当前位置:文档之家› 星火专八翻译整理版

星火专八翻译整理版

星火专八翻译整理版
星火专八翻译整理版

汉译英技巧

词的翻译

1.词义选择

①语境词:因语境发生微妙变化

院长(育幼院院长)说这孩子发育迟缓时,她更是心头无绪。

……搞得人一下子兴趣全无(度假的兴致),接下来的休闲只能徒有其表,因为心里已经是火烧火燎(心情焦虑,坐立不安)了。

维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节(有节制),互不干涉。

手机刷新(改变)了人与人的关系。

②表意模糊的词:意思比较笼统,寻求确切含义

昨天看电影我没有买到好票(好座位)。

这所全国重点大学为社会输送(培养出)了大批的人才。

③比喻词汇:常出现在口语化的汉语中

老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”(个别辅导)。

他是个墙头草,谁硬就跟谁。

2.词类转换

①动词→名词

他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。

吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。

②动词→介词:英语中有些介词是由动词演变的,具有动词的特征。

他支持这个建议,但我反对。

这样,每个地方都有自己的传说,风俗也就衍传了下来。

③动词→形容词:通常是与动词同源的词(dreamful, doubtful, sympathetic)

所以人们对于大自然,全部一致并深深的依赖着。

他对自己的过去追悔莫及,并保证永远不再开汽车。

④形容词或副词→名词

…只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。

⑤名词→动词

大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。

同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下了良好的印象。

3.词的增补

①语法需要:添加为了简介而省去的成分,多为冠词、代词或名词、连词和介词。

但在现实生活中,人们却在这两种生活方式间频繁穿梭·····

(频繁穿梭是人的忙碌状态,增译in)

在我所呆的三年半中,共有14位学生被招进他的实验室,最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。(汉语按照时间顺序和逻辑关系排列,语序固定关系明确,不需太多连词。英语需要连词来表明)

农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多,因此欲望也小得多。

②意思表达需要

红酒越陈越美味,生活越丰富越美好。

朋友之间过于随便就容易侵入这片禁区。

这个车间既做来料加工,也做来样加工。

这是黄河滩上的一幕。(增译更为生动贴切)

③文化背景解释的需要

三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。

黄鼠狼给鸡拜年。

4.词的减省

于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为点头。(删重复谓语动词)

种植庄稼和葡萄,酿酒和饮酒,喂牛和挤奶,除草和栽花······(重复的名词宾语)

用点画成线,用线画成平面,用平面画成立体。

5.词的替代

替代避免重复

①名词成分替代

a.代词替代重复的名词:人称、物主、指示、不定、关系、连接代词

匆忙与休闲是截然不同的两种生活方式。······有时候也说不清自己到底是“休闲着”还是

“匆忙着”。

狡猾的人轻视学问;愚昧的人羡慕学问;聪明的人利用学问。

b.名词性替代词替代:enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter, the issue ----你最喜欢哪个男孩?----最高的那个男孩。

c.同义词替代

概括词和下属词的替代

另一种方法是化学方法。

②谓语成分替代:do, do so, do it, do that, do the same等

我不愿为占用你的时间而道歉,我占用你的时间是有道理的。

你说他很勤奋,他确实很勤奋。

成绩有两重性,错误也有两重性。

自周秦以来,中国是一个封建社会,其政治是封建的政治,其经济是封建的经济。

③分句替代:so, not

----明天会下雨吗?----我猜不会/会下雨。

你回来出席会议吗?假如不出席会议,请尽早通知我们。

得罪了你就得罪了你。

句的翻译

汉语造句:名词为重心,词组、散句、分句为手段,按时间、逻辑顺序横排式表述,内部逻辑关系含而不露,断句不严,外形松散,时间型的动态结构,形式自由,富于弹性。

英语造句:主---谓为中心统领各成分,句界分明,外形严谨。

汉译英:单句,先确立句子主干和句型。复杂句子或长句,确立中心,根据上下文进行句子组合,可译为并列,主从复合(名定状),并列复合,或使用独立结构。

1.确立主干:先考虑英语的基本组句框架。始终不能脱离主---谓主干的总框架,然后时

态、语态、语气、句式转换(肯定,否定,疑问,强调,倒装),增加定语、状语、插入语。

①确立主语

a.避免主语机械对应

这个地区比较多雨(英语主语角度变化较多)

b.方位词或时间词在主语位置:有些汉语把这类词放句首当主语,要译成there be句型。

山脚下住着一位老妇人。

明天下大雪。

c.汉语主语是复合结构:汉语的动词词组、主谓结构或句子作主语,译成it。还可表示时

间、天气、强调。

信不信我是你自己的事。

最好是等他们回来。

勤能补拙。

②确立谓语:汉语动词、名词、形容词都可以当谓语,可横排式连用多个动词。英语谓语

只是某个动词或系表结构,其他以非谓语的形式出现。

当他活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。

在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。(汉语浪漫主义作谓语,英语可转化为系表结构)

愈吃愈趋于冷静。

2.语序调整

①定语的位置

当人生走向晚年,就如一瓶待开封的好酒······

这孩子是她的秘密,她将秘密留在这树木掩映的建筑里。

朋友之间,情趣相投、脾气对味则和、则交;反之,则离、则绝。

②状语的位置

我在山坡的小屋里,悄悄掀起窗帘,窥见园中大千世界,一片喧闹。

他跑得够快了。

我吃了晚饭后就出去散步了。(汉语先叙述先发生的,然后叙述后发生的。英语中表时间的状从客房主句之前或后)

他本来在天津开会,会议一结束,他就去北京度假了,昨天才坐飞机回来。(多个时间状语,汉语按时间先后,英语较灵活)

他是1970年5月20日在北京朝阳区出生的。(汉:时间状语在地点状语之前,从大到小。英语相反,时间:月日年)

③汉英叙事中心不同:汉先叙事,再表态或评论,以此突出话题,称为主题句。英先表态

评论,再叙事,突出主语。

下次会议要讨论什么,你给我们透透风吧。

万一有什么困难,你就给我们个信。

④强调词语的顺序不同:汉将重内容、强的词放前面;英将词义轻、弱的词放后面,前简

后繁。

一霎时,一阵被人摒弃,为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头,禁不住痛哭起来。

救死扶伤,实行革命的人道主义。

⑤否定的转移

不是所有的金属都具有同样好的导电性能。

我的朋友都不抽烟。

她要等你答应帮她后才肯走。

⑥习惯用法

衣食住行是老百姓关心的最大问题。

他饥寒交迫,吃了不少苦。

2.正反转换

①汉语正说,英语反译

他光着脚进了屋子。

那个房间总是关着的。

②汉语反说,英语反译

a.汉语“无,不,没,未,别,休,莫,非,勿,毋”表全部否定的概念,英语可用no, not,

none, no one, nothing, none, neither, nowhere或否定前缀im, in, ir, non, un后缀less对应。学习外语离不开好的词典。

他的大脑在事故中受伤,无法治愈。

b.汉语“决不,永不,从不”表绝对否定,英语“never, not…at all, by no means, in no way,

under no circumstances”等对译。

在任何情况下我们都不应放弃希望。

这东西我一点儿都不喜欢。

c.汉语“并非总是,不是太”表部分否定概念,英语“not every, not all, not much, not many,

not always”对译。

不是每个人都能把自己的工作做好。

最近我收到的邮件不太多。

d.汉语“几乎不,很少”表半否定,英语“barely,hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom”对译

家里几乎没有什么煤了。

我不常出门。

③汉语反说,英语正译。

英语中含否定意义的词,翻译否定句可直接使用。

动词:avoid, deny, escape, exclude, fail, ignore, keep…from, lack, miss, refuse, refrain from, remove from, neglect, overlook, save.

名词:absence, exclusion, failure, ignorance, lack, neglect,refusal.

连词:unless, till, until, lest, but

介词:above, before, beneath(notice), beyond(belief), except, excluding, without, in place of, instead of, out of, in vain

形容词:absent from, blind to(one’s faults), dead to(shame), far from, free from(anxiety), few, ignorant, little, new, strange, safe from, short of(the mark)

副词:little, otherwise, too…to…

她忍住了没有笑出来。

这个花园根本无人整理。

我不能忍受你的脾气。

他宁死不屈。

生活远非尽是乐事。

这风景美得我无法形容。

④双重否定的翻译。汉译英时可用“否定词+but”

所有规则都有例外。

没有你的帮助我是不会按时完成这项工作的。

人不会不犯错误。

有阳光就有阴影。

4.语态对译。

现代便捷先进工具在此刻显示出了它狰狞、阴郁的面容······

我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。(主语太长,用被动)

a.汉语有很多无形式标志的被动句,注意“把字句,被字句”这样的隐性被动句。

考试后三日出榜。

他的话把我搞糊涂了。

相对论是爱因斯坦提出的。

推荐我的是一位教授。

b.汉语泛称:大家,人们,有人作主语,英译用被动。无人称或泛称:据说,据悉,据信,用被动。

可以说,加拿大出了印第安人以外,无一不是外来移民,不同的只是时间长短而已。

有人听见呼救的声音。

无可否认,他是对的。

③汉语被动意义的词并不总是用英语被动语态表达。

表“开始,结束”的不及物动词

表“位移,运转”意义类的动词

无灵主语的动作正在进行。

会议在热烈的掌声中闭幕了。

货物移动了位置。

锅里正在做着蔬菜。

该方案需要进一步的讨论。

5.长句翻译

①原序对译:顺译。多用于单一主语的长句,但要分清信息重心。汉译英时要把汉语隐性主次关系发掘出来,译成主从复合表达方式。

每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间,朋友之间过于随便,就容易侵入这片禁区,从而引起冲突,造成隔阂。

最为常见的是,一个人走着走着突然停下来,眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信,他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。(眼睛···是形容编辑短信的状态,可用with短语,后面是指一个人停

下来的伴随行为,可用ing来简化句子结构,不必单译成句。)

中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切,在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位,而非绝对统治万物的主宰。(省略主语“中华民族”,可用whose引导的定语从句处理)

一旦隔离,拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里,顿感被打入冷宫,十分郁郁不得志起来。

②分句合译:汉语句子较为简短,较高层次的单位经常被译为较低一级的单位。

它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,看一眼这美丽的黄昏。

一个人的生命究竟有多大意义,这有什么标准可以衡量吗?(“衡量”的宾语是前一个分句,即“生命的意义”)

求学是一件艰苦的事情,许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦,所以不能成功。(“求学······事情”和“许多人······成功”在意义上和逻辑上较为紧凑)

③断句分译:汉语多流水句,一个句子有多个主语;而英语一句话只有一个主语,因此可以把长句拆开翻译。

譬如说,当我们正在旅游胜地享受假期,却忽然接到老板的电话,告诉我们客户或工作方面出了麻烦······

这次到台湾访问交流,虽然行程匆匆,但是,看了不少地方,访了旧友,交了心知,大家走到一起,谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。

④主、次信息句:在汉语中,两个或两个以上的不同主语的句子表面上是并列的,没有主

从或偏正关系,但实际上有内在的逻辑关系和主次之分,汉译英时不宜断句分译,而要把主要信息译为完整的句子,把次要信息以独立结构的形式体现。

在世纪之交的伟大时代,我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强,海峡两岸的人民也将加强交流,共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。(三种处理方式:根据分句的不同主语,断句分译,译为两个独立的句子;也可以根据信息重心的主次,将次要信息“我们的祖国正在走向······”)译为时间状语从句或独立结构。

这位民族英雄并没有死,他的故事照亮了千百万人的心。

6.无主句:汉译英要补充被省略的主语或改变句型结构,以符合英语的表达习惯。

抿一口留在口中回味,它的甘甜中有一丝苦涩,如人生一般复杂迷离。

痛苦纠聚心中,眉心发烫发热,胸口郁闷难展,胃里一股气冲喉而上。

但是,大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真,看他对待工作、生活的态度如何,也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。

开始吃头盘或冷盘的时候,印象很好。(没有用we作主语,而是巧妙地把句子中的逻辑宾语充当了译文的主语)

段落翻译

1.段落的衔接(cohesion):指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面有关联,即段落各个部分的

排列和衔接要复合逻辑。汉语主要用省略(主语和连接词)和重复,依靠隐藏逻辑关系体现连贯;英语常用连接词(连词、关系代词、关系副词)、替代词、指称语(人称代词、物主代词)、特有冠词,体现段落内的语篇性。汉译英用增补、替代的技巧。

中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切,在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位,而非绝对统治万物的主宰。(增译whose)

大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等,所以人们对于自然,全都一致并深深地依赖着。(it)

有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的,好环境便会给人好心情。(which)

2.段落的连贯(coherence):内容情节上的串联或逻辑关系上的贯通。就是有完整的语义

关系。翻译中药吃透原文,将字里行间的意思弄明白,才能从看似孤立、实则关联的句子中找到主题脉络,再通过增词等手段再现原文的思想内容。

朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密,也不能随便过头、不恭不敬。

大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等,所以人们对于自然,全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。

会议室门口通常贴着一条通告:请与会者关闭手机。

3.段落的文体:指译文内容与形式的辩证统一,即尽可能再现原文的思想内容、语言风格、

布局谋篇等,做到形神兼备。论说文要体现说理性和逻辑性;散文体现原文的感情、韵律、语言要流畅地道;说明文语言要清楚明白,如有文化背景知识,要解释清楚。记叙文和说明文一般比较平实,只要能翻译的清楚明白流畅即可。

①散文:散文通常是作者自己的独白,靠真情和文采打动读者,因此翻译要看是否传达了

原作的感情并再现了风采。要注意译文的完整流畅。

我们的扬子江、黄河,可以代表我们的民族精神,扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠、遇见山下都是浩浩荡荡地往前流过去,以成其浊流滚滚,一泻万里的魄势。

②论说文:解释、说明、阐述某种观点、理论、道理等。政治色彩强的为政论文。论说文

主要特点:用词庄重、准确、严谨、规范,通常没有俚语;语言注重逻辑性,避免松散

或不符合语法规范的语句。把握句子的重心,英语重心在前,汉语相反。

中国古代思想家孔子说:“40而不惑,50而知天命。”一个人有了几十年的生活经历,就可以更好地理解世事之变迁,更坚定地去实现自己的志向和理想。今天,在庆祝联合国50诞辰之际,人们自然更加殷切地希望联合国遵循宪章的宗旨和原则,倾听各国人民的呼声,跟上时代的步伐,以新的面貌来迎接新的世纪。(汉语中的“天”和“上帝”不对应,不能译为the will of God。“世事”指重大事件)

考生常见问题分析

原因:理解不到位、表达不贴切、缺乏社会文化背景知识

表现:死译和胡译

词义虚假对等

没有弄清要表达的真实信息,就会出现机械对等等错误。

······因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。(moving×)

美国内部对中国政策究竟怎么样,我们还要观察。(“美国内部”并非“美国国内”,而是美国领导层,因为决策者是政府高层而不是美国百姓。Within the U.S.×)

词类混用

在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。

一霎时,一阵被人摒弃,为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头,禁不住痛哭起来。

冠词滥用

常犯错误:泛指时漏用不定冠词,首次提到某事物时滥用定冠词,特指某类事物时不用定冠词。

一个春天的傍晚,园中百花怒放,父母在园中设宴······(“一天晚上”“一天早晨”等表特定时间要用one,不能用泛指的a)

最初的印象最深刻。毕竟,你不可能再有机会给别人留下第一次印象的。

大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等······在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜······(nature 作自然讲,不加冠词。)

数的概念混乱

根据汉语的上下文在英语的形式中补充上复数概念

世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆,它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代博物馆属于工业技术博物馆······

本室助研必须每周工作7天,早10点到晚12时,工作时间必须全力以赴。

用词冗余

简介是语言的灵魂(Brevity is the soul of language)可通过缩合或省略等手段,用词或词组表达从句等单位所表达的内容。

跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪,这是我们必须回答的问题。

吸收外来移民,是加拿大长期奉行的国策。

句子结构机械对应

经常出现套用汉语句式的问题,译出的句子或为无主句,或动宾搭配不当。

尤其在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄,酿酒和饮酒,喂牛和挤奶,除草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌······

主次信息不分

在得病以前,我受父母宠爱,在家中横行霸道。(一因一果,作为结果的是重心。)

语篇衔接不当

园中百花怒放,父母在园中设宴。(it/where)

英汉翻译技巧

1.词的翻译

①词义选择:在不同的语境下词义不同

a.根据词性选择词义

…the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace.

When flying over Nepal, it’s easy to soar in your imagination and pretend you’re tiny.

I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May, that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning.

Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”.

They are the touch stones for the possibilities to which human thought and aspiration may aspire…

Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. (half作名词指“一半”时通常和of连用,因此在此作副词)

b.根据词的使用场合和上下文联系选择词义。

Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos…

Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our prejudices.

But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then sighs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.

In his classic novel, The Pioneers, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building.

c. 根据词的搭配和习惯选择词义

On the right window, the view is of three or four high terraced ridges giving sudden way to the plains of India beyond.

I take up my task in buoyancy and hope.

Winners do not play “helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game.

②词义引申:英译汉会遇到一些词或词组,在字典里找不到对应词义。要根据上下文和该

词本意译出。

a.具体引申:英语中常将代表抽象意义的词语表示具体事物,翻译时要进行具体化引申。

I was standing at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation…

…we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst…

At the same time, today, the actions and the inactions, of human beings imperil not only life on planet, but the very life of the planet.

b.抽象引申

现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性、一种概念或一个事物,翻译时应做抽象化处理。

There were few roads visible below, most transportation in Nepal being by foot along ancient trials that connect and bind the country together.

Because once you know how you are and how other people see you, you can then get into the driver’s seat.

We see that surface is covered with tiny “hills and valleys”.

2.词类转换:有动词意味的名词,形容词,副词,介词译成汉语的动词

①名词→动词

And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.

Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.

In some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.

The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty.

②介词→动词

Victory at all costs----victory in spite of all terrors----for without victory there is no survival.

It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules.

③形容词→动词:英语静态表达的一个特点:系动词be, become, get, go, feel动动作意味较

弱的动词使用频繁。使得与这些弱化动词连用的形容词或形容词短语表达活跃,常译为动词。

The Security Council, which is responsible for peace and security…

They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable.

Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.

④其他词类转换

She could have begged at the church door or entered a home for the penniless and the aged. (形容词—名词)

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.(名词—副词)

3.词的增加

①增词使词义完整

Reaching decisions is difficult, especially since all agreements by custom must be reached by consensus.

…not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses…

…one can see clearly the brilliant white mirage of the high Himalayas thirty miles off the left window.

I was standing at the door of my own cottage.

…that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here.

In his classic novel, the pioneers, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer. With his cousin on a tour of the city he is building.

②增词补充原文省略的部分

Once impotent due to Cold War rivalries, it has regained much of the authority accorded by the UN carter.

Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.

However, too many of the world’s leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler’s threst.

③增词可以传达语法含义:英语的动词和名词有丰富的曲折变化,一些特有的句型和结构

在英译汉时需要增补适当的词语。

A U-2 pilot also carried a shaving kit, civilian clothes, pictures of his wife, some gold coins, watches and rings…

For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.

He should have been a young officer.

4.词的删减

①结构性减词:英语中的必要成分在汉语中表意功能很弱。

Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace.

If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.

It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps by looking again at each one as though it were a person.

Although pure science usually has no apparent connection with technology, it does lend itself to the development of applied science.

②修饰性减词:根据汉语的修辞规范,删除逻辑上冗余的表达或直译过来会成为冗言赘语

的表达。

There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, and the grass was dead.

句的翻译

There is also a network of dirt airstrips, which was fortunate for me, as I had no time for the two-and-a-half week trek to my deatination.

1.语序调整

①主语重心变为主题重心

英语:主语显著型,句子结构以主谓关系展开;汉语:主题显著型,主题在前,评述在后,句子语序随着重心的转移而调整。

The last time universities experienced such far-reaching change in information processing was during the last quarter of the twentieth.

It is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised.

We demand difficulty even in our games.

②前置重心变为后置重心:西方“由一到多”的思维方式,重心置于句首,由主到次。汉民族“由多到一”,常将背景、解释、阐述、条件、原因等次要成分前置,重心后置。

And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.

It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person.

There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties.

Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.

③衔接手段连接变为时间顺序铺陈。

I came back yesterday from Hong Kong where I had spent two weeks vocation after the completion of the construction job I had been in charge of in the south.

④无灵主语变成人称主语:西方重物称,汉语往往以人为主语。

Our world is bursting with knowledge----but desperately in need of wisdom.

That beautiful car in the center of the hall really caught our eyes.

His words failed him for the moment.

⑤状语位序的调整:英语较灵活,汉语放前。

PC industry has developed rapidly all over the world during the past twenty years.

Their first visit will be arranged at two o’clock on the afternoon of the coming Sunday.

⑥定语位置的调整

A smart machine such as this one would be capable of helping people in a variety of professions.

2.语态转译:英语被动频繁,可转化为汉语的把字句、是字句这样的隐性被动。

①被动变主动

He is respected by everybody.

Drama will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative.

②被动句变泛称句

施动者不言自明或难以严明,添加“有人”“大家”“别人”这样的泛称主语。

Let that be realized.

I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper.

③被动句变无主句

A memorial service was held for the princess at Washington.

Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.

3.正反转译

①英语正说,汉语反译:英语有些词形式是肯定的,意义是否定的,往往译成否定句。

If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.

Before I could get in a word, he had finished the speech.

The beauty of the city is more than words that can describe.

②英语反说,汉语正译。

否定形式中的肯定语气表达出来以增强语气,明确语义,达到修辞效果。

I didn’t give up hope completely.

The young man could not take his eyes off the vision.

Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defence, health and education.

4.长句翻译

①分译法:英语中较低层次的单位常用汉语较高层次的单位表达,英语长句中的分句甚至

短语往往拆分成若干汉语短语。

When flying over Nepal, it’s easy to soar in your imagination and pretend you’re tiny----a butterfly----and drifting above one of those three-dimensional topographical maps architects use, the circling contour lines replaced by the terraced rice paddles that surround each high ridge.

…and no living creature was to be seen except that in the green churchyard there was cattle tranquilly reposing upon the graves…

For 40 years, Chinese acrobatic troupes have toured to warm applause in more than 100 countries and regions throughout the world.

②合译法:意义联系密切的两个或两个以上的句子整合,意义相对次要的句子缩合成单词

或短语。

American women have come a long way on the road toward a role for women which is as dignified and responsible as the one assigned to men. (定语从句到定语短语)

The weight of an object changes accordingly as its altitudes are increased or decreased. (状语从句到状语短语)

语篇翻译

1.语篇衔接

At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same style in dress, the same books on the shelves.

The question is: why should we?

2.语篇连贯

不同成分之间的语义关联

He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeed in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic text books.

3.语篇文体

英译汉议论文居多。英语常用长句,句子结构复杂,句式富于变化,用词倾向于大词、长词、抽象词、外来词。

If people mean anything at all by the expression "untimely death", they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others.

It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules.

…and there was inter space far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns.

We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.

考生常见问题分析

语义不连贯

No context, no text.

Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. (ask不能译为问)

It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains at the end of the field, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.

语篇开头有句话“when I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days”因此surf不是水花而是浪花,fountain也不是喷壶,而是形容浪花喷涌的样子像是喷泉。

翻译腔过重

Then for a while when the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where myself is hiding.

原句是进行时,但没必要译出。

They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable.

Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.

错误套用中国习语

Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”.

“the pleasure of taking pains”直译为“吃苦的乐趣”重在乐趣。而苦中作乐重点还是苦,是“在苦中寻找乐趣”。

不符合汉语思维逻辑

But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measures of that life was still to be taken. (中国的时间坐标中,未来的时间再后面)

缺乏背景知识

英汉互译简明理论与应试技巧

顺译、逆译还是打乱译

1.顺译法

a.多个动词连用,按时间顺序叙述,英语往往按动作的前后顺序安排,此时可用顺译法。譬如说,当我们正在旅游胜地享受假期,却忽然接到老板的电话,告诉我们客户或工作方面出了麻烦。

b.英语为强调,将表示时间的状语从句提到句首,用逗号和主句隔开,也可顺译。

Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs.

c.

(完整word版)英语长难句翻译技巧及方法

英语长难句翻译技巧及方法 英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是:英语书面语长句较多;汉语一般短句较多。英语句子结构较紧,多用主人结构,英语可有各种后置修饰语(介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语以及从句),这些成分都是造成英语长句的原因;汉语句子结构较松,多用并列结构。有翻译经验的人们对这些特点作过形象的比喻,把英语句子结构比作“葡萄”,把汉语句子结构比作“竹节”。翻译长句时,可将英语的葡萄结构拆成汉语的竹节结构,即把成串的拆成成条的。 英汉两种语言的语序差异是:英语时间顺序灵活(表示时间的从句可以在主句之前或之后);汉语一般是从先到后。英语逻辑顺序也比较灵活(表示原因、条件的从句可以在主句之前或之后);汉语一般是前因后果,先进条年,后谈结果。英语中的句词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)与汉语句子主谓宾的语序基本一致,因此,一般都可按汉语的表达方式处理。 顺序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从句与汉语句子的语序基本相似,一般可按原文顺序译:如: 本句时间状语从句在前,用顺序法译。 (1)As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. 由于天气晴朗,当时又无急事,我便慢悠悠看看橱窗,逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步,四处张望。 逆序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序与汉语句子的语序相反,一般可逆原文顺序译。如: (2)“Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other person has rejected or believed it ……”他在给侄子的信中写道:“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西,你也就去相信它或拒绝它。……” 分译法 由于的英语可有各种后置修饰语,所以有些英语句子很长。为了符合汉语表达习惯,我们常可将长句中的一连患后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译,即把短语或从句拆译为短句,有时还需将后置修饰语另作适当安排并适当增加词语。如: (1)A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to pro duce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿,在十一月份怀胎,五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿,这时,他必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量,这不仅是为了满足自身的需要,而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。

最新01-14年专八汉译英(附答案)

01到14年专八汉译英真题及答案: 2014年本题是一篇典型的文学翻译,原文选自老舍名篇《我的母亲》。老舍的作品生活气息浓郁,语言朴实直白。因此,在翻译本篇时不仅要注意忠实于文字意义,更要忠实地再现原文的语言风格,所以要避免用过于高级的词汇表达和句子结构,用平实的语句表达出原文的精神面貌。 当我在小学毕了业的时候,亲友一致的愿意我去学手艺,好帮助母亲。我晓得我应当去找饭吃,以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。可是,我也愿意升学。我偷偷的考入了师范学校——制服,饭食,书籍,宿处,都由学校供给。只有这样,我才敢对母亲说升学的话。入学,要交十圆的保证金。这是一笔巨款!母亲作了半个月的难,把这巨款筹到,而后含泪把我送出门去。她不辞劳苦,只要儿子有出息。当我由师范毕业,而被派为小学校校长,母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。我只说了句:“以后,您可以歇一歇了!”她的回答只有一串串的眼泪。 参考译文:After I graduated from primary school,relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress,I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms,books,room and board. To enter the school,I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However,after two weeks' tough effort,mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation,mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her,"you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing,only with tears streaming down her face. 2013年 生活像一杯红酒,热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。将它握在手中观察,它的暗红有血的感觉,那正是生命的痕迹。抿一口留在口中回味,它的甘甜有一丝苦涩,如人生一般复杂迷离。喝一口下肚,余香润人心肺,让人终受益。红酒越陈越美味,生活越丰富越美好。当人生走向晚年,就如一瓶待开封的好酒,其色彩是沉静的,味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 Life is like a cup of wine; people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. Hold in the hand and gaze at it, the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood, which is the impress of life. Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste, the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life, which is complicated and blurred. Once the sip is swallowed, the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind, leaving a person lifelong benefit. There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine: the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows, just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. When life comes to twilight years, it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity, just like a bottle of wine to be savored.

全新版大学英语-2-英语短语翻译整理

Unit 1 Ⅰ. Useful Expressions 1. 被系在…上be attached to… 2. 探索行为exploratory behavior 3. 偶尔on occasion 4. 父母的责任parental duties 5. 揭示,阐明throw light on 6. 最终目的an ultimate purpose 7. 要做的动作desired action 8. 所希望的结果desirable outcome 9. 关键critical point 10. 育儿观 value of child rearing 11. 弥补某种错误行为making up for a misdeed 12. 回想起来in retrospect 13. 善意的well-intentioned 14. 前来帮助某人come to sb.’s rescue 15. 极其熟练、温和地with extreme facility and gentleness 16. 适用于apply to 17. 发展到evolve to 18. 发展创造力promote creativity 19. 值得追求的目标worthwhile goals Ⅵ. Sentence Translation 1. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing. (=然而,我和艾伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂,而是来自我们在期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。) 2. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot. (=他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。) 3. I soon realized that this incident was directly relevant to our assigned tasks in China: to investigate the ways of early childhood education (especially in the arts), and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity. (=我很快意识到,这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关:考察儿童早期教育(尤其是艺术教育)的方式,揭示了中国人对创造性活动的态度。) 4. 我的中国同行,除了少数几个人外,对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。(= With a few exceptions my Chinese colleagues displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel.)

英语长难句翻译技巧总汇

1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. (难度系数5,下同) 译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型:倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是:That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句,如果按照以上语序,则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中,有两处省略:第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中,an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句,但是,因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语,所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前,省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. (This is )A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望,此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望,后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现,只能出现在高级英语中,因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分,一个是to throw over reality a light,其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后,正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远,读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意:从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的,而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装,由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前,引发了定语从句中的倒装:正常语序应该是that might never be given away,倒装后系动词was被提前,given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B,是A让位于B,而A be given way to B,则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire, what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装,正常语序应该是to record the structure and texture of a flower

英语翻译——笔记整理及单词概述

考研翻译重点词汇 Abstract n.摘要,概要,抽象 adj.抽象的,深奥的,理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.(使)加快,(使)增速, n.接受速成教育的学生 Account (1)看法,认识 (2)解释,说明 Account for 占…(多大)比重; 解释, 说明 Achievement n.成就;成绩;功绩,达到;完成 Acquire vt.得到,养成,vt 获得;招致,学得(知识等),求得,养成(习惯等),捕获, Action n.作用,动[操]作,行动,机械装置[作用],(小说等中的)情节 Activity n.活动,活动的事物,活动性,机能,功能 Actually adv.现实的,实际的;目前的;明确的,有效的 Additional adj.增加的,额外的,另外的 Advance vt.&vi.(使)前进,(使)发展;促进, vt.提出 Advantage n.利益,便利,有利方面,有利条件;优点;优势, (网球等)打成平手(deuce )而延长比赛后一方先得的一分(攻方所得称 advantage in ,守方所得则称 advantage out ) Agree vi.一致;相合同意,赞成约定,允诺,答应,相宜,调和,符合,和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎,差不多,差一点;将近 Amount n.量,数量,数额,总额,总数 vi.合计,共计 An immense amount of … 大量 An amount of … 一些 A certain amount of … 某些 Analogous 与…类似, 与…相似 And 而, 然而 Apply … to … ≈ lie with 存在于,发生于 Approach vt.&vi.接近,走近,靠近; vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理; n.靠近,接近,临近 Appropriate adj.适当的,恰当的; vt.挪用;占用;盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵,辩论; vt.坚决主张,提出理由证明,说服,劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现;出现;发生; vi.起身,起来,起立 As 译为 (1) 像, 如 ; (2) 作为 As … as (比较的两者要一致) = not so … as 译成:“… 和 … 一样 ” As is mentioned above 如上所述, (如上所示,如图所示---作文可以写) Aspect n.方面,方位,朝向 Assert vt.声称,断言,维护,坚持 Assume vt.假设,认定, 臆断,猜想,假装,担,担任,就职 Attempt n.尝试,企图vt.尝试,企图 Augment vt.增加,提高,扩大; n.增加,提高,扩大 Availability n.可用性,有效性,实用性 Base n.基础,底座,基地,根据地 vt.把…建立在,以…为基础 Behavioral adj.动作的,行为方面的 Big bang 大爆炸理论 Branch n.树枝,枝条,支,分科,分系; vi.出枝,树叉 Breakthrough : 突破 Break prison (监狱)越狱 Break out v. 爆发 Out break: n. 爆发

(word完整版)考研英语长难句翻译技巧总结,推荐文档

考研英语长难句翻译技巧总结 词类转译: 在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能逐词对译,只能将词类进行转译之后,方可使译文显得通顺、自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。 1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。 The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way. 植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方式加以说明。(名词转译) As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。 2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。 The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. 我们居住的地球,形状像一个大球。(动词转译) The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded. 医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。(形容词转换) 3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。 It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。(作表语的名词转译) The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man. 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。(副词转译) 4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。(名词转译) 词义选择和引申: 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手: 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词) He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词)

近十年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案-

2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中,河湾里落满云霞,与天际得颜色混合一起,分不清哪就是流云哪就是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂得图画旁边,在河湾之畔,一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,瞧一眼这美丽得黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间,在即将回家得最后一刻再次咀嚼。这就是黄河滩上得一幕。牧羊人不见了,她不知在何处歇息.只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美,让它们长得肥滚滚得,像些胖娃娃.如果走近了,会发现它们那可爱得神情,洁白得牙齿,那丰富而单纯得表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞,还会生出无限得怜悯。 Beside this picturewithprofusionsof colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads,eating by the river bank、Hardly none ofthemwouldspare some timeto raise their eyes tohave a glanceat the beautifuldusk、Theyare, perhaps,takinguse ofevery minuteto enjoy their lastchew before being driven home、This is a picture ofthe Yellow River bank,inwhich the shepherd disappears,andno oneknows where he is resting himself、Only the sheep,however,as free creatures,are joyfullyappreciating thedusk、The exuberant wate rplants have nutritedthesheep, making them

英语四级翻译整理

【翻译原文】 自上世纪90年代后期起,七夕节(the Double SeventhFestival )开始被称为“中国的情人节”。这个节日可以追溯到汉朝,当时对恋人、女孩都是个特殊的日子。这天,女孩会举行仪式,向织女(Zhinv)乞求智慧、技艺和美满婚姻,所以七夕节还被称为“乞巧节(the Begging for SkillsFestival)”。如今,一些传统习俗已经弱化。人们现在把七夕节当作浪漫的情人节来庆祝,尤其是在年轻人中间。 【参考译文】 The Double Seventh Festival has been called ChineseValentine's Day since the late 1990s. The festival canbe traced back to the Han Dynasty. It was then aspecial day not only for lovers, but also for girls.Girls would hold a ceremony to beg Zhinv forwisdom, skills and a satisfying marriage. So it is also called “the Begging for Skills Festival”.Today some traditional customs have been weakened. Now the festival is celebrated as aromantic valentine's day, particularly among young people. 【翻译原文】 腊八节(the Laba Festival)在农历最后一个月的第八天庆祝,标志着春节庆祝活动的开始。“腊”指“腊月(the 12thlunar month)”,是农历第十二个月,“八”指的是数字8。腊八节通常在1月中旬。大多数汉族人遵循腊八节喝腊八粥(Laba rice porridge)的习俗。腊八粥最早在宋朝传入中国。据史料记载,一些大型寺庙会为穷人提供腊八粥来表达对佛祖(Buddha)的虔诚。明朝时,腊八粥成为皇帝在此节日赏赐群臣的神圣食物。 【参考译文】 Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of thelast lunar month, marking the beginning ofcelebrating the Chinese Spring Festival. La means the12th lunar month and ba means the number eight.The date usually falls in mid-January. The majorityof people from Han nationality has followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on theLaba Festival. Laba rice porridge was first introduced to China in the Song Dynasty. Accordingto historical records, some large temples would offer the poor Laba rice porridge to show theirfaith to Buddha. In the Ming Dynasty, it became a holy food that emperors would use to awardtheir officials on the festival. 【翻译原文】 早在公元前200年中国人就开始食用面条,它在中国饮食中占据重要的地位,种类繁多,如鸡蛋面、米粉(rice noodles),绿豆(mung bean )面和小麦面。在中国北方地区,小麦面条作为主食(staple food)比人米吃得多。米粉则在南方地区更普遍。中国面条有不同的宽度和厚度,似通常都较长,因为中国人认为这象征着长寿,因此面条经常出现在生日庆祝活动中,被称为长寿面(longevity noodles)。 【参考译文】 Noodles were eaten by Chinese as early as 200 BCand occupy an important position in Chinese food.It has many kinds, such as egg noodles, ricenoodles, mung bean noodles and wheat noodles. Inthe northern regions of China, wheat noodles arethe staple food and eaten more than rice. Rice noodles are more commonly consumed insouthern China. Chinese noodles are of varying width and thickness, but they are usually longbecause they

英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法

英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法 集团档案编码:[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]

英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法;英语长句也就是复杂句,里面可能会有多个从句,从句;那么,有些同学可能会问,究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢;1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语;3、分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句、;4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等;依照上面四个结构分析步骤, 英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法英语长句也就是复杂句,里面可能会有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可可能为并列,包含与被包含、镶嵌等形式。因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句,首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及清楚从句之间的关系。英语经常出现的复合句包括:名词性从句,它又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即定语从句;另外还有一种叫做状语从句。 那么,有些同学可能会问,究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢?有以下几点最为基础的步骤需要考生们记住: 1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构; 2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词; 3、分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词,短语和从句之间的关系; 4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。

依照上面四个结构分析步骤,我们对下面的句子进行了分解与解析,希望同学们能够在看完例子后,有进一步的理解。 例句:,whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreakandsaid,whenI例句分析: 第一,拆分句子。 这个长句可以拆分为四段:①“InAfricaImetaboy”②“whowascryinga sifhisheartwouldb reak”、③“whenIspoketohim,thathewashungrybecau se”、④“hehadhadnofoodfortwodays”. 第二,句子的结构分析。 (1)主干结构是主语+过去式+宾语——“Imetaboy”; (2)“crying”后面是壮语从句“asifhisheartwouldbreak”; (3)“whenIspoketohim”是介于“said”和“thathewashungrybecaus e”之间的插入语。第三,难点部分的处理。 “cryingasifhisheartwouldbreak”应译为哭得伤心极了。 参考译文: 在非洲,我遇到一个小孩,他哭得伤心极了,我问他时,他说他饿了,两天没有吃饭了。以上是对于一般长难句的结构较为基础的解析方法。长难句的解析方法具体来讲可以分为分译法、顺序法、综合法、逆序法等。

英语专业八级翻译练习题带答案2017

英语专业八级翻译练习题带答案2017 英语专业八级翻译练习题带答案2017 机会只对进取有为的人开放,庸人永远无法光顾。以下是小编为大家搜索整理的英语专业八级翻译练习题带答案2017,希望对正在关注的您有所帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网! part 1 The next day, when their mended carriage had come up to fetch them, and they were just starting to drive away from the inn, the Conte' s old servant appeared with the rose-cutting neatly wrapped up, and the compliments and wishes for a buon viaggio from her master. The town collected to see them depart, and the children ran after their carriage through the gate of the little city. They heard a rush of feet behind them for a few moments, but soon they were far down towards the valley; the little town with all its noise and life was high above them on its mountain peak. She had planted the rose at home, where it had grown and flourished in a wonderful manner; and every June the great mass of leaves and shoots still broke out into a passionate splendour of scent and crimson colour, as if in its root and fibres there still burnt the anger and thwarted desire of that Italian lover. Of course the old Conte must have died many years ago; she had forgotten his name, and had even forgotten the name of the mountain city that she had stayed in, after first seeing it twinkling at dawn in the sky, like a nest of stars. 参考译文: 次日,他们的马车修好了,上山来接他们。在就要离开旅馆之际,伯爵的老仆赶来了,送来一根包扎整齐的玫瑰枝条,并转达了伯爵旅途愉快的祝福。小城中的居民都赶来目送他们离去,孩童们也追随在车子后面,一直跟到小城门外。开始他们还能听到身后散乱的脚步声,但不久车子便驶入山谷,而这座喧闹的小城依然高高耸立于他们头顶的山颠. 她把玫瑰种在家中.玫瑰的长势非常好,枝繁叶茂;每年六月,在片片绿叶与新芽之中,绽放出绚丽的红花,散发出浓郁的香味,仿佛它的根须之间依旧燃烧着那位意大利情人的愤怒与没能实现的渴望。当然老伯爵肯定早已去世多年;而她也记不起他的名字了,甚至连她所住过的那座小城的名字也忘记了,虽然她曾经在拂晓之时看它犹如满天的繁星在空中闪烁。

英语句子翻译整理范文

句子 1. ①It's an important matter. ②The article is full of matter. ③It is a matter of no laughing. ④After turning back from the post office, he had brought a lot of printed matter. 翻译: ①这事很要紧。 ②这篇文章内容丰富。 ③这个问题可不是开玩笑 ④从邮局回来后,他带回来一大堆印刷品。 2.①Modern communication facilities were equipped in each fishing boat, so the fishermen could get in touch with each other at any place. ②Regulations regarding the handing of hazardous wastes have become more stringent and complex. Facilities can no longer ignore their wastes. ③All the facilities in this lab should not be taken out without permission. ④The site ideally should have sufficient lands to provide a buffer zone between the facility and the public surrounding it.

汉译英的几种翻译技巧

汉译英的几种常用技巧(一)常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译(省译)3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序(词序/句序)调整(倒置) 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思完整。 总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到

2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。

英语长难句翻译技巧总汇知识讲解

英语长难句翻译技巧 总汇

1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. (难度系数5,下同) 译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型:倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是:That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句,如果按照以上语序,则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中,有两处省略:第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中,an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句,但是,因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语,所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前,省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. (This is )A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望,此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望,后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现,只能出现在高级英语中,因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分,一个是to throw over reality a light,其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后,正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远,读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意:从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light 的,而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装,由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前,引发了定语从句中的倒装:正常语序应该是that might never be given away,倒装后系动词was被提前,given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B,是A让位于B,

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档