淮阴工学院
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
系（院）：机械工程系
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化
姓名：王李华
学号：1051101133
外文出处：A Monitoring System For PLC Controlled
Manufacturing System Based On Fieldbus (用外文写)
附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
基于现场总线监测系统的PLC控制制造系统
1 导言
用电镀金属做成的蜿蜒的真空系统，就像是锌和铝薄膜那样是非常普遍的电容行业。他的主要目标是当控制张力的膜时能尽可能增加膜的运输的速度。膜的紧张程度和速度应该以一个参考价值而被保存起来。而主要的问题存在于膜的速度和张力之间的耦合。它们之间的速度问题存在很多干扰资源（辊非圆，膜滑动）。如果传递的速度变动的话，那么对膜的治疗将会变的不均匀。另一个方面，不恰当的紧张局势将会导致褶皱或者是膜破裂。一旦发生膜破裂，经营者需要再次开放清盘商会。很明显，清盘商会的压力将会反作用于标准大气压的压力。而要达到清盘商会所需的压力需要20到30分钟的时间。因此，产量将明显减少。所以，用一个监测系统，监测紧张的波动程度，以避免膜破裂是非常必要的。
CC-Link是一个外地网络系统，它以高速传送控制力度和数据信息，以提供效力，结合代理，过程自动化。使用CC-Link可以使使用者减少数量控制和需要在复杂的生产线下的电源线路。当用户可以从支持CC-Link的多余的354个领域的设备中选择出合适的设备，那么多供应商环境的扩展将会变的很容易。
至于交流的速度，使得通信和传感器输入需要高速反应和智能设备，需要大量的数据通信。作为一个CC-Link的功能，FAS的功能是：tand-by的主功能，分离站的功能，自动分离功能，这些功能使得在通信故障和系统调试时自动恢复过来。至于测试和监测职能，对确认数据连接状态，硬件测试和电路测试都是可行的。CC-Link的网络图显示如图1所示。
CC-Link的监测系统是由主站，奴隶站，个人电脑，逆变器，伺服电机，远程I/O单元等组成。
为了满足追求自动化和灵活性的要求，许多复杂的制造系统都是由可编程控制器（PLC）来控制的。这是由PLC的适应性强，模块化，便于使用和成本低等优点决定的。真空卷绕镀膜就是这样一个复杂的制造系统。
本文介绍了基于CC-Link现场总线的智能监控系统，其中包括个人电脑和目的是控制和信息管理的可编程逻辑控制器。使用CC-Link现场总线提出了一种新技术是为了通过这一监控系统。
2结构监测系统
基于现场总线的监测系统有两个安排，包括在领域里的监测单位，信息管理和在控制之中的控制单元。位于清盘真空机附近的所有智能监测单位都有微处理器，其中有以下功能，各自的信号采集，A/D转换，数据计算等等。奴隶站和主站之间的每个离散监测单位是现场总线最重要的部分。为了进行双向通信，模拟信号被数字信号所取代。这有利于运营商在控制室里进行控制，核查和参数设置。这样的结构，一方面，提高了监测系统的精度和抗干扰能力，另一方面，它也节省了投资成本。
图1 CC-Link的网络图
数字职能监测单位应取决于实际需求。该系统有五种监测单位：温度，真空度，轧辊直径，膜的张力和转移速度。
监测系统是否能够正常工作在很大程度上依赖于高性能的传感器。其精度和稳定性，直接影响了监测制度。从这些传感器上获得的数据经过PLC的处理，显示在人机界面上，如图2所示。
智能监测模块有两个功能：一方面，它的过滤器，放大和调节输出信号的传感器通过PLC的处理可以得到适当的值（FX系列）。另一方面，它凭借通信接口的可编程控制器进行数据采集，A/D转换，数据处理，软件抗干扰，参数计算等将数据传输到中央控制单元。
中央控制单元（CCU）是这个监测系统的中心，其中包括PC机和RS232。它的工作状态是控制智能监测的每个单位，将得到数据和异常信息进行处理以挽救它们。此外，控制器可以被用户计算机所访问。并且，它已经切实可行的分析出了数据，并且利用数据管理和故障诊断软件对数据进行了诊断。
该监测系统利用CC-Link现场总线构成的模块和双绞线作为通信介质。最多可以有64个站可以连接到这样的现场总线中。该通信模块是通过CC-Link现场总线与检测单位和各个站连接起来的。当现场总线的通信速率为156kps时传输距离可以达到1.2公里。
图2 在HMI上的监控显示
3 PLC的编程
在这个系统中，我们使用三菱系列的PLC作为PLC的主站，这是由于它的快速反应和巨大的信息处理能力的特点所决定的。它是用来控制总卷绕系统与FX系列的PLC缠绕系统和舒展共存系统的行为的。系统的经营行为和这些行为的排列都是由设计者事先编辑好的。控制程序规定了一系列卷绕系统的行动，讲述了PLC是如何控制系统的。目前国家的所有传感器或执行器都被作为一系列的输入，输出和旗帜信号而保存在PLC的内存中。因此，PLC程序是在PLC控制的制造系统中的监测基础。
PLC的编程采用梯形图的方法。它提供了一个设计环境，这个环境就是软件工具运行在主机终端，以便于梯形图的开发，验证，测试和诊断。首先，高层次的计划使用图表，然后，梯形图转换成二进制指令代码，以便于它们可以存储在随机存
取存储器（RAM）或可擦除可编程只读存储器（EPROM）。每个指令由CPU解码和执行。CPU的程序是用来控制操作的内存和I/O装置，并根据程序处理数据。PLC上的每个输出和输入的连接点上有一个地址用于I/O位的识别。数据的直接代表的方法与输入，输出和记忆有关，基于这样一个事实，将PLC的内存分为三个区域：输入图像存储，输出图像存储，内存。
PLC程序采用主程序循环扫描的方法，例如输入的变数定期检查。该循环项目的启动是采用扫描输入系统和存储器在内存中的固定位置的方法进行的（输入图像记忆）。其它的程序是按照一个接一个的方式执行的。扫描程序和各种梯形量的解决决定了输出量。更新的输出量存储在固定的内存中（输出图像记忆）。在程序结束时，内存中的量被用来设置和从新设置PLC的物理输出。
正如我们所知，逻辑控制器是PLC的一个重要组成部分，它可用于有效处理模拟数据。
1）模拟数据采集和转换
模拟的输入和输出就像是压力和温度需要在线测量一样。举例来说，温度是测量铂的电阻以获得的所需要的量。经过信号转换模块转换后，测量电阻的电压值在1-5V之间。输出模块的这种转变是最后收集然后再返回给PLC的。
2)PLC的控制算法
模拟量可以是任何形式的变量，如我们的卷绕系统中的温度和压力。事实上，存在着两种控制方式，自动和手动。在手动模式下，运营商可以根据期望的水平修改输出值，而在自动模式下，输出量受预先设计的控制算法所规定。值得一提的是，PLC的产出总是增加的。虽然PID的控制器可以被控制在这里，但手动谐调的生产初始化一开始时就被使用，而且，在那个系统之后就切换到自动模式。我们强调，用户的面向模糊逻辑控制器的使用的经验，也能进一步改善这里的生产性能。膜的张力控制系统采用PLC的模糊逻辑控制器（PLC）,以应付卷绕系统的不确定性。模糊逻辑计算法，实现了基于PLC的指示。
对于固定的模式和常规PID的参数处理已经达到了一个很好的阶段了，但是事物总是相对的，事实上，卷绕系统的参数设定在一定范围内，因此，控制器必须具有鲁棒性，以获得较高的性能。为此目的，模糊推理被用来调整PID的因素，用这样的方法，PID的因素可以根据系统状态和植物参数的变化来衡量。
3)伺服电机控制
膜一开始时是以很低的速度转动的，然后伺服电机开始加速，最后大概达到每秒钟8英里。膜的张力是由负载细胞控制的，它控制伺服电机以保持张力恒定。控制的目标不仅是保持膜的张力不变，而且也使绕组在最少的时间内达到设定的值。所以主要的任务是如何控制伺服电机能准确的工作。
4 结论
PLC的监测系统是用于控制制造系统的。基于现场总线的镀膜生产过程在本文当中已经给了很充分的说明了。自从2003年以来它已经在实际生产中得到了运用。它的成果已经证明了它具有很大的优势，而且它在实践中的利润也将会有很大的改善。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）
A Monitoring System For PLC Controlled Manufacturing System
Based On Fieldbus
1. Introduction
The winding vacuum systems for plating metal such as zinc and aluminium on thin film are very common in the capacitance industry. The main goal is to increase as much as possible the film transport velocity while controlling the tension of the film. The tension and the speed of the film should be maintained at a reference value. The main concern is the coupling existing between film velocity and tension. There exist many sources of disturbances on the velocity (roller non-circularity, film sliding). If the delivery speed fluctuates, then the treatment on the film becomes nonuniform. On the other hand inappropriate tension may cause wrinkles or even a film break. Once film break takes place, the operator needs open the winding chamber again. Obviously the pressure of winding chamber comes back to standard atmosphere pressure. And it will take about 20-30 minutes for winding chamber to reach the required pressure. Accordingly the output will decrease evidently. So a monitoring system to monitor tension fluctuation in order to avoid film break is very needful.
CC-Link is a field network system that processes both control and information data at high speed, to provide efficient, integrated factory and process automation. Using CC-Link enables users to reduce the amount of
control and power wiring required in the complicated production line. Since users can select the suitable devices from more than 354 field devices supported CC-Link it is easy to expand multi-vendor environment.
As for the communication of speed, this enables the communication with the sensor input which requires a high speed response and intelligent devices which requires a large amount of data communication.As one of CC-Links features, RAS functions such as, stand-by master function, detaching slave station function and auto return function enable recovery from the communication fault and the system debug at start up time.As for test and monitoring function, confirmation of the data link status, hardware test and circuit test are available. The CC-Link network diagram is shown as Fig. 1. The CC-Link monitoring system is composed of master station > slave stations > personal computer > inverter > servo motors >remote I/O units, ect.
In order to meet the quest for automation and flexibility, many complex manufacturing systems are controlled by Programmable Logical Controllers(PLC). This is because that PLC's are adaptable, modular,
user-friendly and acquired at low cost. And that winding vacuum film plating system is just such a complex manufacturing system.
The paper presents an intelligent monitoring system based on
CC-Link fieldbus which consists of upper personal computer and the lower Programmable Logic Controllers for the aim of control and information
management. A new kind of technology using CC-Link fieldbus is adopted in this monitoring system.
2. Structure of The Monitoring System
This fieldbus-based monitoring system has two arrangements including monitoring units in field and information management and control unit in control room. All intelligent monitoring units located nearby the winding vacuum machine have microprocessors, which have the following function as respective signal sampling, A/D conversion, data calculation, ect.Fieldbus is the most important connection between each discrete monitoring unit in slave stations and master station. Analog signal is superseded by digital signal for bi-directional communication. It is beneficial for an operator to realize control, verification and parameter setting in control room. The kind of structure, on one hand, increases the precision and antiinterference capability of the monitoring system. On the other hand, it saves the investment cost..
The quantities of intelligent monitoring units should be determined by practical needs. This system has five kinds of monitoring units: temperature, vacuum degree, roll diameter, film tension and transfer velocity.
Whether the monitoring system could work normally depends on the performance of the sensors to a considerable degree. Their precision and stability has a direct influence on the monitoring system. Data obtained from these sensors are processed by PLC and displayed on HMI as Fig. 2 shown.
Intelligent monitoring module has two functions: on one hand it filters,amplifies and adjusts the output signal got from sensors to appropriate value which can be processed by PLC (FX series). On the other hand it carries through signal sampling, A/D conversion, data processing, software antiinterference,parameter calculation and transmits data to central control unit by virtue of communication interface of a PLC.
Central control unit (CCU) is the center of this monitoring system whichconsists of PC and RS232. It takes control of working condition of each intelligent monitoring unit, gets data and abnormal information and saves them. In addition, CCU can be visited by upper user computers. Furthermore,it has been practicable to analyze data and give a diagnosis for winding system by taking advantage of data management and fault diagnosis software.
The monitoring system makes use of CC-Link fieldbus which consists of communication module and twisted-pair wire acting as communication
medium. Sixty-four stations could be connected to this kind of fieldbus at most. The communication module is connected with monitoring units and respective stations through CC-Link fieldbus. Transmission distance even reaches 1.2km while communication rate of fieldbus is 156kpbs.
3. PLC PROGRAMMING
In this winding system, we use Mitsubishi A series PLC as master station PLC because it has the characteristic of quick response and great ability of information processing. It is used to control the behaviors of the total winding system together with FX series PLCs of winding and unwinding system. The operating actions of the system and the sequence of these actions were edited beforehand into the control program by the designer. The control program sets a series of operations of the winding system, which tells the PLCs how to control a system. The current states of all sensors or actuators are saved as an array of input, output or flag signals in the PLC memory. Therefore, the PLC program is the basis of monitoring in a PLC controlled manufacturing system.
The programming method used is the ladder diagram method. The PLC system provides a design environment in the form of software tools running on a host computer terminal which allows ladder diagrams to be developed,verified, tested, and diagnosed. First, the high-level program is written in diagrams. Then, the ladder diagram is converted into binary instruction codes so that they can be stored in random-access memory (RAM) or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). Each successive instruction is decoded and executed by the CPU. The fimction of the CPU is to control the operation of memory and I/O devices and to process data according to the program. Each input and output connection point on a PLC has an address used to identify the I/O bit. The method for
the direct
representation of data associated with the inputs, outputs, and memory is based on the fact that the PLC memory is organized into three regions: input image memory, output image memory, and internal memory[4].
The PLC program uses a cyclic scan in the main program loop such that periodic checks are made to the input variables. The program loop starts by scanning the inputs to the system and storing their states in fixed memory locations (input image memory). The ladder program is then executed rungby-rung. Scanning the program and solving the logic of the various ladder rungs determine the output states. The updated output states are stored in
fixed memory locations (output image memory). The output values held in memory are then used to set and reset the physical outputs of the PLC simultaneously at the end of the program scan[4].
As we know, logic control is a remarkable property of PLC, and it can be applied to efficiently handle analog data[2].
1) Analog data acquisition and transformation
Analog inputs and outputs such as pressure and temperature need to be measured on-line. For instance, temperature is first acquired by the Platinum resistances. A signal transformation module then converts the measured resistance value into the voltage range of 1-5V. The output of this transformation module is finally collected and transmitted back to the above
PLC.
2) PLC control algorithms
The analog variables could be any controlled variable, e.g., temperature or pressure in our winding system. As a matter of fact, there exist two control modes, auto and manual. In the manual mode, operators modify the output values according to the desired levels; while in the auto mode, output values are regulated by the pre-designed control algorithms. It is worth mentioning that the outputs of PLC are always incremental values. Although auto-tuning PID controllers can be employed here, manual tuning is always used at the beginning of the production for routine initialization, and after that the system is switched to the auto mode. We emphasize that user's experiences oriented fuzzy logic controllers are utilized here to further improve the production performance as well. A film tension control system using fuzzy logic controller (PLC) on PLC to cope with the winding system uncertainty is proposed. Fuzzy logic algorithm is realized by basic PLC instructions.
To deal with the system with fixed model and parameter conventional PID is enough, but fixture is relative, in fact, the parameters of the winding system are variable in a definite range, therefore the controller must has robustness to obtain high performance. For this purpose, fuzzy reasoning is used to adjust the factors of PID, by this way the PID factors can be adjusted according to the changes of system state and plant parameters.
3) Servo motors control
At the beginning the film is transferred at a low speed, and then the servo motors are accelerated to set speed to wind at high speed at about 8 miles per second. The film tension is detected by load cells which control servo motors velocity to keep tension constant. The objective of control is not only to keep film tension constant but also to make winding velocity arrive at set value at least time. So the main problem is how to control servo motors accurately.
4, CONCLUSION
A monitoring system for PLC controlled manufacturing System Based on fieldbus for film plating production process is presented in this paper. It has been successfully on operation in practical production since 2003. Promising results have demonstrated its great advantage in practice as well as significant profit improvement.
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/d911157240.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/d911157240.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。
A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power Transformers The power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation. This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet. Discrete Wavelet Transform The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysis
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Basic Security Practices for Web Applications Even if you have limited experience with and knowledge of application security, there are basic measures that you should take to help protect your Web applications. The following sections in this topic provide minimum-security guidelines that apply to all Web applications.General Web Application Security Recommendations;Run Applications with Minimum Privileges ;Know Your Users; Guard Against Malicious User Input;Access Databases Securely;Create Safe Error Messages;Keep Sensitive Information Safely;Use Cookies Securely;Guard Against Denial-of-Service Threats. 1. General Web Application Security Recommendations
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
河南科技学院新科学院 2013届本科毕业生论文（设计） 英文文献及翻译 Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition 学生姓名：王艳杰 所在院系：经济系 所学专业：国际经济与贸易 导师姓名：侯黎杰 完成时间：2013年4月15日
Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition Abstract:This paper examines the resource allocational and welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in a general-equilibrium model with oligopolistic competition and unemployment. Although the welfare impact for the short run is ambiguous and dependent upon the strength of excess profits and scale economies relative to unemployment in manufacturing, in the long run additional inflows of foreign capital always improve national welfare with capital mobility. Hence, attracting foreign capital remains a sound policy for economies characterized by imperfect competition, scale economies,and regional unemployment. Keywords: International capital mobility; Imperfect competition; Welfare 1.Introduction The welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in the presence of trade restrictions have been extensively studied. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) show that when imports are subject to tariffs, an introduction of fo reign capital inflows accentuates the tariff distortion and hence reduces national welfare if the import-competing sector is relatively capital-intensive. In contrast, Dei (1985) shows that when imports are restricted by quotas,foreign capital inflows in the presence of foreign-owned capital always improve welfare by depressing the rental and so lowering the payments to existing foreign-owned capital. Recently, Neary (1981), using a common framework for both tariffs and quotas, obtains more general results of foreign capital inflows; the welfare effect of such inflows depends crucially on whether foreign-owned capital exists initially in the home country. In addition, Khan (1982) and Grinols (1991) have examined the effects of foreign capital inflows for a generalized Harris-Todaro economy under tariff protection. Khan finds that the result by Brecher and Diaz Alejandro is still valid even in the presence of unemployment, whereas Grinols argues that increased foreign capital need not be detrimental to welfare if the opportunity costs of labor are sufficiently low. Noteworthy is that the models used by these authors are all based upon the premise of perfect competition along with constant returns-to-scale technology. Although perfect competition serves as a useful assumption in crystallizing theoretical insights, it nevertheless fails to depict many of the real-world phenomena. The real-world economy is characterized, to a large extent, by imperfect competition and economies of scale. The policy implications of imperfect competition and economies
大数据外文翻译参考文献综述 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Data Mining and Data Publishing Data mining is the extraction of vast interesting patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data. The initial idea of privacy-preserving data mining PPDM was to extend traditional data mining techniques to work with the data modified to mask sensitive information. The key issues were how to modify the data and how to recover the data mining result from the modified data. Privacy-preserving data mining considers the problem of running data mining algorithms on confidential data that is not supposed to be revealed even to the party
running the algorithm. In contrast, privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) may not necessarily be tied to a specific data mining task, and the data mining task may be unknown at the time of data publishing. PPDP studies how to transform raw data into a version that is immunized against privacy attacks but that still supports effective data mining tasks. Privacy-preserving for both data mining (PPDM) and data publishing (PPDP) has become increasingly popular because it allows sharing of privacy sensitive data for analysis purposes. One well studied approach is the k-anonymity model [1] which in turn led to other models such as confidence bounding, l-diversity, t-closeness, (α,k)-anonymity, etc. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. The aim of this paper is to present a survey for most of the common attacks techniques for anonymization-based PPDM & PPDP and explain their effects on Data Privacy. Although data mining is potentially useful, many data holders are reluctant to provide their data for data mining for the fear of violating individual privacy. In recent years, study has been made to ensure that the sensitive information of individuals cannot be identified easily. Anonymity Models, k-anonymization techniques have been the focus of intense research in the last few years. In order to ensure anonymization of data while at the same time minimizing the information