外文资料：
Construction of Digital Mine and Key Technologies
ABSTRACT
In China,the mine is facing a stern challenge over its environmental protection, the limitation on its structure and function within its subsystem,optimization of its limited manpower,financial and material resources and its sustainable development.Digital mine is come up with to deal with all these problems.
The Digital Mine can be liken to“a logistics supply chain”,the basic characteristic is the high-speed network,with broadband and two-way communication system,used as“path map”,which shall make sure the fast delivery of all the date within all the relevant enterprises in the country;It consists of vehicles, which refers to the technics of Mine CAD,virtual reality,mine simulation, scientific calculation,artificial intelligence,visualization and office automation;goods,which refers to mine data and mind application model;package, which refers to3DGM(3-Dimensional Geographical Model)and data mining;security system,which refers to the collection and renewal system of mine data;and dispatching system,which refers to MGIS(Mine Geographical Information System),the common carrier of the entire information and office decisions,controlling the use and operation of all vehicles as well as all of the goods production and the package system.
The basic structure of the Digital Mine is composed of two parts:digital ground and digital mine.The digital ground is a management information system based on the EPR(Enterprise Resource Planning)and spatial information infrastructure and information system based on3S technology and computer network.The digital mine regards the mine geology and surveying data as basic information data for spatial positioning,furthermore,inputting other relevant information if necessary,such as mining working-face,excavating working-face,underground chamber,mechanical and electronic equipments,ventilation and safety device,underground pipeline and communication and others,forming a spatial database.Thus,the entire mine’s
information system of management and service and decision support system is established.
The Digital Mine is a huge systematic project,involving3S(GIS,GPS,RS),IT (Information technology),mine science,virtual reality technology and visualization technology.Based on computers and network communication,the Digital mine realizes the digitization of storing,transporting,expressing and applying of all the relevant spatial data and ttribute data,including mine construction, exploration,development,mining,environmental protection and control.In addition, it is also a huge artificial intellectual system that integrates digital construction,digital exploration,digital mining,digital environmental protection and digital forecasting based on data dictionary technology,data warehouse technology,WebGIS,virtual reality technology,multimedia technology, CASE technology and artificial intelligence technology.
Key words:digital mine;data dictionary;data warehouse;WebGIS;virtual reality; multimedia;artificial intelligence
INTRODUCTION
The digital mine is integration understanding and digitized reconstruction of real mine&relevant phenomenon,it aims high-efficient,safe and green mining for mineral resource,which guarantee sustainable growth mine economic,also guarantee ecological stability of mine natural environment,and then realize the sustainability,stability,harmonious of the whole mine system,it is a part of digital mining area,digital earth.Constructing digital mine is a complicated system engineering,which need use these disciplines such as information, geography,mine,computer,mathematics,mechanics,surveying and mapping, geomatics.etc.at present,the study on digital mine is on the primary stage,its target is particular application,till now,digital mine has set up some regional,single-function technological system,for instance,mine geology& surveying information system.With the development of modern science and technology, constructing digital mine,realizing informationization and digitization of mine enterprises become basic strategy of mine enterprise's sustainable development.
Till now,regarding research of digital mine,each scholar has studied the function intension of digital mine from ifferent sides.I think digital mine should possess these following functions:①overall digitized for data related to mine(hereafter referred to as mine data).Function includes mine data acquisition,mine data memory, mine ata retrieval,mine data transform,mine data transmission and alternate visit etc.;②using“3S”technology,multimedia,artificial intelligence technology, WebGIS technology,virtual reality technology to realize3D display of ore body and mine and monitor duly mining work,realize artificial intelligence,check and assess mineral stack impact on environment etc.;③with the help of computer technology, network technology.etc.Digital mine should be capable of realizing mine data release,updating,share and exchange between different departments,mine data of the same trade in time;④Digital mine should have functions of predicting, appraising,analyzing etc.,which can offer policymaking and optimization scheme for macroscopic strategy of the government department,drawing up the selling prices of enterprises,etc.
1.CONCEPT OF DIGITAL MINE
Digital mine regards mine system as prototype,regards geographical coordinate as reference system,regards mine science and technology,information science, artificial intelligence and calculation science as theoretical foundation,regards high-new mine observation technology and network technology as technological support,establishing a series of different levels prototype,system field,material model,mechanics model,mathematical model,information model and computer model,using multimedia and simulation&virtual reality technology to express multidimensional information,at the same time,it is a technological system possessing high resolution,magnanimity data,various data fusion and with the characteristic of space,digitization,internalization,intelligence and visualization.It is virtual mine of informationization,digitization,using the method of informationization&digitalization to research and reconstruct mine, after accomplishment of digital mine,the information involving in the whole mine system can be understood fully at a glance,especially regarding information
connection between multiple bodies and law of interaction.
The concept of digital mine can be grasped from two aspects.on one hand,inherent information of digital mine is digitized(namely,fixed information related to spatial position directly,such as topography on the ground,geology under the shaft, mine scheme,completed engineering under the shaft,and so on),and build digital mine according to three-dimensional coordinate,which portray mine and ore body overall;on the other hand，all relevant information is imbedded to make up a multidimensional digital mine in more extensive meaning.(i.e.relative change information related to spatial position indirectly,such as management of reserves, electromechanical management,personnel management,production management, technical management,etc.),Fig.1shows its structure and interaction:According to the above-mentioned analysis,digital mine should include4layers.
(1)Data administration layer:it lies in the first layer in the system,also in lowest layer of the whole system，which is responsible for the collection,memory, preprocessing，transform，inquiry，retrieval，transmission，cross visit of the data and data output,providing the support of the data for other layers.So it is foundation and data source of the whole system.
(2)Model layer:it lies in the second layer in the system,which includes designed new model and application of various given geological model,mathematical model, appraising and predicting model,etc.for instance,the tonnage and grade model of mineral deposit,reserves calculation model,and so on.And some models need be designed and set up in the course of practical application,for example,the three-dimensional geological body has fracture,because there is no ready-made model, the users must design and build model again.This layer offers modeling method and data support for constructing new model and applying given model.
(3)Technologies and methods layer:the third layer in the system.It refers to applying various new and high technologies to realize the three-dimension display of the mine and ore body,real time supervision on mining work,artificial intelligence and examination and assessment of ore pileup and impact on environment on the basis of model layer
(4)Management and application layer:in outermost layer of the system.it includes MIS and office automation,the long-range renewal,share and exchange of data;In addition,relevant analysis and prediction can be carried out depending on various information and processed data derived from other layer,which offer the decision support of each level for policymaker
2.ESSENTIAL FEATURES AND
BASIC STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL MINE
Essential features of digital mine include:①digital mine regards high-speed enterprise network as“the route chart”.And broadband,high-speed,two-way communication network is gradual set up to guarantee the fast transmission of mine data in the network of mining industry between enterprises and provinces;②it regards high and new technologies,such as mining CAD,virtual reality,mining stimulation,scientific calculation,artificial intelligence,visualization and office automation,as“the vehicle”,which integrates many varieties of data and information;③digital mine regards mining industry data and mining industry application model as“goods”,and the core of digital mine is the data warehouse;
④it regards3DGM(three-dimension geography science model)and the data mining as“package”,and regards the acquisition&renewal system of mining industry data as“security”,and regards MGIS as“deployment”.digital mine is public carrier for the whole mine information and office decision,which deploys and controls the use of all kinds of“vehicles”,the manufacture of all kinds of“goods”.The basic structure of digital mine can be roughly divided into two major parts:“digital ground”and“digital shaft”.Digital MineInherent information digitalization Relative change information digitalization round topographic map Underground Geology Mining program Others Reserves Management Mechatronics Management Personnel Management Production Management Others The former is composed of two systems:one is management information system of person,property,matter and process(such as the financial affairs,goods and materials,marketing)based on ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning);the other is spatial information infrastructure and information system based on“3S”technology and computer network technology.“digital shaft”
regards geology of coal mine and surveying data as basic information data for spatial positioning,which can form spatial database after these parameters andinformation, such as coalface,leading face of excavation,room in the pit,electromechanical facility of shaft,ventilation safety devices,pipeline in the pit,communication and other information related to shaft,are input into the system.On this basis, management,service and decision-making information system of the whole mine is set up.Fig.3shows the basic structures and interrelation of igital mine.
3.KEY TECHNOLOGIES TO DIGITAL MINE
The realization of digital mine involves numerous disciplines and knowledge, they mainly include:the data’dynamic acquisition and real time updating technology,data processing and information extraction technology,spatial data warehouse technology,spatial data modeling technology,virtual reality and stimulation technology,network technology,etc.as shown in Fig4,the research on these technology systems and their integration mode is the key to the realization of digital mine.obviously,data acquisition is the data source of digital mine system,data management is the foundation
of digital mine system,data modeling and spatial analysis are the core of digital mine system,visualization release of distributed network is important expression of digital mine.
3.1three-dimensional spatial data acquisition
Data acquisition is the most basic work for establishing digital mine system, and accuracy of the data determines directly the accuracy of data model and spatial analysis.Mine data acquisition focuses on geological exploitation data,mine surveying data,mining engineering data,etc.due to the characteristic of multiple sources,so effective
combination and superposition should be conducted according to data model and structure,which guarantees quality and quantity of the data to reach optimum.Except for traditional surveying,electronic surveying,geological drilling,etc.,the three-dimensional spatial data acquisition of mine includes new methods in the following.
3.2distributed spatial database and network GIS technology
Distributed database and distributed processing is the development trend.Every specialized department of mine may establish professional database in order to bring the special skill in data acquisition,updating,processing into full play and avoid management difficulty and the network.Jam caused by the centralized type system. These dispersive computers are linked into a multiple computer system through interconnection network,which adopt the distributed computing technology and interoperation technology to realize the resource-sharing.Hypermedia network GIS (WebGIS)and interoperation norm(OpenGIS)are the tools to realize distributed calculation and interoperation between homogenous system(the same software platform)and heterogeneous system(the different software platform)respectively.
3.3data model and data structure
Digital mine is a typical multidimensional dynamic system.For the sake of abstracting and expressing real mine,spatial-temporal database must be developed to describe complex geographical phenomenon which is dynamic and real-time.The spatial data structure develops on the basis of spatial data model,which is the conventional connotation of a software system,and it indicates“the set of data elements of certain structure”.in order to build spatial-temporal
data model of“digital mine”,the spatial-temporal data structure should be adopted to express it accurately.In this respect of data model of three-dimensional space,till now,numerous researches have been carried out both at home and abroad, and many kinds of three-dimensional data model have been proposed.Generally speaking,data model can divided into plane model,body model and mixed model.The spatial object of mine has the following haracteristics:①great complexity of the geometry and spatial relationship;②uncertainty of geometry characteristic and internal attribute change.When three-dimensional data model and data structure of geology-oriented mine is researched,at first,these characteristics must been enough understood,thus,the most suitable expression mode and modeling method can been achieved.
3.4dynamic analog and artificial intelligence technology
The function of digital mine is not merely information management,the more important one is to possess commanding and decision making functions.Digital mine regards the data warehouse and high-speed network as support,and use artificial intelligence technologies such as data mining and knowledge discovery,expert system to realize decision support function including production deployment command, resource forecasting,environmental protection countermeasure,security warning and emergency processing,the effectiveness is the sign of the successful application of digital mine.
4.CONCLUSIONS
Digital mine regards computer and network as the key means to realize acquisition，memory,transmission,expression,deep processing of mine information and the application in production,management and policy making,which is huge system composed of many interrelated software and hardware sub-system.The construction of digital mine is a long-term task,which involves many new and high technologies, so unremitting efforts need be made.
At present,taking the complexity of the system into consideration,enterprises of mine generally adopt the principle of
“design of top layer,gradual division,planning stage by stage,realization subsystem by subsystem”.In the construction of digital mine,due to interrelation between subsystems,some subsystems need other systems to act as the foundation or accessory,for example,the automatic deployment system of opencut mine is best assisted by corresponding model system,relevant optimization systems and auxiliary design system.if the construction is independent,use efficiency and benefit will influenced greatly.In general,the system located in low layer and relative independent system should
have priority to be built,such as database and administration system,model system, auxiliary design system and administration system.Now,some software needed in the construction of digital mine may buy ready-made products at the domestic and abroad, but the majority software of the digital mining system need be developed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Item: 40771143)and Natural ScienceFoundation of Xuzhou Normal University(Item:
08XLS03).
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International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/8451173.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8451173.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1．编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2．施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
XXXXXXXXX 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 学生姓名： 院（系）： 专业班级： 指导教师： 完成日期：
施工组织设计的重要性 摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1.编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2.施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案 不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工程设计文件的重要组成部分，是编制工程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标文件的
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced