专业英语翻译(第二章)

第二章：内燃机（INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE）1)Energy and power:Engines used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. They convert the chemical energy of the gasoline into heat within a power chamber that is called a combustion chamber. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases within the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.能源是用于生产电力。

化工能源是转化为燃料的燃烧的热量，这个过程被称为燃烧。

如果发动机燃烧发生在气缸内的地方，被称为发动机内部燃烧发动机。

如果燃烧发生在气缸外的地方，被称为发动机外部燃烧发动机。

用于汽车的能源叫内部燃烧高能源，高温能源在燃烧室里降低能缓解气体燃烧在气缸内的温度。

燃烧气体温度的升高引起气压变大，燃烧室内发展应用到了活塞产生一个可用的机械力，然后将其转换成有用的机械能。

2)Engine terms:Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke "uses up" the gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture: this control ofgas movement is the duty of the valves;活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。

（完整版）船舶专业英语（课文+翻译）Chapter 1 Ship Design（船舶设计）Lesson 2 Ships Categorized（船舶分类）2.1 Introduction（介绍）The forms a ship can take are innumerable. 一艘船能采用的外形是不可胜数的A vessel might appear to be a sleek seagoing hotel carrying passengers along to some exotic destination; a floating fortress bristling with missile launchers; 。

or an elongated box transporting tanks of crude oil and topped with complex pipe connections. 一艘船可以看做是将乘客一直运送到外国目的地的优美的远航宾馆。

竖立有导弹发射架的水面堡垒及甲板上铺盖有复杂管系的加长罐装原油运输轮None of these descriptions of external appearance, however, does justice to the ship system as a whole and integrated unit所有这些外部特点的描述都不能说明船舶系统是一个总的集合体self-sufficient,seaworthy, and adequately stable in its function as a secure habitat for crew and cargo. ——船员和货物的安全性功能：自给自足，适航，足够稳定。

This is the concept that the naval architect keeps in mind when designing the ship and that provides the basis for subsequent discussions, not only in this chapter but throughout the entire book.这是一个造船工程师设计船舶使必须记住的、能为以后讨论提供根据的观念，不仅涉及本章也贯穿全书。

专业英语短文翻译2南京邮电大学复习资料五:《专业英语》短文翻译1.The reader may ask , how does the demultiplexer know which groupof 8-digits relates to channel 1, 2, and so on ? Clearly this is important ! The problem is easily overcome by specifying a frame format , where at the start of each frame a unique sequence of pulses called the frame code , or synchronization word , is placed so as to identify the start of the frame. A circuit of the demultiplexer is arranged to detect the synchronization word, and thereby it knows that the next group of 8-digits corresponds to channel 1.2.Advances in audio, video and speech coding and compression algorithms and progress in Very Large System Integration technology influence the bit rate generated by a certain service and thus changethe service requirements for the network. In the future, new services with unknown requirement will appear. For the time being it is yet unclear, e. g. what the requirement in terms of bit rate for HDTV will be. A specialized network has great difficulties in adapting to changing or new service requirements.3.When the transmitter wishes to send data, it first places the line in a space level (i. e. , the complement of a mark) for one element period. This element is called the start bit and has a duration of T seconds. The transmitter then sends the character, 1 bit at a time, byplacing each successive bit on the line for a duration of T seconds, until all bits have been transmitted. Then a single parity bit is calculated by the transmitter and sent after the data bits. Finally, the transmitter sends a stop bit at a mark level (i. e. the same level as the idle state) for one or two bit periods. Now the transmitter may send another character whenever it wishes4.The cellular switch, which can be either analog or digital, switches calls to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to the nationwide telephone network.. It also contains data links providing supervision links between the processor and the switch and between the cell sites and the processor. The radio link carries the voice and signaling between the mobile unit and the cell site. Microwave radio links or wire lines carry both voice and data between the cellsite and the MTSO.5.Today's telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocol6.Today’s telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below:Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocols.Television signals can be transported in three ways: broadcast via radio waves using ground antenna, by the coaxial tree network of the community antenna TV (CATV) network or recently via a satellite, using the so-called direct broadcast system (DBS)7.By far the most popular serial interface between a computer andits CRT (显示器) terminal isthe asynchronous serial interface . This interface is so called because the transmitted data and the received data are not synchronized over any extended period and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks at the transmitter and receiver is necessary. In fact, the asynchronous serial data link is a very old form of data transmission system and has its origin in the era of the第1页共4页南京邮电大学teleprinter.8.At the receiving end of an asynchronous serial data link, the receiver continually monitors the line looking for a start bit. Once the start bit has been detected, the receiver waits until the end of thestart bit and then samples the next N bits at their centers, using a clock generated locally by the receiver. As each incoming bit is sampled, it is used to construct a new character. When the received character has been assembled, its parity is calculated and compared with the receivedparity bit following the character. If they are not equal, a parityerror flag is set to indicate a transmission error.9.If we consider binary transmission , the complete informationabout a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape , or level of the transmitted signal ; parameters are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path . Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.10. The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources . The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources . The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication . The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services , such as science , education , business , history , law , art , and , entertainment , etc11.The SDH standards are based on the principle of direct synchronous multiplexing which is the key to cost effective and flexible telecommunication networking. In essence, it means that individual tributary signals may be multiplexing directly into a higher rate SDH signal without intermediate stage of multiplexing. SDH Network Elements can then be interconnected directly with obvious cost and equipment savings over the existing network.12.Improvements in component performance, cost, and reliability by 1980 led to major commitments on the part of telephone companies. Fibre soon became the preferred transmission medium for long-haul trunks. Some early installations 0. 8 µm light sources and graded-index multimode fibre, but by 1983, designers of intercity links were thinking in terms of 1. 3 µm, single-mode systems. The single-mode fibere, used in conjunction with a 1. 3 µm laser, provides a bandwidth advantage which translates into increased repeater spacings for high data rate system.13.The individual elements of multimedia are already handled by a standard 486 personal computer, such things as audio, graphics and text, but the major challenge is in real time video, for this is the major business requirement and a necessity if multimedia systems are to become standard items for the desktop. This real time processing requires a vast amount of data storage and this is a function of the amount of information contained in a colour picture, for instance a normal640×480pixel colour picture requires well over 1 M bytes of storage to give the required quality, though for full motion video this is increased up to 100 M bytes of data.1.读者也许会问，解复用器怎么知道哪一组8位码对应于第一路、第二路及其他各路呢?显然这是很重要的。

2－A Why study geometry Many leading institutions of higher learning have recognized that positive benefits can be gained by all who study this branch of mathematics. This is evident from the fact that they require study of geometry as a prerequisite to matriculation in those schools. 许多居于领导地位的学术机构承认，所有学习这个数学分支的人都将得到确实的受益，许多学校把几何的学习作为入学考试的先决条件，从这一点上可以证明。

Geometry had its origin long ago in the measurement by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands inundated by the floods of the Nile River. The greek word geometry is derived from geo, meaning “earth” and metron, meaning “measure” . As early as 2000 . we find the land surveyors of these people re-establishing vanishing landmarks and boundaries by utilizing the truths of geometry . 几何学起源于很久以前巴比伦人和埃及人测量他们被尼罗河洪水淹没的土地，希腊语几何来源于geo ，意思是”土地“，和metron 意思是”测量“。

A. Classification of cells and organisms细胞和有机体的分类Cells are the basic units of living organism, with the exception of viruses whose structure and function are different from cells. Although a nerve cell looks entirely different from a red blood cell, their organizations are essentially the same. Even plant cells and animal cells share significant similarity in the overall organization. 除病毒外，细胞是生物体结构和功能的基本单位，虽然，一个神经细胞和一个血红细胞看起来完全不同，但它们的组织结构本质上是相同的，甚至植物细胞和动物细胞在整个组织、结构上具有相似性。

All cells are divided into two types: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. The prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus. The eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus.所有细胞可分为两种类型;原核细胞和真核细胞。

原核细胞不具有细胞核，真核细胞具有细胞核。

Eukaryotes are the organisms made up of eukaryotic cells. They include protista, fungi, animals and plants. Prokaryotes include archaebacteria and eubacteria. They are single-cell organisms.真核生物是由真核细胞组成的有机体，他们包括原生生物真菌、动物和植物，原核生物包括古细菌和真细菌，他们是单细胞有机体。

专业英语八级-翻译(二)(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Exercise One{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00)1.哲学家们以各种各样的方式解释世界。

哲学是言而不是行。

哲学家断乎改变不了自然与社会。

是不能也，非不为也。

哲学不是科学技术，不是生产力。

哲学是怀疑，是思虑，是静观，是探索。

严格来说，哲学不是解释宇宙，那是自然科学的事。

哲学家至多只能解释人生，解释自己，解释文本。

哲学也不是知识，不是知识体系，不是儿何学，物理学那样一大套公理、公式，可以解决实际生存问题。

哲学的精神永远是探究、怀疑、发问、深思；而不是提供现存答案。

哲学家有些不食人间烟火，他远离田野车间，甚至也不拿天文望远镜观察天体，而只是坐存静湍的书斋罩读书、思考、思考那究竟至极、虚无缫渺的本体问题。

哲学家孤苦伶仃，独处一室之中。

面对古往今来的大哲学家遗留下来的问题，他苦苦沉思。

他唯一的财富是文本，哲学因而就是解释文本，而不是解释宇宙。

哲学家只是一味地同古往今来的灵魂交谈——他读书，是同古昔人物交谈：他写作，是同子孙后代奁谈；他讲演，是同莘莘学子交谈；他沉思是同自己交谈。

他长于洞见，洞见未来；他善于遐想，遐想无限；他耽于梦幻，幻游彼岸；他富于关怀，关怀永恒。

他同远在天涯的哲人和精神交谈，在这个意义上，他视通万里，思接千载。

他伟大，他不朽，他同古往今来的灵魂对话。

以哲学为命运的人应当准备在崎岖小路上独行，没有目的，也不会有黄金滚滚而来。

告别鲜花、头衔、掌声和奖品，钟情于思，就会有真哲学。

（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：To some extent, philosophers tend to refrain from any secular involvements. A philosopher seldom frequents farmlands or factories, and he even never bothers to look through a telescope to make any observation of celestial bodies. He is only fond of staying in his personal library, in all its quietude, where he indulges himself in book reading and in musing, pondering on those intangible onto logical issues that he deems to be of ultimate significance. A philosopher is willing to surrender himself to utter loneliness and seclusion, confining himself to a room of his own, in a state of overwhelming solitude. In the face of the philosophical issues left over by great philosophical thinkers, ancient and modem, he contemplates painstakingly. The only wealth to his possession is texts. Therefore, the task of philosophy is to interpret texts rather than to interpret the universe. A philosopher is solely concerned with conducting dialogues with the great souls from ancient antiquity to the contemporary era. In reading books, he converses with the ancients. In writing his own books, he converses with the progeny. In delivering lectures, he converses with a multitude of young students. In contemplating, he converses with himself.二、{{B}}SECTION B English TO Chinese{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00)2.The effect of any writing on the public mind is mathematically measurable by its depth of thought.{{U}} How much water does it draw? If it awaken you to think, if it lift you from your feet with the great voice of eloquence. then the effect is to be wide. slow. permanent, over the minds of men; if the pages instruct you not. they will die like flies in the hour. The way to speak and write what shall not go out of fashion is. to speak and write sincerely. The argument which has not power to reach my own practice, I may well doubt, will fail to reach yours. But take Sidney's maxim: --"Look in thy heart, and write." He that writes to himself writes to an eternal public. That statement only is fit to be made public, which you have come at in attempting to satisfy your own curiosity. The writer who takes his subject from his ear, and not from his heart, should know that he has lost as much as he seems to have gained, and when the empty book has gathered all its praise, and half the people say, "What poetry! What genius!" it still needs fuel to make fire. {{/U}}That only profits which is profitable, Life alone can impart life; andthough we should burst, we can only be valued as we make ourselves valuable.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：那么计算标准是什么呢?如果一部作品发人深省，如果它以其伟大雄辩的声音令你有醍醐灌顶之感，那么该作品对人类思想的影响便是宽广、渐进、永恒的。