专八翻译
第一章考题基本规律
所有考题均围绕人文话题，从未出现科学技术方面的考题。
·英译汉要求高于汉译英要求，前者只要“达意”，后者则还要“传神”。·首选顺译，不会出大错。
·英译汉，直译为主；汉译英，意译为主；时间紧迫，可以“译述”。·用两种文化去思维，比如在英翻中时不能随意套用汉语成语。
·其他注意事项：
1，不要遗漏或曲解原文信息。
2，词汇、句式恰当而多变。
3，与原文风格一致。
4，翻译头几句要格外用心，提高印象分。
第二章汉译英翻译技巧
一，词的翻译
1，词义选择
（1）语境词
手机刷新了人与人的关系。
Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.
（2）表意模糊的词
这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。
The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.
（3）比喻词汇
老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”。
The teacher promised to give these students special tuition.
2，词义转换：英语的静态性和抽象性决定其出现名词化和介词化的倾向。
（1）动词转名词
吃头两个菜时，也是赞不绝口。
You will be full of praise while eating the first main courses.
（2）动词转介词
这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。
Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.
（3）动词转形容词
所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并且深深地依赖着。
Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature.
（4）形容词副词转名词
只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
…leaving there living thins to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.
（5）名词转动词
大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。
People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.
3，词的增补
（1）语法需要：增补的词多为冠词、名词、代词、连词、介词。
面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全抛到一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。
When facing a pool of green water, you forgot all your worries and annoyance and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically.
在我所呆的三年半中，共有14位学生被招进了他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。
During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor’s degrees at last.
（2）意思表达需要
世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新概念的博物馆。
The third generation museums in the world are run on entirely new concepts.
（3）文化背景解释的需要
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年。
The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen——not with the best of wishes.
4，词的减省
于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。
Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.
用点画成线，用线画成平面，用平面画成立体。
With points you can make a line; with lines, planes; with planes, solids. 5，词的替代
（1）名词成分替代：用代词替代重复出现的名词
（this/that/all/both/none/some/any/who/which/whose）；用名词性代词替代重复出现的名词（enough/half/the former/the latter/the one）；同义词替代。
另一种方法是化学方法。
Another method is the chemical approach.
（2）谓语成分替代
你说他很勤奋，他确实很勤奋。
You say he is diligent, so he is.
成绩有双重性，错误也有双重性。
Achievement has a dual character, so do mistakes.
（3）分句替代
你会来出席会议吗？假如不出席会议，请及早通知我们。
Will you attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.二，句子翻译
1，确立主干
（1）确立主语
·避免主语机械对应
这个地区雨比较多。
It rains a lot in this area.
·方位词或时间词在主语位置
山下住着一位老妇人。
There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.
·用it做主语翻译主语是复合结构的汉语
信不信是你的事。
It is your concern whether you believe me or not.
最好是等他们回来。
It is advisable to wait till they come back.
勤能补拙
It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
（2）确立谓语：英语的动词通常只能由某个动词或者系表结构担任。在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。
We shouldn’t be too romantic about personal relationship.
当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。
As long as he is living, he always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life.
2，语序调整
（1）定语的位置：英语中，单词充当定语时多为前置，短语和从句充当定语时多为后置。
钓鱼是一项能陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。
Fishing is an outdoor sport that can cultivate your mind and it is good for your mental and physical health.
（2）状语的位置
他是1970年5月20日在北京朝阳区出生的。
He was born in Chaoyang District of Beijing on May 20, 1970.
（3）汉英语言叙事重心不同：汉语先叙事，后表态或评论，以突出话题，这叫主题句。汉译英有时会译为掉尾句，即先表态或评论，后叙事，以突出主语。
万一有什么困难，给我们一个信。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.
（4）汉英语言强弱词语的顺序不同：英语遵循前轻后重，前简后繁的原则。
救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。
Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice the revolutionary humanitarianism.
一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。
In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my heart out.
（5）否定的转移
不是所有的金属都具有同样好的导电性能。
All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.
我的朋友都不吸烟。
None of my friends smoke.
（6）习惯用法
衣食住行是老百姓关心的大问题。
Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people.
他饥寒交迫，吃了不少苦。
He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.
3，正反互换
（1）汉语正说，英语反译
那个房间总是关着的。
The windows of that room were never open.
（2）汉语反说，英语反译
·汉语用“无、不、没、非”等词表示全部否定，在英语中可用no, not, none, nothing, nor, neither等词以及否定前缀、后缀等来对应翻译。
学习外语离不开好的词典。
A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language.
·汉语用“决不、永不、从不”等词表示绝对否定，在英语中可用never, not at all, by no means等进行对译。
在任何情况下我们都不应该放弃希望。
Under no circumstances should we give up our hope.
·汉语用“并非总是”“不是太”等表示部分否定，在英语中可用not every, not much, not always等进行对译。
·汉语中用“几乎不、很少”等表示半否定，在英语中可用barely, hardly, seldom等进行对译。
（3）汉语反说，英语正译：英语中有一类词形式上是肯定的，但意义上是否定的，在翻译汉语否定句时，可以直接使用。
生活远非净是乐事。
Life is far from being a bed of roses.
风景没得无以言表。
The scenery is too beautiful to describe.
（4）双重否定的翻译：汉译英的双重否定用“否定词+not”来处理。
所有规则都有例外。
没有你的帮助，我是不能按时完成这一工作的。
But for your help, I should not have finished the work in time.
人不会不犯错误。
It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.
4，语态对译
（1）汉语中的许多隐性被动结构在英译文中药转为显性。
推荐我的是一位教授。
I was recommended by a professor.
（2）汉语泛称如“有人”、“大家”等做主语时，英译时多使用被动结构；含有“据说”等不定人称的词语时，通常比较固定的用被动结构进行英译中。
（3）汉语表示被动的句子在译为英语时，也可能转为主动句：一是表示“开始”、“结束”意义的不及物动词；二是表示“移位”、“运转”意义的动词；三是无灵主语的动作正在进行时。
蔬菜正在锅里做着。
The vegetables are cooking.
5，长句翻译
（1）原序对译：针对单一主语长句，关键是分清逻辑中心和层次。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片喧闹。Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain of my small room, only to spy a bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the gardon.
最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼镜盯着手机屏幕发短信，他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。
We are very familiar with the scene when a person suddenly stopped his/her steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at the phone, not caring about his/her stopping in the road center or beside the restroom.
中华民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都
反映出人在自然界与万物占着一个比例恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。
Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times, whose behavior in both philosophy and arts take a rather appropriate proportion with all others in the natural world, but not as an absolute dominant ruler.
（2）分句合译
它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。
Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight.
一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？
Could there be any standards to evaluate the meaning of one’s life?（3）断句分译
一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，霎时宾客云集，笑语四溢。
One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of guests gathered together and their laughter was heard all over there.
（4）主、次信息句
在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业早日完成。
At the turn of century, as our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of our
motherland.
5，无主句
但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看待他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。
However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what is his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of one’s life.
三，段落翻译
1，段落的衔接：运用连接词、替代词、指称语、特定冠词，体现语篇性。
有水有鱼的地方大都是好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。
A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood.
2，段落的连贯
大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对于自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature. Therefore human beings, with no exception, have been deeply dependant on it. This is particularly true in the country side where people have been living in the
same styles for thousands of years.
3，段落的文体
我们的扬子江、黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神，扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠、遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻千里的魄势。
The Yangtze River and the Yellow River are both the symbolic of our national spirit. The two mighty rivers negotiate desserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible force.
台湾海峡局势复杂、严峻，李登辉悍然抛出所谓“两国论”的分裂主张，台湾当局新领导人对一个中国原则采取回避和模糊的态度，台湾分裂势力图谋以各种形式把台湾从中国分割出去，严重破坏了海峡两岸和平统一的前提和基础。这是造成台湾海峡局势紧张的根本原因。 Taiwan Straits situation is now complicated and grim and the tension across the Straits has been created by the so-called “two-states” theory flagrantly dished out in an attempt to split the country by Lee Teng-hui, the former illegal “president” of Taiwan, and the evasive and obscure attitude of the new leaders of the Taiwan authorities towards the One-China principle as well as Taiwan separatist forces’ scheme of splitting the island province from China in one form or another, which have seriously undermined the preconditions and foundation for peaceful reunification across the Straits.
第三章英译汉翻译技巧
一，词的翻译
1，词义选择
（1）根据词性选择词义
Writers can not bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half
playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year.
诗人约翰·济慈26岁便溘然长逝，文人们对此难以接受。然而他们自己过了26岁时，却半开玩笑地认为自己的生命是失败的。
（2）根据词的使用场合及上下文联系选择词义
Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.
科技的进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲。
（3）根据词的搭配和习惯选择词义
Winners do not play “helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game.
赢家绝不会摆出一副无助的样子，更不会玩弄推卸责任的游戏。
2，词义引申
（1）具体引申
We have ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst.
我们有能力化解这场危机，避免其往最坏的方向发展。
（2）抽象引申
Because once you know how you are and how other people see you, you can then get into the driver’s seat.
因为一旦你了解了自己的状况以及别人对你的看法，你就能掌握主动权。
3，词类转换
（1）名词转动词
The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty.
游戏的种种规则就是将困难武断地强加于人。
（2）介词转动词
Victory at all costs——victory in spite of all terrors——for without victory there is no survival.
不惜一切代价去夺取胜利——不惧一切恐怖去夺取胜利——因为没有胜利就不能生存下去。
（3）形容词转动词
Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.
赢家无惧于运用自己的知识进行独立思考。
4，词的增加
（1）使语义完整
In his classical novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building.
詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀在他的经典小说《拓荒者》一书中，描述了主人公——一个地产开发商，带着表妹游览一座他正在建造的城市的情景。（2）补出原文省略部分
Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.
除了上述原因之外，子女对于家庭这一制度本身也有着极其深远的意义。
（3）传达语法含义
A U-2 pilot also carried a shaving kit, civilian clothes, pictures of his wife, some gold coins, watches and rings…
U-2型驾驶员还带了一套修面工具，几件衣服，几张妻子的照片，一些金币、手表和戒指……
5，词的删减
（1）结构性删词
Although pure science usually has no apparent connection with technology, it does lend itself to the development of applied science.
理论科学虽然通常与技术没有明显的联系，但确实有助于应用科学的发展。
（2）修辞性删词
There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, and the grass was dead.
天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
二，句的翻译
1，句序调整
（1）主语重心变为主题重心
The last time universities experienced such far-reaching change in information processing was during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century.
在信息处理方面，高等院校上一次深远的变革发生在19世纪后期和20世
纪前期的50年间。
（2）前置重心变为后置重心
I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up.
只有在我过于劳累时，在我长时间无间断地工作时，或是在我感到内心空虚需要充实的时候，我才会感到孤独。
（3）衔接手段连接变为时间顺序铺陈
I came back yesterday from Hong Kong where I had spent two weeks vacation after the completion of the construction job I had been in charge of in the south.
我在南方负责一项工程建设，任务完成后，我到香港度了两周的假，昨天刚刚回家。
（4）无灵主语变为人称主语
Our world is bursting of knowledge——but desperately in need of wisdom.我们正处于一个知识泛滥、却极度缺乏智慧的世界之中。
（5）状语位序的调整
PC industry has developed rapidly all over the world during the past 20 years.
个人电脑产业在过去二十年里在世界各地得到了迅速发展。
（6）定语位序的调整
A smart machine such as this one would be capable of helping people in a variety of professions.
这样聪明的机器将能够为各行各业的人们提供帮助。
2，语态转译
（1）被动句变主动句
He is respected by everybody.
人人都尊敬他。
（2）被动句变泛称句
I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper.
有人告诉我不要相信报纸上的消息。
（3）被动句变无主句
Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害，特别是染上烟瘾后的严重后果。
3，正反转换
（1）英语正说，汉语反译
If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.
如果读书伊始便固步自封、处处设防。甚至批评挑剔，那么你就无法尽可能多地从阅读中获得最大的价值。
（2）英语反说，汉语正译
I didn’t give up hope completely.
我仍抱一丝希望。
4，长句翻译
（1）断句法
As he walked away, he turned for one last glimpse of her in the doorway, tiny and smiling and waving good-bye.
当他离开时，他回过头来看了她最后一眼。只见她站在门口，体态娇小，面带微笑，挥手向他告别。
（2）缩合法
American women have come a long way on the road toward a role for women which is as dignified and responsible as the one assigned to men.
美国妇女为了争取与男人同等的崇高而又富有责任感的社会角色，已经取得了很大进步。
三，语篇翻译
1，语篇衔接：由英语中的手段性衔接转化为汉语的词汇性衔接。
At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same style in dress, the same books on the shelves.
旅行者在美国和欧洲随时都可以看到类似的东西，诸如风格相同的建筑。款式相似的服饰，书架上也摆着相同的书籍。
2，语篇连贯：构成不同成分之间的语义关联。
He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting what they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic text books.
学生们最初很容易教，因为他们能把教他们的东西付诸实践，现在教师却发现他们面对着大量未曾接触过的英语词汇和习惯用法而踌躇起来，因为这些词汇和习惯用法都是基础教科书所没有涉及的内容。
3，语篇文体：英译汉以议论文居多，翻译要注重保持其逻辑性。
It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules.
下棋的时候，如果你不受规则约束、随心所欲地改变那些全然武断的游戏规则，你会更容易赢棋。然而，下棋的乐趣在于按照规则取得胜利。 We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.
我们所面临的将是一场极其严峻的考验，将是一场旷日持久的斗争和苦难。
第三章常用翻译技巧 了解和掌握一定的翻译技巧有助于提高我们的翻译能力，一般而言，大致有下述8种基本技巧：1) 选词用字（Diction）2) 增词法（Amplification）3) 省略法（Omission）4) 转换法（Conversion）5) 重复法（Repetition）6) 语序调整(Inversion) 7) 正说反译，反说正译（Negation）8) 长句拆译(Division) &分清主从（Subordination）。 3．1 选词用字 简而言之就是“choice of words” (选词用字)，就是说，在理解原文时，由于汉、英两种语言在行文用字、表达方式上的差异，对一些词或短语的理解必须结合上下文进行推敲，找出它们的内涵意义（connotation），再在译文中选用恰当的词汇使表达准确而通顺，符合译文习惯。 例1．Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions. 译1：爱整洁的人经常买贵的、小的单一的东西。× 译2：办事讲究的人买什么都注重少而精，愿买贵的。√ 例2．They want quality, but at a budget price. 译1：他们需要质量，但却要预算价格。× 译2：他们又要货好，又要价格合算。√ 例3．On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides. (1)“little grace”和“less give”：“几乎没有优雅”、“更少的给予”？言不达意且文脉不通。 (2) 必须推敲它们在此上下文中的具体意义：既然是政治谈判，所谓“优雅”不就是“讲礼貌、讲客气”、“give”不就是“让步、妥协”之意吗？ (3) “less”一词更须注意，它是前面“little”的比较级，说明“give”比“grace”更少。译文如下： 在台湾问题上，双方几乎没有多少客气可讲，更谈不上让步了。 例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes… 文中“stay”“tastes”二字极其通俗，而“budgets”却又十分抽象。如何在译文中用符合行业规范的词语表达值得推敲。直译“逗留”“预算”“口味”均不合适，读者无法接受。根据上下文语义，结合目前流行的说法，“下榻”、“档次”、“品味”译得恰到好处。
英语专八改错解题思路 1. 宏观层面分析 （1）句子结构（理顺整个句子的结构，必要时检索上下文） （2）逻辑关系（关联词选择：并列、递进、因果、转折、假设、让步等） （3）时态和语态（完成时和虚拟语气是考查重点） 2. 微观层面分析 （1）缺漏（介词、代词、引导词）（2）冗余（两个主语、同义重复） （3）误用（词性、分词、正反义、主被动、形容词和副词级别） （4）一致性（名词单复数、主谓一致、先行词）（5）词义与固定搭配 3. 注意事项（1）即使按照语感很快找到了疑似错误，也要坚持读完全句再做判断，可能会有新的发现。过于相信第一感觉而带来的失分是划不来的。 （2）分两次改比较合理，因为毕竟只有少数人能够在第一遍看材料的时候就找出所有的错误，尽管这些错误不见得隐藏得多深。 （3）常考题型，高度警惕。冠词：the变a, a变the，补the补a，删a删the，每年都玩的把戏。 单复数：无非是his变their之类的，关键是细心。近义词：例如distinct和distinctive，move和movement，interest和interests… 反义词：尤其看到dis, un, im，in，non之类的，更要琢磨一下。 关联词：几乎是保留节目，and, but, however, though, moreover, therefore… 非谓语动词：见了ing想ed，见了ed想ing, 就是这么贱。 形容词比较级：多半是把原形改为比较级。考的频率也蛮高的。虚拟语气：注意一下还是比较容易看出来的，多长个心眼儿吧。 It：有时要加，有时要删，有时要变itself，总之多盯“它”几眼。动词词组：其实主要是介词的问题，这个没办法临时抱佛脚，要靠积累. 改错： 1、改错虽然为主观题，但错误类型相对集中，可分为以下几种情况： 定冠词：a, an, the误用，甚至多出来；解决办法：分析定冠词的主语及上下文有无指代；级：分两类错误，第一种是原级用成比较级，比较级用成最高级，反之亦然。有一种除外，是两者比较谁最好，可以用最高级；第二种是意思相反，如most改为least； 连词错误：也分两种，第一种为连词误用，应该表示转折的用成了并列，比如while改为and；第二种为近义词。在不同语境中用However, Nonetheless, 比用but更合适，更合乎语法；（与逻辑关系也有关，看上下文，联系语境） 词性错误：多出现为形容词转变为副词，反之亦然；也有可能是限定，如adv.+adj.+n.，如下所说；形容词改为动词或名词等，多出现在一词多性的情况下； 形容词限定错误：出现在adj.+adj.+n.要知道第1个adj.是限定第2个adj.还是限定n.；若是限定第2个adj.，大多改为副词adv.； 搭配错误：多为介词搭配错误，如in some extent改为to，rely in改为on等；也有搭配词没有给出，需要自己添加，比如define...as； 词义错误：比如：rather than改为other than；（此项比较难） 近义形容词错误：例如：respective, respectable, respectful, respecting, respected；（此项比较难） 缺失：例如the fact 后面直接接了句子，中间缺少that，表明同位关系； 多余：有的地方莫名其妙多出一个词，多为介词，是没有用的； 词义相反：多出现在形容词，需要在前面添加或去掉in-, im-, ir-, un-等否定前缀； 主动被动：分析主语与谓语动词的逻辑关系是主动还是被动，多出现在分句中；
专八翻译题的高效破题方法 一、确立主干 （1）确立主语 1、避免主语机械对应 这个地区雨比较多。 It rains a lot in this area. 2、方位词或时间词在主语位置 山下住着一位老妇人。 There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain. 3、用it做主语翻译主语是复合结构的汉语 信不信是你的事。
It is your concern whether you believe me or not. 最好是等他们回来。 It is advisable to wait till they come back. 勤能补拙 It is diligence that makes for deficiency. （2）确立谓语：英语的动词通常只能由某个动词或者系表结构担任。 在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。 We shouldn't be too romantic about personal relationship. 当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。
As long as he is living, he always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life. 二、语序调整 (1)定语的位置：英语中，单词充当定语时多为前置，短语和从句充当定语时多为后置。 钓鱼是一项能陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。Fishing is an outdoor sport that can cultivate your mind and it is good for your mental and physical health. (2)状语的位置 他是1970年5月20日在北京朝阳区出生的。
专八改错题技巧+经验 改错题采取的避实就虚的原则，应该从根本上解决问题，大量做题未必是件好事，所谓的基本是指语法概念，我们称之为虚的概念，如主谓一致、代词、冠词、副词、分词、逻辑关系、固定搭配、等是最容易出题的地方，学生应该作一写针对语言点、基本功的练习，推荐宫玉波《语言点必备》达到对语言点的敏感程度。改错不难，关键是对语言点的把握，改错就是以一种比较复杂的结构靠一些比较基础的语言点知识。 对于改错这一题型与其他一些形式不同，它需要考生对英语具备相当高的综合运用能力。无论是语法、词汇还是惯用法都能成为改错的对象。考生必须在全面理解短文内容的基础上指出并改正错误，使句子和短文的意思以及句、段的结构正确、完整。这种改错要求考生具有语篇水平（Discourse level）。故此可以说，在某种程度上，它能较清晰地反映出考生的总体英文水平。 另外，该题型的主要特点是，一改传统的句子单位改错，代之以篇章单位的短文形式。这一改革不仅要求考生有更高的阅读理解能力，而且迫使考生摆脱原先较为孤立片面的思维定势，以一种连贯的思路整体的眼光去适应这一新题型。 做题时千万不要拿起来就改。正确的做法是先从头到尾通读全文，在正确理解或大致正确理解甚至在猜想原文的前提下，再仔细推敲需要改正或增添的内容。此时，考生必须充分调动所掌握的语法和词汇两方面的知识，发挥自身领会、推理，判断乃至猜想的能力，并利用以往的学习经验.做起题来才能游刃有余。 找出错误并改正后，还要注意通读全文。从词汇和语法两方面来检查被改正后的短文的意思是否通顺，逻辑概念是否严密合理，结构是否正确，完整。 总而言之，这一题型对于中国考生来讲，难度很大，因为要求考生指出和改正的错误往往是考生在英语学习中常犯和易犯的错误，不易察觉。这就要求考生在学习时不能'知半解、似是而非，而必须十分仔细、认真并多做这类改错练习，而且每次练习都要遵照正确的方法和步骤.久而久之就能容易地发现和改正语病，答对率也会逐步提高，从而会增强信心，考出最佳成绩。 为了能使考生较为彻底地把握解决错误、识别语病的钥匙，为了避免“知其然而不知其所以然”的现象，我们首先从错误类型归类着手，介绍易于记忆的、起关键作用的要点、标记，并以此作为钥匙去开启识别、改正短文的语病之大门。具体地讲，错误类型有以下几种：1.主谓一致；2.动词时态；3.动词语态：主动／被动语态；4.连接词／并列句／从句；5.比较级；6.虚拟语气；7.非谓语动词；8.代词与先行词的一致；9.倒装句语序；10.赘述；11.增添词；12.易混淆的词。
专八翻译笔记 武汉新东方刘畅? Be strong and of good courage; do not be afraid, nor be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go. – Joshua 1:9 第一章综述 一、何谓翻译？ ? T —— tell ? R —— reader ? A —— authentic ? N —— native ? S —— smooth ? L —— language ? A —— and ? T —— touch upon ? E —— essence ? 英语的翻译“translation”是由trans-和-late构成。翻译是指两种语言的信息转换，即甲方说的意思换成乙方的语言表达。Steiner说：“翻译就是理解。”理解的对象就是原文的意义，理解原文的意义是达到翻译标准“忠实、通顺”的前一项（忠实）的前提，“通顺”只是表达阶段的事。不论是什么翻译，意义为先，形式为次。因此，可以说，理解为先，表达为次。 ? 二、大纲要求 ? 1、教学大纲 ? 能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，速度为每小时250~300个英文单词。英文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。能担任一般外事活动的口译。 ? 2、考试大纲 ? 汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录。速度为每小时250~300汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。 ? 英译汉项目要求应试者运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文以及文学原著的节录。速度为每小时约250~300词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 ? 三、试题特点 – 1、文体： ? 汉译英：记叙、介绍、散文、论说 ? 英译汉：散文、论说、评论、演讲 – 2、语域： ? 人文历史，无科技翻译 – 3、内容：无专门学术领域知识 ? 注意： ? 1、各年的翻译选段都是较正式的语体，未见不正式的讽刺性杂文，也未见不正式的小说对话。即使涉及文学，也是作家的作品或思想介绍。 ? 2、为了帮助考生更好地理解待翻译的篇段，一般都提供较多的上下文。但考生务必只翻译划线部分。
1)Diction（选词用字） 2)Amplification（增词法） 3)Omission（省略法） 4)Conversion（转换法） 5)Repetition（重复法） 6)Inversion(语序调整) 7)Negation（正说反译，反说正译） 8)Division (长句拆译) & Subordination（分清主从） 例1. Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions. 意译：办事讲究的人买什么都讲少而精，愿买贵的。 √ 例2．They want quality, but at a budget price. 意译：他们又要货好，又要价格合算。√ people at budget:精打细算过日子的人 例3．On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides. 在台湾问题上，双方几乎没有多少客气可讲，更谈
不上让步了。 例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes… 试译：无论乘坐何种交通工具都能迅速抵达郑州，下榻此处会让你倍感舒适，这里的住宿条件能充分满足各种档次和品味的要求……。 例4．New HSR and Maglev would have all-new, state-of-the-art train control system. The Accelerail options were estimate with train control systems providing speed and authority enforcement. 译文：新型高速列车或磁浮列车须装置全新的、造形精美的列车操纵系统，可供选用的列车操纵系统必须能提供速度和（威力）强大的加速力。 例6．一幢乡村小学的教学楼，建了7年还是个半拉子工程。 The construction of the teaching building of a village school, which was started seven years ago, has ended up a
1.短语搭配错误（大部分为介词错误） carry/get with things –> carry/get on with things to let alone –> let alone in return to –> in return for the need of –> the need for substitute A with B –> substitute A for B account 70% --> account for 70% under the grounds of/that –> on the grounds of/that attitude on life –> attitude towards/to life in a quick speed –> at a quick speed with many respects –> in many respects at the face of –> in the face(s) of considerations to… –> considerations for… become victims of … --> become vi ctims to … ride in a train –> ride on a train the problems with the government –> the problems for the government resistive against –> resistive to resistance of –> resistance to embark sth –> embark on sth with the belief that –> in the belief that at advance of sth –> in advance of sth interpret… to –> interpret… as in line to –> in line with to varing degrees –> in varing degrees take pride of –> take pride in leap out to me –> leap out at me inject them lethal strains –> inject them with lethal strains
My First Job When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume. But the limit was reached one Tuesday — my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my emplo yer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this. On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order. This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look m ore astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham. He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and get another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant. “Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted. So I got out. This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.
校对与改错(Proofreading and Error Correction) 题型分析与应试技巧 校对与改错是英语专业八级考试的第二部分。该部分采用主观测试题型。该项目包含两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动某一单词，并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为200字左右。短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。短文内含10个错误；错误都出现在标有题号的行内。错误一般涉及单个词；每行只出现一个错误。要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词（动词、名词等）。错误既涉及句内也涉及句际。校对与改错部分的测试目的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力。该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识，但更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力。校对改错部分要求学生在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求用三种方法之中的一种改正错误。 这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识： 1.语法知识 众所周知，英语语言能力包括众多因素，其中之一是语法知识。没有系统的语法知识，学习者就很难全面、准确地以口头或书面的形式表达思维或意念。对于把英语作为外语的学生来说，语法知识的掌握尤为重要，因为它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性。鉴于此，校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。一般地说，该项目中要求改正的错误里包括一些语法错误。例如： 定语从句（1996年第三题），/ 情态动词（1997年第一题），/ 冠词（1997年第九题）， / 介词（1998年第四题）， / 反身代词（1998年第六题），等等。 校对改错项目要求学生运用已学过的语法知识，来判断句子的正误，找出语病，并作修正。这里要强调的一点是，八级考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生
专八翻译6大翻译技巧整理 汉语和英语的表达习惯不同，常用的句子结构也不同，以下六点翻译技巧，或许能在专八翻译中对大家有所帮助。 一、确立主干 1、确立主语 （1）避免主语机械对应 这个地区雨比较多。 It rains a lot in this area. （2）方位词或时间词在主语位置 山下住着一位老妇人。 There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain. （3）用it做主语翻译主语是复合结构的汉语 信不信是你的事。 It is your concern whether you believe me or not.
最好是等他们回来。 It is advisable to wait till they come back. 勤能补拙 It is diligence that makes for deficiency. 2、确立谓语：英语的动词通常只能由某个动词或者系表结构担任 在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。 We shouldn't be too romantic about personal relationship. 当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。 As long as he is living, he always works and studies as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life. 二、语序调整 1、定语的位置：英语中，单词充当定语时多为前置，短语和从句充当定语时多为后置。
（一）英译汉练习 1. The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth. 十一月的寒风，对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发，两颊通红，两眼闪光。他生气勃勃，叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。（英语material warmth 字面意思是"物质的温暖"，这里具体译作"一团炙手的火"言明意清，让人一看就懂。） 2. It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled. 清晨，初升的太阳照着平静的海面，微波荡漾，闪耀着金色的光芒。（英语the ripples of the gentle sea 译成汉语时在结构上作了调整，这样译文念起来意思清楚，行文漂亮。） 3. To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 为了解渴，读者比以前越饮越深，直到陷入了昏迷状态。这个句子的译文死抠原文形式，死抠字典释义，翻译腔严重，让人难以明白其意思，可改译为：读者为了满足自己的渴望，越读越想读，直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。所谓过分表达，就是指译文画蛇添足，增加了原文没有的东西；而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。 4. Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。 （a mirror image 如直译为"镜子里的形象"，就让人感到非常别扭，远不如"毫无二致"自然。） 5. Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm. 他拐到百老汇路上，在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停下来，那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有地位的人物。 6. Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. 单词本身并不是客观物体，只不过是代表客观体而已；像日尔曼人的盎格鲁法语一样，标准英语也是一种代表客观体的语言。 （King's English 不能直译为"国王英语"，它是指标准英语，相当于汉语中的"普通话"。） 7. At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast. 他19 岁时就已经走上了一条在普通人看来是极富吸引力而又不可理解的道路，普通人认为，只是一次破产就叫人够呛了。 (good as a feast 如直译为"像丰盛的宴席一样好",意思正好反了.直接释明其意"叫人够呛",地道通顺.) 8. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。 （Red Brick 又称Red Brick Universities，指英国除牛津、剑桥大学以外的其他地方性二流大学。因其建筑主要是红砖砌成，不象牛津、剑桥的建筑均为古色古香的石块所建成，故得此名。 9. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词 10. An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.
1. 重译法：为了明确、为了强调、为了生动 2. 增译法：为了更忠实于原文的意思，而又更合乎译文的表达习惯 3. 减译法：源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法 4. 词类转移法：语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变，词序有时也随之变化 5. 词序调整法：语言之间构成形式并非完全相同，做必不可少的词序改变 6. 分译法：主要用于长句的翻译，有时存在于词语语义的分译 7. 正反翻译法：由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说，反话正说 8. 语态变换法：主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换 In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal. 一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭，因而处于战争状态时，缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。 A large family has its difficulties. 大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。 Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. 这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。 Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown.
2019英语专八改错：七类常见错误 2017英语专八改错：七类常见错误 要提升英语专八短文改错题的水平，除了要增强基础知识的积累、提升语篇的整体理解水平之外，还应该对其错项设置的基本情况有所 了解，以便做到目标明确，有的放矢，从而提升解题的准确率。新东 方在线专八频道从语法和逻辑的角度，向同学们介绍下英语专八改错：七类常见错误。 英语专八短文改错口诀： 动词形，名词数;注意形和副; 非谓动词细辨别;习惯用法要记住; 句子成分多分析;逻辑错误须注重。 一、动词形 主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致 的错误。 例如： My favourite sport is football. I was member of our school football team. (is) Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. (are) 上述两例分别属于时态错误和主、谓不一致错误。找出此类错误 的关键是树立牢固的时态概念，注意短文内容发生或存有的时间，保 持时间概念的一致性。 二、名词数 指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。
例如：…so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subjects) 三、区分形和副 及区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。这也是高考短文改 错的常考点。 例如： I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderful) Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. (Unfortunately) 需要注意的是，形容词多用来做定、表、补语等，而副词只能在 句子中作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的wonderful作定语修饰time，第二句的Unfortunately作状语修饰整 个句子。 四、非谓动词细辨别 这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分词和动名词类错误，也 包括不定式类错误。 例如： …in my spare time, but now I am interest ing in football. (interested) Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also … (playing) My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure… (to)
2019年英语专八考试翻译技巧：转换法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存有着很大的差异，所以 在实行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。本文小编就为大家介绍英语专八翻译技巧：转换法，供各位考生 参考。 转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习 惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等实行转换。 具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把 动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。 在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定 语从句。在语态方面，能够把主动语态变为被动语态。如： (1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。 Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词) (2) Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。 (名词转动词) (3) 因为我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。 Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy，our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动 词转名词) (4) I’m all for you opinion. 我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)
历年专八英译汉翻译真题 1995 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.” Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。乡下有不用付报酬便可请来照看孩子的邻居，作为回报，我儿媳也帮着照看其孩子。乡邻之间互相交换技能和劳动。但比之更重要的是，你如何来衡量那静谧与安详？如何来衡量自我价值呢？ 我无意将小地方的生活理想化。因为有时外面的世界会无情地侵入：比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。 1996 It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。