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考研英语语法

考研英语语法
考研英语语法

考研英语语法

非限定动词(3)

动词最重要

简单句(5种基本句型)

限定动词并列句名词性从句(4)长难句分析

复合句定语从句(5)

状语从句(6)

时态(1)被动(2)

It(7):做先行代词的用法

在强调结构中的用法

倒装(8):if 在虚拟结构中的条件从句

Only或否定词提前

As 或 however在前的让步状语从句

比较级句子:跟句子、短语等

"---" (9)在句中的意义:解释说明和插入(不影响句子本身结构)

带"-"的形容词(10)

五种基本句型:

最基本的,有助于分析句子结构,理解长难句。

1、动词时态:

在英语中,不同时间一不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态要用不同的动词形式来表示。在时间上分为四大类---现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时;在行为上又分为四种---一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。

考研中常用到的有一定难度的:过去进行时、过去将来时(would 表过去习惯动作)、现在完成时

、现在完成进行时等。

现在完成时(表示动作或状况发生在现在以前的某个未经明确指出的过去时间,目前已经完成或结束,给现在造成了影响;或者这个动作至今还未完成,可能继续下去也可能停止)

He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.(08)

现在完成进行时(表示由过去某时开始或发生至今仍将继续进行或刚刚结束的动作;重复发生的动作)

We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education.(09)

2、被动语态:

当主语是动作的承受者时,动词要用被动语态,只有及物动词才有被动语态;

由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成,它的时态由be动词的变化体现。

考研中常用的被动语态与时态的结合:一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时

一般现在时:

Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.(02)

一般过去时:

3、非限定动词

(不能单独做谓语,没有性数变化,不包括在句子的主干中)

包括动词不定式、分词(-ed -ing)、动名词

1、动词不定式:

由(not)+to+动词原形构成,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语或状语

做主语和宾语:

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. (09)

做表语:

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.(07)

做宾补:

If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.(07)

做状语:

To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.(01)

2、分词:

它兼有动词、形容词、和副词的特征;有两种形式,-ed 被动完成, -ing主动进行;在句中担任定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。

现在分词和过去分词的区别:

a moving film surprising The play was boring.

a moved audience surprised I left because I was bored.

做定语:

A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.(08)

Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd.(09)

Specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.(01)

做状语:(-ing 与主句主语是主动关系; -ed与主句主语被动关系)

We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.(09)

Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.(03)状语(while或when)

while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,

non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work。(09)

独立结构:

Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance.(09)

3、动名词:兼有名词和动词的特征,可在句中做主语、表语、宾语等

Finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient.(04)

4、名词性从句:

在句中起名次作用的从句,包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

(连接词that, whether...or, if 在从句中不做任何成分

Who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever 在句中充当语法成分

When, where, why, how 在从句中做状语成分)

主语从句:

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(06)

表语从句:

宾语从句:

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors.(02)

On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.(09)

同位语从句:

A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.(05)

5、定语从句:

在句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或代词,或修饰整个主句的从句。先行词和关系词。关系词既起着联系从句和主句的作用,又代替先行词在从句中担当有语法成分。(that, which, who, whom, whose; when, where, why)关系代词:

It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.(04)(作主语)

Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.(03)

All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware.(09)(加介词)

There are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.(01)

Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story, which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.(02)(非限制性)

关系副词:

In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak。(05)

6、状语从句:

在复合句中做状语的从句,有连接词。分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式和比较

时间(when while as; whenever every time; till until; before after; as soon as once the minute; no sooner...than hardly...when 主句部分倒装)

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals.(06)

Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.(04)

As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access。(01)

Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.(02)

让步状语:(although, though, even though; as 从句半倒装)

Although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.(04)

结果状语:

方式状语:

比较状语:

But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either.(04)

This success led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.(07)

条件状语:

If oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25% - 0.5% of GDP.

7、It:

先行代词,引导后面的短语或从句。当主语是动词不定式、动名词、主语从句时,往往把主语放在谓语动词之后,将it放在句首。

It seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.(09) It never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.(01)

强调句:当我们要强调句子的某一部分(一般是主语、宾语、状语)时,通常用“It is+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”这种句子结构。

It is a wise father that knows his own children.(09)

8、倒装:

if 在虚拟结构中的条件从句

Only或否定词提前

As 或 however在前的让步状语从句

Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.(09)

Here is an example, which I heard at a nur ses’ convention, of a story, which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.(02)

9、"---"的用法:

插入解释说明:

For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what you think you want to do —then

broaden it.(04)

解释说明:

Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.(03)

10、合成形容词:

physician-assisted suicide anti-intellectualism off-the-cuff remarks open-source intelligence

energy-services firm back-and-forthing belt-tightening

As

I 句子成分

句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)。

II 基本句型

基本句型一:SV(主+谓)

基本句型二:SVP(主+谓+表)

基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)

基本句型四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)

基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)

1 基本句型一SV(主+谓)

此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等

2 基本句型二SVP(主+谓+表)

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。be, look, keep, seem, get, grow, become, turn等

This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。

The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。

Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。

He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。

Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。

His face turned red. 他的脸红了。

3 基本句型三SVO(主+谓+宾)

此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。

SV(及物动词)O

1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案?

2. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。

3. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。

4. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。

5. He │said │"Good morning." 他说:"早上好!

4 基本句型四SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)

此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。

S│V(及物)│o(多指人)│ O(多指物)

1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳

2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。

3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。

4. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。

5. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。

5 基本句型五SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)

此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。

S│V(及物)│ O(宾语)│ C(宾补)

1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。

2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色。

3.. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。

4. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想?

5. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。

6. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。

考研英语语法大全———自己总结

考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 (一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异: 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。英语就不同了,book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。 (二)英语动词的形式: 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式: (1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后, 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:

即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时; 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do 变成have done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时; 在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中,动词do 虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 (三)时态详解 16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。

考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】

考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】 1. —How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? —Oh, that’s easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one ________ the telephone number is provided. A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose 2. October 15th is my birthday, ________ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 3. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 4. There are several research centers in China ________ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 5. I hope that the little ________ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 6. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 7. ________ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.

考研英语语法总结

考研英语语法总结

————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期: ?

一、虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用除了可以表示条件外,还可以表示比较、结果、目的等。虚拟语气用于表示条件的状语从句中,一般称为虚拟条件句。根据时间的不同,虚拟条件句中谓语动词时态的变化可能有三种形式,即现在、过去和将来。 If it did, it would open upits diversity program, now focus ed narrowly onrace and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.(2001年TEXT1) 这是一个含有条件状语从句的复合句。Ifit did是条件状语从句。主句中主语是it;谓语动词有两个,分别是would open up...和look for...。 这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,从句用一般过去时,主句用would+动词原形open up和look for。 参考译文:如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就会拓展其雇员多样化项目,而目前的项目只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工,去雇佣那些在世界观、价值观、教育背景及社会阶层方面各不相同的记者。 二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用 虚拟语气除了用作状语从句中外,还可以用作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等名词性从中。 第一,虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用 当it作形式主语,后面用形容词作表语,即在it is + adj.这样的句型中,当描述主语的表语形容词是advisable,critical,crucial,desirable,essential,impe rative,important,incredible,inevitable,necessary,recommend,strange,urgent等形容词时,主语从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气,如果是现在时,谓语动词用should/would +动词原形(should/would经常省略);如果是过去时,则用sho uld/would + have done的形式。 Itwas inevitablethat thisprimacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Justas inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.

考研英语之语法练习题(含详细题释)

定语从句练习题 1. The settlers were unprepared for the long and patient toil ____ the soil would be made to yield crops. [A] by which alone [B] so that [C] because [D] though 2. Most electronic devices of this kind, ____manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed. [A] that are [B] as are [C] which is [D] it is 3. The commentator must know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments ____ the pictures speak for themselves. [A] if [B] when [C] which [D] as 4. Children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as 5. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, ____ could go penniless by next year. [A] the larger one [B] the larger of which [C] the largest one [D] the largest of which 6. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____ obtaining water is not the least. [A] of which [B] for what [C] as [D] whose 7. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ____ in the public mind today. [A] exists [B] exist [C] existing [D] existed 8. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ____ his argument in favor of the new theory. [A] which to base on [B] on which to base [C] to base on which [D] which to be based on 9. ____ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. [A] What [B] That [C] It [D] As 10. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ____ going on in the world. [A] it is [B] as is [C] there is [D] what is 11. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ____ twenty years ago. [A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with 12. He studied hard at school when he was young, ____ contributes to his success in later life. [A] which [B] therefore [C] who [D] so that 13. The minister was the person ____. [A] in whose honor the state dinner was given [B] whom the state dinner was given in honor [C] for him the state dinner was given honor [D] whose honor the state dinner was given 14. This is an exciting area of study, and one ____ which new applications are being discovered almost daily. [A] from [B] by [C] in [D] through 15. ____ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the

一百天考研英语复习规划

一百天考研英语复习规划

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