonate is retained in extracelluar fluid. The loss of water and salt results in…..
a is …,
b is …,
c is …. All three are …
Neither follicular nor papillary carcinomas predispose for lymphoma, although some studies have suggested …
Pts with xx carcinoma present with nontender nodules…
since = because
cause = elicit
—It has minimal action in sth./doing sth. = It has minimal function in …
The principle action of sth is sth…比用The main function 来的地道多了，也富于变化
After several hours, he dies, despite appropriate lifesaving measures.
paramount = extremely important
supplant = substitute
This will pose no problem during …
following a second exposure to offending antigen
The rash suggests the diagnosis of gonococcal arthritis
sth and sth are best known examples of …
virtually = almost
…, made of, …作为定语从句插在后面
because of a positive result on a home pregnancy test
unsightly = ugly
negligible = not so important
paradigm范例sth represent the paradigm of …
ceramics制陶术，陶瓷业
stumbling a.障碍的n. 绊倒
在老年人群中in elderly
trip over 绊倒 You'll trip over the stone if you don't mind out .
tingible a.可染(色)的
monovalent a.单价的
crutch n.拐杖
uneventful a.平凡的
report
sb between the ages of 2 months and 2 years
sth is most common etiologic agent of …
obstipation顽固性便秘
tinkling n./v.发出叮当声，叮叮声
pass flatus = pass gas
strangulation n.绞窄（比如绞窄性肠梗阻）
antibiotics with coverage against gram-negative organism.
are likely to do sth.
important defense mechanism
stump n.树桩、假肢、残余部分
sth showed no abnormalities except a clear fluid around the umbilical stump
reclusive a.隐居的
startle vt.使吓一跳
ADH simply places water channels in membranes lining the collecting ducts, which permits the passive reabsorption of water.
avidly
in an attempt to do sth.
The gallbladder will undergo increased peristaltic contractions.
1-year median survival
essential
auditory projection = auditory pathway
new cat in the household 这里household用作家庭的意思
sth used in conjunction with
Patients may also demonstrate findings consistent with …
apatite磷灰石
side effect = adverse reaction
paramedics护理人员
slash vt.鞭打
小的部位，地方用site，不用place
It occupies the position along the lower border of the rib.
—subfalcine 大脑镰下的
The presence of sth. 也可以用the occurrence of sth.啊，是不是更富有活力了呢
protuberant突起的，显著的
optimal = appropriate
用be able to 也比所有只用can来的好吧
巧妙应用post. 比如post fertilization
终止某样事情啦termination of …
aphthous a.口疮的
acantholysis 皮肤棘层松解
exhibit some symptoms of …
尝试用用incidental finding, accidental finding 之类
thioamide 硫代酰胺
非故意的，不知不觉的unintentional
denture假牙
haphazard adj. 偶然的；随便的；无计划的
下次说干什么很容易，用readily ad 啊，用easily 太naive了
年龄啊 5 year old 太滥了，用5 years of age
每天抽两包烟two packs of cigarettes daily
anthracotic adj. 矽肺病的
compatible adj. 兼容的；能共处的；可并立的
pilot light指示灯
send axons through …to…= send processes through …to
prior treatment
bloating adj. 鼓胀的v. 鼓胀；胀大；炉渣起泡（bloat的ing形式）
velvety ['velv?t?] adj. 天鹅绒般柔软的；醇和的，可口的
undulate ['?ndj?le?t]
vi. 起伏，波动；震动；呈波浪形
vt. 波动；使波动；使起伏；使成波浪形
adj. 波动的；起伏的；波浪形的
bathtub 浴缸
refine vt. 精炼，提纯；改善；使…文雅
indolent adj. 懒惰的；无痛的
in a indolent course ≈incubation period
这个女人的孩子the children of the woman
in the patients’workup
consensual adj. 交感的；在双方同意下成立的
骨板提前愈合premature sealing of the growth plates
reduce production of otherwise normal type I collagen
lightheadedness n.头晕
severe lightheadedness
用often的时候想想用commonly替换
amaurosis fugax一过性黑蒙
dissociation of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide
spillage n. 溢出；溢出量
The result is heavy spillage of sth.
drink soft drinks 喝不含酒精的饮料
merit
n. 优点，价值；功绩；功过
vt. 值得
vi. 应受报答
精神错乱的的，发狂的delirious
persons, people, human beings都不如individuals来的好
ravenous adj. 贪婪的；渴望的；狼吞虎咽的
the child’s ravenous appetite
phallus n. 阴茎
adj. 模糊不清的；引起歧义的可以用unclear,但是，ambiguous 更好！！！
virilization = masculinization女性男性化
rudimentary adj. 基本的；初步的；退化的；残遗的；未发展的
adj. 令人畏惧的，可怕的 dreadful
modality 形式
pinprick n. 针刺；针孔；令人烦恼的小事
appropriate 用 proper替换
inappropriate = improper
plump
vt. 使丰满；使鼓起；突然放下
adv. 沉重地；突然地
vi. 变丰满；鼓起
adj. 圆胖的，丰满的；鼓起的
n. 扑通声
stump
n. 树桩；残余部分；假肢
vt. 砍伐；使为难；在…作巡回政治演说
vi. 笨重地行走；发表竞选演说
P/E shows tenderness of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen with guarding. sonographic 超声描记的
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is visualized under the electron microscope as parallel arrays of membrane-bound cisternae populated with multiple electron dense dots. Proteins destined to be secreted, membrane-bound, or lysosomal all have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence during synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes.
ashen adj. 灰色的；苍白的
Depressed level of consciousness predisposes to aspiration of oropharyngeal flora and/or gastric contents and development of aspiration pneumonia.
A paraphrase example worthy learning shown as follows:
Reduced penetrance refers to a situation in which an individual known to carry the dominantly inherited mutated gene may show no clinical evidence of the condition.= Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant phenotype.
adj. 疏忽的；不注意的（副词inadvertently）；无意中做的 inadvertent
torrential adj. 猛烈的，汹涌的；奔流的
torrential venous bleeding
用overt替代obvious
maternal uncle
Lesions of medial lemniscus would cause contralateral loss of dorsal column modalities,
e.g. , tactile discrimination, vibration sensation, and conscious proprioception.
As the prodromal symptoms dissipate over a few days and prior to the onset of the exanthem, the enanthem develops, i.e., hypopigmented, irregular oral lesions on
the anterior buccal mucosa.
pellet
n. 小球；[军] 小子弹（枪用）
vt. 将…制成丸状；用子弹打；用小球扔
Administration of penicillin derivatives can lead to maculopapular rash.
incompetency
flee fled fled
Several children and adults who recently fled a detention camp come to the emergency department because of a sore throat and low-grade fever.
shuffling gait 缓慢的步态,小碎步步态
Normally, after cessation of contractile activity, relaxation follows electrical quiescence at the neuromuscular junction and the return of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and T-tubule membranes to their resting electrical potential.
… follow… = … induce … = …once …
sustain vt. 维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实
sustain a crush injury of the right arm at work
construction worker
comminute vt. 粉碎；分割
sth. renders sth less able to do ..
distractor n. 错误选择；诱导答案
morbilliform adj. 麻疹样的
回想起。。。 recall any trauma, or …
橘皮 orange peel
induration n. 硬化；[医] 硬结；顽固；无情
A high suspicion of sth must be entertained if …
Sth lacks the risk factors for developing mastitis.
Carbon monoxide toxicity is often suggested by occupational exposures…
with prolonged exposure to sth
The oxygen saturation measurement of 98% (presumably by pulse oximetry) does not completely rule out …
pre- preform, preexist, presensitize,…
intractable adj. 棘手的；难治的；倔强的；不听话的
The biological attribute of influenza A virus that allows the sudden appearance of dramatically new genetic variants is also present in a limited number of other viral
families.
stumbling 绊倒
cul-de-sac n. （法）死巷；死路；困境
substrate n. 基质；基片；底层（等于substratum）；酶作用物
inside = in
delicatessen [,del?k?'tes(?)n] n. 熟食；现成的食品
Hypochlorite is generated in the myeloperoxidase arm of the intracellular killing pathway when myeloperoxidase acts on hydrogen peroxide to produce toxic halide radicals. …by changes in ADH levels…
endophytic [,end?u’fitik] n. 内生植物的；内寄生的
vendor n. 卖主；小贩；[贸易] 自动售货机
street vendor
vigilant adj. 警惕的
…need vigilant hydration
inconsolable adj. 无法安慰的（名词inconsolability，副词inconsolably）；极为伤心的
offer him a referral for counseling
health issue , health condition替换health problem, disorder, etc…
The communication with sb is best handled face-to-face.
to deliver new in a timely manner = in emergent situation
The phone conversation should followed up by a visit.
…, while getting the patient the news quickly and in a cheery manner, does not address the pt’s other health conditions.
Waiting for days to hear the test results is understandably likely to cause anxiety in the pt. Also, the physician himself should do the counseling and not refer the pt to someone else.
A letter from the physician takes time to reach the pt, always creates anxiey, and offers no one to discuss the meaning of the results.
boggy adj. 似沼泽的；沼泽多的
Rectal examination shows a boggy, tender prostate.
Gram stain of the urine shows…
periphery
The headaches have become increasing debilitating.
throbbing adj. 悸动的；跳动的
The pain is throbbing.
debilitating adj. 使衰弱的
v. 使虚弱（debilitate的ing形式）
imminent adj. 即将来临的；迫近的
propulsive adj. 推进的；有推进力的
ensue vi. 跟着发生，接着发生；继起
A specific vomiting act ensues that involves sth.
a similar clinical profile
notebly
tingible a.可染的
Prognosis is grave due to advanced stage at diagnosis.
Sb. died in a motor vehicle collision.
She has bouts of crying for no reason.
perform her activities of daily living
do not have nightmares about…
Her vital signs are within normal limits.
Depression lingers for years; grief resolves itself in time.
Grieving people generally do not contemplate suicide, but a majority of depressed people do have suicidal ideation.
Medicate depression, but not grief.
sb. come to the physician because of a sore tongue.
sludging
n. 沉积；油泥；成渣
v. 淤积；清除…的沉淀物（sludge的ing形式）
adj. 沉积的
ablation n. [水文] 消融；切除
for a health maintenance examination
micron n. 微米（等于百万分之一米）
taxonomically adv. 分类学的
sth is taxonomically related to …
As a caveat, …
caveat n. 警告；中止诉讼手续的申请；货物出门概不退换；停止支付的广告
palpitation of the right upper quadrant during inspiration causes sharp pain and an abrupt “catching”of the breath. = inspiratory arrest on the RUQ palpation due to pain Medication 用medical options 替换
…produce a full therapeutic response
three or more things. (>=)
持续了多久disease duration of more than 3 months
side effects = adverse effects
friable adj. 易碎的；脆弱的
impinging n. 冲击；碰撞
v. 冲击，撞击（impinge的现在分词形式）
生命时间长度lifespan
The reason for the constant time period is related to the lifespan of the corpus luteum reinstate vt. 使恢复；使复原
downy adj. 柔和的；绒毛的；多丘岗的
downy hair in the ampit
Fusobacterium usually is not pathogenic and lives in a commensal relationship with the host.
n. 共餐者；[生态] 共生体
adj. 共生的；共餐的；同桌的
excoriation表皮剥脱
clumped
adj. 集群分布
v. 成群（clump的过去分词和过去式）
Assuming there has been no change in his diet
customary alpha criteria
causality n. 因果关系
He is not in shape.
在外形上；处于良好状态
convenience store 便利商店
omnipotence n. 全能，无限力量
in a small region of the lateral upper right arm
impinge on …vi. 撞击；侵犯vt. 撞击
be characterized by a shooting pain 放射痛
be more richly innervated
laboratory studies of …
The skin on her torso and extremities is hyper pigmented.
A 70-year-old man with a history of diabetes and hypertension comes to the physician because of …
ambulate vi. 走动；步行；移动
anisocoria 瞳孔大小不等
a stray cat 流浪猫
manipulate the structures of the existing FDA-approved pharmaceutical compound writhing vt. 翻滚，打滚；因剧痛扭动/蠕动
visual acuity 视敏度
pleocytosis 脑脊液细胞过多
obtund vt. 使缓和，使迟钝；减轻
rake n. 耙子；斜度；钱耙；放荡的人，浪子
inexplicable adj. 费解的；无法说明的；不能解释的
at least one episode of persistent elevated mood, along with swings down to a depressive state
The patient is preoccupied with issues with trust.
adj. 全神贯注的；心事重重的；被先占的
v. 抢先占有；使…全神贯注（preoccupy的过去式）
peculiarity n. 特性；特质；怪癖；奇特
rise to the level of full-blown delusion
adj. 成熟的；（花）盛开的；（帆等）张满的
reparative adj. 修缮的；赔偿的；弥补的
—writhing vt. 翻滚，打滚；因剧痛扭动/蠕动；盘绕（writhe的现在分词）
vinca n. 长春花
detain vt.拘留
insight n. 洞察力；洞悉
insane adj. 疯狂的；精神病的；极愚蠢的
whorl n. 螺纹；轮生体；涡
vt. 使成涡漩
vi. 盘旋
variegated adj. 杂色的；斑驳的；富于变化的
Prognosis is dismal.
adj. 凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的
droop vi. 下垂；萎靡；凋萎
vt. 使…下垂
n. 下垂；消沉
temperate zone [气象] 温带
linger vi. 徘徊；苟延残喘；磨蹭
impinge vi. 撞击；侵犯
pleocytosis n. [临床] 脑脊液细胞增多
cyclopia n. 独眼畸形
tragus [解剖] 耳屏
auricle n. 耳廓；
deflect vt. 使转向；使偏斜；使弯曲
vi. 转向；偏斜
serpentine ['s??p(?)nta?n]
adj. 蜿蜒的；阴险的；弯弯曲曲的
vt. 使迂回曲折地行进
vi. 像蛇般行进
n. [矿物] 蛇纹石
tip-off n. 密报；警告
calvarium n. 颅盖
horseback riding
discernible adj. 可辨别的；可识别的
The tongue deviates to the right upon protrusion.
in some distress
crush vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入
index finger 食指
binge n. 狂欢，狂闹；放纵
vt. 放纵
vi. 狂饮作乐；大吃大喝
n. (Binge)人名；(英)宾奇
purge vi. 净化；通便
vt. 净化；清洗；通便
n. 净化；泻药
chiropractic neck manipulation n. 脊椎按摩疗法
blow n. 吹；打击；殴打
vi. 风吹；喘气
vt. 风吹
—The man is brought to the emergency department after sustaining a blow to his right eye during a match.
drink alcohol
use illicit drugs
A 40-year-old man develops progressive weakness culminating in paralysis.
vi. 到绝顶；达到高潮；达到顶点
vt. 使结束；使达到高潮
symptomatology n. 症候学，总症状
begin with
choroid plexus tuft
aphthous ulcer
adj. 口疮的
fainting n. 昏晕；不省人事
faint adj. 模糊的；头晕的；虚弱的；[医] 衰弱的
A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of “double vision” and the inability to adduct the right eye on attempted left lateral gaze. The left eye abducts appropriately on the left lateral gaze. Neurologic examination shows normal direct and consensual light reflexes with intact convergence.
He has a decreased right nasolabial fold and decreased movements of his right face, soaring the forehead,
A man is brought to the emergency department because of altered mental status, diaphoresis and irritability.
The behavior will be extinguished at which of the following ages?
Her mother states that her daughter has had a history of clumsiness since she was a toddler with frequent falls throughout her development.
wasting of the muscles of the lower legs
examination of her gait
euthanize vt. 使安乐死；对…施无痛致死术
Which of the
pupillary light reflex
A CT scan of the brain is obtained to rule out an organic cause.
Physical examination shows reproducible pain and numbness of the left hand upon tapping the palmar surface of the lateral aspect of the wrist.
vermilion n. [无化] 朱砂；朱红色
adj. 朱红色的
vt. 涂以朱红色
A man develops a painful blister over the vermilion of his upper lip.
He has had several episodes of similar symptoms since age 12.
hyperreflexia of the patellar tendon tap adj. 膝盖骨的
asomatognosia n. [医] 躯体认识不能；身体失认；躯体部位辨认不能；自体感觉缺乏insidious onset
stooped posture
reflex hammer
euthanize vt. 使安乐死
entrapment neuropathy n. 诱捕；圈套；截留
established latency
He becomes forgetful.
loss of downward gaze
extorsion外旋
inadvertent adj. 疏忽的；不注意的（副词inadvertently）；无意中做的
—sth is inadvertently injured
peritonitis, peritoneal irritation
,,, presents as continued episodes of colicky right upper quadrant pain and jaundice equivocal adj. 模棱两可的；可疑的
beef ingestion 食入牛肉
stepwise cognitive decline
adv. 逐步地；阶梯式地
apraxia n. [医] 失用症；[医] 运用不能症
striking inability to repeat adj. 显著的，突出的，惊人的；打击的；罢工的
slump vi. 下降，衰落；倒下；大幅度下降，暴跌
vt. 使降低；使衰落；使倒下
n. 衰退；暴跌；消沉
briefly adv. 短暂地；简略地；暂时地
…after briefly slumping to the floor while they were on an errand together
errand n. 使命；差事；差使
the week before. 一周以前
sth started to do sth the week before.
shave his face
…shows a right gaze preference
pertain to …vi. 属于；关于；适合
Imaging studies are unremarkable.
premonitory symptoms of hypoglycemia
adj. 先兆的，预兆的
day care日托班
children in the day care
unit 1 hemoglobin血红蛋白polycythemia红血球增多症hypertrophy 肥大，过度增大atrophy萎缩 mutate改变，使突变 anomaly 异常，不规则congenital defect先天性缺陷lesion损害，机能障碍infectious agent传染剂pathogenesis发病原diagnosis诊断 prognosis预后 autopsy尸体解剖 heredity遗传 hemophilia 血友病 syndrome综合征 alcoholism 酗酒 anemia 贫血 pregnancy怀孕 delivery 分娩，交付leukemia白血病 malnutrition 营养不良hyperactive thyroid活跃甲状腺hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进mongolism先天愚型urinalysis尿分析 physician内科医生 surgeon外科医生 remission缓解 relapse复发 complication 并发症pneumonia 肺炎 sequela后遗症 paralysis 麻痹 polio 小儿麻痹 fallopian tubes输卵管alleviate减轻 masterpiece 杰作 defective有缺陷的 deficient不足的 concurrent并发的respectively分别地 utilize利用 perceive察觉 terminal末端，晚期的severity严重 fracture破裂 prostate 前列腺 transmit 传输，遗传trigger引发，触发 protrude 突出，伸出 counteract抵消，中和 prescribe开处方，规定 exacerbate使加剧 aggravate恶化，加重 resemble类似 subside平息，沉淀 onset开始，着手 confined to只限于 compensate补偿，赔偿 traumatize使。。损伤 accompany陪伴，伴随 observe 观察 manifest证明，显示 aftermath后果 rheumatic fever风湿热 sterility不育 health professional保健专业人士 comprehensive综合的 unit 2 a cluster of一群，一组 initial最初的 inject注入，注射 homosexual同性恋者 impair损害，减少 emerge摆脱暴露 monitor 监视，监控 compromise妥协，和解 alert 警惕的 official正式的 original原始的 outbreak发作，爆发 coin 硬币 isolate隔离 novel异常的 press按压 lymphoadenopathy 淋巴瘤 lymphotropic嗜淋巴细胞 declare宣布striking显著，惊人 contradict 反驳，否定 turn out发生，证明 in check 受控制 pinpoint精确地 supplement补充 complement补助 considerable值得考虑的 Implicate暗指影响涉及 activate 刺激激活 decline下降，衰退 routinely 常规地，通常地 prevailing流行的，一般的 devise遗赠equip装备 multipronged 多种要素的 destruction破坏，毁灭 advancement 前进，进步 replication复制，反响 administer管理，执行 administration管理，实施 nucleoside analog核苷类似物 nucleocapsid核蛋白体 diminish 使减少，使缩小 appear to似乎，好像 indicate 表明，指出 specific特殊的，明确的 drawback 缺点，不利条件 optimism乐观 trial 实验 confer授予，给以 causative成为原因 desease-causing成为致病原因 be intended to 打算 preliminary准备，预赛 mediate间接，居中 prolong延长 enhance 提高 rule out排除，取消 be capable of 能够 attach附加，附属 inert迟缓的，无效的 hemophiliac血友病的 myeloid 骨髓的 compatibility兼容性 homozygous 纯合子的 heterozygous杂合子的 bowel 肠内部同情 commentator评论员 reservoir 水池 investigational调查 anecdotal 轶事的 mortality死亡数 ongoing 前进 modulate调节，调整 latency 潜在因素 eradication消灭，扑灭 adherence坚持，忠诚 pandemic全国流行的，普遍的 angiography血管学，血管造影术 angioplasty血管成形术
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
【医学英语】医生常用英语口语1、What can do for you? 你有什么事？ 2、May I help you? 我能帮你什么忙？ 3、Please take a seat! Please sit down! 请坐。 4、Wait a moment, please. 请等一等。 5、Sorry to have kept youwaiting. 对不起让你久等了。 6、It is not serious. 病情不严重。 7、Don't worry. There is nothing to worry about. 不必顾虑。 8、You need a thoroughexamination. 你需要做一个全面检查。 9、You will have to stay inhospital for sevral days. 你需要在医院里住几夭。 We think that you hadbetter be hospitalized. 我们认为你最好住进医院来。 10、You should stay in bed for afew days. 你需要卧床几天。 11、You can keep on working.
You can carry on with your work. 可以继续工作。 12、You should be very carefulfor a week or two. 这一两周内，你需要很注意。 13、Try to relax and keep calm. 尽量放松保持镇静。 14、You'll soon be all right. 你很快就会好起来的。 15、1'm sure this medicine willhelp you a great deal. 这药对你肯定会很有效的。 16、Feeling well again is arather slow process, I'm afraid. 恐怕痊愈将是一个很慢的过程。 17、You will have to wait fortwenty minutes. 你需要等20分钟。 18、Complete recovery will takea rather long time. 彻底恢复需要一段很长的时间。 19、You will have to come herefor periodical check-ups. 你需要定期来门诊检查。 20、If you feel worse, pleasecome back to the clinic right away. 要是你觉着病加重了，就请马上来门诊。 21、If you feel worried, don't hesitate to go to the clinic anytime, day or night. 你要觉着难受，无论白天黑夜都赶紧上医院看去。 22、I'll come right away. 我马上就来。 23、I'm going to make arrangements for your admission. 我去给你安排住院。 24、Please come with your interpreter next time.
Asking a patient about his illness: Any vomiting ? 有没有呕吐？ Are you feeling nausea ? 你觉得恶心吗？ Are your bowels regular ? 你大便正常吗？ Did you have pains here before ? 你这儿以前痛吗？ Do you cough ? 有没有咳嗽？ Do you feel short of breath sometimes ? 你有时觉得气急吗？ Do you feel tired ? 你觉得疲劳吗？ Do you have any appetite ? 吃东西有胃口吗？ Does it hurt ? 痛不痛？ Have you ever had this experience(trouble) before ? 以前有过这样吗？ Have you lost weight recently ? 你近来体重减少了吗？Have you taken anything for it ? 你吃过什么药了吗？ How bad is it ? 厉害到什么程度？ How far pregnant are you ? 你怀孕多久了？ How long has it been this way ? 这样有多久了？ How long have you had this trouble ? 你得这病多久了？ How are you feeling now ? 你现在感觉怎么样？ How is your sleep ? 你睡眠怎么样？ What did you eat yesterday ? 你昨天吃了什么东西？What hurts you ? 你有什么不舒服？ What seems to be the problem ? 大概什么毛病？ What sort of pain do you get there ? 你觉得这儿是什么样的疼痛？What’s matter with you ? 你有什么不舒服？ What’s the trouble ? 什么不舒服？ What’s wrong with your ear ? 你的耳朵怎么了？ When did the pain start ? 什么时候开始痛的？Which tooth is troubling you ? 你那个牙齿不好？ Your case record, please . 请把病例卡给我。
CKD：慢性肾脏病（Chronic Kidney Disease， CKD）以及由其导致的终末期肾病（End Stage Kidney Disease， ESKD） COPD：chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺病，慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种具有气流阻塞特征的慢性支气管炎和（或）肺气肿，可进一步发展为肺心病和呼吸衰竭的常见慢性疾病。 DKD：糖尿病肾脏疾病(diabetic kidney di sease,DKD)，2007年NKFK/DOQI指南中建议把由于糖尿病导致的慢性肾脏疾病命名为糖尿病肾脏疾病(diabetic kidney di sease,DKD)以取代目前使用的糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)。 SOD：超氧化物歧化酶（Orgotein Superoxide Dismutase, SOD)，别名肝蛋白、简称：SOD。 SOD是一种源于生命体的活性物质，能消除生物体在新陈代谢过程中产生的有害物质。S100-β：中枢神经特异性蛋白—S100-β蛋白，S100-β蛋白可作为局部缺血性脑损伤的血清标记物。 NYP：神经肽-Y(NYP) ，NPY是在神经系统里最活跃的一只，在摄食行为中起到了重要的作用。摄食行为在咀嚼中被抗体或是RNA与NPY的斗争中被阻拦，更重要的是瘦蛋白在这个时候出现了，通过抑制NYP合成，帮助舒缓下丘脑，饮食行为就会停止，有助于减肥。据此，NYP会增加饮食行为。 VEGF：血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF），又称血管通透因子（vascular permeability factor，VPF）是一种高度特异性的促血管内皮细胞生长因子，具有促进血管通透性增加、细胞外基质变性、血管内皮细胞迁移、增殖和血管形成等作用。血管内皮生长因子有5种不同的亚型，根据氨基酸的数目命名为：VEGF121、VEGF145、VEGF165、VEGF189、VEGF206，其中VEGF165为VEGF主要存在形式。 HepG2细胞：是来源于一个15岁白人的肝癌组织。该细胞分泌多种血浆蛋白：清蛋白、α2-巨球蛋白、血纤维蛋白溶酶原、铁传递蛋白等。注释：该细胞表达3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸辅酶A还原酶和肝甘油三酸脂脂肪酶。该细胞在有百草枯(英文名：gramoxone)的环境下过氧化氢酶mRNA表达增加，ApoA-I mRNA 表达减少。 KPS评分：是Karnofsky（卡氏，KPS，百分法）功能状态评分标准。得分越高，健康状况越好，越能忍受治疗给身体带来的副作用，因而也就有可能接受彻底的治疗。 cmH 2O：1 cmH 2 O就是1厘米水柱，根据P=水的密度*水的高度*g P=1000kg/m^3*0.01m*10N/kg=100N/m^2=100Pa=0.1KPa=0.0001Mpa 即1 cmH 2 O =0.0001Mpa HDL：高密度脂蛋白为血清蛋白之一。缩写为HDL。亦称为a1脂蛋白。比较富含磷脂质，在血清中的含量约为300mg/dl。
《医学英语词汇》 课程名称医学英语词汇 授课专业中医翻译06级 必修课专业课（√） 授课方式课堂讲授（√）；实践课（） 考核方式考试（√）；考查（） 总学时数4*18=72 Terminology-----from term thrombocytopenia lymphocytic leukemia carcinoma 癌 hepatitis 肝炎 cholesterol 胆固醇 医学英语术语:上述这些单词来源于希腊或拉丁词根,有特定得医学含义，我们将之统称为医学英语术语（medical term）; 医学术语学：而将专门研究它得学问称为－医学术语学（medical terminology）:An introduction to the language of veterinary and human medicine 第一章医学英语术语学概述 医学英语术语学（medical terminology）就是研究医学术语得起源与发展得学科，也就是向广大医务工作者、医学院学生、医学科学研究人员提供科学得方法以提高对医学英语术语认知能力得一门专项技能，同时也就是医学与语言学结合得跨学科研究方向。 涉及学科门类：医学人类学 词汇学词源学 社会学 英语史等 一、医学英语术语学简介 1、几个词汇学方面得基本概念 词素----组成词得基本元素，就是语言中语音与语义得最小结合体。 词根----含有明确得词汇语义，在单词中表达主要得意义得词素叫做"词根"（root）。 词缀----只有语法意义、而没有词汇意义（例如表示名词复数得-s），或者虽有一定得词汇意义、但在词中只表达次要得意义得词素，称为"词缀"（affix）。 2、医学术语与基本词素 Psychiatrist---psych /iatri /ist Physiology---physi /o /logy 二、医学英语术语词源学、发展史（了解）及其学习得意义 1、来源于拉丁语、古希腊语 词缀可与不同得词干一起，擎生无数新词。 auto： auto-activation
医学常用英语
【医务人员常用语】 1．What can do for you？ 你有什么事？ 2．May I help you？ 我能帮你什么忙？ 8．Please take a seat！ please sit down！ 请坐下． 4．Wait a moment，please． 请等一等． 5．Sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起让你久等了． 6．It is not serious． 病情不严重． 7．Don't worry． There is nothing to worry about. 不必顾虑。 8．You need a thorough examination． 你需要做一个全面检查． 9．You will have to stay in hospital for sevral days．
你需要在医院里住几夭． We think that you had better be hospitalized 我们认为你最好住进医院来。 10．You should stay in bed for a few days. 你需要卧床几天． 11．You can keep on working． You can carry on with your work. 可以继续工作。 12．You should be very careful for a week or two 这一两周内，你需要很注意。 13. Try to relax and keep calm． 尽量放松保持镇静。 14．You'll soon be all right． 你很快就会好起来的． 15．1'm sure this medicine will help you a great deal． 这药对你肯定会很有效的． 16．Feeling well again is a rather slow process，I'm afraid. 恐怕痊愈将是一个很慢的过程． 17．You will have to wait for twenty minutes．
常用医学英语口语表达 一： Im running a fever. Im running a temperature . Im suffering from insomnia. Im under the weather. It all began yesterday. It came on last night. It hurts terrible. It keeps hanging on. It sort of hung on. I cant lift my right arm. I cough a great deal at night . I dont feel like eating anything. I feel a bit off color. I feel a pain in my left leg. I feel absolutely rotten. I feel chilly. I feel di___y and Ive got no appetite. I feel feverish. I feel hot and cold.
I feel like Im burning up. 二： I feel like vomiting. I feel poorly. I feel rather unwell. I feel shivery and Ive got a sore throat. I feel sick. I feel so ill. I feel very bad. I feel a dull pain in the stomach. I have a headache. I have a splitting headache. I have a stomach-ache. I have a stuffed-up nose. I just feel all pooped out. I keep feeling di___y. I really feel terrible. I seem to have pain all over. I think Im dying. I tried some sleeping pills,but they have done nothing for me. Im a bit stuffed up.
2020常用医学英语口语对话 针对学生英语口语能力较低,口语发展不平衡等特点,通过在教学中使用探究型教学模式,并将之贯穿课堂与课外两个层面来提高学生英语口语能力的研究和实践。下面就和大家分享医学英语口语，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 睡眠问题 【Situation 场景】 下列会话发生在药房里。医生正在和一个顾客交谈，询问一些疾病方面的情况。 "Good afternoon. Can I help you?"“下午好，我能帮您什么吗?” 这是打开话匣子最简单、实用的方式，适用于任何场合。当然，除此以外，也可以使用类似于如下的句型来询问对方："How can I help you?".“我能帮您什么吗?” 该句子也能达到Can I help you?的效果。 以下是打开话题的、最常用的方式，记住这些句型，有利于您的口语的提高：
Can……? 能……? What……? 什么? When……? 什么时候? Do……? 一般问话方式 Have……? 一般问话方式 【Dialogue 对话】 Pharmacist: Good afternoon, can I help you? Customer: Yes, lets hope so. Thank God, you speak English. Pharmacist: Well, just a little. What seems to be wrong? Customer: Ive got an upset stomach-its pretty bad. Ive been up all night with it. and now Ive got a bad headache, as well. Pharmacist: I see. When did it first start? Customer: When I went to bed. Pharmacist: Do you think its something you have eaten? Customer: Oh, for sure. Im not used to all this wining and dininng. Pharmacist: No-it can be pretty strong.
医学英语后缀汇总 一、名词性后缀 1、-age为抽象名词后缀，表示行为，状态和全体总称，percentage百分数，百分率，voltage 电压，伏特数，lavage灌洗，洗，出法，gavage管词法，curettage刮除法，shortage不足，缺少。 2、-cy表示抽象名词，accuracy准确，精确度，infancy婴儿期。 3、-ence、-ance表示性质和动作，difference不同，interference干扰，干预，influence 影响，感化，occurrence发出，出现，violence激烈，暴力，existence存在，significance意义，意味。 4、-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀，difficiency不足，不全，tendency趋势，趋向，frequency 频率，pregnancy妊娠，emergency紧急，急救，fluency流利，流畅，sufficiency足够，充足，constancy坚定，经久不变。 5、-er表示……人、……者，diameter直径，receiver接收者，接受者，carrier携带者，beginner初学者，创始人，reader读者，shutter 快门，goiter甲状腺肿。 6、-ics 表示……科学，psdiatrics儿科学，psychiatrics精神病学，obstetrics产科学，orthopdics矫形科学，auristrics耳科学，gnathostomatics口腔生理学，andriatrics男性医学，男性科。 7、-ian表示人称名词，physician医师，内科医师，technician技术员。 8、-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常译为……化，simpliffcation简化，calcification 钙化，classification分类，分级，communication交流，交往。 9、-ing由动词变化而来的动名词，nursing护理，typing分型，分类，mapping绘制……图，bleeding出血，vomiting呕吐，softening变软，functioning使器官活动，使器官有功能，positioning把……放在适当的位置，mathching和……相配，imaging成像。 10、-ion由动词构成的名词，occasion偶然原因，近因，时机，division分割，分开，vision视力，视觉，distortion扭曲，变形。 11、-ism表示制度，主义及现象等的抽象名词，mehanism机理，机制，autism孤独性。 12、-ist表示人称名词，specialist专家，internist内科医生，padiatrist儿科学家，biololgist 生物学家，economist经济学家，chemist化学家，obstetrist产科学家，产科医师。 13、-ization由动词构成的抽象名词，recanalization再管化，再通化，chatheterization插管，immunization免疫法，预防接种，organization组织，机构，机化，hospitalization住院，normalization正常化，ketonization酮化作用。
医学英语（下）重点单词和句子翻译 unit1 hemoglobin血红蛋白 polycythemia红血球增多症 hypertrophy肥大，过度增大 atrophy萎缩 mutate改变，使突变 anomaly异常，不规则 congenitaldefect先天性缺陷 lesion损害，机能障碍 infectiousagent传染剂 pathogenesis发病原 diagnosis诊断 prognosis预后 autopsy尸体解剖 heredity遗传 hemophilia血友病 syndrome综合征 alcoholism 酗酒 anemia 贫血 pregnancy怀孕 delivery 分娩，交付
leukemia白血病 malnutrition营养不良hyperactivethyroid活跃甲状腺hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进mongolism先天愚型 urinalysis尿分析 physician内科医生 surgeon外科医生 remission缓解 relapse复发 complication并发症pneumonia肺炎 sequela后遗症 paralysis麻痹 polio 小儿麻痹 fallopiantubes输卵管 alleviate减轻 masterpiece 杰作 defective有缺陷的 deficient不足的 concurrent并发的 respectively分别地 utilize利用 perceive察觉
terminal末端，晚期的 severity严重 fracture破裂 prostate前列腺 transmit传输，遗传 trigger引发，触发 protrude 突出，伸出counteract抵消，中和 prescribe开处方，规定exacerbate使加剧 aggravate恶化，加重 resemble类似 subside平息，沉淀 onset开始，着手 confinedto只限于 compensate补偿，赔偿traumatize使。。损伤accompany陪伴，伴随 observe观察 manifest证明，显示 aftermath后果 rheumaticfever风湿热 sterility不育healthprofessional保健专业人士
医学英语文献3翻译（缺Unit1、3、7） U3 TC Beneficial bacteria may protect babies from HIV 有益菌或能保护婴儿防止感染艾滋病毒 毫无疑问，在喂养婴儿时，母乳是最好的选择。但感染HIV（艾滋病病毒）的母亲面临着一个困境：由于有些病毒会流入母乳，婴儿吃奶时便面临被感染的风险。目前两组研究队伍正在调查一场细菌之战以治疗这些脆弱的婴儿。他们将在母乳中加入抑制艾滋病的细菌。黎巴嫩，达特茅斯医学院HIV专家Ruth Connor 说，这些有益菌并不能保证儿童一定不会被感染，但可以大大降低感染概率。 在八月的“母乳喂养医学”中，她和来自西班牙马德里康普腾斯大学的同事，报告说将可以充分抑制HIV-1增长和感染的某些乳酸菌从健康女性的母乳中隔离出来。 试管研究对代表15个不同种类的38个细菌菌株进行了实验，它们都显示出了对HIV的抑制性。效力最小的可以抑制细菌6.7%的传染性；效果最好的可以抑制HIV感染细胞能力的55.5%. 研究者们试验了隔开的细菌和细菌产生的无细胞粘液。“我们想分清抑制HIV 的能力是不是由细菌的某些特定组成部分造成的，例如外部细胞壁，或仅仅是组成细菌的可溶性成分，”Connor 解释说。最终，她说每一项都被证明有抗病毒性，虽然细菌整体抑制性最好。 所有热灭菌都或多或少显示出了对HIV传染的抑制性，有11个可以杀掉41%甚至更多的HIV传染性。相比之下，只有六种菌株产生的可溶性细胞化合物证实具有抑制作用，而且只有一种可以减少至少41%的传染性。
Connor说小组的发现揭示了她和其他病毒学家以前一直困扰的问题：为什么艾滋病病毒测试呈阳性的女性母乳喂养的婴儿没有被传染。 她说，目前还不知道，到底是最有抑制性的一种或几种细菌（例如乳酸菌 /gramininis VM25；酵母VMA和戊糖片球菌VM95）单独提供了本质上防止HIV的保护作用还是共同作为自然的微生物群来起作用。Connor说，但其最终目的是通过传输一些额外的细菌，将益生素补充到母乳中。益生菌就是作为辅助消化或增进健康的食品补充剂的有益菌。 Connor说，有些有益菌是针对已出生的婴儿。它们被作为口服药丸服用或加入到婴儿食品中。该理念是在幼儿体内培养有益菌的生命群，这样就可以准备好击退任何可能被吸收的HIV。这是”保护不受传染的一个额外保护层，“Connor说。 要达到这样的结果，就要在刚出生开始母乳喂养时就开始执行，这样有益菌的效果最好，因而婴儿体内就可以优先具有反HIV菌株。 当然，这种婴儿补充物的发展还有很长的路要走。还要进行试验以确定当服用剂量较大时，有益菌不会引起腹泻或其他不良副作用——开始是大人，然后是健康的婴儿，最后是感染HIV风险很大的婴儿。 ”乳酸菌是人们从母乳中隔离出来的很普通的一种细菌，它可以有很多来源，”包括植物，酒和发酵的蔬菜或乳制品，加利福尼亚大学的David Mills 说。他说这会引起一个问题：从非人类处分离出来的同种类菌株是否引起的反应也一样？如果是的话，这就是一种非特定的作用（但可能还是很有用处）。”我很惊奇发现母乳中有这么多有机体，因为现在还不清楚它们是怎么到母乳里的，”伦敦西安大略大学加拿大益生菌研究与开发中心的Gregor Reid 说。他说，有一种关于来源的理论是，在怀孕后期，树状细胞——一些活跃的白
【医学英语口语】询问病情的常用句子（英文） Are you feeling all right 您是感觉好吗 Are you feeling nausea? 您是感觉恶心吗? Are your bowels acting properly? 您的肠能适当地行动吗 Are your bowels regular? 您的肠的运动是规则吗 Did you have pains here before? 您这里有以前痛吗 Do you cough? 你咳嗽吗？ Do you feel short of breath sometimes? 您有时感觉呼吸急促吗 Do you feel short-winded 你有时感觉短促的喘气吗？ Do you feel tired 您感到疲乏吗 Do you have any appetite Do you have difficulty breathing? 您有胃口吗您有呼吸困难吗 Does it hurt 心脏感到痛吗？
Have you ever had this experience before? 您以前曾经有这经验吗 Have you got any chronic diseases in the past? 您从前得过慢性疾病吗 Have you got any feeling of nausea? 您有恶心的感觉吗 Have you lost weight recently? 您的体重最近减轻了吗？ Have you taken anything for it? 您为它采取了各种方式了吗？ How about your appetite? 您的胃口怎么样 How bad is it? 它有多么坏？ How far pregnant are you 您怀孕多久了？ How long has it been this way 这样多久了？ How long has this been going on 继续这样多久了？ How long have you been ill 您这样不舒服有多久了？ How long have you been like this
医学英语：看医生常用词汇及句子 看医生的英语我们都知道是see a doctor，但是头痛怎么说？发烧怎么说？如何表达具体症状呢？下面跟小编一起来学习看医生常用英语词汇及句子吧！ 常用看医生词汇： have a cold 感冒have a cough 咳嗽headache 头痛 have a stomachache 胃痛 have a toothache 牙痛 have a fever 发烧 allergy 过敏 pneumonia 肺炎 medication 药物 pills 药丸 see a doctor 看病 have an operation 动手术 recover 复原，痊愈 常用看医生句子： I feel sick,I want to see a doctor. 我觉得不舒服，我想去看医生。 Please call an ambulance. 请叫救护车。 What are your symptoms? 量一下体温吧。 The doctor says that I should not eat anything oily. 医生说我不能吃油腻的东西。 The doctor says that I should take quinine. 医生说我应该服用奎宁。 The doctor gave me a chest X-ray and took my blood pressure. 医生给我做了X光胸透并量了血压。
The doctor gave me a shot and said to go to bed for a few days. 医生给我打了针，并吩咐我躺着休息几天。 I took some medicine and went to bed at once. 我服了药就上床休息。 The doctor says that I should not eat anything oily. 医生说我不能吃油腻的东西。
常用缩写 AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤 ABFB, aortobifemoral bypass 主双股动脉旁路术 ABI, ankle-brachial index 踝肱指数 ACA, anterior cerebral artery 大脑前动脉 ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme 血管紧张素转化酶 ACT, activated clotting time 活化凝血时间 ADA, American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病协会 ADP, adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷 AEF, aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠道瘘 AF, atrial fibrillation 房颤 AFB, aortofemoral bypass 主股旁路术 AGE, advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终末产物 AHA, American Heart Association 美国心脏病协会 AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 健康保健研究及质量控制委员会AI, aortoiliac 主髂 AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征 AKA, above-knee amputation 膝上截肢术 AMP, adenosine monophosphate 单磷酸腺苷 APC, activated protein C 活化蛋白C APG, air plethysmography 空气体积描记术 aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time 活化部分凝血酶原时间 ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂 ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 ARF, acute renal failure 急性肾衰 ASA, acetylsalicylic acid 阿司匹林 ATN, acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死 ATP, adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷 AVE, arteriovenous fistula 动静脉瘘 AVG, arteriovenous graft 动静脉移植物