英语翻译基础讲义
LIUYONGQUAN
第一章翻译的基本原则
1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)
Translation is a science.
Translation is an art.
Translation is a craft.
Translation is a skill.
Translation is an operation.
Translation is a language activity.
Translation is communication
2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)
Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》
Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》
Summary:忠实与通顺
(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)
Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.
Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.
战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
2.The prize winner wears his honours modestly.
1）荣获者带着他的荣誉谦逊地。
2）获奖者谦逊地对待他的荣誉。
3）获奖者虽尊不傲。
三种译文中，第一种完全是对译，读起来别扭，意义也费解。第二种译法对关键词wear的词义稍有引申，词序也作了一定的调整，合乎汉语的表达习惯，基本上表达了原文的意义。第三句形式上脱离了原文，单个词义也未与原文相对应，但从句子整体意义上，更近原文，更全面、准确地传递了原文的信息，汉语更精练，顺达。
1.Avoid translating word by word(不可词词对译)
Eg. Milky Way(误译牛奶路)---The pale white band of stars and clouds of gas that can be seen across the sky at night.
例如，对以下两个问句的回答
A) Did you go to see the film last night?
B) Didn’t you go to see the film last night?
Eg.No, I didn’t.（A句应是“不，我没去”B句应是“是的，我没去。”）
试比较下列译法的优劣：
Eg. Greatest compensation for wrongful imprisonment.
1.对错误监禁的数额最大的赔偿。
2.最大数额的冤狱赔偿金.
Eg.The chief criminals shall be punished without fail.
1.主要罪犯将绝对受到惩罚
2.首恶必办.
显然以上两个例子第二种译法较好。
2.Avoid the cultural misunderstanding（避免文化误解）
Eg. Love me, love my dog.（爱屋及乌）
Eg. Every dog has its day.（人人都有得意时）
Eg. Talk horse （吹牛）
Eg. Lock the stable door after the horse is stolen.（亡羊补牢）
Eg.Like a cat on hot bricks.（象热锅上的蚂蚁）
有时甚至要创造新词。
Eg. He became dissatisfied with modern life and man’s selfish wish for private wealth, so he went and joined a Hippie commune.
出于对现代生活的不满和对人们自私的个人财富占有欲的反感,他加入了嬉皮士群居社.
3.Avoid the misunderstanding of idioms （避免误解英语成语）
Spill the beans (泄露机密)
E g. Y ou can’t trust him to keep a secret, he is sure to spill the beans before long.
切勿相信他会保守秘密,过不多久,他肯定会泄露于人的.
Eg. Who wears the trousers in your family?
如将这句话译为“你们家谁穿着裤子?”显然不通。这里wear the trousers是当家的意思，故应译为“你们家谁当家?”
4.convey the implied meaning(要注意把握原文的内容,善于细腻地传递原作的弦外之音)
Eg. Y ou hold the office, but you don’t govern.
这句话但从意思上讲，很接近中文中的一句俗话“你占着茅坑不拉屎”，但这句话是美国总统里根和卡特在电视辩论中的一句话，如此译出会让人觉得粗俗不堪。应译为“你占着总统的职位,却治理不了国家.”
Eg. Go & Come都用作系动词,与形容词连用表示“变成某种状态或情况”如：Go bad(变坏), go deaf(变聋).&come loose(松动了),come true(成为现实) 但两者在词义上有细微的差别，在以下两个句子中：
Look, it has come green.(瞧,液体已经变绿了!)
Look, it has gone green.(瞧,液体竟然变绿了!)
(2)Faithful to the structure（忠于原文的形式）
Eg. I hope you have a happy future before you.
我希望你有一个幸福的未来.
How do you have the face to say such things?
你怎么有脸说出这等话来?
以上两句译文与原文的形式完全一致。
1)不能只看表面形式,要看句子所起的作用.
Have you had your breakfast?/Where are you going?
在中文中只表达一种问候，在英文中应用“hello”或“good morning”代替。2)不能只追求形式上的一致而犯形式主义的错误.
Eg. In New Y ork, it is referred to as “Saint John the Unfinished”
1.在纽约,它被认为是“未完成的圣约翰”
2.在纽约,人们称之为“未竣工的圣约翰教堂”
虽然第一举译文形式上与原文一致，实际上，第二句在意义上更接近忠实于原文。Eg. Pieces of stained glass dated before AD 850, some possibly even to the 7th century, were excavated by Professor Rosemary Cramp, which were placed into a window of that date in the nearby St. Paul’s Church.
如按原文的结构译出为：
被罗斯马利·克兰普教授挖掘出来的,可追溯到公元850年,有些甚至可以追溯到七世纪的数块有色玻璃,在当时曾被装在圣保罗教堂附近的一个玻璃上.
实际上我们应该把原句拆开来译：
罗斯马利·克兰普教授挖掘了数片彩色玻璃,他们制造于公元850年,有些甚至可能造于七世纪.这些玻璃在当时曾用来装饰离发掘地不远的圣保罗教堂的窗户. Come, well, here, there 加强语气
Come, John, don’t be so cross.得啦,约翰,别那么怒气冲冲了.
Come, cheer up!
喂,振作起来吧!
Well, well! I should never have guessed it.
哎呀,我永远也猜不出.
My friend here was a witness of the accident.
我得朋友就是这事故的见证.
(3)Faithful to the style（忠实于原文风格）
风格可分为Formal&informal
也可分为Positive/negative, deep/plain, humorous/ rigid
还可分为(1)冷淡的或演说性的(2)正式的或慎重的(3) 商量的(4)随便的(5)亲密的等.从谈话方式上来看又分为有修养有文化人讲的标准语,口语,和未受过教育的人所说的粗话,俗话;正式场合使用的语言和非正式场合使用的语言.
For all the tea in China(用来表示强烈的拒绝)
That man was so rude to me. I wouldn’t go back to that job for all the tea in China!
1.那人对我太无礼了,我无论如何也不再去做那份工作了.
2.那家伙对我太无礼了,十八抬大轿来请,我也不去做那分工作了.
后一种译法更口语，更直接。
第二章翻译的过程
The process of translation
Three stages:
1.Understanding
2.Re-expressing
3.Editing
Understanding
1.Understanding the meanings of dictions in the context.(在上下文中理解词义)
A) Draw a line from A to B.(线)
B)The ship crossed the line.(赤道)
C) Cooking is more in your line than mine.(为某人之所长)
D) They were given their marriage lines after the registration.(结婚证书)
E)She bought an overcoat lined with silk(衬里于…).
Eg. Interrupted only briefly by the swearing-in of a new senator, Senator Strom Thurmond spoke against the Civil Right Bill for 24 hr 19 min on 28---29th,1957.
参议员斯特洛姆·瑟曼德1957年8月28日至29日所做的反对民权法案的演说长达24小时19分钟,仅被一个新参议员的咒骂短时间被打断.
这样的译法显然没有理解swear-in的意思,swear虽有咒骂的意思,但这swear-in意为“宣誓就职”.故应译为
“参议员斯特洛姆·瑟曼德1957年8月28日至29日所做的反对民权法案的演说长达24小时19分钟,期间仅因一新议员宣誓就职而短暂中断.”
2.Understanding the background(了解原文所涉及的事物和与原文有关的背景)
<水浒>中的东京与日本的东京(Tokyo)是两个概念
Understanding
澹澹长江水
悠悠远客情.
落花相与恨,
到地一无声.
-----韦承庆<南行别弟>
Mournfully, mournfully roles the long River,
Saddened, ah saddened, the stranger’s breast.
The flowers as they fall his fate recall,
As each flutters down in the earth to rest.
-----Fletcher
诗中的长江并非Y angtze River,而是Long River
Country-house并不一定是“乡村住宅”,而是有钱人的乡间别墅.
“问题”一词我们可译作Question, problem, trouble, point, issue,究竟何为恰当译法,需根据情况斟酌.
当时我们正在长征的路上,每天行军一百多里.
有人译为We were on the Long March. Every day we marched a hundred li or more. <高级英汉双解词典>:march: walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured steps.
〈朗曼当代英语词典〉: to walk with regular, esp. forceful steps like a soldier.
显然用March不如walk.准确.
Re-expressing
1.improving Chinese ability(要注意提高中文修养)
Cotton fells soft.
棉花使人感到柔软。
棉花摸上去柔软。
第二句佳
2.getting rid of the bound of original words(表达时既要忠于原文，又要跳出原文) Eg.They hoped to free themselves from the degraded position.
1.他们希望自己从堕落的地位中自由.
2.他们希望摆脱那江河日下的境况.
第二句佳
Eg.The cathedral was built in Spanish Gothic style.
1.大教堂按西班牙哥德式建筑风格建造.
2.该教堂属西班牙哥德式建筑.
第二句佳
Eg.He was weak and old.
1.他衰弱,也老了.
2.他身体衰弱,年纪也老了.
3.他年老体弱.
第三句佳
3.mastering some skills
掌握一定的技巧
Editing
1.第一遍应对照原文，句句复审，重点查内容，注意发现和解决对原文理解上的问题。
2.第二遍要脱离原文，细读译文，重点是译文文字的润色和句子结构的调整，把好译文的语言关。
3.要再次对照译文,通读一遍,做进一步的检查.
Skills of Translation
1.Extension(引申法)
2.Conversion(转译法)
3.Addition(增词法)
4.repetition(重复法)
5..Omission(减词法)
6.Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions(正反和反正译法)
7. Translation of Clause and Passive Voice(分句法和被动语态译法)
8.Translation of Attributive Clause(定语从句译法)
第三章词类的引申与转译
Extension(引申法)
Eg. Mr. Smith is one of the most durable teachers at this university.
史密斯先生是该大学任教时间最长的教师之一.
The maximum dimensions of the Church of St.Peter are overall: length 11.5m,breadth 61.86m.and height 30.98m.
圣.彼得教堂的外围尺寸分别为:长11.5米;宽61.87米;高30.98米.
一.词义的抽象化
Eg.The ancient tower tells us stories of the past 2000 years.
古塔诉说着两千来的风风雨雨.
As a boy, I hated going to school.
我还是个孩子的时候,不喜欢上学.
Eg.He(Ghandhi) gave our modern world an electrifying vision of the potential of peaceful resistance, and young men like Martin Luther King,Jr, took him as their model. Albert Einstein said, “Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth.”
我们现代人从他(甘地)身上看到了和平反抗的潜力,象马丁.路德.金等青年都效法他的榜样.爱因斯坦说:“我们后代的子孙恐怕很难相信,世界上真有过这样一个人.”
二.词义具体化
Eg.He found a losing battle.
他打了一个败仗.
Eg. The Earth is a wonderful place. It is full of great beauty.
地球是一个奇妙的地方,奇观美景无处不在.
Eg. “Bertiem, you must marry!” Aunt Agatha had said, “you want somebody strong and sensible.”
阿加莎姑妈曾对我说,“伯提,你一定要结婚,你该娶个健壮懂事的姑娘.”
第四章句子成分的转译Conversion(转译法)
一.名词转译为动词.(noun---verb)
Eg. One of the leading newspapers called for the severest punishment of all who had
been concerned in the conspiracy.
一家主要报纸要求严惩所有与该阴谋有关的人员.
We are looking forward to the early arrival of our guests.
我们期待着客人早日到来.
The enemies hastened their preparations for an attack.
敌人加紧准备进攻.
二.介词转译成动词
Eg. Without a word, the general rose, spread his huge bear’s hand against the man’s chest and expelled him into the corridor.
将军一言不发,站起来,伸出一只熊掌似的大手向那男人的胸口一推,把他推到了甬道上.
Eg.I went outside, ran around the corner, up the alley, into the back yard and wormed through the cellar window.
我走出门外,跑步拐了个弯,奔向后巷,进了后院,蜷着身从小窗口钻入地窖.
I voted for Reagan because I think he can lead us out of this terrible economic slump. 我投了里根的票,因为我觉得他能领导我们摆脱经济萧条.
三.形容词转译成动词.(prep---v.)
Eg. I’m sure he’ll be here on time.
我肯定他将按时到达.
How many people were present at the meeting?
有多少人出席会议?
Eg. We are very anxious about his health.
我们非常担心他的健康.
四.副词转译成动词.(adv.—v.)
Eg.The meeting will be over before we arrive if we don’t hurry.
假如我们不快点儿的话,不等我们到达会议就结束了.
He was already up when I called him.
我叫他时,他已经起床了.
Puck removed the harmful charm from Lyander, and so led the lover about in the woods.
帕克为里斯兰解除了有害的魔力,领着两对情人在林中兜来兜去.
五.动词转译成名词.(v.—n.)
Eg.My car has been behaving well since it was repaired.
自从修理之后,我的汽车状态良好.
I aim to be a writer.
我的目标是当作家
Who heads the government, the Queen or the Prime Minister?
谁是政府的首脑?是女王还是首相?
We nearly forgot to tip the taxi-driver.
我们差点忘了给出租车司机小费.
Don’t forgot to date your letters.
别忘了在信上填写日期.
The mosque is now largely ruined.
清真寺现在几乎沦为废墟.
The “scores” of air aces in both wars are still hotly disputed.
对于在两次世界大战中王牌飞行员击落飞机的数目仍存在很大争议.
He appeared on the stage and was warmly a pplauded by the audience.
他登台了,观众报以热烈的掌声.
六.形容词转译为名词（adj.—n.）
Eg. He wanted nothing but ill to all men, to rich and poor, men and women, young and old alike.
他什么都不要，只要降祸于一切人，不分贫富贵贱，男女老少。
The Chinese worked long hours for low wages and were essential in the completion of the Central Pacific Line from Sacramento to Promontory Point.
华工劳作时间长，挣的工资低，是修筑中太平洋铁路萨---普的中坚力量。
七.名词转译为形容词(n.—adj.)
I know her very well by sight and have long felt an interest in her because of her beauty.
我认得她.她很漂亮,我早就对她感兴趣了.
It is no use regretting your past mistakes.
你悔恨过去的错误是无用的.
In some countries, refusing presents from others is an impropriety.
在某些国家,拒绝别人的礼物是不礼貌的.
八.副词转译为形容词(adv.-adj.)
Antanctica became permanently occupied by relays of scientists from October 1956. 自从1956年10月以来,南极洲已成为一批批轮流到这里考察的科学家们的永久居住地.
九.形容词转译为副词(adj.-adv.)
His plans are utter impossibilities.
他的计划是完全不可能实现的.
Man should make best use of the natural resources in this world.
人类应当充分地利用地球上的自然资源
He took a stern but sad farewell of his family and friends.
他坚定但悲哀地告别了家人和朋友
十.其他词转译成副词.
I crept close to a tree in an empty corner lot and fell into the sleep exhaustion.
我爬到荒僻空地的一棵树旁,筋疲力尽地倒地就睡着了.
Conversion of sentence structure
In those days, after school and on Saturdays I worked as delivery boy for Olsen the florist. The job paid only three dollars a week, but that was a lot for a teenage then.
那些日子里,我放学后和星期六在奥森老爹的花店替他送花.周薪只有三元.不过那时候对一个十几岁的孩子来说,已经不少了.
主语的转译
一.主语转译为谓语(subject--verb)
Ghandhi’s treatment of his family was not heartwarming. His moral demands were so harsh that they alienated his four sons.
甘地对待家人并不亲切,他的道德标准甚苛,使四个儿子疏而远之.
Day by Day, in his apparent march to death by starvation, the world’s excitement mounted.
一天又一天,他好象要绝食而死了.世界人民的情绪越来越激昂.
There be 句型的译法
There is nothing new in this article.
这篇文章言之无物.
There is a movement on my left leg.
我左腿上有东西在移动.
Heavy steps were approaching the house; there was a single commanding knock.
沉重的脚步声在渐渐地逼近屋子,接着有人在门上威严地敲了一下.
二.主语转译为定语
The discovery of the new continent by Columbus stimulated the desire for worldwide exploration in Europe.
哥伦布发现新大陆的消息在欧洲激发了人们全球探险的热情.
His calls began to increase in frequency.
他呼唤的频率开始升高.
But I realized suddenly that sadness was out of place.
但我突然意识到,这不是伤感的时候。
三.主语转译为状语
The 1980’s saw the great improvement of the people’s housing conditions in China.
在十九世纪八十年代,中国人的居住条件有了长足的改善.
His face told me clearly that he was connected with Bardfield.
从他的面孔,我清楚地知道他与巴德菲尔德有联系.
The cold smile on his face made me guess that he considered himself to be superior to others.
从他脸上的冷笑我猜想到他自以为高人一等。
四.主语转译成宾语
Light was pouring into the sky now.
这时天空开始泛出亮光.
As we played, some of the tricks of the game slowly returned to me.
下着下着,我逐渐记起了一些下棋的妙着.
英语中被动语态的使用比汉语多,英语被动语态译成汉语主动句时,常常把原文中做主语的名词或代词等转译成宾语.
When dinner was ended and they sat by the fire.
他们吃过晚饭,便在壁炉旁坐下.
Three girls were saved by her. But she herself laid down her life.
她救了三个姑娘,自己却牺牲了.
The news was spread soon by those women.
那些女人很快就把消息传开了.
谓语的转译
一.谓语转译成主语
Nylon differs from silk as to origin and cost.
尼龙与丝绸的区别在于它们的来源与成本.
Perhaps she had loved Karl so long that she was unable to stop.
也许她对卡尔的爱已经历时太久,这时已经欲罢不能了.
The speakers focused on the problem of homeless people in London.
发言者谈论的重点是伦敦无家可归者的问题.
二.谓语转译成状语
英语中的某些谓语动词或合成谓语难以译成相应的谓语形式,翻译时常常转译成状语,其后的宾语则成为译文中的谓语,这样的动词有: tend, insist on, persist in, used to, keep doing, appear, happen to, seem to do, succeed in doing, hasten to do, remain+过去分词等.
If you persist in breaking the law you will suffer severe punishment.
如果你总是违法,必将受到严惩.
They tend t o ask dull questions, such as: “What kind of games do you play?”
他们往往问一些无聊的问题,比如:“你喜欢哪项运动?”
三.谓语转译成宾语
My memory for faces helps me a lot in business.
我记忆面孔的本领对做生意颇有裨益.
Heavy smoking harmed his health mortally.
吸烟过多对他的健康产生了致命的伤害.
宾语的转译
一.宾语转译为主语
He has always enjoyed very good health.
他的体格一直很好.
It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers, reaching to touch something.
它那修长的叶子在风中摇动,好象伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西.
When Zhou Enlai’s door opened, they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes.
周恩来的门开了,一个身材瘦长,比普通人略高,两眼闪着光辉的人出现在他们面前.
二.宾语转译为谓语
Air pollution has great influence on people’s health.
空气污染极大地影响着人类的健康.
As for Karl, he gave every appearance of a in love with his wife.
卡尔呢,也处处显得和太太十分恩爱.
三.宾语转译为状语
Cambell had already a successful career.
坎贝尔在事业上已经很有成就.
She had a poor capacity for work than he.
在工作能力方面,她不如他.
四. 宾语转译为定语
General MacArthur has the strongest claim to the title of most highly decorated American soldier.
麦克阿瑟将军是获得“功勋最卓著的美国军人”称号呼声最高的人.
定语的转译
一.定语转译为主语
英语中做主语的名词转译为动词后,该名词前由名词所有格或代词所有格构成的定语常常转译为主语.
Her devotion to the cause of education won her the respect of all the teachers and the pupils in the school.
她忠诚于教育事业,受到了学校所有教师和学生的尊敬.
Darden’s sudden decision to marry Juana made people believe that he had gone mad.达登突然决定要娶朱安娜为妻,这使人们都认为他一定是疯了.
有时其他定语也可转译为主语.
It is a beautiful moonlight night.
今晚的月色好极了.
She was hurt and indignant at what she thought was his derision and scorn.
她以为他是在作弄她,嘲笑她,所以感到很伤心.
二.定语转译为谓语
They had a delicate way of behaving.
他们行为审慎.
There is not a man, woman or child here in Bardfield that I don’t know by sight.
巴德费尔德的男女老少我无一不知.
三.定语转译成状语
The next step was complete exclusion of the Chinese from entering the United States. 采取的下一个步骤便是彻底地禁止华人移入美国.
I gave serious consideration to becoming a bush pilot.
我认真考虑过作个专门在荒野地区飞行的技师.
少数情况下定语还可转译为宾语.
They hurried to their father’s rescue.
他们匆匆地去救父亲.
She has come to sing his praise.
她来赞美他.
状语的转译
一.状语转译成主语
What is the weather like in Denmark?
丹麦的天气怎么样?
The air service to Normanton and Willstown ran weekly on a Wednesday.
每周只有星期三一次航班飞诺尔曼顿和威尔斯汤.
二.状语转译为谓语.
Emma was quick and decided in her ways and she lost no time in making friends with Harriet.
爱玛做事敏捷果断,她不失时机地和哈丽特交朋友.
Y ou became Zinner in every action.
你一举一动都要象辛纳.
No girl who respected herself would go out dressed like that.
任何自重的姑娘在出门时都不会这样穿着打扮.
三.状语转译为宾语
I felt for the notes. They were damp from the rain.
我摸了摸钞票,都被雨淋湿了.
Such friendships demand an investment of time, and a willingness to reveal oneself and to be receptive to new ideas.
这种友谊需要时间的培植和坦诚相与,并能接受新观点.
四.状语转译成定语
“Damn you” he said in a low, controlled voice, “Keep your distance. I am not done yet.”
“去你的!”他用低沉而抑制的声调说道“离远点儿,我还没有完蛋呢!”Outside the air was cool and clean.
外面的空气凉爽而洁净.
表语的转译
一.表语转译为主语
That’s rather an unusual request.
你的要求太过分了.
My two best friends from college days are Hugh and Charlie.
从上大学起,休和查理就是我最好的两个朋友.
They were older than I by two years and seemed vastly more knowledgeable.
他们长我两岁,他们的知识似乎比我渊博得多.
二.表语转译为谓语
作表语的形容词或名词有时可转译为动词.这时它往往在句中作谓语.
At the present rate of extinction we will know nothing of the vast majority of all species before they become extinct.
按目前物种灭绝的速度,绝大多数物种将在人们对之有所了解之前灭绝.
The birds are busy celebrating the new day and have eagerly been in search of food.
鸟儿忙着庆祝新的一天,已在迫不及待地觅食.
三.表语转译成状语
形容词或介词短语充当的表语有时可转译成状语.
The Nobel Prizes for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and economics take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and that for peace is in Oslo, Norway.
诺贝尔物理奖,化学奖,生物奖,文学奖和经济学奖在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩颁奖.和平奖在挪威的奥斯陆颁奖.
除以上讲到的情况外,表语还可转译为宾语
The youngest, who was not in the least ambitious, took no part in their argument.
小儿子丝毫没有野心,不参加他们的辩论.
句子成分的对换译法
一.主语与表语的对换
I was brought up in Denmark by my grandmother, and educated in Danish schools so that Danish is really my native language.
我是在丹麦由祖母抚养大,在丹麦学校受的教育,因而,我真正的母语是丹麦语. The world’s coldest continent, and the most difficult to reach, is Antarctica.
南极洲是世界上最冷的大陆，也是最难到达的洲。
二.主语与宾语对换
We were both sick on the journey and a fine drizzle met us as we disembarked.
在旅途中,我俩都晕船了;下船时,我们又碰上了蒙蒙细雨.
Her keen eye missed nothing and she specialized in discovering other people’s secrets.
任何东西都逃不脱她那敏锐的眼睛,她尤其善于发现他人的秘密.
第五章增词法和重复法
1. Addition （增词法）
Session1 因意义和词之间搭配需要而增词
由于英语和汉语句法结构、表达习惯和词之间的搭配关系等方面的差异决定。在翻译时，我们有时必须增加一些原文中本来没有的词，才能使译文意义明确，语句通顺。
Under the rule of Pol Pot, towns,money and property were abolished.
在布尔布特统治下，城镇被毁弃；货币被废除；财产被破坏。
Both the bank’s chairman Nerio Nessi, and its director general, Giacomo Pedde, resigned following the revelation.
银行董事长尼利奥·内西和总经理贾科莫·佩迪在事件披露后双双辞职。
一.增加动词
These weeks’ events in the Soviet Union captured head lines all across the United States.
几个星期以来苏联发生的事件成为美国各报的头条新闻.
二.动词分译
动词分译是指一个动词译做汉语的两个或几个动词,以适应动词与宾语的搭配关系.
The Soviet Union was capable of constructing a 100-megaton bomb. Such a device could make a crater in rock 107m deep and 2.9km wide and a fireball 13.9km in diameter.
苏联有能力制造梯恩梯当量为一亿吨的炸弹.这种炸弹可以在石头上炸出一个107米深,2.9公里宽的弹坑,并产生一个直径为13.9公里的大火球.
When he woke, Lysander came to his old self and his old love again.
当莱桑德醒来,他恢复了常态,回到了他原来的爱人身边.
She played the piano, the violin and, in her later years, the recorder.
她弹钢琴,拉提琴,晚年还吹八孔直笛.
三,增加名词
The whole town worried about her being alone.
城里的人都担心她过孤独的生活.
He is a legend, the very incarnation of compassion.
他是个传奇性人物,是慈悲的化身.
Edith had known it would be hard at 54 to be mother to a three-year old and a five-year old.
伊迪丝早知道,自己都五十四岁了,要给才三岁和五岁的两个孩子当妈妈是很艰苦的.
四.名词分译
翻译时必须用两个中文词来表达原文中一个名词的意义,这就叫名词的分译. The destruction of habitats spells extinction for millions of species within the life
time of children.
动物栖息地和植物生长地的毁灭致使千百万种动植物将在现在娃娃们的有生之年灭绝.
She is a famous singer and actress. Her performances always carry the audiences away.
她是一位著名的歌唱家和演员,她的表演常常使观众和听众大为倾倒.
五.在某些不及物动词后增加名词
When he learned it was to borrow, and not to give, that the messenger had come, His tone changed.
当他得知信使是来借钱的,而不是来送礼的,他说话的语气马上就变了.
The horse is in the fields eating.
马在牧场里吃草。
When we finished late in the afternoon, I had paint up above both wrists and had to wash in gasoline.
傍晚完工时，我两腕以上都沾上了油漆，必须用汽油清洗。
六.在形容词前或形容词后增加名词.
She was pale and fat.
她面色苍白,身体肥胖.
The British Army’s tallest soldier was Benjamin Crow who was signed on at Lichfield in November 1947 when he was 2.15m tall.
英国陆军中身材最高的士兵是本杰明·克劳.他于1947年11月在里奇菲尔德入伍,当时身高为2.15米
七.由形容词派生的名词的还原
英文中有些由形容词派生的名词在译为汉语时常常要把名词还原为形容词,同时要根据上下文增加名词.
Imagine my excitement when I saw that it was a real boat.
你可以想象得到,当我看到那是一条真正的船,心情多么兴奋.
I knew what Anli’s face, when he discovered the theft, would show only a touch of sadness. Not for the loss of money, but for the loss of trust.
我心里明白,安尼尔在发现失窃后,脸上会显示出一抹痛心的神情.但不是因为丢了钱,却是因为失去了人与人之间的信任.
有时形容词派生的名词在翻译时要增加助词“的”,合起来成为具有名词功能的“的”字结构.
Joy it was to be for a few hours together, and sadness that they had so soon to part and for so long, perhaps for ever.
欢喜的是能聚首片刻,悲伤的是不得不马上分离,也许是再会无期.
八.在抽象名词后增加名词
英文中有些抽象名词在翻译时需要增加适当的名词意思才明确.
The old man’s hands shook constantly, and he explained to my father how his shaking had begun two years before, and how he had been forced to give up his teaching because of this.
老人的手一直颤个不停,他告诉我父亲这颤抖的毛病是怎么在两年前得的,他又是怎么由于这个缘故才不得不放弃了教学工作的.
When the exploration was completed, the two astronauts on the moon would blast off in the landing craft to join the moon-ship once more.
勘查工作完成之后,月球上的两位宇航员便引发登月舱上的火箭，重新回到宇宙飞船内.
常用的几个抽象名词及其译法:
Necessity 必要性preparation准备工作
Madness 疯狂行为arrogance傲慢态度
Readability 可读性jealousy嫉妒心理
Relativity 相对论backwardness
Pessimism 悲观情绪落后状态
九.增加量词
A lesson 一堂课
A table 一张桌子
A song 一首歌
A dog 一只狗
A machine 一台机器
A meal 一顿饭
In previous fights, Caius Marcius had met and beaten their leader, Tullus Aufidius, and knew his for a valiant and skillful soldier.
在先前的战斗中,凯斯·马西斯曾与他们的首领塔拉斯·奥菲狄斯交过手并打败了他,知道他是一位智勇双全的战士.
十.在某些动词后增加“一+ 动量词”结构,表示动作是试一试;或者在某些动词后增加表示方位的词.
I must get a rest before I go on.
我必须休息一下再走.
She tried a smile. It came out rather peculiar.
她试着笑了一笑,笑容是那样的怪诞.
One night years ago, I was here alone, when all the fish surfaced.
许多年前的一个晚上,我独自在这里,突然海中的鱼全浮了上来.
十一.增加表示名词复数的词
大多数英语名词是通过在词尾加“s”来表示复数的.翻译时要根据具体情况,分别在名词前增加数词或其他词,也可增加重迭词.
He has been running a fever for days.
他发烧已经好几天了.
A bloody sacrifice might appease the madmen of the S.S
牺牲生命也许能满足秘密警察部门里的那些狂人.
Storms of snow threatened to bury the trail.
阵阵雪暴预示着要把这路径埋没.
十二.增加语气词.
中文里语气词用得较多,翻译时语气词用得好,可增加译文的生动性.
Be quiet! The baby’s sleeping!
别吵啦!孩子在睡觉!
He thought and thought, but could not come out with an answer.
他想啊，想啊，却想不出一个答案。
十三.增加其他的词
He wanted to make her answer for her treatment of him.
他要她说明理由,为什么这样对待他.(增加了副词)
“I have my orders” said Dexter.
德斯达说: “我有命令在身.”(增加了介词短语)
Posthumus was a youth of character and culture, versed in the learning of the time.
波斯丘莫斯是一位品格好,有教养的青年,对当时的学问又很有造诣.(增加了形容词)
因修辞的需要而增词
She took a taste of her drink and then leaned back comfortably with her cigarette.
她品了一口饮料,然后适意地靠在后面,嘴里叼着烟卷儿.
Since she was Hermia’s bosom friend, the two of them told her their plot.
因为她是赫米亚的心腹密友,他俩把计划告诉了她.
Small cottages and farm building grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church, whose pointed tower pointed high into the cold winter air to welcome the morning.
小小的村舍和农宅象一群群熟睡的牛儿,依偎在村教堂的周围.教堂的尖塔高高耸入充满冬季寒气的高空,迎接早晨的到来.
因句法上的需要而增词
一,增加表达时态的词
英语中时态的表达是通过加助动词和动词词型的变化来实现的,译为汉语时,我们必须增加时态助词或其他表示时间的词.
She often came to help us.
她过去常常来帮忙.
The agreement will come into force next spring.
协定将在明年春天生效.
He had pressed the button before we could stop him.
我们还没来得及阻止他,他已经按了电钮.
This is the second game. They’ve won the first.
这是第二场比赛,他们已经赢了第一场.
She makes a good teacher,as she was a good student.
她原先是个好学生,现在是个好老师.
二.增补原文中的省略部分
英文中省略的部分,有的汉语中也能省略，有的在汉语中必须增补出来才合乎表达的习惯.
Fifteen years passed, Hugh became a successful novelist, I a publisher.
有过了十五年,修已是成名的小说家,我则做了出版商.
But Aufidius, beaten repeatedly by his rival in the field, determined to get the better of Cauis if not by fair means, then by foul.
在战场上多次败于对手的奥狄斯决心给凯斯点颜色瞧瞧,如果不能用正当手段达到目的,那么就用不正当的手段.
三.增补关系代词或关系副词所指代的名词.
A Father had a family of sons who were perpetually quarreling among themselves.
一个父亲有许多儿子,儿子们时常自相口角.
He went to the library everyday where he met Mary who was to become his wife later.他那时天天到阅览室,在那里他结识了玛丽,后来她成了他的妻子.
重复法
在翻译中,重复法的运用主要是为了使译文更明确,更生动,更符合汉语的文法和表达习惯.被重复的词可以是动词,名词,代词等.
重复共同的部分,当原文中出现一个词同时与几个词存在结构关系时,如一个名词有两个或两个以上定语;一个动词带两个或几个宾语等,这个核心词往往需要重复译出.
Five marines received both the Army and Navy Medals of Honor.
有五名海军陆战队士兵同时各获陆军荣誉勋章和海军荣誉勋章.
What are the perspectives of the national liberation movement and the relations between China and the Third World countries?
民族解放运动的前途,以及中国同第三世界国家之间关系的前途是怎么样的呢?(重复共同的名词)
Histories make men wise; mathematics subtle; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
读史使人明智,数学使人周密,逻辑学和修辞学使人善辩.
(重复共同的动词)
Moved by his mother and Menenius, Coriolanus consented, though it was against his nature, to go before the people and to try to win them over, even if he had to flatter and to humour them.
卡利奥兰那斯被母亲和曼耐涅斯的话所打动,尽管违背他的本性,他还是答应去面对群众,设法把他们争取过来,即使他不得不恭维他们,迁就他们.(重复共同的代词)
为使译文生动而重复
在翻译时,为使译文生动,我们可以有意识地重复某些词句,构成排比句或并列结构,也可运用叠词.
Timon told them to set their minds at ease, for he had clean forgotten the matter.
泰门要他们放心,并说他已经把那些事情忘得干干净净.
The earth is a wonderful and awe---inspiring place. It is full of great beauty that inspired some people to create wonderful works of art, and it gives others the insight to believe in a supreme being. For these reasons alone, surely this, our only planet, is worth our care, our thoughtfulness and our attention.
…我们唯一的地球,就值得我们爱护,值得我们体贴,值得我们关心.
第六章减译法和正反,反正译法
1.Omission
(减词法)
减词法是指在翻译中为了避免内容重复和文字繁琐，将原文中的某些词省略不译。和其他翻译的技巧一样，减译的目的是使译文流畅，通顺，更符合汉语的表达习惯。
一.代词的减译
1.人称代词的减译
2.物主代词的减译
3.反身代词的减译
1.人称代词的减译
While he was staying in England, he made a study of old castles.
他在英国时,专门从事古堡的研究.
I saw him several times while I was in New Y ork.
我在纽约时,见过他几次.
除做主语的代词外,有时做宾语的代词也可省略.
“If you want the job, go ask for it.”Dad encouraged her.
“如果你想做那份工作,就去申请吧.”爸爸鼓励她.
He might put the big fish in a big glassbox and make people pay to see it.
他可以把那条大鱼放在玻璃缸,让人们付款观看.
2.物主代词的减译
Don’t put your hands in your pockets.
别把手揣在口袋里.
He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.
他进了屋,大衣上尽是雪,鼻子冻得通红.
3.反身代词的减译
He did himself behind a tree.
他躲在一棵树后面.
Did he hurt himself when he fell?
他摔倒时伤着了吗?
二.冠词的减词
Down came the ceiling.
天花板掉了下来.
The pen is mightier than the sword.
文笔胜于刀剑.
The love of money is the root of all evil.
爱财是一切罪恶的根源.
三.动词的减译
The elephant stood ten feet tall and weighed more than four tons.
那头大象身高十尺,重四吨多.
四.其他词的减译
Juliet was torn between desire to keep him near her and fear for his life, should his presence be detected.
朱丽叶又想留在他身边,又怕他被发觉会丢掉性命,感到进退两难.
(减译名词)
He joined the Red Army in the winter of that year.
那年冬天他参加了红军.(减译介词)
It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.
读书和吃饭一样,得到利益的是实际在吃的人,而不是在旁观看的人.(减译连接词) 2.Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions(正反和反正译
法)
正反,反正译法是指原文中从正面表达的词或句子,译文从反面来表达;或者原文中从反面表达的词或句子,译文中从正面表达,这里应当指出,反面表达是指句子中含有否定词或具有否定意义,包括英文中的not,no,never 和带有in-,un-,de-,dis-,im-,il-,ir-,-less,等表示否定的词缀;汉语中的“非”,“不”,“无”,“未”,“否”,“别”,“勿”等字.
I could see that her excitement was gone. (正面表达)
我看得出,她那兴奋劲儿不见了.(反面表达)
All this is between ourselves. (正面表达)
这些都不要告诉别人. (反面表达)
不同的词类都可采用正反,反正译法.
一.动词
Keep him inside here.
别让他出去!
Moved and you’re dead.
别动,否则就打死你!
汉译英 Unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充足的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。（no matter how） No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech ，you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关系吉米一样，吉米也关系他们（just as） Just as all his sister ’ s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them 3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。（track down）Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。（tell on） If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。（on one’s own） Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。（reckon with） Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2.总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron . 3正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4.考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5.服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并立刻咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2..教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one ’ s study after graduatin g from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5.据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。
Unit1： 1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。（illusion）Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来。（devastate）That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived. 3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。（fill with）The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake. 4.那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了 自己的生命。（leave behind） In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。（off and on）The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money. 6.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。（meet up with） In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7.这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。（find one’s way to） It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to find my way to the little firm. 8.在电影界要达到顶峰时非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。（make it） It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director Xie Jin did it. U2： 1.如今许多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not rich enough to afford them. 2.当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（affair, fall apart） Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3.那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。 （inspiration, deny oneself something） For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself
[考研类试卷]英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷4 汉译英 1 扶持农业发展 我们必须加大对农业的支持力度。采取符合世贸组织规则的措施，努力维护农民利益。增加对农业和农村基础设施建设投资，改善生产生活条件和生态环境。重点支持节水灌溉、人畜饮水、农村沼气、农村水电、乡村道路和草场围栏等设施建设。要在农业科研、技术推广、病虫害防治、信息咨询和农民培训等方面加强对农业的支持。特别要加大对粮食主产区的支持力度。改进金融对农业的服务。深化农村信用社改革。进一步搞好农村扶贫开发，多渠道增加扶贫资金，扩大以工代赈规模。加大对灾区和特困地区的支持，减免农、牧业税，并真正落到实处。积极帮助农村特困户和优抚对象解决实际困难。 2 中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消灭，社会主义制度已经确立。工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。 3 中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法制，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为高度文明、高度民主的社会主义国家。 4 坚持党的思想路线，解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进，是我们党坚持先进性和增强创造力的决定性因素，也是十六大报告的精髓。学习贯彻十六大精神要紧紧把
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.
Unit1: 1)我们像在暖房里种花那样养孩子是错误的。我们必须让他们接触各种社会问题，因为不久他们就将作为公民来应对这些问题。 It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse. We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens. 2)随着时间的推移，我们不可避免地会越来越多地卷入国际事务。而冲突必然会发生，因为国家之间总有不同的观点和利益。 As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved in international affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations. 3)我们为我们的成就而骄傲，我们有理由感到骄傲。但是我们永远不能变得狂妄，不然我们就会失去我们的朋友。 We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we must never become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends. 4)信息现在唾手可得。一个普通的电脑就能储存一个普通图书馆的信息。 Information is now easily available. An average computer can store the information of a small library 5)那家建筑公司没有资格操作这个项目。他们没有任何法律文件能证明他们具备必要的专门技术。 That construction company is not qualified to handle the project. They do not have any legal document to certify that they have the necessary expertise. We must find a company that specializes in building theatres. 6)这些智囊团不作决策。他们力图提出一些对决策者十分有用的新主意和深刻的分析。 These think tanks do not make decisions. They are out to generate new ideas and penetrating analyses that will be extremely useful for decision makers. 7)国内生产总值不是一切的。如果人民的生活质量没有真正改善的话，我们国家就并不能说已经现代化了。 The growth of GDP is not everything. Our country cannot be said to have been modernized unless the quality of our people’s lives is really improved. 8)虽然那时候我们在很多方面都很困难，但作为孩子我们仍然很幸福，因为有干净的空气、水；江河湖泊里有很多鱼、螃蟹、黄 鳝；田野里有花，有树，有鸟。 Poor as we were in many ways at that time, we were still quite happy as children, for there was clean air, clean water, a lot of fish, crabs and eels in the rivers, lakes, and ponds, and a lot of flowers, trees and birds in the fields. 9)只要给某一个人或某一群人以绝对权力，那这个人或这一群人就肯定会滥用权力，因为正如阿克顿勋爵所说，“权力使人腐败， 绝对权力绝对使人腐败。” Give absolute power to some individual or any particular group of people, and that person or group are sure to abuse that power because, just as Lord Acton says, “Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” 10)在我们国家，传统上都认为，“万般皆下品，惟有读书高”。 Traditionally in our country school education was always said to be more important and useful compared with all other pursuits. Unit2: 11)我跟你说，从各方面考虑，当教师不失为一个好主意。事实上，我认为这个主意好极了。
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1.词义的选择 ? 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message (你要不要留个话儿)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。
Finding your true calling 找寻内心真实的呼唤 The very worst use of time in life is to stay for months or years at a job for which you are completely unsuited. However, a great number of people spend their whole lives doing something during the week so that they can somehow find some thing enjoyable to do on the weekend. 人们一生中利用时间最糟糕的莫过于经年累月地从事自己完全不合适的工作。可是，有相当多的人却一生都是如此度过的：工作日内做做事，周末找些乐子。 In every case, these are men and women with very little future before them.They look upon their jobs as a form of drudgery, a penance they have to pay in order to enjoy the rest of their lives. And because of this attitude, they will seldom advance or be promoted. They will stay pretty much at the same level, moving from job to job, and always wondering why other people seem to live the "good life" while they feel they are living lives of quiet desperation. 从各种情况看，这些人的前途黯淡。他们认为自己的工作是沉重的任务，是他们为了享受余生对自己的惩罚。正是由于这种态度，他们很少会有发展或得到提升。他们总是在原地踏步，工作换了一个又一个，
Unit1 1. 背离传统需要极大的勇气。(departure, enormous) {It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.} 2. 汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。(performance, bold) {Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.} 3. 很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 (creative, desirable) {Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.} 4. 假设（assume）那幅画确实是名作（masterpiece），你觉得值得购买吗？(worthwhile) {Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it's worthwhile to buy / purchase it?} 5. 如果这些数据统计上是站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。(throw light on , investigate, valid) {If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.} Unit2 1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。(deny, commercial) {The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.} 2) 每当他生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。(stammer) {Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.} 3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最好的私立学校上学。(cherish) {Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.} 4) 手术康复后不久，他失业了，因此经历了人生的又一个困难阶段。(shortly after, go through) {Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.} 5) 与我们的富裕邻居相比，我们的父母就相当穷了，但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码的需求。(affluent, minimal) {In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.} Unit3 1) 科学家们找到火星上有水的证据了吗？(proof) {Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?} 2) 计划委员会已经将建核电厂的可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇。(location, narrow down) {The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.} 3) 任何一个有尊严的人都不会一辈子依靠社会救济过活。(welfare)
Unit 1 1.他为这次面试中可能面对的问题准备好了答案 He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.他那悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎要哭出来。 His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩沿着河边手挽着手散步，有说有笑，非常愉快。 The two of them are walking hand in hand, along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.他听到这令人激动的消息后，眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。 When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，是因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。 People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for shanghai dialect and suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在研究能否在三年内买一幢新房子。 Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.对女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终同意让步了。 He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们把所有的贵重物品都锁好了，然后才出去度假。 We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样相互关心，互相帮助。Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will retain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as did in the past. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。 At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.对不起，我迟到了，我刚才在开会脱不开身。 I’m sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.在音乐会上，每当一位歌手唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲时，观众便高声喝彩表示赞赏。 At the concert whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.她是个穿着时髦的人，总是穿时髦的衣服，但对饮食很少讲究。 As s stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks 4.护士告诉我医生奇迹般的治好了你的心脏病。 The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.主席颁奖时赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。 When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.这个问题许多年使专家们迷惑不解。 This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.警察到达后，示威的人群逐渐散开了。
基础综合英语课文翻译 导语：《基础综合英语》综合听说读写四个方面。每单元前半 部分涉及听说技能，而后半部分突出读写技能。这四种技能都围绕同一主题展开，相互补充，协同提高。下面是由的关于基础综合英语课文第一单元部分课文的翻译。欢迎阅读！ 对F的赞美 今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义 的文凭。这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。 最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我 教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学历毕业证书。他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。 在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。在每学期 开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！我希望有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，即使我阅读不好，也不会写作。很多诸如此类的抱怨。
我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前，我将孩子们 的学力能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其它妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。 我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的 注意。我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关，直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。 当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。他坐在 后排和他的朋友说话。她告诉我。你为什么不把他换到前排来？我恳求道，我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。史蒂夫特夫人从眼镜上方冷冷地看着我。我不会换高年级学生的座位。她说，我会给他们不及格的成绩。我大感紧张。我们儿子的学习生涯在我的眼前闪现。之前，没有老师以此威胁过他。我恢复镇定，艰难地表示我认为她是对的。到家时，我对此感觉良好。目前这是一种激进的做法，但是，嗯，为什么不这么做呢？她要给你不及格。我告诉我的儿我没有再多说什么。突然英语就在他的生活中成了头等大事。他期末得了一个A。 我知道一个例子不能说明问题，但我在夜校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟得上。这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学