A contract is established when the acceptance becomes effective.
承诺生效即合同成立。
A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus1 through consultation2. 当事人协商一致即可以变更合同。
A person is not liable for debts contracted during his minority.
一个人无须对他在未成年时期的合同债务承担责任。
A transaction between two parties ought not to operate to the disadvantage of a third.
合约不约束第三人。
A contract cannot arise out of an illegal act.
违法行为不能构成合约。
An acceptance once given cannot be revoked4 unless the offeror consents.
除非要约人同意，承诺一经做出即不得撤回。
An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent5 to an offer.
承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。
An offeror may withdraw an offer at any time before it has been accepted.
在要约被受要约人接受以前，要约人可以随时撤回要约。
Any amendment6 to this contract shall become effective only by a written agreement by Patry A and Party B.
对本合同的任何修改，只有经甲、乙双方签署书面协议后方能生效。
Any annex7 is the integral part of this contract.
本合同一切附件均为本合同的有效组成部分。
Any departure from the terms and conditions of the contract must be advised in writing.
任何与合同条款相背离的地方，都应以书面形式通知。
Any failure by a party to carry out all or part of his obligations under the contract shall be considered as a substantial breach8.
一方当事人不履行本合同的全总或任何部分义务均应被视为是根本违约。
Any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party's agreement. 未经另一方当事人同意，任何当事人均无权终止合同。
Any violation9 of deadlines contained in the contract will equate10 to breach of contract.
凡违反合同规定的任何期限都等同违约。
Contract law is initially11 concerned with determining what promises the law will enforce or recognize as creating legal rights.
合同法首先涉及确认哪些许诺可以作为创设的法律权利而由法律强制实施或承认。
Examples of void contracts are those entered into as a result of misrepresentation, duress12 or undue13 influence.
因欺诈、胁迫和乘人之危而签订的合同属于可撤销合同。
He is incompetent14 to sign the contract.
他没有签署合同的行为能力。
He reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance of the contract by the other party.
他有理由认为对方当事人将会不履行合同以致根本违约。
He signed a covenant15 against under letting the premises16.
他签署了一个反对廉价出租屋的契约。
He was incapable17 of fulfilling the terms of the contract.
他没有能力履行合同条款。
If a contract becomes invalid19, the validity of its independently existing clauses pertaining21 to the settlement of disputes shall not be affected22.
合同无效并不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。
If a minor3 ratifies23 a contract upon reaching the age of majority, he or she is then bound to it.
如未成年人在达到法定年龄时追认合同，他/她便应受合同之约束。
If any of the above-mentioned clauses is inconsistent with the following additional clauses, the latter is to be taken as authentic24.
以上任何条款如与下列附加条款相抵触，以下列附加条款为准。
If there are provisions as otherwise stated in respect to contracts in other laws, such provisions shall be followed.
其他法律对合同另有规定，应依照这些规定。
If there is no acceptance, by definition there is no contract.
按照定义，没有承诺合同便不能成立。
In case of heavy losses, failure of a party to fulfill18 the obligations prescribed by the contract of force majeure, the contract may be terminated.
如发严重亏损，一方不履行合同规定的义务或不可抗力等，可提前终止合同。
Lawfully25 established contracts shall be protected by law.
依法成立的合同应受法律保护。
Marine26 insurance contracts are indemnity27 contracts and require the parties to exercise the utmost good faith.
海上保险合同属于赔偿合同，要求双方当事人尽到最大善意的义务。
No change in or modification28 of this Agreement shall be valid20 unless the same is made in writing.
本协议之修改必须作成书面始生效力。
No consideration, no contract.
合同无对价不成立。
词汇表：
1 consensus
n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识
参考例句：
Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我们能在这个问题上取得一致意见吗？What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午会议上一致的意见是什么？
2 consultation
n.咨询；商量；商议；会议
参考例句：
The company has promised wide consultation on its expansion plans.该公司允诺就其扩展计划广泛征求意见。
The scheme was developed in close consultation with the local community.该计划是在同当地社区密切磋商中逐渐形成的。
3 minor
adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修
参考例句：
The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
4 revoked
adj.[法]取消的v.撤销，取消，废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
It may be revoked if the check is later dishonoured. 以后如支票被拒绝支付，结算可以撤销。来自辞典例句
A will is revoked expressly. 遗嘱可以通过明示推翻。来自辞典例句
5 assent
v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可
参考例句：
I cannot assent to what you ask.我不能应允你的要求。
The new bill passed by Parliament has received Royal Assent.议会所通过的新方案已获国王批准。
6 amendment
n.改正，修正，改善，修正案
参考例句：
The amendment was rejected by 207 voters to 143.这项修正案以207票对143票被否决。
The Opposition has tabled an amendment to the bill.反对党已经就该议案提交了一项修正条款。
7 annex
vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物
参考例句：
It plans to annex an England company in order to enlarge the market.它计划兼并一
家英国公司以扩大市场。
The annex has been built on to the main building.主楼配建有附属的建筑物。
8 breach
n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破
参考例句：
We won't have any breach of discipline.我们不允许任何破坏纪律的现象。
He was sued for breach of contract.他因不履行合同而被起诉。
9 violation
n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯
参考例句：
He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说，那是违反规则的。
He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
10 equate
v.同等看待，使相等
参考例句：
You can't equate passing examination and being intelligent.你不能把考试及格看成是聪明。
You cannot equate his poems with his plays.你不可以把他的诗歌和他的剧本相提并论。
11 initially
adv.最初，开始
参考例句：
The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
12 duress
n.胁迫
参考例句：
He claimed that he signed the confession under duress.他说他是被迫在认罪书上签字的。
These unequal treaties were made under duress.这些不平等条约是在强迫下签订的。
13 undue
adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的
参考例句：
Don't treat the matter with undue haste.不要过急地处理此事。
It would be wise not to give undue importance to his criticisms.最好不要过分看重他的批评。
14 incompetent
adj.无能力的，不能胜任的
参考例句：
He is utterly incompetent at his job.他完全不能胜任他的工作。
He is incompetent at working with his hands.他动手能力不行。
15 covenant
n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约
参考例句：
They refused to covenant with my father for the property.他们不愿与我父亲订立财产契约。
The money was given to us by deed of covenant.这笔钱是根据契约书付给我们的。
16 premises
n.建筑物，房屋
参考例句：
According to the rules,no alcohol can be consumed on the premises.按照规定，场内不准饮酒。
All repairs are done on the premises and not put out.全部修缮都在家里进行，不用送到外面去做。
17 incapable
adj.无能力的，不能做某事的
参考例句：
He would be incapable of committing such a cruel deed.他不会做出这么残忍的事。
Computers are incapable of creative thought.计算机不会创造性地思维。
18 fulfill
vt.履行，实现，完成；满足，使满意
参考例句：
If you make a promise you should fulfill it.如果你许诺了，你就要履行你的诺言。
This company should be able to fulfill our requirements.这家公司应该能够满足我们的要求。
19 invalid
n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的
参考例句：
He will visit an invalid.他将要去看望一个病人。
A passport that is out of date is invalid.护照过期是无效的。
20 valid
adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的
参考例句：
His claim to own the house is valid.他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
Do you have valid reasons for your absence?你的缺席有正当理由吗？
21 pertaining
与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to)
参考例句：
Living conditions are vastly different from those pertaining in their country of origin. 生活条件与他们祖国大不相同。
The inspector was interested in everything pertaining to the school. 视察员对有关学校的一切都感兴趣。
22 affected
adj.不自然的，假装的
参考例句：
She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。
23 ratifies
v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的第三人称单数 )
参考例句：
American Revolutionary War: The United States ratifies a peace treaty with England. 1784年的今天，美国独立战争：美国批准了一项与英国的和平条约。来自互联网Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall ensure the effectiveapplication of its provis ions. 批准本公约的每一会员国应确保有效地实施本公约的规定。来自互联网
24 authentic
a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的
参考例句：
This is an authentic news report. We can depend on it. 这是篇可靠的新闻报道, 我们相信它。
Autumn is also the authentic season of renewal. 秋天才是真正的除旧布新的季节。
25 lawfully
adv.守法地，合法地；合理地
参考例句：
Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law. 依法成立的合同应受法律保护。来自口语例句
As my lawfully wedded husband, in sickness and in health, till death parts us. 当成是我的合法丈夫，无论疾病灾难，直到死亡把我们分开。来自电影对白
26 marine
adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵
参考例句：
Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。
27 indemnity
n.赔偿，赔款，补偿金
参考例句：
They paid an indemnity to the victim after the accident.他们在事故后向受害者付了赔偿金。
Under this treaty,they were to pay an indemnity for five million dollars.根据这项条约，他们应赔款500万美元。
28 modification
n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻
参考例句：
The law,in its present form,is unjust;it needs modification.现行的法律是不公正的，它需要修改。
The design requires considerable modification.这个设计需要作大的修改。
更多英语学习方法：企业英语培训https://www.doczj.com/doc/d313932002.html,/
法律顾问合同协议书英 文版 文件编号TT-00-PPS-GGB-USP-UYY-0089
Beijing YingKe Law Firm CONTRACT ON RETAINING LEGAL COUNSEL Party A: Address: Telephone: Fax: Party B: Beijing YingKe Law Firm Address: 6th Floor, Tower C, Dacheng International Center, No. 76, East 4th Ring Middle Road, Chaoyang District，Beijing, 100124 Telephone: Fax: Party A would like to retain Party B as its legal counsel, according to " Law on Legal Counsel of the People's Republic of China" The two parties through consultation hereby agree upon, and shall be bound by, the following terms:
Article Ⅰ Party A will designate 【】, as the lawyer employed by B, to work as A's legal counsel. 【】 will provide legal assistance and protect A's interests vested by law. Article Ⅱ Party B’s scope of responsibility ⅰ.Answer questions on legal issues from Client and give opinions or any advice on such issues; ⅱ. Upon the client’s request, Party B shall participate in commercial negotiations, in which Client is a party, and be concerned with drafting, modification, reviewing and examination of the legal documents such as contracts and agreements or preparing legal documents that is needed in the negotiations; ⅲ. Provide economic and legal informa tion pertain to the business operation of the client; ⅳ. Represent the client in the litigation of criminal, civil, economic and administrative cases; offer strategic legal advice in litigation and arbitration as a legal advisor, preventing or negating legal risk；
买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物清单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions，payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time 安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause
不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract劳动合同 contract note 买卖合同（证书） contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract运输合同Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同 Cargo Carriage Contract货运合同Technology Contract技术合同 Technology Development Contract技术开发合同Technology Transfer Contract技术转让合同Technical Consulting Contract技术咨询合同Technical Service Contract技术服务合同Safekeeping Contract 保管合同Warehousing Contract仓储合同 Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同 Brokerage Contract 居间合同 Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式联运合同contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract of sale 销售合同
一、问题的提出 甲和乙订立房屋买卖合同,甲以约定的价格将其房屋卖给乙。合同生效后,甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用,但并未办理房屋过户登记手续。某日下暴雨时雷电将房屋击毁,问此时房屋的毁损风险由谁承担? 《中华人民共和国合同法》(以下简称《合同法》)第142条规定:“标的物毁损、灭失的风险,在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担,交付之后由买受人承担,但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。”有人据此认为,我国立法采取的是“交付主义”,甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用即为《合同法》第142条所说的“交付”,在房屋交付以后发生的毁损风险应由买受人乙承担。笔者认为如此下结论值得商榷,在这一问题上至少存在以下两个理论问题:第一,关于“交付”含义的理解;第二,《合同法》立法采取的是否“交付主义”。 二、《合同法》中“交付”的含义 (一)法律意义上的“交付” 民法理论向来都承认,“交付”可分为现实交付和拟制交付。现实交付是指出卖人将其标的物的事实管领权转移给买受人,使标的物处于买受人的实际控制之下,由买受人直接占有标的物。①现实交付一般是指具体的、可以转移实际占有的物品的交付。拟制交付,是指出卖人将标的物的权利转移给买受人,以替代对实物的交付。拟制交付又分为简易交付、指示交付和占有改定。其中,简易交付是指在买卖合同订立前买受人已经实际占有标的物时,则合同一经成立即视为交付完成,此前买受人虽然占有标的物,但不享有所有权,合同成立时转移的只是所有权;指示交付是指在标的物由第三人占有的情况下,出卖人将要求第三人返还标的物的请求权让与买受人,以此代替标的物的实际交付,这种返还请求权正是标的物所有权的体现;占有改定 是指买卖合同约定,买受人取得标的物的所有权,但标的物在约定的期间仍由出卖人占有,此种交付中虽不转移占有,仅转移所有权,但仍能完成交付。可见,在上述三种拟制交付方式中,转移的权利就是标的物的所有权,所谓拟制交付,就是仅转移标的物所有权的交付方式。既然在法律上拟制交付是用来替代现实交付的,那么在法律效果上应该是等同的。因此“交付”的法律含义就应该包括“转移所有权”的内容,不能将“交付”仅仅理解为“转移占有”。从某种意义上讲,“转移所有权”对于交付的意义会更大于“转移占有”,因为仅“转移所有权”而不“转移占有”可以完成交付,但如果仅“转移占有”而不“转移所有权”,出卖人的交付义务就没有履行完毕,买受人对标的物的占有始终只是他主占有,没有达到买卖合同的目的。有学者就认为:“买卖之交付别样于借用、租赁,就在于买卖之交付是所有权的交付。”②《合同法》第133条规定:“标的物的所有权自标的物交付时转移,但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。”本条中的“交付”,不能仅从字面上理解为“转移占有”,还应该包括“转移所有权”的含义。 一般动产(指无需进行所有权登记的动产)所有权公示方式就是占有,如果没有特别的约定,交付、所有权转移和占有转移是三位一体的。但对于不动产和大多数特殊动产(指需要进行所有权登记的动产)而言,由于我国实行的是“登记要件主义”,要发生所有权转移的效力,必须办理所有权的变更登记手续,因此在交付的过程中,仅转移标的物的占有并不能完成交付。《合同法(试拟稿)》第168条第5项规定:“需要办理法定手续的,以办完规定手续的时间为交付的时间。”此后的《合同法(征求意见稿)》第94条第4项也做出了相同的规定,但在征求意见的过程中有人提出,由于我国《船舶登记条例》第5条采取的是“登记对抗主义”,此外,我国《民用航空法》对航空器采取的也是“登记对抗主义”,仅转移占有就足以转移所有权,完成交付,只是不能对抗第三人而已,为了保持法律体系的一致性,建议删除这一规定。该建议在最后表决通过的《合同法》中被采纳。③上述立法资料显示,《合同法》第133条中所谓的“法律另有规定”是指对船舶和民用航空器的规定,而有的学者认为是指所有需办理变更登记手续方能转移所有权的不动产和特殊动产,④这种理解值得商榷。 动产和不动产是对合同标的物的基本划分,由于其物理特性和法律特征的不同,在交易中分别适用不同的规则,但在没有区分的场合,就适用同一规则。《合同法》在动产和不动产适用不同交易规则时是做了明确区分的,如《合同法》第63条第3项的规定,但是,在《合同法》第133条中,法律并未区分动产和不动产,可见二者应该适用同一规则,即交付、所有权转移和占有转移是三位一体的,不动产的交付必须转移所有
My Vocabulary Briefing in Legal English 同一词语普通用语与法律用语意义不同的对比 同一意义正式与非正式的表达 一词多义: Advise 释义：advise在法律英语中有两个常用意思： ①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议，如 The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues。 该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。 ②通知，相当于notify或inform，如 The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify,” was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rig hts, but it would be considered pretentious to say you’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed。 advise 表示“通知，告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。因此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利，但是你最好通知你的朋友，野餐的日期有所改变，这种说法被认为是做作的。 Deposit 释义：deposit在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个： ①存款，这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思，既可作名词也可作动词，如 He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC。他在工商银行有1万元的存款。
法律英语：英语合同特点 （一）Contract 与 Agreement的区别 在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement. 1.何谓"contract"？ 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations".根据这个定义，合同是平 等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H.Gifts编著的"Law Dictionary"中将contract 定义为"contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty."根据这个定义，合同是 一种承诺，违反承诺能够得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承 诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典"A Dictionary of Law"给contract 的定义："Contract is a legally binding agreement"根据这个定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是"Contract is an agreement"， 即可将合同说成是"An agreement which binds the parties concerned"或者说合同说成是"An agreement which is enforceable by law"，也能够说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. 2.何谓"Agreement"？
法律英语：借贷合同范本 Address： In accordance with provisions of Contract Law of the Peoples Republic of China and Bank of China，after reviewing the status and the request of the Borrower，the Lender agrees to grant the Borrower a line of credit on . The Borrower，Lender and Guarantor，through friendly negotiation，have executed this Contract as follows： ARTICLE 1 CURRENCY，AMOUNT AND TERM OF THE LOAN： 1. The Currency under this loan is Reiminbi. 2. The Line of the loan is yuan. 3. The period of this loan is 12 months from the date of effectiveness of this contract.
ARTICLE 2 THE PURPOSE OF THE LOAN： 1. The purpose of this loan is used for working capital turnover. 2. Without written approval of the Lender，the Borrower could not use the loan out of the scope of the purpose. ARTICLE 3 INTEREST RATE AND CALCULATION OF INTEREST： 1. Interest rate：The interest rate shall be [***] During the loan term，if the countrys related authority adjusted the interest rate or the manner of calculation of interest，the interest of this contract shall be adjusted accordingly after one year from the date of execution of this contract. The adjustment shall be conducted when the interest rate are executed one year.It is not obliged to inform the Borrower when the adjustment of interest. 2. The interest shall be calculated from the date of first drawdown and the actual days the borrower use. One year shall be calculated as 360 days.
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/d313932002.html,/（报名网址） 合同法律英语词汇 下面为大家带来一些合同法律英语词汇和句型，从事法律文本工作的童鞋可要格外注意了！ This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。 What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix. 本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。 The Contract is written in quadruplicate (two for original and copy respectively) which shall become valid on the date of signature. 本合同一式四份（正副本各两份）自签署后生效 This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic. This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties. 本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签字（盖章）之日起生效。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers，whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英
英文合同常用词、短语和句型 1.订立、变更合同 动词 Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant 名词 the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenant This agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B. 2.合同的终止、解除、撤销 terminate a contract 通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行，可双方同意而作出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。 cancel a contact 因另一方违约而解除合同，其效力基本等同于terminate，不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。 discharge a contract 合同当事人的合同关系已终止。 rescind a contract 免除当事人之间的合同义务，将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。 revoke a contract 即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。出于行为人的意愿，即主动发出的行为。
中国合同法英文版 CONTRACT LA W OF P. R. CHINA Adopted and Promulgated by the Second Session of the Ninth National People‘s Congress on March 15, 1999. Translated & Compiled by John Jiang & Henry Liu GENERAL PRINCIPLES Chapter One: General Provisions Article 1 Purpose This Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization. Article 2 Definition of Contract; Exclusions For purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations. An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws. Article 3 Equal Standing of Parties Contract parties enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party. Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract Voluntarily A party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily under the law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right. Article 5 Fairness The parties shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing their respective rights and obligations. Article 6 Good Faith The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations. Article 7 Legality In concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests.
我国买卖合同中的“交付”与“风险转移”(一) 【内容提要】对于我国买卖合同中的“交付”一词，立法界和学界都在两种意义上使用。法律意义上的“交付”本身包括“转移所有权”的内容，而字面意义上的“交付”仅指“转移占有”，上述混乱导致对合同标的物风险转移问题的理解和适用上存在分歧。所谓“所有权主义”与“交付主义”的截然划分是断章取义的结果，而且“交付主义”的理论基础也值得怀疑，我国采取的是“所有权人负担标的物风险”的立法原则。 【摘要题】法学与实践 【关键词】买卖合同/转…… 一、问题的提出 甲和乙订立房屋买卖合同，甲以约定的价格将其房屋卖给乙。合同生效后，甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用，但并未办理房屋过户登记手续。某日下暴雨时雷电将房屋击毁，问此时房屋的毁损风险由谁承担? 《中华人民共和国合同法》(以下简称《合同法》)第142条规定：“标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。”有人据此认为，我国立法采取的是“交付主义”，甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用即为《合同法》第142条所说的“交付”，在房屋交付以后发生的毁损风险应由买受人乙承担。笔者认为如此下结论值得商榷，在这一问题上至少存在以下两个理论问题：第一，关于“交付”含义的理解；第二，《合同法》立法采取的是否“交付主义”。
二、《合同法》中“交付”的含义 (一)法律意义上的“交付” 民法理论向来都承认，“交付”可分为现实交付和拟制交付。现实交付是指出卖人将其标的物的事实管领权转移给买受人，使标的物处于买受人的实际控制之下，由买受人直接占有标的物。(注：参见江平主编：《中华人民共和国合同法精解》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版，第114页。)现实交付一般是指具体的、可以转移实际占有的物品的交付。拟制交付，是指出卖人将标的物的权利转移给买受人，以替代对实物的交付。拟制交付又分为简易交付、指示交付和占有改定。其中，简易交付是指在买卖合同订立前买受人已经实际占有标的物时，则合同一经成立即视为交付完成，此前买受人虽然占有标的物，但不享有所有权，合同成立时转移的只是所有权；指示交付是指在标的物由第三人占有的情况下，出卖人将要求第三人返还标的物的请求权让与买受人，以此代替标的物的实际交付，这种返还请求权正是标的物所有权的体现；占有改定是指买卖合同约定，买受人取得标的物的所有权，但标的物在约定的期间仍由出卖人占有，此种交付中虽不转移占有，仅转移所有权，但仍能完成交付。可见，在上述三种拟制交付方式中，转移的权利就是标的物的所有权，所谓拟制交付，就是仅转移标的物所有权的交付方式。既然在法律上拟制交付是用来替代现实交付的，那么在法律效果上应该是等同的。因此“交付”的法律含义就应该包括“转移所有权”的内容，不能将“交付”仅仅理解为“转移占有”。从某种意
英文版合同协议 英文版合同协议. 项目出资人(以下简称甲方)和项目技术负责人(以下简称乙方) 甲：，身份证号：，籍贯 乙：，身份证号：，籍贯 甲乙双方本着公平、平等、互利的原则订立合作协议如下 第一条甲乙双方自愿合作经营塑胶和金属油漆项目，总投资为20万元，甲方以人民币方式出资15万元， 乙方以人民币出资5万元及技术和客户资源。 第二条本合伙依法组成合伙企业，在合伙期间合伙人出资的为共有财产，不得随意分割。 合伙终至后， 各合伙人的出资仍为个人所有，届时予以返还。 第三条本合伙企业经营期限为三年。 如果需要延长期限的，在期满前六个月办理有关 手续。 第四条双方共同经营，合伙人执行合伙事务所产生的收益归全体合伙人，所产生的亏损或者民事责任由 全体合伙人。 第五条企业固定资产和盈余按照取得的销售净利润的甲方60%、乙方40%的比例分配。
第六条企业债务按照甲方60%、乙方40%比例负担。 任何一方对外偿还债务后，另一方应当按比例在十 日内向对方清偿自己负担的部分。 第七条每年项目产品总销售利润的百分之十进行固定投入。 销售利润分红，一年结算 第八条本协议未尽事宜，双方可以补充规定，补充协议与本协议有同等效力。 第九条本协议一式贰份，合伙人各一份。 本协议自合伙人签(或盖章)之日起生效。 第十条自协议签订之日起，乙方需要负责技术和市场开发及售后跟进，甲方负责管理及日常事务。 第十一条本协议有效期暂定三年，自双方代表(乙方为本人)签之日起计算，即从__ __年_ _月__ 日至_ ___年_ _月_ _日止。 第十二条争议处理 1、对于执行本合同发生的与本合同有关的争议应本着友好协商的原则解决; 2、如果双方通过协商不能达成一致，则提交仲裁委员会进行仲裁，或依法向人民法院起诉; 第十三条本协议到期后，双方均未提出终止协议要求的，视作均同意继续合作，本协议继续有效， 如果不再继续合作的，退出方应提前三个月向另一方提交退出的书面文本，并将己方的有关本合同项目的资料及客户资源都应交给另
法律英语】英语合同大全 合同条款常用英文词汇 买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人con tact pers on 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This con tract is madeby and betwee n the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the un der-me nti on ed. Commodities accord ing to the terms and con diti ons stipulated below. 1. 详细货物清单Detail supply list 2. 合同价格Con tract value 序号item 型号model 尺寸size, dimension 数量amount, unit 单价unit price 总价total price 备注remark 货物，运费freight, tran sportatio n 合同总额（含安装费与税金） Con tract amou nt in cl. VAT in stallati on 3. 付款条件payment conditions, payment terms
4. 交货地点delivery place 5. 发货期delivery time 6. 安装条款installation clause
编号：_______________ 本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打 印，感谢您的下载 合同法词汇大全------法律英语 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________
卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物活单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions , payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time
安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause 不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同 completion of contract 完成合同 contract for future delivery 期货合同 contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同
常见的合同通用条款 GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT DATED日期 CONTRACT NAME合同名称 by and between合同双方 PARTY A NAME PARTY A甲方名称 and与 PARTY B NAME PARTY B乙方名称 TABLE OF CONTENT PRELIMINARY STATEMENT前言 1. DEFINITIONS定义 2. [OPERATIVE CLAUSES] 具体操作条款 3. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT如有必要，根据交易具体情况设定相应先决条件 4. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 陈述和担保［保证］ 5. TERM合同期限 6. TERMINATION合同终止 7. CONFIDENTIALITY保密义务 8. BREACH OF CONTRACT违约 9. FORCE MAJEURE不可抗力 10. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES争议的解决 11. APPLICABLE LAW 适用法律 12. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS其他规定 THIS CONTRACT(“Contract”)is made in *city and province+, China on this day of ,200 by and between [Party A name],[Party A entity form] established and existing under the laws of China, with its legal address at [address] (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”), and *Party B name+, [Party B entity form] organized and existing under the laws of [Party Bjurisdiction of incoporation] with its legal address at *address+ (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”). Party A and Party B shall hereinafter be referr ed to individually as a “Party ” and collectively as the “Parties”. 本合同于年月日由以下两方在［地点］签订： ［甲方名称］，一家根据中华人民共和国法律组建及存续的［甲方组织形式］，法定地址为［甲方法定地址］（以下简称“甲方”）： ［乙方名称］，一家根据［乙方所在国］法律组建及存续的［乙方组织形式］，法定地址为［乙方法定地址］（以下简称“乙方”）。 甲乙双方以下单独称为“一方”，合称为“双方”。 PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 前言
法律英语合同条款常用英文词汇 买方 buyer 卖方 seller 项目名称 Project name 地址 address 电话 phone 传真 fax 联系人 contact person 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers，whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value 序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size， dimension 数量 amount，unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物，运费freight， transportation 合同总额（含安装费与税金） Contract amount incl. VAT installation
3. 付款条件 payment conditions， payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place 5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.
CONTRACT ON RETAINING LEGAL COUNSEL This retaining Contract ("Contract") is entered into by and between MASA CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (TIANJING)CO,LTD. ("Party A” hereinafter) and Beijing King & Partners partnership legal firm ("Party B" hereinafter). In accordance with Contract Law of the People's Republic of China and Law on Legal Counsel of the People's Republic of China, Party A engages Party B as its annually retained legal advisor to deal with the legal affairs in its business operation and management. The two parties through consultation hereby agree upon, and shall be bound by, the following terms: Article 1 Services Rendered by Party B The lawyers employed by Party B will supply services of assisting Party A in dealing with the daily legal matters, which including: a. Providing answers to legal questions, and providing opinion under law or issuing written legal opinion when necessary; b. Assisting in drafting, drawing, reviewing or amending contracts, constitution and other legal documents; c. Participating in contract consultation or negotiation with legal analysis and reasoning upon Party A's request; d. Signing, delivering or accepting legal documents as Party A’s commission; e. Upon Party A’s request, doing legal reasoning, providing solution, issuing lawyer’s letter, providing lawyer’s opinion for Party A’s conflicts that happened, facing or probably occur in the future; or participating in negotiation, arbitration, and intermediation involved with non-litigation activities; f. Upon Party A’s request, lecturing legal practice knowledge. g. Dealing with other legal matters agreed by two parties Without the agreement of both parties, the service scope of Party B does not include the legal matters of Party A’s holding companies, Share Companies, subsidiaries and other related enterprises. Without the agreement of both parties, the service scope of Party B does not include of neither the cases in the litigation or arbitration involving with economy, civil, intellectual property, labor, administration and criminal aspects; or the specific legal counsel matters involving with long-term investment, financing, corporation restructuring, M&A, bankruptcy, stock issuance and public offerings. Article 2 Obligations of Party B a. Party B will designate Lawyer Jing Yunchuan , Lawyer Zhang Xiuchun and Lawyer Sun Jianzhang as Party A’s retaining legal counsel. Party A agrees that the mentioned lawyers appoint other lawyers to cooperate with the appointments of the aforesaid legal