Ⅰ.词汇与派生
A ．语境填词
1．You ’ve put me in an awkward(令人尴尬的) position.
2．You will soon get accustomed(习惯了的) to the climate here.
3．Her position in the party has strengthened(加强) in recent weeks.
4．The officials are always reminded not to abuse(滥用)their power.
5．The book is due(预定的) to be published in October.
6．Doctors are doing research to find out what happens physically when people quit(停止) smoking. 7．Chemical weapons are banned(禁止) internationally.
8．The conference has been held to discuss the effect(影响)of global warming on people’s lives all over the world.
9．Many people in Haiti asked for help in the desperate(绝望的) situation.
10．An adolescent(青春期的)boy develops fast both mentally and physically.
11．He was presented with an award for saving a woman at the risk(冒险) of his own life.
12．It is very difficult for the child to solve the tough(困难的) problem.
13．It is illegal(违法的) for people under 17 to drive a car in Britain.
B．用所给词的适当形式填空
14．She often feels mentally tired，but her real trouble is found to be physical，not mental.(mental) 15．Playing computer games is highly addictive.Once you get addicted to it，you will find it hard to get rid of it.Now，Henry，one of my classmates is fighting his addiction to the games.(addict) 16．As a judge，he has good judgement and never judges a person by his appearance.(judge) 17．After a stressful week of work，all the employees were extremely stressed and tired.They complained that few could work efficiently under stress.(stress)
18．Today，I went downtown with several of my good friends.However，the weather was really disappointing because it was raining.I told my friends that we wouldn’t be disappointed.Arriving at a park，we were disappointed to find it was not open today.Then we left the park to a nearby restaurant for lunch.To our disappointment，the restaurant was closed，too.We had no choice but to go home.What a disappointing outing it was! (disappoint)
19．An automatic cooker can cook your rice automatically.(automatic)
20．You should learn to relax yourself and a knowledge of relaxation techniques will make you feel relaxed.(relax)
21．The man in the river desperately tried to reach the side.The situation was desperate but not hopeless.(desperate)
22．What you said embarrassed the girl greatly.No wonder she was so embarrassed as to run out.(embarrass)
23．Some songs by Jay Chou cannot be comprehended by us.To some old people，they are completely beyond comprehension.(comprehend)
Ⅱ.短语运用
A．用方框内所给动词短语的适当形式填空
错误!
24．Wet weather has an effect on the health of most people.
25．He took the risk of losing his own life and saved my life in the cold river.
26．I have got into the habit of calling in on my grandparents on my way home from school. 27．Lydia feels like going for a walk after supper every day.
28．Have you decided on a date for your wedding?
29．She just managed to hold back her anger at the time.
30．They accused him of having a prejudice against his women employees.
31．In one of his books，he gave advice on how to learn a foreign language.
B．用方框内所给短语填空
due to，addicted to，in spite of，at risk，accustomed to，on a diet
32．In spite of many invitations，he would always decline to visit Oxford.
33．The great success of this program has been largely due to the support given by the 10 local businessmen.
34．He has become accustomed to the way the teacher gives lectures.
35．Addicted to computer games，the boy has lost all interest in his lessons.
36．We must stop these rumors；the firm’s reputation is at risk.
37．People who are on a diet mustn’t have chocolate.
Ⅲ.经典句式
38．We feel it our duty to make our country a better place.
我们感到使我们的国家变得更好是我们的责任。
39．In my opinion，Mary is as beautiful a girl as Daisy.
依我看来，玛丽和黛西是一样漂亮的女孩。
40．Every time we made mistakes in our homework，he would ask us to correct them.
每次我们在作业中出错，他总是要我们改正。
41．It’s twenty to eight by my watch.It’s time for us to have our class.
我的表7点40了，我们该上课了。
42．Taiwan is，as we know，an inseparable part to China.
众所周知，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
1stress n.压力；强调；紧张(pressure)；重要性(emphasis)；重音；vt.强调(emphasize)；使紧
张；加压力于(press)；用重音读
[多词一义]stress，emphasize，underline，lay/put/place stress (emphasis) on
该发言人强调这些措施并不等同于全面禁止。
Katy could think clearly when not under stress.
在没有压力的情况下凯蒂思路清晰。
[夯实基础]
(1)He stressed the importance of a good education.
He placed/laid/put stress on the importance of a good education.(用stress作名词改写句子) (2)The mice died because they became stressed by the repeated changes to their body clocks. Stressed by the repeated changes to their body clocks，the mice died.(用过去分词短语作原因状语改写句子)
2 effect n.影响，作用；结果
整体效果很酷，轻松而随意。
The medicine had a good effect on me.
那种药对我有很好的功效。
[夯实基础]
(1)Inflation is having a disastrous effect on(对……有灾难性影响) the economy.
(2)In effect(实际上)，our wages will fall by 2%.
(3)The medicine was of no effect(没有效果) on the patient.
3 disappointed adj.失望的
[应试指导]写作高分句式：What disappointed sb.is that...
与其说爸爸很生气，倒不如说他很失望。
[夯实基础]
(1)用disappoint的适当形式填空
①To our great disappointment，it rained every day of the trip.
②Your work is disappointing.
③My mother said it was a great day，but she was just a little disappointed that it didn’t last a tiny bit longer.
④I always felt I was a disappointment to my father.
(2)He was greatly disappointed at the result and went away.
①Greatly disappointed at the result，he went away.(用过去分词短语作状语改写句子)
②What disappointed him was the result and he went away.(用what引导的主语从句改写句子)
4 ashamed adj.感到惭愧或羞耻的(feeling shame or embarrassment about)
他对自己的失败感到羞愧。
It’s a shame that she isn’t here to see it.
真可惜她不能在这儿亲自看看。
[词义辨析]shameful，ashamed
(1)shameful表示事物本身的客观性质是“可耻的”，可作表语或定语。
(2)ashamed是“感到羞耻的”、“觉得惭愧的”，表示主语主观认为可耻的，只能作表语。[夯实基础]
(1)用shameful，ashamed填空
①We thought his behavior was shameful.
②I’m ashamed to leave you this way.
(2)He was ashamed of what happened and bowed his head.
Ashamed of what happened，he bowed his head. (用过去分词短语作原因状语改写句子)
5 be addicted to对……有瘾；热衷于……
[应试指导]非谓语动词句法功能的考查
这些女人中很多人都吸食海洛因和可卡因成瘾了。
I went through about four years of being addicted to video games.
我大约有4年时间沉迷于电子游戏中。
[夯实基础]
(1)用addict的适当形式填空
①The boy became addicted to computer games and didn’t want to study.
②She helped him fight his drug addiction.
③I took up skiing a couple of years ago and I found it quite addictive.
④They are rock music addicts.
(2)同义句改写上题句①
①Addicted to computer games，the boy didn’t want to study.(用过去分词短语作状语改写句子)
②Addicting himself to computer games，the boy didn’t want to study.(用现在分词短语作状语改写句子)
6 be accustomed to习惯于……
[应试指导]作为高级词汇替换be used to
我已经习惯了作为唯一一个小不点坐在一桌大人中间。
[夯实基础]
He was accustomed to the custom and didn’t want to change it.
(1)Accustomed to the custom，he didn’t want to change it.(用过去分词短语作状语改写句子)
(2)Accustoming himself to the custom，he didn’t want to change it.(用现在分词短语作状语改写句子)
7 feel like想要(want to have or do)；感觉像；摸起来像
[多词一义]feel like，would like，want，be fond of
我再也不想走了。
[夯实基础]
(1)I don’t feel myself(心情好) today.
(2)I felt my way(摸索着前进) in the dark.
(3)I hope you feel at home(不拘束) here.
8 get into陷入；养成，染上(某种习惯)(develop a habit of...)；开始(某事)(start sth.)；参与(become involved in)
[应试指导]“动词＋介词”类语境词义辨析
他渴望进入政界。
Who will I call if I get into trouble?
一旦陷入麻烦，我可以向谁寻求帮助？
[夯实基础]
(1)He has got into the habit of(染上……的习惯) smoking.
(2)Be quiet unless you want to get into trouble(惹麻烦)．
(3)Never get into debt(欠债) if you can avoid it.
1 I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.我的确希望你把烟戒掉，因为我希望你能像我这样活得健康长寿。
句型公式：do的强调用法
他的确喜欢听古典音乐。
Do be quiet.务必安静。
[夯实基础]
翻译句子
(1)今天晚上一定要来呀。
Do come this evening.
(2)上周他的确给你写信了。
He did write to you last week.
2 Do not be disappointed if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking.即使你非得经过多次戒烟才能最后把它戒掉，你也不要失望。
句型公式：before引导时间状语从句
记下电话号码以免忘记。
It was not long before he learned to use the computer.
不久他就学会了使用计算机。
[夯实基础]
(1)写出下列句子中before的汉语意思
①Before he came here，he was in England.在……之前
②It will be some time before we know the full results.得过多久才……
③Before we had walked five miles，Anne complained of sore feet.不到……就
④Put that away before it gets broken.以免
(2)完成句子
①The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times before it finally came to include the sense
“pleasant”(直到最后它才包含pleasant的含义)．
②The young couple，who returned my lost wallet，left before I could ask for their names(还没有来得及问他们的名字)．
3单元语法——根据给出的句子填空
(1)China produces one third of the world’s cigarettes.It is reported.
→It is reported that China produces one third of the world’s cigarettes.
(2)I’m still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon.That is amazing.
→It is amazing that I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon.
(3)You are honest to tell me the truth.
→It is honest of you to tell me the truth.
(4)—How was the weather?
—It was sunny.
(5)—How far is it?
—It is five miles from our school.
高考题组
Ⅰ.语法填空(2014·辽宁)
Jonny：Hey！I’m just practicing Tai Chi(太极)．Would you like to join me?
Peter：I know nothing about it.Is it difficult?
Jonny：It seems easy，but you need a lot of practice.You just follow me like this.
Peter：OK.Don’t laugh 61.at me.I may look funny.
Jonny：Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches，naturally and 62.softly (soft)．Try to keep your body straight.Move slowly，then be sure to keep your balance and don’t let your body shake.
Peter：I cannot control my body well.My legs become 63.painful (pain)．
Jonny：Keep 64.holding (hold) your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.Raise your leg and let 65.it stay in the air for seconds.
Peter：I feel my legs shaking.I cannot do this any longer.
Jonny：Be patient！Tai Chi 66.is called (call) “shadow boxing” in English.It asks you to act like water：to be flexible as well 67.as strong.In real competition，a Tai Chi master borrows the strength of the competitor and uses this energy to fight back.The 68.harder (hard) you try to beat him，the more likely you will get hit.He controls you!
Peter：Unbelievable！Oh...,69.if you don’t mind，I’ll stop and take a deep 70.breath.
Ⅱ.写作常用句翻译
1．不念旧恶也是一种美德，尤其是在这样一个充满竞争和压力的社会里。(stressful)(2012·江苏·书面表达)
It is also a virtue to forgive and forget，especially in such a competitive and stressful society.
2．每次看到它我都感到羞愧。(ashamed)(2011·浙江·书面表达)
I always feel ashamed whenever I see this.
3．另外，惩罚绝不是帮孩子身心健康发展的明智选择。(mentally)(2011·陕西·书面表达) Furthermore，punishment is by no means a wise choice to help children grow up mentally and physically.
4．中国政府已经决定在全国范围内的公共场合禁止吸烟。(ban)(2010·广东·基础写作)
The Chinese government has decided to ban smoking in public places across the country.
5．如果找不到我的箱子，对我来说是个极大的失望。(disappointment)(2010·重庆·书面表达) It will be a great disappointment to me if I can’t find the suitcase.
模拟题组
Ⅰ.语法填空
1．As a peace-loving country，we’ll declare a total ban on nuclear arms.
2．He decided to quit smoking(smoke) after quarreling with his wife.
3．Usually what the teacher says will have a deep effect on a child.
4．Trapped(trap) by the police，the terrorists made their desperate attempt to explode(explode) the bomb that they carried.
5．He was ashamed(ashamed) of having asked such a silly question.
6．We don’t want to risk becoming(become) involved in a civil war.
7. Tom，addicted(addict) to the Internet，failed in the exam.
8．He has got into the habit of turning on the computer as soon as he comes back from work. 9．John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.
10．He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．I ashamed of having lied to my teacher that day.ashamed前加上was
2．I think the company places too many stress on cost and not enough on quality.many→much 3．He felt they had been abused his trust by talking about him to the press.去掉been
4．He has accustomed to the life in the mountains since his childhood.has后加上been
5．He saved my life at risk of losing his own.at后加上the
6．He has addicted to drugs for several years.has后加上been
7．We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found it we like yet.it→one
8．I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than it in the city.it→that 9．My sister，an inexperienced rider，was found sitting on the bicycle tried to balance it.tried→trying 10．Although many measures have taken，the world’s economy is still going down.have后加上been
Ⅲ.写作句式升级训练
In addition，the climate here and in the USA is quite similar.(素材来源于2014·天津·书面表达) Additionally，the climate here is quite similar to that in the USA.(用addition的副词及替代词that 改写句子)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Dinosaurs didn’t just wander around the Earth’s surface tens of millions of years ago.New evidence suggests that some of them also spent time underground.
Scientists searching through 95-million-year-old layers of rock in southwestern Montana came across an unusual patch of sandstone.The material was sticking out of the surrounding rocks.
Inside the sandstone，they found a mass of small bones packed tightly together.Further study revealed that the bones came from one adult dinosaur and two young dinosaurs.All three belonged to a previously undiscovered species.
The researchers suspect that the sandstone mass shows where a tunnel used to be.At some point long ago，a flood of sand suddenly filled the cave，trapping and killing the dinosaurs living inside.That material later hardened into sandstone.
The piece of sandstone filling the tunnel was shaped like the letter S and was about 2.1 meters long.For most of the tunnel’s length，the stone measured about 30 cm wide and 45 cm tall.At the end of the tunnel，where the bones were found，the sandstone mass was about 45 cm wide.
The scientists don’t think the dinosaurs were dragged into the cave by a flesh-eating animal.One reason is that the skeletons were missing very few bones.Also，there were no bite marks on the bones.Among other bone-based evidence，the shape of the dinosaurs’ forearms shows where strong digging muscles would have been.And their wide hips suggest that the creature could have supported itself while digging.
The new fossils(化石) are the best evidence yet that some dinosaurs dug caves and lived in them，the researchers say.The young skeletons were nearly two-third the size of an adult.That supports a theory that some dinosaurs took care of their young.The finding also suggests that digging dinosaurs could have been more common than scientists previously thought.
The researchers have named the new species Orycto-dromeus cubicularis，which means “digging runner of the den”．
1．From the passage，we learn the sandstone .
A．was found through the hard work of scientists
B．was found in northwestern Montana
C．was 95 million years old
D．contained clues about a new species of dinosaur
答案 D
解析细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知，在沙石内部发现了恐龙新物种的骨骼，故选D。
2．The underlined word “revealed” in Paragraph 3 means “”．
A．suggested B．realized
C．predicted D．noticed
答案 A
解析词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“the bones came from one adult dinosaur and two young dinosaurs”和接下来的内容可知，进一步的研究表明这些骨骼来自一种新的恐龙物种。reveal 这里表示“表明，揭示”，故选A。
3．Why were the dinosaurs found dead in the cave?
A．They fought against each other and were hurt and died there.
B．A flood of sand suddenly appeared，killing the dinosaurs living inside.
C．They were killed by a flesh-eating animal and dragged into the cave.
D．They were killed by a flesh-eating animal and their skeletons were buried there.
答案 B
解析细节理解题。由第四段中的“a flood of sand suddenly filled the cave，trapping and killing the dinosaurs living inside”可知选B。
4．What do the new fossils prove?
A．All the dinosaurs took care of their young.
B．Dinosaurs just wandered around the Earth’s surface.
C．Dinosaurs could have supported themselves while digging.
D．Some dinosaurs dug caves and lived in them.
答案 D
解析细节理解题。由文章倒数第二段的第一句可知D项正确。A、B、C三项均与文章内容不符。
Ⅱ.阅读填空
Are you feeling anxious about your test next week？Here are some tips that will help you in dealing with stress and anxiety.
Study regularly
One of the most important ways of avoiding test anxiety is to prepare well in advance.Study regularly for a few hours every day. 5
Reduce study pressure
If students are not able to deal with anxiety or nervousness，they could talk to their teachers，student counselors(辅导员)，parents or friends.Parents should also avoid pressurizing their kids to do well.
6 Then your children can study without any tension(紧张)．Another important point that arises here is neither the students nor the parents should compare the children with their other classmates and friends.
Physical fitness
7 Many times due to anxiety students avoid sleep and starve themselves.They should sleep for at least 6－7 hours a day and eat nutritious and healthy food.Exercising regularly is equally important as talking to friends and socializing(社交)．
8
Plan your studies well.Chart out a timetable and take proper breaks between studying.Along with the study time，allot(分配)time to relax and do what you love to do.Practicing simple breathing techniques will also help reduce stress.
9 While it is important to gain good scores in tests，it is not the most important thing in life.Learning to deal with nervousness and stress will not only help them to do well in school tests，but also in their future life.
A．Prepare schedule
B．Listen carefully in class
C．Do not forget to eat and sleep properly.
D．It helps in increasing the confidence of students.
E．Create a peaceful and relaxing atmosphere at home.
F．Students should remember that tests are just a part of life.
G．Test and exam time causes a lot of nervousness in students.
答案 5.D 6.E7.C8.A9.F
Ⅲ.语法填空
Some years ago，a six-year-old boy suffered burns over 85% of his body.10.His condition was so bad that several doctors gave him up and one hospital would not admit him because they thought he would die anyway.
His life 11.was saved(save)，however，by eight brave people—his parents，three nurses and three doctors，especially the nurses.
After other nurses had quit，these women took turns to take care of the boy,12.seeing(see) him through skin grafts(移植)，operations，crucial periods in 13.which death almost gained victory.
His room measured 12 feet by 12 feet and the door was shut.The nurses stayed 14.with him，dressed in caps，masks and gloves as if they were assisting 15.an operation.Within an hour they got sweaty.For 14 long months the nurses gave their all to the boy.One day，16.when/as he got up，they were really satisfied and happy.
It was a great day！The nurses were rewarded for their efforts.17.What caused them to feel so satisfied？I think it was more than simply the fact that the boy survived.Together they attempted something nearly 18.impossible(possible)，but also truly worthwhile.
It is like something American educator Booker T．Washington once said，“The 19.happiest(happy) are those who do the most for others.”
Ⅳ.短文改错
Recently，while camping，I had one of the long nights of my life，and it was all thanks my best friend，Bradley.
After tell my friend about my fear of spiders，I was told that the average human who swallows eight spiders per year while sleeping.He told me that for some reason and other，spiders love the warmth of human breath great.So they go down our throat while it’s open，and we have no idea because they are asleep.After hearing that，I was unable to speak，let alone slept.When it was time to go to sleep that night，I couldn’t get the thought out of my minds.
The next morning，Bradley finally told me that he is joking about the spiders.
答案
Recently，while camping，I had one of the
long
longest nights of my life，and it was all thanks
∧
to my
best friend，Bradley.
After
tell
telling my friend about my fear of spiders，I was told that the average human who\
swallows eight spiders per year while sleeping.He told me that for some reason and
or other，spiders
love the warmth of human breath
great
greatly.So they go down our throat while it’s open，and we have
no idea because they
we are asleep.After hearing that，I was unable to speak，let alone
slept
sleep.When it
was time to go to sleep that night，I couldn’t get the thought out of my minds mind.
The next morning，Bradley finally told me that he
is
was joking about the spiders.
Ⅴ.写作素材(关于毒品)
1．现在有些青少年滥用毒品。2．那些吸毒上瘾的，很难活下来。
3．他们会感到不安、可耻、失望甚至绝望。
4．他们想戒毒，但是效果不好。
5．他们感到巨大的压力，需要帮助。
提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达，并且请使用who引导的定语从句。
连句成篇(将以上句子连成一篇50词左右的英语短文)
Nowadays some adolescents abuse drugs.Those who are addicted to drug abuse can hardly survive.They feel embarrassed，ashamed，disappointed and even desperate.They want to withdraw or quit，but it has little effect.They feel great stress and need help.
第5讲氧化还原反应的计算及方程式的配平 [考纲要求] 1.掌握常见氧化还原反应的配平和相关计算。2.能利用得失电子守恒原理进行相关计算。 考点一氧化还原反应方程式的配平方法 氧化还原反应的实质是反应过程中发生了电子转移，而氧化剂得电子总数(或元素化合价降低总数)必然等于还原剂失电子总数(或元素化合价升高总数)，根据这一原则可以对氧化还原反应的化学方程式进行配平。 配平的步骤： (1)标好价：正确标出反应前后化合价有变化的元素的化合价。 (2)列变化：列出元素化合价升高和降低的数值。 (3)求总数：求元素化合价升高和降低的总数，确定氧化剂、还原剂、氧化产物、还原产物的化学计量数。 (4)配系数：用观察法配平其他各物质的化学计量数。 (5)细检查：利用“守恒”三原则(即质量守恒、得失电子守恒、电荷守恒)，逐项检查配平的方程式是否正确。 [典例]根据FeS2＋O2―→Fe2O3＋SO2，回答下列问题： (1)氧化剂________，还原剂________，氧化产物________，还原产物________。 (2)元素化合价升高的元素为________，元素化合价降低的元素为________。 (3)1“分子”还原剂化合价升高总数为________，1“分子”氧化剂化合价降低总数为________。 (4)配平后各物质的系数依次为____________________。 答案(1)O2FeS2Fe2O3、SO2Fe2O3、SO2 (2)Fe、S O(3)114 (4)4、11、2、8 失误防范配平氧化还原反应方程式的关键是正确标出化合价，找准1“分子”氧化剂化合价降低总数，1“分子”还原剂化合价升高总数，在计算时，往往容易忽略氧化剂、还原剂中的粒子个数。 题组一正向配平类
第1讲探究型实验题 热点一未知产物及物质性质的探究 1．对未知产物的探究 通过化学反应原理猜测可能生成哪些物质，对这些物质逐一进行检验来确定究竟含有哪些物质。正确解答此类试题的关键：(1)猜测要全面；(2)熟记常见物质的检验方法。
4 (2)在烧杯中加入热水(或对烧杯加热)c (3)取少量溶液于试管中，加入KSCN溶液，溶液变成血红色，则有Fe3＋取少量溶液滴入适 量酸性高锰酸钾溶液中，高锰酸钾溶液褪色，则有Fe2＋a(4)b 11m－4n 14n 2．物质性质的探究 无机物、有机物性质的探究，必须在牢牢掌握元素化合物知识的基础上，大胆猜想，细心论证。 对物质性质探究的基本思路如下：
题组一 未知产物的探究 1．实验室中需要22.4 L(标准状况)SO 2气体。化学小组同学依据化学方程式Zn ＋2H 2SO 4(浓)=====△ZnSO 4＋SO 2↑＋2H 2O 计算后，取65.0 g 锌粒与98%的浓H 2SO 4(ρ＝1.84 g·cm －3)110 mL 充分反应，锌全部溶解，对于制得的气体，有同学认为可能混有杂质。 (1)化学小组所制得的气体中混有的主要杂质气体可能是______(填分子式)。产生这种结果的主要原因是________(用化学方程式和必要的文字加以说明)。 (2)为证实相关分析，化学小组的同学设计了实验，组装了如下装置，对所制取的气体进行探究。
①装置B中加入的试剂为________，作用是________。 ②装置D加入的试剂为________________，装置F加入的试剂为________________。 ③可证实一定量的锌粒和一定量的浓硫酸反应后生成的气体中混有某杂质气体的实验现象是________。 ④U形管G的作用为________。 答案(1)H2随着反应的进行，硫酸浓度降低，致使锌与稀硫酸反应生成H2：Zn＋H2SO4===ZnSO4＋H2↑ (2)①NaOH溶液(或酸性KMnO4溶液，其他合理答案也可) 除去混合气体中的SO2②浓硫酸无水硫酸铜 ③装置E玻璃管中黑色CuO粉末变红色，干燥管F中无水硫酸铜变蓝色 ④防止空气中的H2O进入干燥管F而影响杂质气体的检验 解析(1)从物质的量关系来看，发生反应Zn＋2H2SO4(浓)===ZnSO4＋SO2↑＋2H2O，H2SO4略过量，但是实际上随着反应的进行，硫酸的浓度降低；当硫酸的浓度降到一定程度，反应变为Zn＋H2SO4===ZnSO4＋H2↑。(2)该实验的目的是为了通过加热还原CuO验证H2的存在，通过F装置进一步确认有H2O生成；具体的实验装置及作用是A—产生待研究的气体，B—除去气体中的SO2(可以利用SO2的性质选取NaOH溶液或酸性高锰酸钾溶液)，C—验证SO2已除尽，D—干燥气体，E—若有H2，则加热E玻璃管，CuO固体由黑色变为红色，F—利用无水硫酸铜吸水变蓝进一步确定气体中H2的存在，G—防止空气中的水蒸气进入F装置而干扰实验。
人教版初中复习资料 【初中英语词组总结】 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 37 be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中
第1讲 化学实验基础知识和技能 [考纲要求] 1.了解化学实验室常用仪器的主要用途和使用方法。2.掌握化学实验的基本操作，能识别药品安全使用标志。3.了解实验室一般事故的预防和处理方法。 考点一 常用化学仪器的识别与使用 1．可加热的仪器 (1)仪器①的名称为试管，加热液体时，液体体积不能超过其容积的13 ，加热固体时，试管口应略向下倾斜。 (2)仪器②的名称为蒸发皿。使用方法：蒸发浓缩时要用玻璃棒搅拌。 (3)仪器③的名称为坩埚。使用方法：用于固体物质灼烧，把坩埚放在三脚架上的泥三角上加热，取放坩埚必须使用坩埚钳，加热完的坩埚应放在石棉网上冷却。 (4)仪器④的名称为圆底烧瓶。使用方法：a.常用于组装有液体参与反应的反应器；b.加热液 体时，不能超过其容积的12 。 (5)仪器⑤的名称为锥形瓶。使用方法：a.可用于组装气体发生器；b.用于滴定操作；c.作蒸馏装置的接收器。 收集：樱满唯
(6)仪器⑥的名称为烧杯。使用方法：a.可用于物质的溶解与稀释；b.用于称量具有腐蚀性的固体药品；c.组装水浴加热装置。 2．常用的计量仪器 完成下列空白 (1)仪器A的名称：量筒；用途：量取一定体积的液体；精确度：0.1 mL。 特别提醒①无“0”刻度；②不可加热，不可作反应容器，不可用于溶液的稀释；③选取量筒的规则是“大而近”，例如量取5.6 mL NaOH溶液应选取10 mL量筒，而不能选5 mL 或50 mL 量筒。 (2)仪器B的名称：容量瓶；用途：配制一定物质的量浓度的溶液；该仪器能长时间贮存溶液吗？不能。 (3)仪器C的名称：酸式滴定管。 ①使用前需“查漏”；②“0”刻度在上方；③不可盛装碱性溶液；④精确度：0.01 mL。 (4)仪器D的名称：碱式滴定管。 用于盛装碱性溶液，不可盛装酸性和强氧化性液体(如KMnO4溶液)。 (5)仪器E的名称：托盘天平。 ①称量前先调零点；②腐蚀性药品应放于烧杯内称量；③左盘放被称物，右盘放砝码，即“左物右码”；④精确度：0.1 g。 (6)仪器F的名称：温度计。 ①测反应混合液的温度时，温度计的水银球应插入混合液中但不能接触容器内壁；②测蒸汽的温度时，水银球应在液面以上；测馏分温度时，水银球应放在蒸馏烧瓶支管口处。3．常用的分离、提纯仪器
新人教版｜八年级上学期英语所有必考知识点大汇总 Unit1 Where did you go on vacation? 【重点语法】 不定代词：不指名代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。 用法注意： 1. some 和any +可数名/不可数名。 some 多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。有些问句中用some,不用any, 问话者希望得到对方肯定回答。 2. 由some, any, no, every 与body, one, thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时，其谓语动词用三单。 3. 不定代词若有定语修饰，该定语要置于其后：如：something interesting 【重点短语】 1. buy sth for ab./ buy sb. sth 为某人买某物 2. taste + adj. 尝起来…… 3. nothing...but + V.(原形) 除了……之外什么都没有 4. seem + (to be) + adj 看起来 5. arrive in + 大地方/ arrive at + 小地方到达某地 6. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 7. try doing sth. 尝试做某事/ try to do sth. 尽力做某事8. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 9. want to do sth. 想去做某事10. start doing sth. 开始做某事=begin doing sth. 11. stop doing sth. 停止做某事区分：stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 12. dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事14. so + adj + that + 从句如此……以至于…… 16. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事17. keep doing sth. 继续做某事 18. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事/ forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 【词语辨析】 1. take a photo/ take photos 拍照 quite a few+名词复数“许多…” 2. seem + 形容词看起来…... You seem happy today. seem + to do sth. 似乎/好像做某事I seem to have a cold It seems + 从句似乎..…. It seems that no one believe you. seem like ... 好像，似乎….. It seems like a good idea. 3. arrive in +大地点= get to= reach+地点名“到达......” arrive at +小地点 （注：若后跟地点副词here/there/home, 介词需省略，如：arrive here; get home） 4. feel like sth 感觉像… feel doing sth. 想要做某事 5. wonder（想知道）+疑问词（who, what, why)引导的从句。 6. because of +名/代/V-ing because+从句 He can’t take a walk because of the rain. I don’t buy the shirt because it was too ex pensive. 7. enough +名词足够的…... 形容词/副词+enough Unit2 How often do you exercise? 【重点语法】 1. 频率副词: always, usually, often, sometimes, never 频率副词在句中通常放在实义动词之前, be动词或助动词之后。常用于一般现在时态中。 2.“次数”的表达方法 一次once，两次twice，三次或三次以上：基数词+ times, 如：three times, five times, 3. how often“多久一次”问频率，回答常含有频率词组或短语。
考点一物质分离、提纯的常用方法及装置 1.物质分离、提纯的区别 (1)物质的分离 将混合物的各组分分离开来，获得几种纯净物的过程。 (2)物质的提纯 将混合物中的杂质除去而得到纯净物的过程，又叫物质的净化或除杂。 2.物质分离、提纯的常用方法及装置 (1)常规实验装置 ①过滤：适用条件：不溶性固体和液体的分离。说明：操作中a.一贴：滤纸紧贴漏斗内壁；二低：滤纸上边缘低于漏斗边缘，液面低于滤纸边缘；三靠：烧杯紧靠玻璃棒，玻璃棒轻靠三层滤纸处，漏斗下端尖口处紧靠烧杯内壁；b.若滤液浑浊，需更换滤纸，重新过滤。浑浊
的原因可能是滤纸破损、滤液超过滤纸边缘。 ②蒸发：适用条件：分离易溶性固体的溶质和溶剂。说明：蒸发结晶适用于溶解度随温度变化不大的物质；而对溶解度受温度变化影响较大的固态溶质，采用降温结晶的方法。 在蒸发结晶中应注意：a.玻璃棒的作用：搅拌，防止液体局部过热而飞溅；b.当有大量晶体析出时，停止加热，利用余热蒸干而不能直接蒸干。 ③蒸馏：适用条件：分离沸点相差较大的互溶液体混合物。说明：a.温度计的水银球放在蒸馏烧瓶的支管口处；b.蒸馏烧瓶内要加沸石；c.冷凝管水流方向应为“逆流”。
④萃取和分液：适用条件：分离互不相溶的两种液体。说明：a.溶质在萃取剂中的溶解度大； b.两种液体互不相溶； c.溶质和萃取剂不反应； d.分液时下层液体从下口流出，上层液体从上口倒出。 ⑤升华(如下左图)：适用条件：除去不挥发性杂质或分离不同挥发程度的固体混合物。说明：利用物质升华的性质进行分离，属于物理变化。
⑥洗气(如上右图)：适用条件：除去气体中的杂质气体。说明：长管进气短管出气。 (2)创新实验装置 ①过滤装置的创新——抽滤 由于水流的作用，使图1装置a、b中气体的压强减小，故使过滤速率加快。
初中英语知识点汇总初一年级（上） 【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语 1. Sit down 2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like 7. look at 8. have a look 9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping II. 重要句型 1. help sb. do sth. 2. What about…? 3. Let’s do sth. 4. It’s time to do sth. 5. It’s time for … 6. What’s…? It is…/ It’s… 7. Where is…? It’s…. 8. How old are you? I’m…. 9. What class are you in? I’m in…. 10. Welcome to….11. What’s …plus…? It’s…. 12. I think… 13. Who’s this? This is…. 14. What can you see？I can see…. 15. There is (are) …. 16. What colour is it (are they)? It’s (They’re)… 17. Whose …is this? It’s…. 18. What time is it? It’s…. III. 交际用语 1. Good morning, Miss/Mr…. 2. Hello! Hi! 3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too. 4. How are you? I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you? 5. See you. See you later. 6. Thank you! You’re welcome. 7. Goodbye! Bye! 8. What’s your name? My name is …. 9. Here you are. This way, please. 10. Who’s on duty today? 11. Let’s do. 12. Let me see. IV. 重要语法 1. 动词be的用法； 2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法； 3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法； 4. 冠词的基本用法； 5. There be句型的用法。 【名师讲解】 1.in/on 在表示空间位置时，in表示在某个空间的范围以内，on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。 例如：There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。 2. this/that/these/those (1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事，these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事，those时that的复数形式。例如：You look in this box and I’ll look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子，我去看那边的那个盒子。 I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。 Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。 This is mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的，那个是你的。 These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘子。 (2)在打电话的用语中，this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对方。例如： This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁？ 3. There be/ have
第3讲 硫及其化合物 [考纲要求] 1.了解硫及其重要化合物的主要化学性质及应用。2.了解硫的氧化物对大气的污染与防治。 考点一 硫及其氧化物的性质 1.硫单质的性质及应用 (1)硫元素的存在形态 形态— —游离态—火山喷口附近或地壳的岩层里—化合态—主要以硫化物和硫酸盐的形式存在 (2)硫单质的物理性质 硫单质俗称硫黄，是一种淡黄色固体；不溶于水，微溶于酒精，易溶于CS 2；有多种同素异形体，如单斜硫、斜方硫等。 (3)从化合价的角度认识硫单质的化学性质 S －2 ――→ 氧化性 S 0 ――→ 还原性 S ＋ 4 O 2
2.二氧化硫(SO2) (1)物理性质 二氧化硫是无色，有刺激性气味的有毒气体，是大气污染物之一；易溶于水，通常状况下，1体积水溶解约40体积SO2。 (2)化学性质 按要求完成下列方程式：
SO 2 ??????? ?? 酸性氧化物的通性???? ? 与H 2O 反应：SO 2＋H 2O H 2SO 3与NaOH (足量)反应： 2NaOH ＋SO 2===Na 2SO 3＋H 2O 氧化性 (如与H 2 S 溶液反应)： SO 2 ＋2H 2 S===3S ↓＋2H 2 O 还原性??? ?? O 2：2SO 2＋O 2催化剂△ 2SO 3 Cl 2＋H 2O ：Cl 2＋SO 2＋2H 2O===2HCl ＋H 2SO 4 漂白性：可使品红溶液等有机色质褪色生成不稳定 的化合物 3.三氧化硫(SO 3) SO 3在标准状况下为无色、针状晶体，能与水反应：SO 3＋H 2O===H 2SO 4，放出大量的热，SO 3是酸性氧化物，它跟碱性氧化物或碱都能反应生成硫酸盐。 4.硫的氧化物的污染与治理 (1)来源：含硫化石燃料的燃烧及金属矿物的冶炼等。 (2)危害：危害人体健康，形成酸雨(pH 小于5.6)。 (3)治理：燃煤脱硫，改进燃烧技术。 (4)硫酸型酸雨的形成途径有两个： 途径1：空气中飘尘的催化作用，使2SO 2＋O 2催化剂 2SO 3、SO 3＋H 2O===H 2SO 4。 途径2：SO 2＋H 2O H 2SO 3、2H 2SO 3＋O 2===2H 2SO 4。 深度 思考
最新（2013秋）人教版八年级上册英语知识点及单词 Unit1 Where did you go on vacation? go on vacation去度假stay at home待在家里go to the mountains去爬山 go to the beach去海滩visit museums 参观博物馆go to summer camp去参观夏令营 quite a few相当多study for为……而学习go out出去most of the time大部分时间 taste good尝起来很好吃have a good time玩得高兴of course当然feel like给……的感觉；感受到go shopping去购物in the past在过去walk around四处走走because of因为 one bowl of…一碗……the next day第二天drink tea喝茶find out找出；查明go on继续 take photos照相something important重要的事up and down上上下下come up出来 buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth.为某人买某物 taste + adj. 尝起来……look+adj. 看起来…… nothing…but+动词原形除了……之外什么都没有 seem+（to be）+ adj. 看起来…… arrive in+大地点/ arrive at+小地点到达某地 decide to do sth.决定去做某事 try doing sth.尝试做某事/ try to do sth.尽力去做某事 forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/ forget to do sth.忘记做某事 enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事want to do sth.想去做某事start doing sth.开始做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事keep doing sth.继续做某事 Why not do. sth.?为什么不做……呢？ so+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于…… tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事 Unit2 How often do you exercise? help with housework帮助做家务on weekends在周末how often多久一次hardly ever几乎从不once a week每周一次twice a month每月两次every day每天be free有空 go to the movies去看电影use the Internet用互联网swing dance摇摆舞play tennis打网球 stay up late熬夜；睡得很晚at least至少have dance and piano lessons上舞蹈课和钢琴课 go to bed early早点睡觉play sports进行体育活动be good for对……有好处go camping去野营not…at all一点儿也不……in one’s free time在某人的业余时间the most popular最受欢迎的 such as比如；诸如old habits die hard积习难改go to the dentist去看牙医 morn than多于；超过less than少于 help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事How about…? ......怎么样？/ ……好不好？ want sb. to do sth.想让某人做某事How many+可数名词复数+一般疑问句？……有多少……? 主语+find+that从句. ……发现……spend time with sb.和某人一起度过时光 It’s+ adj.+ to do sth. 做某事的……的。ask sb. about sth.向某人询问某事 by doing sth. 通过做某事What’s your favorite……?你最喜爱的……是什么？ the best way to do sth.做某事的最好方式 Unit3 I’m more outgoing than my sister.
Unit 1 What’s the matter? 重点：1. 情态动词should & shouldn’t 的用法；2. have + 疾病；3. 反身代词的用法。难点：能询问并表述身体的种种不适以及对他人身体的种种不适给予适当的建议。 知识点： What’s the matter? 怎么了？What’s the matter with you? = What’s the trouble with you? = What’s wrong with you? 你怎么了？ have a cold = catch a cold 感冒 have a stomachache 胃痛 have a sore + 部位……痛 lie down 躺下 take one’s temperature 量体温 have a fever 发烧 have a cough 咳嗽 take breaks 休息 get an X-ray 拍X光片 away from 远离 on the side of the road 在马路边 shout for help 大声呼救 get off 下车 to one’s surprise 出乎某人意料 thanks to 多亏；由于 in time 及时 right away 马上，立即 get into 陷入get into trouble 陷入困境 have a toothache 牙痛 put one’s head down 低头 have a nosebleed 流鼻血 put a bandage on sth. 用绷带包扎 get hit on the head 砸到头（注意v. + on the + 身体部位的表达方达） be interested in 对……感兴趣 There were many times when …（when 引导的定语从句） be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事 take risks 冒险 because of 因为 in …situation 处于……境地 run out 用光 get out of 逃离
[考纲要求] 1.应用离子反应发生的条件，正确判断常见离子在溶液中能否大量共存。2.利用离子的特征反应，能鉴别常见离子以及进行综合推断。 考点一离子共存 1．离子共存问题是离子反应条件和本质的最直接应用 所谓几种离子在同一溶液中能大量共存，就是指离子之间不发生任何反应；若离子之间能发生反应，则不能大量共存。 2．熟记常考离子的性质 注意“两性离子”指既能与酸反应又能与碱反应的离子，一般为多元弱酸的酸式酸根离子。3．常见溶液酸、碱性的判断 酸性溶液：pH<7(常温)；能使pH试纸呈红色的溶液；能使甲基橙呈红色或橙色的溶液；能使石蕊溶液呈红色的溶液。 碱性溶液：pH>7(常温)；能使pH试纸呈蓝色的溶液；能使石蕊溶液呈蓝色的溶液；能使酚酞溶液呈红色的溶液。
呈酸性或碱性的溶液：和Al反应放出H2的溶液(HNO3除外)；能使甲基橙呈黄色的溶液；c(H ＋)水或c(OH－)水等于10－a mol·L－1(a>7)的溶液。 深度思考 (1)OH－不能和________________________________________________________大量共存(填具体离子，下同)。 答案H＋、NH＋4、Fe2＋、Fe3＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Mg2＋、Al3＋、Cr3＋、HCO－3、HS－、HSO－3、H2PO－4、HPO2－4 (2)H＋不能和____________________________________________________大量共存。 答案OH－、CO2－3(HCO－3)、S2－(HS－)、SO2－3(HSO－3)、PO3－4(H2PO－4，HPO2－4)、SiO2－3、AlO－2、ClO－、F－、CH3COO－、NO－2 (3)CO2－3不能和________________________________________________大量共存。 答案H＋、Mg2＋、Ba2＋、Ca2＋、Fe3＋、Al3＋、Fe2＋、Cu2＋ (4)SO2－3不能和__________________________________________大量共存。
人教版初二英语知识点总结 初二（上） 【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语 1. on time 2. best wishes 3. give a talk 4. for example 5. short for 6. a waste of time 7. go on a field trip 8. go fishing 9. I agree 10. next week 11. the day after tomorrow 12. have a picnic 13. have some problems doing sth. 14. go the wrong way 15. hurry up 16. get together 17. in the open air 18. on Mid-Autumn Day 19. come over 20. have to 21. get home 22. agree with 23. in the country 24. in town 25. all the same 26. in front of 27. on the left/right side 28. next to 29. up and down 30. keep healthy 31. grow up 32. at the same time 33. the day before yesterday 35. last Saturday 36. half an hour ago 37. a moment ago 》 38. just now 39. by the way 40. all the time 41. at first II. 重要句型 1. have fun doing sth. 2. Why don’t you… 3. We’re going to do sth. 4. start with sth. 5. Why not… 6. Are you going to… 7. be friendly to sb. 8. You’d better do sth. 9. ask sb. for sth. 10. say goodbye to sb. 11. Good luck(with sb)! ` III. 交际用语 backto school! 2. It doesn’t matter. 3．E xcuse me. I’m sorry I’m late, because the traffic is bad. Teachers’ Day !’s a good idea. are you going to do are we going are we going to do ’m good at… ’s not far from…11. Are you free tomorrow evening you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival ， ’m glad you can come.for asking us. about another one I have a taste me walk with you. do you have to do you live on a farm do you like better, the city or the country do you like best, dogs, cats or chickens we go at ten Good idea! ’s make it half past one. ---OK. not come a little earlier ---All right. me. Where’s the nearest post office, please —
第三章常见的金属及其化合物钠及其氧化物钠的其他常见化合物 碱金属元素 一、选择题(本题包括12个小题，每小题5分，共60分) 1．下列有关NaHCO3和Na2CO3性质的比较中，正确的是 ( ) A．热稳定性：Na2CO3
人教版八年级英语下册 各知识点归纳总结 Unti1 what’s the matter? 短语归纳 1.too much 太多 2.lie down 躺下 3.get an X-ray 做个X光检查 4.take one ’s temperature 量体温 5.put some medicine on ......在....上敷药 6.have a fever 发烧 7.take breaks /take a break 休息8.without thinking twice 没多想 9.get off 下车10.take sb to the hospital 送某人去医院11.wait for等待12.to one’s surprise 使.......惊讶的13.thanks to多亏于；由于14.in time及时 15.think about 考虑16.have a heart problem患有心脏病17.get into the trouble 遇到麻烦18.do the right thing做正确的事情事情19.fall down 摔倒20.put ...... on sth把...放在某物上 21.get hit/sunburned 摔伤/烧伤22.be interested in 对.....感兴趣 23.be used to 习惯于.... 24.take risks/take a risk 挑战 25.lose one’s life 失去生命26.because of 因为 27.run out of 用完28.cut off 切除 29.get out of 从...出来30.make a decision/decisions 做决定31.be in control of 掌管；管理32.give up 放弃 用法归纳 1.need to do sth .需要去做某事 2.see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事 3.ask sb sth 询问某人某事 4.expect sb to do sth 期望某人做某事 5.agree to do sth 同意做某事 6.help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 7.want to do sth 想要做某事8.tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事 9.have problems(in) doing sth 做某事有困难https://www.doczj.com/doc/da5190279.html,e sth to do sth用某物去做某事
人教版初中英语知识点总结1 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)