A kind of sermon
(1)It is probably(多半，非常) easier for teachers than for students to appreciate（理解，明白）the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly（越来越）difficult once the basic structures （结构）and patterns（模式）of the language have been understood .Students are naturally（自然）surprised （吃惊）and disappointed （失望）to discover（发现）that a process（过程）which ought to become simpler（简单）does not appeal to（似乎seem）do so.
(一旦明白了英语的基本结构和句型，老师们比学生们非常容易理解为什么学习英语看起来越来越难的原因。学生们发现一个应该变得简单的过程而似乎没有简单时，他们自然会吃惊和失望。)
(2)It may not seem much consolation （安慰）to point out（指出）that .the teacher,too,becomes frustrated （沮丧，失望）when his efforts （努力）appear to（seem似乎）product（产生）less obvious（明显的）results（结果）.（即使向学生指出，老师的努力似乎不能产生很多的效果而变得失望灰心，也不可能对学生产生很多的安慰）He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice(实践), hesitate （犹豫不决，止步不前）when confronted（面对）with the vast
（广大的）untouched（没接触过的）area（领域）of English vocabulary（词汇）and usage（语法）which falls outside the scope of （---范围之外）basic（基本）textbooks（课本）.(他们发现，学生们容易教，是因为他们成功地把教给的所有东西应用于实践；当学生面对大量的、未接触过的、在基本课本之外的英语词汇和语法时，他们会犹豫不决。)He sees them struggling（挣扎）because the language they thought they knew now appears to consist of（由---构成）bewildering（令人困惑的）variety （品种,各种）of idioms（成语，习语）, cliches （陈旧用语）and accepted phrases （固定词组）with different meanings in different context（上下文）.（致力，努力）.（他看到他们在挣扎，因为他们被教的、他们知道的语言看起来在由令人困惑的、在不同的上下文有不同的意思的各种习语、陈旧用语和固定词组组成。）It is hard to convince（使--相信）them that they are still making progress towards (往，朝向)fluency（流畅）and that their English is certain（确定）to improve（改善，提高）, given time and dedication（很难让他们相信，他们在朝着流畅的目标前进，及时只要花上时间和精力，他们的英语确定能提高和改善。）
（3）In such circumstances(情形下) it is hardly surprising that some give up in disgust（厌恶）,（在这样的情形下，一些学生厌恶地放弃了学习，一点也不令人吃惊。）while （表转折，
意为“而”）others still wait hopefully for the teacher to give them the same confident（确信，自信）guidance（教导）he was able to offer（给予）them at first.（而另外一些学生满怀希望等待老师给他们一些一开始能够给予他们的充满自信
的教导）。The teacher, for his part（部分）, frequently （常常地）reduced （减少）to trying to explain（解释）the inexplicable（莫名其妙的，无法解释）, may take refuge in （避难，逃避）quoting（引述）proverbs（谚语）to his colleagues （同事）such as"You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink, " or, more respectfully（恭敬地）if less grammatically（语法上）: "It ain't what you say. It's the way you that you say it." (就老师来说，由于常常尝试解释哪些无法解释的东西，他们可能对同事们引用一些谚语来逃避，如：“引马到河边容易，逼马饮水难”，或者引用一句不太符合语法却尊重学生的话：”“重要的不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说”。)His students might feel inclined to （倾向于做某事）counter（回应，反应）these with:"The more I lean ,the less I know."（他的学生们则倾向于回应他们说：“我学的越多，懂的越少。”）
（4）Of course this is not true.（当然，这话并不正确。）What both students and teachers are experiencing（体验，经历）is the recognition（认识，识别）that the more complex （复杂）
structures （结构）one encounters （遇到）in a language are not as vital to （同样重要的）making oneself understood and so have a less immediate（直接）field（领域，范围）of application （应用）.(因为不论老师还是学生正经历着这样的认识过程，即我们在语言方面遇到更复杂的结构，这些结构对于表达自己的意思不是那么不可或缺，因此他们的应用范围不是那么直接。) For the same reason, from the teachers point the view （观点，看法）, selecting （选择）what should be taught becomes a more difficult task（任务）. （由于同样的原因，来自老师们的观点是，选择适当的教材变成了一项更加困难的任务。）It is much easier to get food of any kind than to choose the dish （菜）you would most like to eat on a given day （特定的日子）from a vast （丰富）menu（菜单）.（就像随便吃点东西比在某个特定的日子从一份丰富的菜单中选
择你最喜欢吃的一道菜更容易。）
(5)Defining（界定）the problem is easier than providing（提供）the solution（办法）.（界定问题比提供解决办法容易。）One can suggest（建议）that students should spend two or three years in an English speaking country, which amounts to (等
于)washing one's hands of（与…无关）them. （有人建议学生们应该在说英语的国家住两三年，这观点等于把学生们抛弃，不再管他们。）Few students have the time or the money to
do that.（少数学生有时间或者金钱这样做）It is often said that wide（广泛）reading is the best alternative （选择）course of （当然的）action（行动，途径）. （人们常说，大量阅读是最佳的选择和当然的途径。）but even here it is necessary（必要的）to make some kind of selection（选择）. （但是即使这样，做出许多选择也是必要的）It is no use telling students to go to the library and pick up the first book they come cross（偶然遇到）. （只告诉学生到图书馆拿到他们偶然遇到的第一本书来阅读是没有用处的）My own advice to them would be:"read what you can understand without having to look up words in a dictionary (but not what you can understand at a glance); " read what interests you ; read what you have time
for(magazines and newspapers rather than novels unless you can read the whole novel in a week or so); read the English written today, not 200 years ago; read as much as you can and try to remember the way （方式）it was written rather than individual （个别）words that puzzled（让人费解的）you." （我对学生的建议是：“读不需要查字典你就能看懂的东西（但并非一看就懂）；读你感兴趣的东西；读你有时间读的东西（杂志、报纸而不是长篇小说，除非你在一个星期左右的时间读完整本小说）；读当代写的英文，而不是读200年以前写的英文；尽你所能多读并且尽量记住各种表达方式，而不是那些让你费解的个别单词”）And instead of "read", I could just as well say "listen to ."（与其说是“阅读”，我还不如说是在
“听”。）
(6)My advice to teachers would be similar(类似) in a way.（某种意义上）（我对老师的建议有几分类似。）I would say"It's no good thinking that anything will do（其作用）, or that all language is useful. It's no good relying on（依靠）student to express （表达）themselves without the right tools（工具）for expression.（表达）（我要说：“认为什么教材都行或者任何语言都有用是没有好处的。不交给学生正确表达的方式而依靠学生自己表达他们的思想是没有好处的。”）It's still your duty（义务）to choose the best path to following near the top of the mountain just as it was to propose （建议）a practicable （可行）short-cut away （捷径）from the beaten track（熟路）in the foothills. （山麓）（在接近山顶时选择最佳的路径仍然是老师的责任，就像在山麓为他们建议一条可行的路径一样。）And if the path you choose is too overgrown（草木丛生）to make further（更远的）progress（发展）,the whole party （所有的人）will have to go back and you will have to choose another route（线路）. (如果你选择的道路过于杂草丛生而不能向更远的地方发展。所有的人不得不返回而你不得不选择另外的路线。)You are still the paid（支付、雇佣）guide（向导）and expert （专家）and there is a way to the top
somewhere. "（你仍然是花钱雇来的向导和专家，而在某个地方总有一条通向山顶的路。）
Feels Like Spring
I stop at the corner drugstore （杂货店）for a breakfast of doughnuts （炸面圈）and coffee, and then I race（飞快跑）to the subway（地铁）station and gallop （跑向）down the steps to catch my usual train.I hold （把握）on to the strap （皮带）and make believe（假装）I'm reading my newspaper, but I keep glancing at （扫视）the people crowded （拥挤）in round me.I listen to them talk about their troubles and their friends,and I wish I had someone to talk to ,some to break the monotony（单调）of the long subway ride.（我在街角的杂货店停下，吃了炸面圈和咖啡的早餐，然后，我飞快跑向地铁站，冲下台阶，赶上我经常坐的那班火车。我抓牢拉手吊环，假装在读报纸，但是我一直扫视着周围拥挤的人们。我听着他们谈论他们的烦恼和朋友，也希望我有个人聊聊，有人打破这个漫长单调的地铁旅程。）
As we approach （接近）the 175th Street station, I begin to get tense （紧张）again. She usually gets into the
train at that station. She slips （滑移）in gracefully（优雅）, not pushing（推）or shoving （挤）like the rest,and she squeezes（挤压）into a little space,clinging to （死守）the people and holding on（持有）to an office envelope that probably contains（包含）her lunch. She never carries a newspaper or a book; I guess there isn't much sense（感觉，意思）in trying to read when you're smashed（粉碎）in like that.（当我们接近第175街道车站时，我又开始变得紧张了。她通常从这个车站上这趟车。她优雅地滑动着，不像其他人那样又推又挤的，她挤进一片小空间，紧靠着人群，手中拿着也许装着午餐的公文袋。她从不拿报纸或者书，我猜想党一个人像这样被挤碎了的时候，努力去阅读的确没有多大意思。）
There's a fresh （清新）outdoor look about her and I figure（揣摩）she live in New Jersey. The Jersey crowd gets in at stop. She has a sweet face with that scrubbed （白净）look that doesn't need powder （粉）or rouge （胭脂）. She never wears make-up（化妆）except for lipstick（口红）. And her wavy（波浪形）hair is natural, just a nice light brown. And all she does hold on to the pole and think her own thoughts, her eyes clear--blue and
warm. （她气色清新，看上去是习惯了户外生活。我猜想她住在新泽西州。新泽西人大都从这个站上车。她面容甜美白净，不需要涂脂抹粉。她除了口红外，从不化妆。她波浪型的头发十分自然，带着优美的淡棕色。她总是抓着吊环，想着自己的事情，她的双眼清澈、湛蓝、温暖。）
I always like to watch her, but I have to be careful.
I'm afraid she'd get angry and move away if she catches me at it, and then I won't have anyone, because she's my only real friend, even if she doesn't know it. I'm all alone in New York City and I guess I'm kind of shy and don't make friends easily. The fellows（同伴）in the bank are all right but they have their own lives to lead, and besides, I can't ask anyone to come up to a furnished（带家具的）room; so they go their way and I go mine.（我总是喜欢注视她，但是我不得不小心。我害怕她发现后会生气然后走开，那么我就一个朋友都没有了，因为她是我唯一的朋友，尽管她还不知道。在纽约，我是孑然一人，，而且我认为我有点腼腆，不容易找到朋友。我银行里的同事们都很好，但是他们个人有个人生活的天地。另一方面，我不能邀请他们去我租住的带有家具的房间，所以，一下班，我们就各奔东西。）
The city is getting （使烦恼）me. It's too big and noisy---too many people for a fellow who's all by himself （独自一人）. I can't seem to get used to（适应）it. I'm used to the quiet（宁静）of a small New Hampshire（新罕布什尔州）farm but there isn't any future（前程）on a New Hampshire farm any more: so after I was
d ischarged（出院）from th
e Navy（海军）, I applied for （申请）this position （位置）in bank and I got it. I suppose（设想）it's a good break（机会）but I'm kind o
f lonesome（寂寞）.（这个城市让我烦恼，它太大、太吵闹---对一个孤独的人来说，人也太多。我看起来不能是适应这个城市。我适应新汗布什而州农场的宁静，但是在新汗布什而州农场没有任何前程，所以我从海军复原后，申请了银行的这个位置并且得到了它。我设想这是一个好机会，但是我有点孤独寂寞。）As I ride along, swayin
g （摇摆）to the motion （运动）of the car, I like to imagine（想象）that I'm friends wit
h her. Sometimes I'm even tempted（诱惑）to smile at her, and say something like"Nice morning, isn't it?" But I'm scared（心虚）. She might think I'm one of those wise （高明的）guys （家伙）and she'd freeze up （冷淡）and look right through me as if I didn't exist（存在）,and
then the next morning she wouldn't be here any more and I'd have no one to think about. I keep dreaming that maybe some day I'll get to know her. You know,in a casual（休闲，随意）way.（当我一个人坐着地铁，随着车的晃动而摇摆，我喜欢想象我和她成为了朋友。有时我忍不住想对她微笑，说一些诸如“早晨很美好，不是吗？”之类的话。但是，我心虚，她可能认为我是个自作聪明的家伙而冷淡我，对我视而不见，而在第二天早晨她再也不会出现，我没有人可以想了。我梦想可能有一天，我会认识她。当然，以一种随意的方式。）
Like maybe she'd be coming through the door and someone pushed her and she brushes against me and
she'd say quickly, "Oh,I beg your pardon," and I'd left my hat politely （礼貌）and answer: "That's perfectly all right,"and I smile to show her I mean it, and then she'd smile back at me and say, "Nice day, isn't it?" and I'd say,"Feels like spring." And we couldn't say anything more,but when she'd be ready to get off at 34th Street, she'd wave her fingers a little at me and say,"good bay," and I'd tip my hat again.(比如，也许她从门里进来，有人推了她，她撞到了我，于是她马上说：“哦，对不起”。
我彬彬有礼地举起帽子回答说：“没关系”并且微笑着对她表示我的意思，然后她也微笑着回答我说：“天气很好，不是吗？”我会说：“感觉像春天一样。”接下来我们就不会多说什么，但是，当她从第34号街道车站下车时，她会轻轻挥挥手对我说：“再见。”于是我再一次举起帽子。)
The next morning when she'd come in,she'd see me and say "Hello," or maybe "Good morning ," and I'd answer and add something to show her I really knew a little about sping. Now wise cracks because I wouldn't want her to think that I was one of those sooth--talking guys who pick up girls in the subway.（第二天早晨，当她上车时，她看到我说：“你好”，也许是“早上好，”我也许会回答她并且增加一些话，向她表明我确实知道的关于春天的一些东西。那时，没有什么俏皮话，因为我不想让她以为我是一个花言巧语，在地铁里认识女孩子的家伙。）
And after a while,we'd get a little friendlier and start talking about things like the weather or the news,and one day she'd say,"Isn't it funny? Here we are talking every day and we don't even know each other's name." And I'd stand up straight and tip my hat and say,"l'd like you to
meet Mr.Thomas Pearse." And she'd say very seriously "How do you do, Mr.Pearse. I want you to meet Miss Elizabeth Altemose."（过了一段时间，我们会更加友好一点。我们开始谈论比如天气和新闻之类的事情。有一天，她说：“有意思吗？我们每天在这里交谈，但是我们却不知道彼此的名字。”于是，我站起来，挺直身子，举起帽子说：“我想让你认识认识托马斯-皮尔先生。”而她很严肃地说：“你好，皮尔斯先生，我想让你认识伊利萨白-阿尔莫斯特小姐。”）
"Thomas," she'd say,as if she were trying（试试）out the sound（声音、读音）of it.（“汤姆斯，”她说，好像是试试这个名字的读音。）
"What?" I'd ask.
"I can't possibly（可能）call you Thomas ," she'd say."It's so formal.（正式）"
"My friends call me Tommy," I'd tell her.
"And mine call me Betty."
And that's the way it would be. Maybe after a while I'd mention（提起）the name of a good movie（电影）that was playing at the Music Hall and suggest（建议）that if she weren't doing anything in particular（特别）….（事情就这样发展。也许一会我会提起一部正在音乐
大厅上映的电影的名字，并提议如果她没有特别的事……）
And she would come right out with, "Oh,I'd love
it!" I'd knock off （停止工作）a little earlier and meet her where she worked and we would go out to dinner somewhere. I'd ask some of the men at the bank for the name of a good restaurant（餐厅）. And I would talk to her about New Hampshire and maybe mention how lonesome I got,and if it's a really nice place and it's quite and cozy（舒适）, maybe I'd tell her how shy I was,and she'd be listening with shining eyes and she'd clasp（扣）her hand and lean （趴）over the table until I could smell （闻）the fragrance （香水）of her hair and she'd whisper （耳语）,"I'm shy,too." then we'd both lean back and smile secretly（秘密）,and we'd eat without saying much because ,after all（毕竟）, what's there to say after that? （她马上说：“哦，我喜欢去。”于是我早一会停止工作，到她工作的地方接她，然后我们到外面某些地方去吃晚饭。我问银行的人一个好餐厅的名字。然后我和她谈论关于新汗布什尔州，也许要提起我是多么孤独；如果那真是一个安静舒适好地方，也许我会告诉她我是多么害羞，她闪着明亮的眼睛，交叉双手趴在
桌子上，直到我闻到她头发上香水的味道，并听到她的耳语：“我也害羞。”然后我们两个都向后靠着偷偷笑起来，吃饭时我们都不多说话，因为，毕竟在那以后我们说什么呢？
And after the movie,I'd take her home. She wouldn't want me to travel all the way out. "I live in New Jensey," she'd say."It's nice of you to coffer to take me home but I couldn't ask you to make a long trip like that. Don't worry, I'll be all right." But I'd take her arm and say, "Come on.
I want to take you home.I like New Jersey." And we'd take the bus across the George Washington Bridge with the Hudson River flowing dark（黑暗）and mysterious （神秘）below （下面）us,and then we'd be in New Jersey and we'd see the light of small homes and she'd invite me in but I'd say it was too late and then she'd turn to me and say,"Then you must promise （承诺）to come for dinner this Sunday." And I'd promise and then.-----（看完电影，我送她回家。她不想让我送这么远的路。“我住在新泽西州，”她说。“你太客气了，请我喝咖啡，还要送我回家，但是我不想让你像这样走那么远的路途。不要着急，我会没事的。”但是我拉着她的手说：“来，我想送你你回家。我喜欢新泽西。”我们坐
着巴士穿过乔治-华盛顿大桥，任幽暗哈德逊河在我们脚下的神秘流淌。然后我们到达了新泽西州并且看到了看到许多房子里的灯光。她邀请我到她房子里，我说太晚了；于是她转向我对我说：“那么你一定要答应本周日来吃晚饭。”我会答应。然后---
The train is slowing down and the people are bracing（支撑）themselves automatically （自动）for the stop. It's the 175th Street station. There's a big crowd （人群）waiting to get in. I look out anxiously （焦急地）for her but I don't see her anywhere and my heart sinks （下沉）, and just then I catch a glimpse （一瞥）of her, way（路径）over at the other side. She's wearing a new hat with little flowers on it. The door opens and the people start pushing in. She's caught （捕获）in the rush （繁忙）and there's nothing she can do about it. She bangs into （碰撞）me and she grabs（抓）the strap （皮带）I'm holding and hang on it for dear life.（火车在减速，人们纷纷为停车做准备。这是第175号街车站。一大群人在等着上车。我焦急地向外看着寻找她，但是我没有看到她，于是我感到我的心往下沉，就在这时，我一眼瞥见她，从另外一个路径过来。她戴着一顶点缀着小花的新帽子。门开了，人们开始拥进来。
她被拥挤的人群挤压着，什么也不能做。她撞到了我，并且抓住了我正抓着的吊环皮带，为了珍惜宝贵生命。）
"I beg your pardon." She gasps.(倒抽一口凉气)
My hands are pinned（寄托）down and I can't tip （举）my hat but I answer politely（礼貌）, " That's all right. "
The doors close and the train begins to move. She has to hold on to my strap; there isn't any other place for her.
" Nice day, isn't it? "she says.
The train swings （波动）around a turn and the wheels（车轮）squealing（尖叫）on the rails sound like the birds singing in New Hampshire. My heart is pounding like mad.
"Feels like spring." I say.
Unit 2
The Fifth Freedom
More than three centuries ago a handful of（少数）pioneers(先驱者)crossed the ocean to Jamestown and Plymouth
in search of freedoms they were unable to find in their own countries, the freedom we still cherish(珍视)today:freedom from want, freedom from fear, freedom of speech, freedom of religion(宗教)。Today the descendants(后代) of the early settlers （早期殖民者），and those who have joined them since ,are fighting to （斗争）protect（保卫）these freedom at home and throughout the world.（国内国外）（300多年前，少数先驱者穿过大洋来到詹姆斯顿和普利茅斯，为了寻找在他们原来的国家中不能找到的自由，这些也是我们今天仍然珍视的自由：免于匮乏的自由，免于恐惧的自由，言论自由，宗教自由。今天这些早期殖民者的后代们和那些后来加入他们行列的人们还在国内国外为保卫这些自由而斗争。）
And yet there is a fifth freedom----basic to those four ---that we are in danger of (处于--危险中)losing:the freedom to be one's best（达到自己最佳水平上的自由）（然而，我们正面临失去第五种自由的危险，它是那四种自由的基础，这种自由是：达到自己最佳水平上的自由）.St. Exupery(埃克苏佩里) describes （描述）a ragged（衣衫褴褛的）, sensitive-faced （长相聪明）Arab child(流浪儿)，haunting （困扰）the streets of a North African town(北非小镇),as a lost（失去）Mozart :he would never be trained （培训）or developed（开发）.Was he free?（埃克苏佩里把一个衣衫褴褛、面貌聪慧的被困扰在
一个北非小镇的流浪儿描写成一个被埋没的莫扎特，他从没有受到过培训和开发，他自由吗？）"No one grasped（把握）you by the shoulder（肩膀）while there was still time; and nought（化为乌有）will awaken（睡醒）in you the sleeping poet （诗人）or musician （音乐家）or astronomer（天文学家）that possibly （可能）inhabited （居住）you from the beginning.（从出生）" The freedom to be one's best is the chance for the development of each person to his highest power （力量）.（“从出生开始，有可能成为诗人、音乐家、天文学家，但是当你有机会的时候没有人拉你一把，但是时机过后什么都不能被唤醒了。”一个人达到自己最高水平的自由就是让每个人把自己的能力发展到最高水平的机会。）How is it that we in America have begun to lose this freedom, and how can we regain （恢复）it for our nation's youth?
I believe it has started slipping away from us because of three misunderstandings（误解）.（在美国我们是怎么开始失去这种自由的呢？并且我们怎样才能为我们的年轻人恢复获得这种自由？我相信这种自由正开始从我们身边溜走，因为我们存在着三个方面的误解。）
First,the misunderstanding of the meaning of democracy（民主）. The principal（校长）of a great Philadephia （费城）high school is driven to cry（呼吁）for help in combating （打击）the notion
（概念）that it is undemocratic to run （实施）a special（特殊的）program（大纲）of studies for outstanding（优秀）boys and girls. （首先被误解的是对民主的含义。费城一个著名的中学的校长被迫大声呼吁来反对不民主的观念，为优秀学生实施特殊的学习大纲。）Again,（又如）when a good independent （私立的）school in Memphis（孟菲斯）recently（最近）closed,some thoughtful （有思想的）citizens（公民）urged （促请）that it be taken oven （接管）by the public school system （系统）and used for boys and girls of high ability（能力）, that it have entrance （入口）requirements （要求）and give advanced （高级的）program（方案）of studies to superior （优秀的）students who were interested（有兴趣的）and able to take it .（又如，在孟菲斯当一所优秀私立学校最近停办时，一些有思想的公民主张该学校被公立教育学校系统接管，用于培养那些有较高能力的学生，这所学校要有入学要求，为那些有兴趣和有能力接受的学生制定高级的学习方案。）The proposal（建议）was rejected （被拒绝）because it was undemocratic（不民主）! Thus, courses（课程）are geared to （适应）the middle of the class.The good student is unchallenged（挑战）, bored（厌烦）. The loafer （混子）receives his passing grade（毕业证）.And the lack of（缺少）an outstanding （卓越）course（课程）for the outstanding
Unit One “你学得越多，就会挣得越多”，这是流行歌星辛迪·劳帕在她35岁获得高中毕业证书时说过的一句话。辛迪没有高中文凭也能挣很多钱，这是大多数人不可能做到的。在今日美国，75%的工作都需要高中以上文凭或特殊的职业培训；大学毕业生比没有受过大学教育的人收入高；有硕士学位的人比只有学士学位的人收入高；而且收入最高的往往是那些有高学历的人。然而，文凭多并不总是意味着能挣更多的钱。许多有技术的蓝领的工人、商人、企业主管和企业家都比大学教授和科研人员挣得多，而著名运动员和演艺人员的收入之高刚无人可及！ 大学教育不仅是为将来所从事的职业做准备，而且（也应该）是为未来的生活做准备。除了所选的专业课程外，大多数学生还有时间上选修课。他们会选修一些能帮助他们更多地了解人性、政治制度、艺术、科学或任何他们感兴趣的课程。 上大学，无论是全日制还是业余，自然而然地成了高中毕业后的下一个目标。目前，有超过一半的美国高中毕业生在上大学。但应届高中毕业生已不再垄断大学校园。为提高业务素质或自身修养，各种年龄层次的人重返大学校园学习已是相当普遍的现象。到1992年，大约有一半美国大学生的年龄会大于25岁，其中20%会超过35岁。近3，400所高校将为这些不同年龄层次的人服务，注册学生超过1，200万。 美国拥有学士以上学位的人数在不断上升，这体现了美国人对教育价值的推崇。大约20%的美国人是大学毕业生。但在年轻人和在职人员中，这一比例至少为25%，比其他多数大国高出许多。在美国，大学教育已不是有钱人和有学习天赋的人的特权，几乎任何想上大学的人都可圆自己的大学之梦。 Unit Two 科学家们一直试图从生物学的角度来解释男孩女孩间的这种差异。然而，没有哪种解释足以令人信服地说明一般的情况。正如一位科学家指出的：“孩子出生时会影响其学科选择，他的遗传差异是微乎其微的。问题在于孩子到了上学年龄时，受其他因素的影响太多，以至我们无法搞清楚，女孩在理科和数学方面是本来就差呢，还是在她们成长的过程中被灌输了‘这些学科属于男孩领域’的思想。” 有统计数字表明，至少在数学方面，女孩和男孩的能力不相上下。最近一份报告显示，女孩不愿继续学数学只是因为受到社会观念的影响。写这份报告的其中一位作者说:“文盲不能被社会所接受，而如果女性说她们对数学感到绝望，这种廉洁仍然是可以接受的。我们的研究表明，尽管女孩能得到和男孩一样好的分数，却没有人鼓励她们这样做。” 要解释在少年时代十分这一差异，可以追溯到童年时代初期的经历。从开始上幼儿园时起，就没有人鼓励女孩自己动手完成任务，而男孩却相反。例如，通常要求男孩，而不是女孩帮助做一些修理工作，这样的鼓励使男孩学会了在以后的生活中如何解决问题。有语气表明那些杰出的数学家及科学家，他们的老师都不会为他们提供答案，他们得自己去寻求答案。 一份有关数学教学的报告表明，老师给予男孩的关注似乎比女孩多。参加研究的大多数老师声称，他们期望男生能在数理化方面胜于女生。这一切都鼓励男孩在这些科目上更加努力，增强了他们的信心，并使他们相信自己能成功。 有趣的是，男孩和女孩都认为像数理化这种“属于阳性”的科目很难。然而，也有人认为女孩不愿学数学，并不是因为这些科目难，而是出于社会原因。 数理化主要是男孩的科目，因此，女孩成为青少年的时候，便不再花更多的精力在这些科目上。女孩似乎不想与男孩进行公开竞争，她们也不想比男孩学得更好，因为她们害怕因此显得男孩子气而抢劫吸引力。
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
Unit 11 Cyber World A Famous Quote The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow. - Bill Gates Bill Gates (1955- ), American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. Text A Cyber Love Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever made a friend on the Internet? How did you develop your friendship? 2. What suggestions can you give if one hopes to make friends on the Internet? Thanks to the late 20th century technology, Maria of Denmark and Martijin of Holland met on a chatline. For months they’ve talked and sent letters to each other with the help of their computers as they found themselves falling head over heels in love. It was then that they decided to meet in the real, not only the virtual, world. It was not easy to arrange as the young man and his lady were separated by 700 very real kilometers, but the date was a success and Maria and M artijin have been living together happily ever since. They’ve created a home page to let the world know how they’ve found happiness via the Internet and introduce couples who’ve met under similar circumstances. Throughout history men and women have used a variety of means to find each other. Internet romance, according to some, is a bizarre method, and to others it is a natural way for the 90’s to meet potential mates. Romances formed on the Internet follow a characteristic script. The development of emotional intimacy is a long progress, sometimes taking several months. “Love at first byte” is rare although there are examples. The initial light exchanges, whether by e-mail or in chat rooms, are generally followed by increasingly self-revealing topics, and then after a while, the two strangers perceive each other as a true friend. Hearts open, an avalanche of e-mail crosses cyberspace carrying literary quality, and electronic messages are even enhanced with verse and virtual gifts (flowers, kisses, animated pictures). Could any heart with romantic inclinations resist? When you reach
Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.
Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were
应对危机 如果我被问：我认为对所有人类最有用的建议是什么，那将会是这样的:麻烦是生活中不可或缺的一部分,当它来临时,抬头挺胸,直视它和干脆地对它说,“我比你更大。你不能打败我。”然后重复对自己说最安慰的话：“这一切都会过去。” 面对毁灭性的经验后原谅自己也许是生活最困难的挑战。我们大多数人发现它比原谅别人更容易 在很多情况下，虽然我们不能控制发生在我们身上的一些事情，但对于发生在我们身上的一些事情，我们能掌控对它的反应。===如果我们被别人不公平的对待，我们一定会拒绝给他们力量来分散我们的精神，来使我们身体生病，来减短我们的寿命。很多医生会告诉你那些伤心，焦虑，紧张和怒气会让你比病毒更脆弱。 词语：“神经崩裂”表明神经已经崩裂了但它还是健康的。这纯粹是感情问题。在梅奥诊所一位在职的医生说：如今大多数病人住院是因为那心理造成的疾病 。这也意味着疾病是由于为解决的问题触发而成的。 我迷信，我知道有些受了很深个人悲剧的人用这个信念帮助了他。但我也相信积极的行动来克服悲痛的功效。时间是医治者，但要看谁能明智地利用它并且更好地做一个快速的调整。 悲伤,在某种程度上,是自怜过了头。寡妇哭诉道:“他是我的一切。没有他我怎么活下去呢?”这是为自己哭泣,不是因为他的爱人。哀悼者不愿放弃他的悲伤最终使自己和朋友相隔了。世界可能停留几个小时,或几天来支持你或让你擦去眼泪,但朋友和亲戚都会带来各自的问题。生命在继续,但那些因为这些而不愿继续生活下的人会独自沉浸在自己的痛苦和痛苦一起离开。 对于伤心最好的解决方法是行动。我不是指陷入社会中一连串的事情中或在旅途中逃走。太多的人试图通过这么做来逃避在成功的路途中他们遇到的麻烦。最有用的活动是做一些事情来帮助别人。我告诉成千上万的绝望的人,“足够的捶胸顿足。无论你遇到的事情有多糟,还有比你更糟的人和你能帮助他。 对我来说最感人的是英雄主义和在这个世界上普通人的勇气和信念。通常能写下一个问题的读者会增加他们个人生活的一些事情。我会被有斗志的人感动，比如能写出这样句子的人： “我们结婚后不久，我的丈夫,失明了，但是我们还是能把生活计划的很好。”,或者“我对癌症有两个解决办法，,但我知道在六月我要参加我儿子的毕业典礼并因此我很感激。 “没有人知道为什么生活必须惩罚一些神圣的最好的生物。也许这是事实：所有的东西都有它的价值,我们必须牺牲宝贵的东西来获得其他的东西。诗人和哲学家说：逆境,痛苦和悲伤给我们的生活添加了维度。那些在生活的各个方面都遭受痛苦的人，当其他人在享受生活时他们却在为生活奋斗。也许没有人能触摸星星,除非他知道绝望的深渊和在回来的路上。
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges A Famous Quote: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. - Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt(1882-1945), the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), he led the nation out of the Great Depression and later into World War II. Before he died, he cleared the way for peace, including establishment of the United Nations. His presidency is widely regarded as one of the greatest in US history. Text A: 300 Hurdles Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever done hurdles? What do you think of it? 2. What kinds of difficulties and challenges have you ever met in your life? Life may give you negative, but don’t despair – it may just develop into a beautiful picture one day. This year, I realized my theory that I have on life. Life is like a 300m hurdle race. Since I run the 300m hurdles, I would know what the race is like. The first thing to any race is worrying about whether you are going to win or not. This relates to worrying about the petty things in life. Does it really matter if you win? Is it really going to be the end of the world? Or will you be upset if you lose and forget about it? In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little. Next is the lining up in our own individual lanes. We each start at different spots, but the race is still the same distance for everyone. This relates to our lives taking us to different places and putting us in different situations, but hopefully we will end up in the same place, but maybe at different times. Now comes the beginning of the race. We all try to keep up with everyone and pace ourselves with other people. This symbolizes that at times in everyone’s lives we worry about fitting in or being the same as other people, instead of worrying about being unique. If anyone were the same, the world would be incredibly boring. Now comes the first hurdle. This hurdle is the easiest to get over because you are not worn out from running. We all make it over this hurdle with ease. This symbolizes those obstacles in life that we struggle to get over, but we
Unit 1 1.她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) She wouldn't take a drink, much less would she stay for dinner. 2.他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth. 3.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 5.这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 6.我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. Unit 2 1.尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents. 2.迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) Mike didn't come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation. 3.坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) The person sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer. 4.他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses. 5.经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence. 6.这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience. Unit 3 1.你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) You are never too experienced to learn new techniques. 2.还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) There remains one problem, namely, who should be sent to head the research there. 3.由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) Their relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences. 4.虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) Though he has had ups and downs, I believed all along that he would succeed someday. 5.我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) I have some reservations about the truth of your claim.
Unit 9 Music In-Class Reading Music to Your Gear 参考译文 音乐与开车 安迪·埃利斯 1 尽管音乐能使你胸中的怒气平息，但是开车时听音乐也会损害你的健康。近期研究表明，听声音很响的音乐会严重地影响司机的注意力，而且心理学家也提醒人们，不断地在车里放这种音乐是很危险的，尤其是处于车流中或在高速公路上开车时。 2 音乐有两个极端，任何一个极端都有可能带来危险。重金属音乐以其强烈的节奏会使人莽撞驾驶，而聆听处于另一个极端的优美的、令人舒心的音乐，会使司机过分放松，以至于丧失安全意识，陷入迷迷糊糊的欲睡状态。 3 英国汽车协会一直关注道路安全，它委托搞了一个项目，研究严重车祸与音乐之间的关系。这项研究发现，17至25年龄段的男人是最危险、最易产生车祸的群体。研究还发现，这个群体的人70%的开车时间都在听音乐。 4 快节奏或重金属音乐要是放得很响，会使人易怒好斗，开起车来就会冲劲十足，这种司机也就更容易去冒险。开车的速度受到了音乐的速度和节奏的控制。 5 在试验中，给那些自愿参加实验的司机听声音很响的音乐，他们说尽管他们不一定感到非要开快车，但的确发现自己换档更快了，加速也快了，刹车更急了。若是让这些司机听慢节奏的抒情曲，他们承认经常感到自己走神，他们在高速公路上长途开车时，至少有两位参试的司机发现自己不知不觉地在跨越车道标记。 6 这些自愿参试的司机（有些刚刚拿到驾驶执照）所发表的意见非常说明问题。十八岁的西蒙告诉英国汽车协会，“《走出地狱的蝙蝠》里的快节奏摇滚乐真会让人送命的。我发现自己不知不觉地越开越快。” 7 另一名自愿参试的司机一直在听ZZ Top乐队最流行的曲子，他说，“我一直在快速行驶，扯着嗓门唱歌，没有看见也没有听见那辆一直想超过我的消防车。” 8 还有些人说：“我陷入了深思”…… “人的感觉会变得麻木” …… “听不见别的汽车是个问题”，“我一直在随着音乐的节奏加快速度。” 9 一些慢节奏的背景音乐，如肖邦的音乐，会刺激人的大脑，使思维模式发生变化，激发阿尔法脑波，使人有一种舒服愉快的感觉。处于放松状态在大多数情况下对我们有好处，但开车时则不然。心理学家雪利?费希尔教授提醒人们说：“最大的危险是疲劳驾驶。有些音乐会使你无法集中注意力，甚至陷入轻度睡眠状态，那样就会造成可怕的惨祸。” 10 “问题的关键在于根据具体情况选择合适的音乐。刺激性的音乐适合在漫长、枯燥的道路上听，但是当交通状况糟糕时，或是交通拥挤时，这种音乐会分散你的注意力。” 11 然而，音乐也有其好的一面，正如英国汽车协会的心理学家罗伯特?韦斯特所指出的那样：“如果有些音乐影响我们安全行驶，那么反过来也是有道理的。