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【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer11

【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer11
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer11

Exercise 11

Many critics of Eamily Bronte‘s novel Wuthering

Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where

a ―roman c‖ reading receives more con?rma on. Seeing

5 the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of

these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry

10 James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘s

diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an

15 interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is

always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing

20 interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares

a feature of Hamlet.

(164 words)

1. According to the passage, which of the following is

a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?

(A) The second part has received more attention

from critics.

(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.

(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.

(D) The second part provides less substantiation

for a ―roman c‖ reading.

(E)The second part is better because it is more realistic.

2. Which of the following inferences about Henry

James‘s awareness of novelistic construction is

best supported by the passage?

(A) James, more than any other novelist, was

aware of the difficulties of novelistic

construction.

(B) James was very aware of the details of novel-

istic construction.

(C) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction

derived from his reading of Bronte.

(D) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction

has led most commentators to see unity in

his individual novels.

(E) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction

precluded him from violating the unity of

his novels.

3. The author of the passage would be most likely to

agree that an interpretation of a novel should

(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the

novel

(B) not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements

in the novel

(C) not argue that the complex use of narrators or

of time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure

(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of

the novel that are outside the novel‘s main

structure

(E) primarily consider those elements of novelistic

construction of which the author of the novel

was aware

For the following question, consider each of the

choices separately and select all that apply

4. The author of the passage suggests which of the

following about Hamlet?

□A Hamlet has usually a racted cri cal interpreta ons

that tend to stiffen into theses.

□B Hamlet has elements that are not amenable

to an all-encompassing critical interpretation.

□C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassing

critical interpretation than is Wuthering

Heights.

Q1:定位到line3:the ?rst part, where a ―roman c‖ reading receives more con?rma on,所以正确答案D;

Q2:由H J 定位到line 9:Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of

novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify

the novel‘s heterogeneous parts ,所以选B;

Q3:看到原文括号中although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger,还有前面的stiffen,同意转换看到inflexible,选B;

Q4:由Hamlet定位到文章最后,选B;

The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated

by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser

distribution of larger animals. However, near

hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water

5 emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable

densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.

Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate

matter, ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling

from above. The food supplies necessary to sustain the

10 large vent communities, however, must be many times

the ordinary fallout. The first reports describing vent

faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition:

bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria

using energy derived from chemical changes, and

15 advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding

regions. Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense

local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide

was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were

found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely

20 large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of

vent water thought to be pure. This final observation

seemed decisive. If such astonishing concentrations of

bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the

vent would dwarf any contribution from advection.

25 Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached that

bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for

hydrothermal-vent food chains—an exciting prospect

because no other communities on Earth are independent

of photosynthesis.

30 There are, however, certain difficulties with this

interpretation. For example, some of the large sedentary

organisms associated with vents are also found at

ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the

nearest hydrothermal sources. This suggests that bacterial

35 chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for

these creatures. Another difficulty is that similarly dense

populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in

the proximity of ―smokers‖ –vents where water emerges

at temperatures up to 350°C. No bacteria can survive such

40 heat, and no bacteria were found there. Unless smokers

are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water

vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of

the vent faunas. It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that 45 grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.

Nonetheless, advection is a more likely alternative

food source. Research has demonstrated that advective

50 flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents. Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic

55 material would be advected into the vent area. Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more

than 30 kilograms of potential food per day. In addition,

it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical

60 shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents. (479 words)

For the following question, consider each of the

choices separately and select all that apply

5. The passage provides information for answering

which of the following questions EXCEPT?

□A What causes warm-water vents to form?

□B What role does hydrogen sul?de play in chemosynthesis?

□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?

6. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent

habitats have which of the following characteristics?

(A) They do not normally feed on particles of food

in the water.

(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.

(C) They are predators.

(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic

food source.

(E) They congregate around a single main food

source.

7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author

implies that vents are colonized by some of the same

animal found in other areas of the ocean floor, which

might be a weakness for the bacterial chemosynthesis

model.

8. The author refers to ―smokers‖ in the third paragraph

most probably in order to

(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for

some vent faunas by stunning small animals

(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is

limited to warm-water vents

(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis

(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the

lack of food sources on the seafloor

(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis

may be an inadequate source of food for

some vent faunas

Q5: 定位至原文:Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers”—vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350℃. No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there. C选项有回答,所以选AB;

Q6:定位至原文:The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near hydrothermal (hydrothermal: adj.热水的, 热液的) vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.

7 Q, p. Y9 A6 X# M大型的主要集中在vent地区,小型的就集中在nonvent地区,所以选择B

Q7:line 31:For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources

Q8:定位原文;Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in

the proximity of ―smokers‖ –vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350°C. 注意到difficulties,所以选E;

Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk

melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-

like structure, designed to be played—exactly as written

-on the piano. A strong analogy exists between

5 European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams,

Edward Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk

tunes and their own original materials in larger

compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the

United States. Composers like Scott Joplin and James 10 Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags.

(100 words)

9. Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime composition as described in the passage?

(A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz motifs

(B) An experimental novel based on well-known cartoon characters

(C) A dramatic production in which actors invent scenes and improvise lines

(D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography is

based on folk-dance steps

(E) A painting whose abstract shapes evoke

familiar objects in a natural landscape

Geologists have long known that the Earth‘s mantle

is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregu- larly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered- mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

Some geologists, however, on the basis of obser- vations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by ?uids rich in ―incompa ble elements‖ (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

(157 words)

10. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanic

islands are formed from

(A) the same material as mantle xenoliths

(B) the same material as the midocean ridge system

(C) volcanic rocks from the upper mantle

(D) incompatible elements percolating up from the

lower mantle

(E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle

For the following question, consider each of the

choices separately and select all that apply

11. It can be inferred from the passage that the sup-

porters of the ―layered-mantle‖ theory believe which

of the following?

□A The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are

composed of material derived from the

lower part of the mantle.

□B The materials of which volcanic rocks on

oceanic islands and midocean ridges are

composed are typical of the layers from

which they are thought to originate.

□C The di?erences in composi on between

volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the

midocean ridges are a result of different

concentrations of incompatible elements.

12. In the context of the passage, ―unimagina vely‖ is

closest in meaning to

(A) pedestrian

(B) controversial

(C) unrealistic

(D) novel

(E) paradoxical

阅读1:老G原文改编,先上段背景知识吧,就是老G的原文翻译;

散拍乐(ragtime,又译雷格泰姆)是一种音乐形式,将民间旋律和音乐技巧综合成为简短的四对方阵舞曲般的(quadrille-like)结构,旨在——毫厘不爽地按照书面乐谱所示——在钢琴上进行演奏。象拉尔夫"威廉姆斯(Ralph VaughanWilliams),爱德华"格里格(Edvard Grieg),以及安东"德沃夏克(Anton Dvorak)这些欧洲作曲家,将民间曲调和他们自己的原创材料融合于规模较大的音乐作品中。在这些欧洲作曲家和美国先驱散拍乐作曲家之间存在着一种强烈的类比。从某种意义上说,象司各特"乔普林(Scott Joplin)和詹姆斯"司各特(James Scott)这样的作曲家都是音乐收集者或音乐学家,将黑人社区的舞蹈音乐和民间音乐收集起来,并有意识地将其塑造成为简短的被称为钢琴散拍乐的组曲(suite)或选集(anthology)。

时常有人谴责散拍乐流于机械。例如,威尔弗雷德"梅勒斯(Wilfred Mellers)评述道:“散拍尔被转化成自动钢琴的演奏(roll),虽不是由机器演奏,也应该如同由机器演奏一样,带着一丝不

苟的精准性。”然则,决无理由假设,仅因为商业制造商采用了一种机械的录音方法来录制散拍乐——当时灌制钢琴音乐的唯一方法——散拍乐在根本上就是机械的。散拍乐的精确性不是一种机械式的精确性,这种精确性亦并非局限于表演风格。它的产生是由于散拍乐遵循了一个极为明确的形式并服从这一形式内的简单规则。

钢琴散拍乐的经典程式采用三至五个主题,以十六小节的旋律予以表现,通常以重复的形式来组织。散拍乐以一鲜明、给人记忆深刻的旋律或主题宣告开始,继之以一个类似的主题,发展成为一个具有显著抒情色彩的三重奏曲(trio),整个结构以一段抒情性的旋律告终,该旋律可与此前几个主题的节奏表达发展相媲美。此种结构的目的是要以梯级的方式从一个主题升至另一个主题,以胜利欢庆或兴高采烈的音调终结。典型而言,每一旋律分成两个八小节的片断,它们根本上相同,因此散拍乐的节奏—旋律单位仅为2/4拍子的八个小节。故而,各主题必须简短,旋律音型清晰、鲜明。散拍乐作曲家并不注重音乐主题的发展,相反,他们将一个主题完好无损地以一种终极完美的形式写下,将这一主题与其它相关主题连结起来。散后乐作品中的张力(tension)源自两个基本成分之间的一种两极对立:一个是不间断的低音声部——被爵士音乐家谓作“嗡嗡鸡仔低鸣声”(boom-chick bass)——以钢琴家的左手奏出,另一个是旋律的、采用切分音法的(syncopated)对应声部,以钢琴家的右手奏出。

无论是作为一种器乐风格,抑或是作为一种体裁,散拍乐迥然有别于爵士乐。散拍乐风格强调一种由重复节奏构成的样式,而非爵士乐那种持续不断的自创发挥和变奏。作为一种体裁,散拍乐需要严格注意结构,而非翻新或精湛技巧。它作为一种传统、一整套程式、一个由书面总谱构成的整体而存在,独立于与之紧密相联的单个演奏者。从这层意义上而言,散拍乐更趋近于十九世纪的民间音乐,与爵士乐则相去甚远。

Q9:类比题:Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played—exactly as written—on the piano.结合ragtime特点来解题D项中disciplined和folk-dance都是ragtime突出的特点所以选择D

一直以来,地理学家就知道地幔是不均匀的,但是它的空间排列还悬而未知,那么地幔是分层不均匀还是不规则地不均匀呢?分层地幔理论的最好证据是已得到确认的事实,即海洋岛上的火山岩由一些物质组成,这些物质与海洋中央形成海脊的物质有着本质上的不同,大部分地理学家认为海脊的物质来源为上地幔,而海洋岛被认为是由从下地幔升起的地幔柱产生的。

然而,一些地理学家基于地幔捕虏岩的观察,认为地幔不是分层的,不均匀性是由流体产生的,这些流体富含不相容的元素(这些元素更倾向于以液体而不是固体形式存在),根据这些流体奇异路径看出,它们不规律地向上渗透并且转变为上地幔的一部分。我们可能缺少想象能力地认为这个争论可以在将来更近一步的研究中被解决,并且已经探索过的海中海脊系统是这个问题的关键。

阅读2:

Q10:由oceanic islands定位至:oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower

mantle,所以正确选项E;

Q11:文章第一段讲的是layered mantle的看法,结合上一题,选AB;

Q12:unimaginatively,imaginative的反义词,选A;

Scientists have sought evidence of long-term solar

periodicities by examining indirect climatological data,

such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings.

These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally

terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to

confirm the cycle's past existence.

(45 words)

13. It can be inferred from the passage that studies

attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible

links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate

are based on which of the following assumptions?

(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form

during the time period in which the tree rings grew.

(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth

are unaffected by short-term weather pat terns.

(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species

to species.

(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflect changes in terrestrial

climate.

(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity

cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness

科学家们通过监测间接相关气象数据寻找可靠的太阳活动周期,比如一些过时的记录数据:古树年轮的厚度。然而,这些研究没能清楚地把大陆气候和太阳活动周期联系起来,甚至也没能证实太阳活动周期过去是存在的。

解析:太阳活动与年轮厚度有关,但是没能(fail to )确定太阳活动与大陆气候的关系,因此要利用树木的年轮厚度来确定太阳活动周期和大陆气候的联系,需要先确定年轮厚度与大陆气候是有关系的。选D

【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer7

GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 7 Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and Line in the atmosphere. The term ―geohydrology∥ is 5 sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for ―hydrogeology.∥ Geohydrology is concerned with underground water. There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes that have isolated them 10 underground. These systems are properly termed geohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. (107 words) ==================================== 1. It can be inferred that which of the following is most likely to be the subject of study by a geohydrologist? (A) Soft, porous rock being worn away by a waterfall (B) Water depositing minerals on the banks of a gorge through which the water runs (C) The trapping of water in a sealed underground rock cavern through the action of an earthquake (D) Water becoming unfit to drink through the release of pollutants into it from a manufacturing plant (E) The changing course of a river channel as the action of the water wears away the rocks past which the river flows 2. The author refers to ―many formations∥ primarily in order to (A) clarify a distinction (B) introduce a subject (C) draw an analogy (D) emphasize a similarity

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