毕业设计（论文）
题目：中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究
A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese
And English Culture
学生姓名：蔡美玲
学号：0807060128
专业班级：B08英语（国际商务）1班
指导教师：唐红梅
学院：外国语学院
2012年4 月
中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究
摘要
语言礼貌是一种普遍的社会现象，广泛地存在于人类社会生活之中。它协调着人们的社会关系和交际活动,是维系人际和谐的工具,避免交际冲突的手段。随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方国家在政治，经济，文化方面的联系变得越来越紧密，社交越来越频繁，礼貌用语也显得越来越重要。在此过程中，言语交际成功与否,在很大程度上取决于能否选用恰当的礼貌表现形式。本课题将通过对中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究，阐明中西礼貌用语的共性和差异性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的礼貌原则和各自的侧重点。通过对此课题的研究，使人们在社交过程中，根据不同的场合，正确的使用合适的礼貌语，避免不同文化下不同礼貌用语带来的各种冲突。同时，能使英语学习者更加透彻的了解西方文化，掌握交际语言。最后，若用于英语教学中，将提高学生的综合素质，以及跨文化交际能力。
关键词：礼貌用语; 礼貌原则; 文化; 差异对比
A CONSTRUCTIVE STUDY OF POLITENESS IN CHINESE
AND ENGLISH CULTURE
ABSTRACT
Language Courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon, which widely occurs in the human society of life, coordinating the people's social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony,and avoiding the communication conflicts. As China entering the WTO and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between China and the western countries has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. So language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. In this process, the successful cross-cultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appropriate politeness. This paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between Chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in Chinese and English culture. On the other hand, the paper expounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in different cultural background.
Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. Finally, if the politeness principles are used in the English teaching and Learning, it will improve the students' comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication.
Key words: polite language; politeness principle; culture;
Contents
1. Introduction (1)
2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English (1)
2.1 Politeness Principles of English (1)
2.1.1 Brown and Levinson?s “face” theory (1)
2.1.2 Grice Cooperative Principle (2)
2.1.3 Leech?s Politeness Principle (2)
2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese (3)
3. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness (5)
3.1 Terms of Address (5)
3.2 Humility Language and Formal L anguage (5)
3.3 Terms of Privacy (6)
3.4 Terms of Greeting (6)
3.5 Terms of Thanks (7)
3.6 Terms of Goodbye (8)
3.7 Terms of Invitation (8)
3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture (8)
3.8.1. The Politeness of Atmosphere on T able (8)
3.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on T able (9)
4. Reasons for the different & countermeasures (9)
4.1 Reasons for the Difference (9)
4.1.1 Confucianism and Christianity (10)
4.1.2 Philosophy D ifferences (10)
4.1.3 Differences of Culture, Thinking and V alue (10)
4.2 Countermeasures (11)
4.2.1 Countermeasures in English teaching (11)
4.2.2 Countermeasures in communication (11)
5. Conclusion (13)
References (14)
1.Introduction
“As a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”[1]
Both English and Chinese language has much different restriction in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech listed the six politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu YueGuo analysed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his work Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. Comparing the politeness principles of Gu YueGuo and Leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically.
2.Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English
Politeness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. People should comply with the politeness principles in order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness 2.1 Politeness Principles of English
2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theory
Politeness, in the interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person?s face. [2]
Early in the 1950s, E Goffman, the United States Scholar, had put forward the “Face Behavior T heory”from sociology. Then in 1978, Brown and Levinson had further put forward the “Mature Face T heory”which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of Goffman in their work of Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. The Mature Face Theory of Brown and Levinson is the first
time to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and philosophy. They thought that face i s ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. In the process of interaction, people hope each other can maintain each other's face. Along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. The face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications.
Brown and Levinson divided the face into positive face and negative face. Then politenes s is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. [3]
2.1.2 Grice Cooperative Principle
Grice, an American linguist, has put forward the Cooperative Principle in people?s conversation. He thought that, “in all the communicati on, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communication develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. There are four maxims to embody the Cooperative Principle: (1) Quantity Maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, just
the right amount
(2). Quality maxim: what you said should be reasonable and true.
(3). Relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front
(4). Manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. [4]
But some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate those in social communication. In other words, the Cooperative Principle can't completely contain the kinds of conversation. According to this, the English linguist Leech thought the root of people violating the Cooperative Principle is that they want to comply with another principles — Politeness Principle. From the Pragmatics and Interpersonal Rhetoric, Leech summed up and classified the Politeness Principle during the social communication. Leech pointed that: the Cooperative Principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. However, the politeness principle can be maintained the friendship. So the Cooperation Principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict people's conversation behaviors.
2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness Principle
English scholar Leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the basis of Gricean framework. He believed that,”besides Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle guides and constrains rational people?s conversation as well. It is closely
connected with Cooperative Principle. Yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. Leech?s Politeness Principle is elaborated into six maxims.
(1). Maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other
(2). Maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself.
(3). Maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other
(4). Maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self,
(5). Maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize
agreement between self and other.
(6). Maxim of sympathy: min imize antipathy between self and other?, maximize s ympathy
between self and other. [5]
This is the main content of Leech?s politeness principles. The above criteria have the different emphasis. For example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two different aspects. The maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative Verbal Behavior “request”. But the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment Verbal Behavior “promise to help”. Analogously, Approbation maxim is referring to how to treat others while Modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. The Agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. The last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we should express common mood with others when people are in bad mood.
2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese
Like the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁义非礼不成”, “人有礼则安。无礼则危。故曰：礼者不可不学也” [6]“鹦鹉能言，不离飞鸟；猩猩能言，不离禽兽。今人而无礼，不亦禽兽之心乎. 夫惟禽兽无礼.”[6]. There is the stander that “夫礼者自卑而尊人” in the early work <礼记> [6]
Recently, the study of politeness principle had made great improvement in China. Professor Hu Wenzhong and professor He Ziran make an important discussion in intercultural communication politeness principle. Then Gu Yueguo pointed out four politeness traits in communication according to the culture background of China?s history and daily communication of chinese people. That is respectfulness, modesty, attitude warmth and
refindment. At the same time, Gu Yueguo put forward five politeness principles on the basis of Leech?s.
(1) The self-denigration maxim. Gu thought that the most trait of Chinese politeness is “Fu
Li Zhe, Zi Bei Er Zun Ren”。The maxim points out that we must “Bian” and “Qian”
when we do something for ourselves. On the other hand, we should “Tai” and “Zun”
when something is related to the listener.
(2) The address maxim. This maxim points out the traditions that “Hhang Xia You Yi, Gui
Jian You Feng, Zhang Yao You Xu”which embodies the social relations in the interpersonal communication when people address each other.
(3) The tact maxim. In the Chinese culture, “Bin Bin You Li” is considered the politeness
and cultivated. The basic content is “genteelism chose, bawdry forbidden, multi-purpose tactful, less with the truth", avoiding mention the unpleasant or embarrassing things.
(4) The agreement maxim. This criterion refers to caring each other's identity and status in
society, respecting each other's “face”which makes each other harmony in many aspects. When we must criticize others or publish the different opinion, we can take the strategy that “Xian Li Hou Bin, Xian Bao Hou Bian”
(5)The generosity maxim, Minimize cost to others, maximizes benefit to other in the
behavior of motivation. Maximize the benefit that you gain from others, minimizing the cost you pay in the words. [7]
From the above, there are many similar Politeness Principle and different emphases between Chinese and English. The different emphasis reflects precisely the different culture background. The Chinese culture attaches importance to “the self-denigration maxim”and “the address maxim”, for the “self-denigration maxim” plays an important role in the Chinese culture. The address maxim also reflects the politeness habit in Chinese culture. In other words, the address maxim is the typical characteristics of Chinese culture. In the Chinese culture, the address maxim is the important characteristics while in English culture it is not enough to become the politeness principle during to the “tact maxim”. In English culture, the “tact maxim” is the common principle when people take the indicative Verbal Behavior, such as “instruct, commands, warning, suggest, advice”.
3.A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness
Brown and Levinson thought different culture have the different politeness principles.[8] In their view, “the face is something that is emotionally invested, and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction” [8]
This different is influenced by the society, culture, religion and geography chronically. Chinese and English choose the different strategy which embodies their different National culture feature to express the different politeness principle. So people will choose the proper politeness principle in cross-cultural communication.
3.1 Terms of Address
In the modern Chinese, people pay great attention to the other?s status or career. This is the symbol of Vertical social relations, which shows a power orientation. While in English country, people are affected by the social relation and personal standard. So they show equal cultural orientation in the terms of address. [9] For example, in the Chinese culture, the subordinate can't call the name of the supervisor, students may not call a teacher's name directly, and the children do not call the parents? name, which is showing the politeness and upbringing. While in English culture, the address shows equal cultural orientation which makes each other closer. In the English country, generally speaking, no matter how old the others are and how high the other?s social status and level is,people would like to call their name. This is the symbol of equal social relation. Another difference is about the form of addressing. Chinese often use “title + surname” to address other rather than call them surnames. Such as “张经理”. But in English speaking country, people can not be tolerated with the addressing of Chinese such as “李老师”“李师傅” in addit ion to several traditional called in west. That is Doctor, doctor, judges and professor.
3.2 Humility Language and Formal Language
The self-denigration is the polite phenomenon of richest Chinese culture characteristics. [10] When Chinese gain the praise or congratulations from others, they usually take the expression like “Nali、Nali”, “Guo Jiang Le”, “Can Kui、Cang Kui”, “Cha Yuan Le”to show their modesty. But if we communicate with the westerners in the Chinese habits, the result of
communication would fail. For westerns, it?s offensive to deny others praise. However, the Chinese people think the westerns are too confident, not enough modest to show the politeness. For example:
Chinese A: 你的饭菜太香了。
Chinese B: 献丑了。
British A: You are very beautiful.
British B: Thank you
Chinese B: 过奖了。
From the above we can make a conclusion that the compliment of Chinese and British has the same common. But Chinese express their politeness through modesty and lower themselves. While British just take the expression of “Thank you”.
On the other hand, there are more distinguishing in honorific of Chinese and English language. For example, the Chinese “请教”, “高见”, “贵姓”, “拜读”, “鄙人”, “拙作”, “愚见”, “驾到”, “贵干”, “寒舍”are difficult to find the corresponding expression in English. But there are many words to show the respect and politeness in English, such as “will”, “would”, “can”, “could”.
3.3 Terms of Privacy
There exits the Value difference in Personal privacy between English and Chinese culture. Chinese interpersonal relationship highlights the sociality, which emphasizes on social group for personal constraint and emphasizes the collective action, people cannot feel the privacy. While the westerns emphasize the individualism and personal interests, they try to get rid of social bondage for not to exposure their own privacy to the public. So the “Wage income”, “age” and “marital status” is the privacy of westerns. In Chinese culture, Chinese people will take the expression “how much is your salary”, “how old are you”to show their care and enthusiasm. But the same topic will become the threat in English privacy.
3.4 Terms of Greeting
The difference of communication reflects the nation's cultural characteristics. In most cases, they are highly conventional behavior and comply with the standardized routine. [11] Saying “hello” is the conversation activities between friend and acquaintance. The aim is to make each other closer through the less information. For example, firstly, the Chinese say “hello”will use the “您好”, “干啥去”, “吃了没”. If we use the same language to say “hello” with
westerns, they will feel sick. They will think this is impolite to pry about others privacy. So when we talk with the westerns, we should talk about the weather, hobbies or events. Secondly, Chinese would like to praise others that “你发福了”, as if people find some good event. But in Britain, it is impolite to take the words “You are getting fat”. Thirdly, the Chinese people see the guests out always say “慢慢走”. On the other hand, Chinese people often take some discourse of concern. Such as “天气冷，多穿些衣服”. All is unreadable in the western.
3.5 Terms of Thanks
In the aspect of thanks, people in the English speaking countries will say “thank you” more general than Chinese. They often say “thank you”, no exception between family members or lovers. While in China, Chinese people do not take the expression of “thank you” frequently like the westerns. In China, Chinese people always use less the politeness “thank you” among the acquaintance, friends, relative, husband and wife, sister and brother, because it is considered for an unfamiliar or for a stranger. But for the western, they think they should show their politeness between those people in any case. In addition, both Chinese and English language has clear differences in expressing “thank you”. Chinese people take the expression of “给您添麻烦了”, “让您破费了”, “让您受累了” to express their politeness. While people of English just say “Thank you very much”, “Thanks a lot”. All is enough to express their gratitude.
On the other hand, Chinese and British have a different answer when they had heard politeness “Thank you”. For example:
Visitor: Thank you for your excellent service and introduction.
Guide (Chinese): Why do you say so? This is what I should do.
Guide (British): You are welcome.
From the above we can make a conclusion that: the Chinese visitor and British visitor?s answer is consistent in semantics and Pragmatics which is the “maxim of tact” of Leech. And the different is influenced by the different culture. The Chinese visitor is not refusing the guide appreciation, but nothing at all. This indicates that Chinese people are more modest for the response of “Thank you”. Because Chinese people?s expression is affected with the Chinese traditional culture: consciousness of “moral”. While in English, the answer of British visitor is not relating to moral obligation. This is the differences between Chinese and
British when they convey thanks.
3.6 Terms of Goodbye
In the aspect of saying goodbye, the Chinese and English also have obvious differences in using the politeness. People in English speaking countries often show their wishes and evaluating discourse to make others delight when they say goodbye each other. While in China, Chinese people always say “慢走”, “走好” to show their concern and friendly. Under this situation, guests frequently say “请回”, “请留步”. In the same context,people in English speaking countries do not use that utterance to show their politeness.
3.7 Terms of Invitation
In the invitation, Chinese people do not quickly give a definite answer out of politeness. They always take the expression that “I?ll try to come(我尽量来吧)”. This answer makes the people in English speaking countries puzzled that whether the guests come or not. In accepting the invitation, British and American people answer very simply. They would like to say “Thank you, I?ll come” or “I?d love to, but I?m afraid I can?t, because I?ll have to attend an important meeting.”
3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture
Different country has different table manners. Yi ZhongTian has made the detailed interpreted that the core of Chinese culture is group consciousness while western is the individual consciousness in his works. The different consciousness results in the different table manners.
3.8.1 The Politeness of Atmosphere on Table
In China, people like lively and create a lively warm atmosphere when they eat while the westerns think that it is impolite to talk with the neighbor in dinner, especially in the formal dinner or party. In western，people will do that out of politeness: Turn off their beeper and cell phone until the dinner is over. Do not slurp soup or blow on hot foods and beverages. Do not speak with food in your mouth. If you must blow your nose, excuse yourself from the table. In Chinese culture, people often say “没什么吃的，请随便” “别客气!”,and the guest answer is “哪里!如此多好菜，够丰盛了!”。While in western, they usually take the expression “H elp yourself, please!” to show their politeness for guests, and try to talk to people sitting beside you.
3.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on Table
First, talk about the politeness of behavior. Most westerns do not rock back in the dining chair and do not prop themselves up with their elbows on the table. Placing the forearm on the table edge is Okay. When cutting the food, keep their elbows close to their body. While in China we should not stick our chopsticks up right in the rice bowl, instead lay them on your dish. Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone .It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks.
Second, many westerns, especially Americans, don not like to smoke and drink as well as don?t like others do that in their dwelling. So out of politeness, it is always best to ask for permission before you bring alcohol to a dinner or before you light up a cigarette if you are with people you don?t know very well.
Third, many Chinese people like drinking off in most banquets expect attending the foreign affairs and regard this behaviors as manly. So “酒逢知己千杯少”is becoming polite language. While westerns are disagree with this point. They think it is impolite for one to urge other people to drink. They think that excessive drinking is never proper. When toasting, they usually only take a sip of their drink. They also hold the point that to swallow a whole glass of wine by way of …bottoms-up? would most definitely be considered bad manners, and would surely be seen as lack of appreciation for the wine.
4. Reasons for the Differences & Countermeasures
4.1 Reasons for the Differences
Although the politeness of principle in China is familiar with English, the language also has the differences under influence by the social culture, custom and people's way of thinking. But the practical application of language Courtesy is widely divergent, even hard to accept each other.
Different culture factors can result in the difference. In the following, we will look at some reasons.
4.1.1 Confucianism and Christianity
One of the reasons for cultural difference between China and the western is cultural background. China emerged from Confucianism, Taoism and other ideologies in the Spring-Autumn and Warring States Periods. As different ideologies developed and combated each other, the basic framework of Chinese was established. And then Confucianism became mainstream thought of Chinese and have existed for thousands of years. So the ideas are slowly filtering into people?s minds and have a great potential influence on China's politic and economy.
Different from China, Christianity plays an important role in western. At that time, the doctrinarism of Christianity has been penetrated people's minds. However, the power of the church can not compare with the past time; it still influences many aspects of people's daily life.
4.1.2 Philosophy Differences
Another cultural difference reason between China and western is the philosophy differences.
On the one hand, the Westerns are often proud of their achievement; never conceal their confident, honor and granulation after they succeed. While Chinese show advocated modest, not in favor of personal honor.
On the other hand, Westerners cherish their individual freedom so much that they would not be restricted. While in China, we have maintained all along that there is a basic community of interests between the collective and the individual. If they clash, it is the individual interests which should be subordinated to the collective.
4.1.3 Differences of Culture, Thinking and Value
In nature points, the western culture belongs to the scientific culture, and Chinese culture belongs to the humanities culture for a long history. So in psychological culture, the scientific culture takes the material for first, the spirit for second. People?s value orientation is given priority to the utility. So scientific culture has the following characteristics: analysis first, comprehension second; conception first, avoid ambiguous; emphasis opposition between people and the natural, person exact from the great nature. While humanistic culture has the clear difference with scientific culture. The humanistic culture takes the spirit for the first, material for the second. People?s value orientation is given priority to the morality. Chinese people take the comprehensive and sense for the first, but the analysis and explanation for the second. They advocate the group consciousness, emphasize the identity.
4.2 Countermeasures
4.2.1 Countermeasures in English teaching
English is a compulsory subject in the primary to university in China. So the Classroom expression of English teacher plays an important role in the teaching process. In order to make the teaching more effective, English teacher should combined with the theory of Chinese-English polite and pay attention to the politely countermeasures. I will point out several countermeasures in the English teaching. Firstly, Apology strategy. Teachers should make an apology sincerely when they find themselves go wrong in the knowledge. They can take the expression of “I?m sorry, I made a mistake”, “I am so sorry I was wrong, it is not…but…”When teachers?words and deeds threats students?face and self-esteem, it can make an apology of “Sorry, I really don not mean that…”. All the expressions can make teachers get the respect and trust from students. Secondly, Modest strategy. English teachers should use proper humility politeness strategies in the classroom language. For example: Student: “Miss Li, you are so skillful in English”
Teacher: “Thank you! Your English is also very good and…!
In English class, teacher's modest performance and language is no longer above the student which will win students?respect and beneficial to the successful development of teaching. Thirdly, praise strategy. For students, praise is the powerful encouragement. So teachers should use the praise strategy properly. Teachers can take the expressions of “Right”, “Good”, “Well done”, “Good job”, “Excellent” when students have a positive performance.
English teachers pay attention to the manners strategy and use the courtesy can arouse students? enthusiasm to participate in the classroom activities. Also creating the environment where can express ideas freely and promote English communication.
4.2.2 Countermeasures in communication
In Chinese culture, people are especially sensitive when they are to be accepted and appreciated which concern with their positive face. Chinese people think face is important. “So the positive politeness is derived from the positive face which Constitute the most official, the most common, the most need, the most familiar politeness during the Chinese culture”. [12]“However, in most English speaking contexts, a face saving act is more commonly performed via a negative politeness strategy. The most typical form used is a question containing a modal verb such as: Could you lend me a pen?”[2]“Would you like to eat an apple”is the common courtesies. But in China, people would like to take the express of
“Eating an apple” to make close with others.
Let us make an example about the word “老”. It is Taboo language in western. In most English speaking countries, people use the address of“a senior citizen”or “the aged”to replace the “老人”. Also use “golden years”to express “老年”. Niemann had funny said: Atoday the United States does not have the address of “old”. People praise others with “seasoned” or “well-preserved”. However, in China, the word “老” is the polite language in many public. Such as: “老张，老李”“老教授”. People take the word “老” as social status, qualifications, experience but not the age.
So I will point out some advice for avoiding mistakes caused by different politeness principle. Advices as follow:
Firstly, in cross-cultural communication, when we encounter the different politeness principle, we should build up a viewpoint firstly that among the different politeness principle, one might be better than another, but never more superior. All is due to the different traditional culture and value concept. The key is to express properly.
Secondly we must understand the related knowledge of culture background, study hard and comprehend the politeness rules.
The next is to understand other persons and ourselves, in order to make ourselves adapt to the other?s standards and accept other?s culture. The principle of courtesy is significantly different because it is enslaved to the traditional culture. So if you want to succeed in the cross-cultural communication, you should be familiar with both sides? politeness rules. Then you can communicate with others appropriately according to the situation.
At last, When in Rome, do as the Romans do and respect others pragmatic habit in the process of communication. We had better use of courtesy of the other?s principles. This can show the respect of other?s culture and the good intentions of sincere cooperation in business. Also we do not expend more energy to explain our polite pragmatic habit. It is the good manners to get close to each other and think for each other.
5. Conclusion
As we know, Language Courtesy is widely occurring in the human society of life, such as in some countries, we can see the advertising slogan (Building the civilized city) and politeness icon which exi sts in metro and public bus. So far, this paper has made a thorough analysis on politeness in English and Chinese cultures. Courtesy is t he manner rule that people in different culture background must abide and maintain. Only by comparing the politeness principle between English and Chinese language, can we perceive the different social culture of language, ensure appropriateness and politeness level in the speech act, so a s to promote people communicate smoothly.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.
I am greatly indebted go first and foremost to my thesis supervisor, Mrs. Tang. Without her patient assistance and friendly encouragement, it would not be possible for me to complete this thesis in such a short period of time. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Truly, without her painstaking efforts in revising and polishing my drafts, the completion of the present thesis would not have been possible.
Secondly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my friends and my classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and help me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
Last my thanks should go to my parents. Their support, love and examples have enabled me to complete my college studies. I hope I can apply my knowledge to my practical job in the future, and make some achievements during my career.
英汉礼貌用语对比研究 学生姓名：周丽平 指导老师：王亚琼 教学单位：外国语学院 摘要：当社会文明达到一定程度，人们在相互交往时十分看重礼貌，东方和西方国家在内涵方面有所差异。这个课题以英汉礼貌用语以及双方的面子维持和礼貌策略，采用积极礼貌和消极礼貌策略、关联性与独立性等概念，就事论事的分析英汉两种语言在具体的间接言语行为方面的文化差异。本文从信件为基础，就双方的礼貌策略和面子维持策略，包括感谢、祝贺、以及其他表情性文字等进行详细的分析，并据此来分析翻译中必要的调整。 关键词：礼貌与面子策略；英汉礼貌言语行为对比和翻译 一、引言 礼貌是文明的象征，在中西国家礼貌运用广泛，但他们之间有鲜明的对比，在运用当中才能体出来。 二、礼貌与面子策略 贾玉新以Goffman(1959)，Levinson(1983)，Scollon和Scollon(1995)的有关理论为依据，认为礼貌是非对称性的，对听话人来讲是礼貌的行为(如祝贺，邀请，感谢)，对说话人来讲可能是不礼貌的，即说话人必须有所付出；反之，对说话人有礼貌的(如命令，请示，请求，建议等)，对听话人来讲可能不礼貌，构成对听话人面子的威胁。礼貌概念分为积极礼貌和消极礼貌。从言语行为来看，积极礼貌可能包括承诺性和表情性言语行为，而消极礼貌则可能包括指示性言语行为，常常涉及到对别人自由的干扰，尽量委婉或策略地表示我们对其他人的尊重。积极礼貌是“对别人表示赞许”，消极礼貌是“对强加(行为)的回避”。R．Scollon和S．W．Scollon在《跨越文化交际一话语分析法》中提到了关联面子(involvement face)和独立面子(independence face)两个原则，一方面我们要参与和别人的活动，并向别人表明我们在参与；另一方面我们要与其它参与者相区别，保持一定程度的独立性。关联面子强调“平等性”，而独立面子则强调“尊重性”。这两个方面相悖相反的，却同时发生。任何交际过程中，说话人和听话人同时面临对自己面子的威胁。 三、案例分析 3.1称呼语的使用和翻译 双方关系的协调，首先体现在双方对彼此的称呼上。般都是dear+full name。英语正式信件的称呼，一般是dear+Mr．／Ms．+full name，可是，在跨文化交际中，汉语拼音并不能象英语名字一样标志性别，甚至姓氏和名字，(除非已经融入英语文化的名人，比如Jaekie Chen，否则一般的翻译就是Cheng Long)，可能正是因为这个原因，项目方的格式，就是dear+full name。在翻译
浅析跨文化交际中礼貌原则的差异 摘要：语言作为文化交流的工具,被不同的民族赋予了不同的文化内涵。而礼貌用语作为跨文化交际中重要的工具,应该被学习者认识和了解。本文列举了一些中西文化背景下的礼貌行为的差异，尤其是从称呼语、问候语、致谢语、道歉、对赞扬语的应答五个方面的异同之处及产生的原因，引起注意以运用于实践，避免文化冲突。 关键词：跨文化交际；礼貌原则；称呼语；问候语；致谢语 A Brief Talk about Different Politeness Principle of Cultural Exchange Abstract：Language as a tool for cultural exchange, has been given the different ethnic and cultural connotations. Courtesy as a cross-culture communication is very important, particularly in the awareness and understanding by learner. This article lists some differences and causes of five aspects including addressing, greeting, acknowledgement, apology and response of the compliments, attention should be paid on applying practice and avoid cultural conflicts. Key words: cross-cultural communication; politeness principle; appellation;greeting; acknowledgement;apology;response of the commendation 语言学习的范围很广,学习者在语言学习的过程中不仅要注意语法学习，还要注重母语与外语之间的文化差异。礼貌以言语行动所表现的谦虚恭敬,广泛体现在各种语言中,但是由于民族形成时不同的社会背景和风俗习惯的差异,导致人们对礼貌的界定有着不同的见解。礼貌原则所维护的是“面子”(face)。但中西方文化中对于“面子”的认知因历史、社会、宗教等原因不尽相同。汉文化中因儒家所倡导的“中庸”而使大家在维护面子时更注重维持个体在公众面前的形象,希望获得赞同、夸奖。而西方文化因受宗教文化的影响主张个性解放,注重个人自由,而使大家在维护面子上更偏向于个体独立,不受外界干涉。礼貌的存在是客观的,但是礼貌的内涵和意义却是因文化而异的。因此在进行跨文化交际活动的同时,为了达到最好的交际效果,一定要对文化差异有所认识,以免引起误解。 一、中英文化中的礼貌原则 (一)英语文化中的礼貌原则 任何交际都是为了沟通，它是交际主体共同实施完成的动作，但是任何主体之间都存在着差异。美国语言学家Grice针对这一情况提出了合作原则，他认为，只有交际双方遵守一些共同的基本原则，否则人们在日常生活中可能会造成双方的误解。他提出的合作原
On the Comparison of Chinese and English Expressions on Politeness 中英礼貌用语之比较I. Introduction引言 II.汉英礼貌原则 A.中西礼貌原则的共同处 B. 汉语和英语文化中的礼貌原则 1.英语文化中的礼貌原则 2.汉语文化中的礼貌原则 C.汉英礼貌用语与文化价值观念 III.礼貌用语在应用中的差异Difference in the applications of politeness principles in Chinese and English （1）礼貌的内涵差异Different views about politeness in English and Chinese cultures （2）礼貌的实际语用差异 ●1，称呼上的差异性different uses of addressing terms ● 2. 问候上的差异性different uses of greetings ●谦语、敬词的差异性（建议删除这一项） ● 3. 语言称赞策略的差异性Different uses of praising strategy
● 4. 致谢语的差异性Difference in the use acknowledging thanks ● 5.道歉语的差异性Difference in the use of apologising terms ●词语文化内容的差异性（建议删除这一项） （3）中西礼貌差异的原因 IV、Conclusion结束语 参考文献： 《英汉礼貌用语的比较与翻译》 《英汉礼貌用语比较谈》 《中西社会礼貌原则及其差异分析》 《基于文化差异的汉英礼貌用语对比研究》 《汉英礼貌用语的比较》
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龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/d17982942.html, 英汉礼貌用语的语用差异 作者：陈忠良 来源：《教育教学论坛》2014年第11期 摘要：礼貌在不同的文化中具有不同的特性。礼貌用语在英汉语中都得到广泛使用，然而在不同文化中，语义相对应的礼貌用语在语用上存在很大差异，了解这些差异可以帮助人们消除语用障碍和语用失误，有利于跨文化交际的顺利实现。本文从语用的角度对常见的英汉礼貌用语，包括致谢语、请托语、致歉语和道别语等方面进行比较研究，揭示了它们的语用差异。 关键词：英汉礼貌用语；语用对比；语用差异 中图分类号：H003 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2014）11-0106-02 礼貌是人类社会的一种普遍现象，和语言有着密切的联系。礼貌用语的语用差异指的是在语言使用过程中的礼貌文化差异，而这种差异，常常构成跨文化交际中的障碍，从而导致语用障碍和语用失误。礼貌是一个相对的概念，带有明显的民族性，每个民族衡量礼貌与否的标准也是不同的。本文试图找出英汉礼貌用语的不同和相似之处，以及在跨文化交际中的重要性。 英汉语中使用频率最高的礼貌用语主要包括致谢语、请托语、致歉语和道别语。在英语中分别对应thank you，please，sorry（excuse me），goodbye，汉语中分别对应谢谢、请、对不起、再见。英汉语中的这些用语，在语义上基本对应，但它们却具有语用上的差异。 1.致谢语：“谢谢”和“thank you”。汉语中的“谢谢”和英语中的“thank you”基本语义是对应的，但两者有着很大差别。首先，“thank you”的使用频率比“谢谢”更高。在汉语中，家庭成员之间基本不用“谢谢”，熟人、亲戚好友之间，也很少用。而英美人则相反，熟人、亲戚朋友、家庭成员之间均用“thank you”这句话。其次，“谢谢”和“thank you”在使用的范围和场合上也有差别。当讲汉语的中国人得到别人的恭维、赞扬或邀请时往往采用谦虚推让、贬己尊人甚至是否认自己的方式，而英美人在受到称赞或邀请时，会高兴地表示谢意。此外，讲汉语的人在接受服务时，常常向服务员表示谢意，而英美国家则相反，往往是服务员向顾客表达谢意。另外，英汉两种语言对于“谢谢”和“thank you”的回答也存在差异。当受别人感谢时，讲汉语的人会回答“不客气”或“没关系，这是我应该做的”等类似的话，而讲英语的人则会回答“You are welcome”或“I am glad to help you！”等。如果将汉语的回答“没关系，这是我应该做的”译成英语为“Never mind. It’s my duty.”而在英语中“Never mind”是在对方表示道歉时才使用的回答语，而“It’s my duty”通常是值班人员或工作人员的用语，表示是职责所在，不得不为之的意思。最后，英语的“Thank you”并不总是表示感谢，有时作为一种窘迫下的解脱之词，还表示要结束 谈话，甚至表示拒绝的搪塞之词。英语中，“thank you”也常用回答别人的恭维和赞美。在英语中，一般遵循“一致准则”。当有人夸奖时，受夸奖者的回答往往是“Thanks！”或“Thank you （very much）！”。但在中国，面对夸奖则遵循“谦虚准则”。中国人通常是“否认”或“自贬”，如：“哪里，哪里”、“不敢当”、“过奖了”等。
汉英礼貌用语对比研究 一、引言 礼貌是各种文化普遍存在的一种社会现象。礼貌用语是人们日常语言交际过程中的重要手段，不同的文化背景下有着不同的礼貌用语。恰当使用礼貌用语，对调和及融洽人际关系起到了意想不到的作用。 二、本论 (一)“礼貌”概念的不同渊源 1．汉文化中的“礼貌”概念的历史渊源 .汉文化中“礼貌”概念的历史渊源礼貌具有普遍性，但不同文化在实现礼貌的方法以及在礼貌的判断标准上存在着差异。这些差异是在社会、历史、人文、地理等多种因素的长期影响下逐步形成的。首先，汉英文化中礼貌概念的渊源有所不同。汉文化中现代的“礼貌”概念有着悠久的历史渊源，它起源于古代的“礼”，即礼制。众所周知，礼是中国古代哲学思想的一个重要组成部分，也是儒家思想的重要概念之一。孔子生活的春秋末期，诸侯争霸，统治者内部矛盾重重，战争不断，社会动荡。孔子为了适应当时的社会生活的要求，致力于恢复“礼制”，以便使社会平稳地过渡到一个新的“天下有道”的社会。孔子的“礼”并不指“礼貌”，而是指自奴隶社会时期的周朝（公元前1100年）以来的社会等级秩序。通过“正名”，“礼”规定了社会成员之间的等级差别，要求每个社会成员按照自己的社会地位来说话、做事。在《论语·子路》中，孔子指出：“名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，事不成则礼乐不兴，礼乐不兴则刑罚不中，刑罚不中则民无所措手足”。因此，“正名”就是要维护君君、臣臣、父父、子子等的等级关系，这种关系在某种程度上是通过语言来实现的。《荀子·礼论》也谈到了礼的起源（当然说的是礼制）：“人生而有欲，欲而不得，则不能无求；求而无度量分界，则不能不争；争则乱，乱则穷。先王恶其乱也，故制礼义以分之，以养人之欲，给人之求，使欲不穷乎物，物必不屈于欲，两者相持而长，是礼之所起也”，“也就是说，礼起源于人类欲望与欲望的难以满足之间的不平衡”［1］，因此，无论是孔子还是荀子，都把“礼”看成是维护现行社会等差的行为法则，只要人人遵守“礼”，既定的社会秩序就不会打乱；相反，若违反“礼”，就会受到惩罚。 在孔子之后的二、三百年，礼制已完全建立起来。但后来孔子的“礼”的概念发生了变化，已接近现代意义的“礼貌”概念。西汉戴申所编《礼记》中的重要论述：“勿不敬。夫礼者，自卑而尊人”，表明那时“礼”的概念已包含“尊敬”、“敬意”这些现代“礼貌”概念的要素。而且《礼记》中所表述的贬己尊人，正是汉文化中礼貌的一大特点。因此，汉文化中现代“礼貌”概念的悠久的历史渊源决定着它与英语文化中“礼貌”概念在内涵上完全不同。 2．英语文化中的“礼貌”概念的历史渊源 2.英语文化中“礼貌”概念的渊源礼貌作为一种各社会各群体共有的普遍现象，在英语文化中也能找到其渊源。英语文化中“礼貌”概念的产生和演变，也经历了不断的变化。在英语中“礼貌”（politeness）是和“宫廷”（court）及“城市”（city）联系在一起的。首先，从词源上说，“politeness”和“polite”都与词根“polis，polit”有直接联系，这两个词根由希腊词根“polis”和“politeia”派生而来，而这两个希腊词根就指城市或城市的管理（city or government of city）。其次，英语中polite的同义词有courteous，urbane和civil。这些词原本都用来指宫廷中或城市中人们良好的言行举止。何兆熊指出：“不少学者的研究结果已证明礼貌和宫廷及城市之间的词汇上的联系。历史上某个时期城市中人们的行为被认为是礼貌的，而另一个时期宫廷中人们的行为被认为是礼貌的。”［2］如上所述，汉英两种文化中，“礼貌”的渊源迥然不同，这种差异必将导致“礼貌”的内涵
从合作原则和礼貌原则角度分析英汉委婉 语 摘要： 委婉语作为一种较为普遍的语言和言语现象，它的功能就是替代禁忌语来达到愉悦交谈的效果。本文主要阐述了英汉委婉语的定义，合作原则及委婉语对合作原则的违背，礼貌原则及委婉语对礼貌原则的遵守。合作原则主要包含数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则；礼貌原则主要包含得体准则、慷慨准则、赞扬准则、谦逊准则、一致准则以及同情准则。本文主要分析了委婉语对合作原则的违背和对礼貌原则的遵守，目的在于运用委婉语形成良好的交流环境和建立协调的人际关系。 关键词：委婉语合作原则礼貌原则 引言： 委婉语作为一种较为普遍的语言和言语现象，它的功能就是替代禁忌语来达到愉悦交谈的效果。随着社会的发展，现在大量的委婉语是用来表示说话人的礼貌，而不再过多关注禁忌。随着社会和科学的发展，禁忌不再像以前那样的神秘或可怕，而是越来越多的禁忌被接受。在现代社会中，委婉语使用的动机不再因为担心禁忌，更关心的是不要触及任何一方的敏感神经。这在很大程度上意味着使用委婉语的心理动机的变化，现在更倾向于礼貌的目的，这样更有利于建立良好的交流环境和协调的人际关系。 一．委婉语的定义 委婉是一种修辞的技巧，将新的字词使用在原本无法大声张扬、有负面意涵、具有攻击性或在社会脉络中有禁忌的地方。在西方，由于宗教上的禁忌，不可直呼神明，所以会用委婉的方式找寻代名，而在中国自古以来也不可以直呼皇帝的名讳或使用与其相关的字汇，所以也有许多避讳的用法。而这样的用语则称为委婉语。 英语单词“euphemism”来自希腊语，词头‘eu’是“好”的意思，词干‘pheme’是“讲话”或“说”的意思，所以它的字面意思是“说话好词或一个愉快的方式”（尼曼，1990）。委婉语，表达一种特殊的方式，已经在不同的书籍和词典中有不同的定义。一些典型的定义列举如下： 1）a mild or vague periphrastic expression as a substitute for blunt precision of disagreeable truth.(Forler, 1965) 2）use of other mild, vaguer and indirect words or phrases in place of what is required by truth or accuracy.(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 1984) 3）(an example of)the use of a pleasanter, less direct name for something thought to be unpleasant. ( Longman English-Chinese Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman Group UK Limited, 1988)
最新专业原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 A Study on Differences of Family Education between China and America－－A Case Study of The Joy Luck Club 2论简奥斯丁在《傲慢和偏见》中的女性意识和婚姻观 3对林语堂的《吾国和吾民》几种中译本比较研究 4生态哲人约翰斯坦贝克 5从家庭伦理关系视角解读《儿子和情人》的女性主义 6论报刊语言翻译中的译者主体性 7凯特肖邦作品中女性自我意识觉醒的主题研究 8商务英语信函中的礼貌原则 9《紫色》中“家”的解读 10从电影《七宗罪》看‘七宗罪’和基督教传统的关系 11基于微博（推特）文化的新型营销模式 12Bertha Is Jane:A Psychological Analysis of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre 13爵士时代下的狂欢化精神——分析豪华宴会在《了不起的盖茨比》中的写作手法以及作用 14外来词的翻译方法初探 15中文古诗词叠词的研究和翻译 16文类、历史和受众心态——论小说《红字》的电影改编 17电影名称的翻译特点 18浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突 19中西方鬼怪比较研究 20汉英“眼”概念隐喻的对比研究 21从僵尸和吸血鬼比较中西方文化的异同 22法律英语翻译中的动态对等理论分析 23浅论《汤姆琼斯》的现实主义特征 24从《法国中尉的女人》看约翰福尔斯的女性主义思想及其局限性 25从功能对等理论谈中国小吃名英译 26简奥斯丁的女权主义在《理智和情感》中的体现 27海明威短篇小说的叙述艺术－－以《一个明亮干净的地方》为例 28从叔本华的哲学思想角度简析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧 29中英文颜色词的非对应翻译 30英语抽象名词和物质名词的数概念分析 31《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义 32女性主义解读《傲慢和偏见》中的柯林斯 33《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 34论高中英语文化教学 35论翻译的艺术 36英汉职业委婉语中“礼貌原则”之对比分析 37《王尔德童话故事》的翻译美学探析 38《了不起的盖茨比》和《太阳照常升起》中时髦女郎的对比 39Elements on the Growth of Mary in The Secret Garden 40不做房间里的天使——解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识 41纳博科夫小说《洛丽塔》的爱情讽刺
中英礼貌用语之比较研究 论文导读：礼貌是人类语言的重要组成部分。中国式的礼貌有着悠久的历史渊源。本文从中英“礼貌”概念的渊源、文化差异、礼貌用语差异等几方面进行阐述。从比较的角度对汉英礼貌用语作一梳理。关键词：礼貌，渊源，文化差异，比较 一、概述 礼貌是人类语言的重要组成部分，是人类文明的标志，人们在日常交际中不可避免地要使用礼貌语言。正如有些语言学家提出的，人类社会的一切冲突和争斗，包括政治上的分歧和争端都是由于语言使用不当导致误解而引起的。这种说法虽然有些极端，但却足以说明礼貌在语言使用中的重要性。长期以来，礼貌语言是一个语用学及社会语言学共同探讨的传统课题，这方面的研究成果很多。早在50年代，美国学者E. Goffman就从社会学角度提出了“面子行为理论”，建立了最初的礼貌模式。根据他的解释，面子与“难为情”(embarrassed)、“蒙羞”(humiliated)或“丢脸”(losing face)之类的感情概念有关。人们往往会在交际中“给面子”、“丢面子”、“留面子”，故人们要学会使用礼貌语言。 1987年，英国学者布朗(P. Brown)和莱文森(S. Levinson)发表了一篇题为《语言应用的普遍现象：礼貌现象》的文章，第一次对礼貌中的面子问题进行了系统的探讨，因而引起了语言学界的极大关注。他们把它分成积极面子和消极面子两种：前者指人们期望自己的言行、思维等得到肯定和赞赏，后者指人们希望在交际活动中自己的自由不受侵
犯。这样,礼貌也就随之分为积极礼貌和消极礼貌。 20世纪80年代，英国语言学家利奇(G. Leech)从语用学的角度对交际活动中的礼貌原则重新进行了归纳和分类，认为礼貌原则由得体、慷慨、赞誉、谦虚、一致和同情等六个准则构成。利奇的礼貌原则注意自身并尊重他人，二者兼顾，更符合言语交际的本质。 中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，中国式的礼貌有着悠久的历史渊源。自古就有“一言而兴邦,一言而丧邦”的说法。近年来，礼貌语言问题更引起国内语言学界的重视。一些学者引进了西方学者在此领域的研究成果，如陈融的《面子、留面子、丢面子》介绍了布朗、莱文森的礼貌模式；刘润清《关于Leech的礼貌原则》介绍了利奇的理论；钱厚生的《礼貌语言研究：理论与方法》一文描述了礼貌语言研究在西方的发展概况。还有不少学者把西方的语言理论与汉语的独特现象相结合。顾曰国撰文深入研究了礼貌在中国文化中的渊源和含义,归纳了五个中国式的礼貌原则：1)“自卑而尊人”与贬己尊人准则；2)“上下有义,贵贱有分，长幼有等”与称呼准则；3)“彬彬有礼”与文雅准则；4)“脸”“面子”与求同准则；5)“有德者必有言”与德，言，行准则。这五个中国式的礼貌准则相互渗透，相互制约，其中贬己尊人是中国式礼貌的突出特点，是最富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。 世界上各民族都有其独特的礼貌原则或准则，不同文化背景下的人们之间的交往，如果各自按各自的礼貌原则行事，就会产生误解或冲突。因此，各社会群体所遵循的礼貌原则在多大程度上有共同之处是值得研究和探讨的。对跨文化交际研究来说，对其差异的探索似乎更为重
英汉语言文化中礼貌原则的差异性研究 摘要: 礼貌原则体现了社会文化对语言使用的制约和影响。礼貌原则是人们顺利进行言语交际的基础,在不同的文化中表现出各自的特点。本文从英汉两种文化差异出发,将顾曰国先生分析的汉文化的礼貌特征与Leech以英国文化特征归纳的礼貌原则作一比较,可更深刻地理解这种差异,并在实际的交际中更有效地面对这种差异,以取得交际的成功。 关键词: 英汉语言文化差异礼貌原则差异性 1.引言 众所周知,通过语言表达礼貌是最常用的手段,它的确是成功交际的一条十分重要的原则。礼貌作为人们交际活动的基本准则,是维系人际和谐的工具和手段,是实现人与人之间成功交际的基本条件,是人类文明进步的重要标志。然而,礼貌虽然是人类言语交际中的普遍现象,但不同的文化对礼貌有不同的解释和侧重。 英汉两种语言在语用方面所受到的制约有诸多不同,其中,最重要的是文化因素的制约。英国语言学家Leech根据英语文化的特征列举了六条礼貌原则,而顾曰国先生在《礼貌、语用与文化》一文中分析了汉文化的礼貌持征,归纳了五个礼貌准则。将顾先生与Leech的礼貌准则作比较可发现英、汉语的礼貌准则在很多方面存在差异,科学地分析、对比这些差异是防止语用失误、促进交际顺利开展的有效途径。 2.英汉文化背景下的礼貌原则 不同语言文化的差异性决定了人们言语行为方式的不同,也决定了表达礼貌方式的差异。因此,要讨论礼貌原则在英汉语言文化中的差异,首先有必要了解两种文化的主要价值取向。 2.1以英语文化为背景的礼貌准则 封建制度桎梏对英语语言文化的影响时间较短,基督教文化和西方哲学思想体系是英语国家文化的主体。在英语言文化中具有“以个人为中心的社会价值”的特点,相信每个人都是一个独特的个体,以个人的工作和成绩来评定人(包括自己)。英语语言文化没有传统的贵贱之分,平等意识较强,无论贫富,人人都会尊重自己,不允许别人侵犯自己的权利,同时,人人都能充分地尊敬他人。 根据英语国家的文化背景,前人做了大量研究。早在20世纪50年代,美国学者戈夫曼(E. Goffman)就从社会学角度提出了“面子行为理论”,建立了礼貌模式。1987年英国学者Brown 和Levinson根据Goffman的解释提出面子论。他们把它分成积极面子和消极面子两种,这样礼貌也就随之分为积极礼貌和消极礼貌。 20世纪80年代,英国语言学家Leech在“合作原则”的基础上,从修辞学、语体学的角度出发,提出了著名的“礼貌原则”。Leech的这一原则也是本论文的一条主线。他的礼貌原则概
1.上下楼梯，有序右行。 Keep right and in order when using the staircase. 2.轻声慢步，文明礼貌。 Speak gently, walk slowly and keep good manners. 3.不冲撞疯打，不滑行拥堵 Be quiet and in order. 4.课间活动，讲究文明 Cultivate civility when doing activities. 5.上下楼梯，注意安全。 Keep safe when using the staircase. 6.不讲粗话不骂人，不乱丢来不乱扔。 Speak politely and keep clean. 7.防滑防摔防坠防挤 Watch out when walking and running. 8.防磕磕碰碰，防意外伤害。 Keep away the collision and the unintentional injury. 9.千教万教，教人求知，千学万学，学做真人。 The reason for education is to seek knowledge. The reason for study is to be a true man. 10.你不能改变容颜但可以展现笑容 You can’t change the appearance but you can show the smile. 11你不能左右天气但可以改变心情
You can’t control the weather but you can change your mood. 12.你不能预知明天但可以把握今天 You can’t foresee tomorrow but you can hold today. 13.兴趣是最好的老师。 Interest is the best teacher. 兴趣源于天赋。 Interest originates from genius. 兴趣在于激发培养 Interest lies in stimulating and developing. 14.创新热情在这里激发，创新意识在这里实现。 Innovation enthusiasm is aroused here . Innovation consciousness is achieved here. 或者：Here is a place for you to arouse innovation enthusiasm and achieve innovation consciousness. 15.社会进步靠科学。 Social progress depends on science. 科学发展靠知识。 Scientific development depends on knowledge. 丰富知识靠努力。 Rich knowledge depends on endeavor.
汉英礼貌用语对比与分析 06秋专升本学员张先存学号z06205604001 礼貌作为一种社会现象,普遍存在于各国语言中,但由于语用文化价值差异和语用习惯特点的不同,人们对礼貌的理解、处理和运用方式则各不相同.中西方由于受到不同文化、民族心理和价值观的影响,会用不同的方式来表达自己的礼貌言行.而这种差异往往会影响我们进行有效的跨文化交际,因此在英语学习中我们有必要了解汉英礼貌语用方面的差异. 一。汉英礼貌用语的对比： 例1：问候语 以什么样的方式与别人见面打招呼，分手告别，也因东西方文化传统和风俗习惯的不同而不同。西方人则注重逻辑，他们讲究科学，追求准确、系统的分析和实证，西方形式逻辑中有三大定律，即同一律、矛盾律、排中律；在演绎推理中有三段论，即大前提、小前提和结论。在语言上表现为重视语言的形式，人称要一致、单复数有讲究、时态有要求，主语和谓语要配合，介词讲究搭配等等，每个细节都不能马虎。 例如：中文说“你吃了吗？”可以表示字面意义，也可以表示问候，这里的“吃”字后面的“饭”可以省略，不论早饭、中饭、晚饭都可以这样说，也不管什么时候吃的。而英语中可能要说三句不同的话“Have you had your lunch/super/dinner?” 而且他们并不能用来表示问候，除了字面意义，这三句话可能用来暗示一种邀请，但说话人至少要考虑到两个问题：吃的是哪一餐饭，用什么时态，这些问题不清楚，这句话就没法说。 所以，中国人见面时常用的客套话是：“吃过饭了吗？”“你去哪儿？”而与英美人打招呼，不要说“Have you had your meal?”或者“Where are you going?”他们会以为你想邀请他一起外出用餐或你在打听他的私事呢。而当他们正等着听你的下文时，你却谈起旁的事情。这样往往会使对方觉得莫名其妙。他们会想，不请我吃饭，干吗问我吃过饭没有？即使你见他正在用餐，一般也不能说“Are you having meal?”（你在吃饭？）或者“You are going to the dinning room?”（你去吃饭吗？）他们认为这简直是无用的话，明知故问，你不是看见我正在吃饭吗？ 又如你正巧遇见一个美国人在修理他的汽车，你走过去说声“Hello. ”或者“Hi.”就行了。但是不能这样打招呼：“You are repairing your car?”（你在修车吗？）你这样一问，他会莫名其妙地瞪着你，不明白你是什么用意。 英美人互相打招呼时，一般只需说“Hello.” “Good morning!” “How are you?”等。如果遇上熟人，需要与对方多说几句，那么可以谈谈天气情况，或者说说即将来临的考试等。 英美人很尊重别人的隐私（privacy），他们一般不打听对方的私事，更忌讳问别人的年龄和收入。中国人路见时常问，“你去哪里？”，英美人则认为这是自己的私事。 别人邀请你到他家吃饭，当然不能吃完就走，总要再等半小时左右。主人谈兴正浓，你如果没有什么特别要紧的事，也就不好意思打断他的话锋；主人显得疲倦，缺乏谈话兴趣了，或主人还有别的事要做，那么就该早些告别。关于这些礼貌与习惯，中外都是一样的。例2：告别语
中英礼仪差异 BBC地道英语口语:Etiquette 礼仪 Helen: This is Real English from BBC Learning English. I’m Helen. Jean: 我是董征. Helen: Today we’re going to look at words and phrases that are often seen in the newspapers or heard on the television. Jean: 想要跟上时代，不妨收听Real English. 那么，今天我们要学的词语是? Helen: Today’s new word is etiquette –E.T.I.Q.U.E.T.T.E. – etiquette. Jean: Etiquette.如今我们很少听说这词语，它非常特别，可以解释一下吗? Helen: Well, etiquette means the formal rules of polite, correct behaviour, in a society. Jean: 礼貌的规则，正确的行为，听起来好复杂 Helen: Not really. For example, Chinese etiquette is very different to American etiquette. Jean: Etiquette 这个词指在一个社会中正确的礼貌的行为，国家不同，标准也不同。举个例子吧? Helen: Well, for example in a British company, it
礼貌原则下研究中英委婉语的运用 摘要：随着我们社会与文明的发展。委婉语越来越多的出现在我们的日常交往里。而它又无时无刻不在遵循着leech的礼貌原则。礼貌原则包括了六条准则：得体准则，慷慨准则，赞誉准则，谦逊准则，一致准则，同情准则。委婉语严格遵循着这六条准则，通过它们来让对方在交谈时感到轻松，礼貌，友善，与周到的感觉。所以间接而又温和的表达，常常会令交谈取得成功。 的方法，分析中英委婉语在礼貌原则下的应用。文章中我将讨论中英委婉语是如何遵循礼貌原则的六条准则。通过研究，得出了恰当的使用委婉语是礼貌原则的重要表现。本文的实践意义在于其分析结果有助于保证信息的顺利进行。 abstract: with the development of society and civilization.the euphemism appears in the social communication,and it obeys the leech s politeness principle all the time.and the principle including the following maxims: tact maxim,generosity maxim,approbation maxim,modesty maxim,agreement maxim,sympathy maxim.so from the indirect and mild expression,the communication will easily succeed. this article is from the prospects of pragmatics,based on the politeness principle,use the exemplification
汉英交际礼貌用语的对比 摘要：礼貌，是人类社会普遍存在的一种社会现象。它的主要作用是用礼貌的语言行为来维护社会秩序，建立和保护良好的人际关系，避免交际中不必要的误会与冲突，达到交际的目的。文化的不同，这使得方式上存在着差异，这将难以避免两种文化交流中出现矛盾和冲突。随着汉英两种文化交流的日渐频繁，对双方在礼貌语言的表达方的礼貌的原则和习惯的认知与理解将变得十分重要。 关键词：礼貌用语，英汉文化，礼貌原则，跨文化交际， 礼貌，是人类文明的象征，是人类约定俗称的一种社会行为规范，是人类普遍普遍推崇的美德。然而，世界上的各个民族，由于其不同的历史、地理、文化环境，从而形成了不同的礼貌原则或准则，不同文化背景下的人们之间的交往，如果按照各自的礼貌准则行事，很容易产生误解和冲突。因而在汉英交际中对差异的探索已经成为了必要。 “礼貌”概念的不同渊源 1.汉文化中“礼貌”概念的历史渊源 汉文化中“礼貌”概念有着悠久的历史渊源，它起源于古代的“礼”，即礼制。众所周知，礼是中国古代哲学思想的一个重要组成部分，也是儒家思想的重要概念之一。孔子生活的春秋末期，诸侯争霸，社会动荡。孔子为了适应当时的社会生活的要求，致力于恢复“礼制”。孔子的“礼”并不指“礼貌”，而是指自奴隶社会时期的周朝以来的社会等级秩序。在孔子之后的二、三百年，礼制已完全建立起来。但后来孔子的“礼”的概念发生了变化，已接近现代意义的“礼貌”概念。西汉戴申所编《礼记》中的重要论述：“勿不敬。夫礼者，自卑而尊人”，表明那时“礼”的概念已包含“尊敬”“敬意”这些现代“礼貌”概念的要素。而且《礼记》中所表述的贬己尊人，正是汉文化中礼貌的一大特点。 2.英语文化中“礼貌”礼貌的渊源 英语文化中“礼貌”概念的产生和演变，也经历了不断的变化。在英语中“礼貌” (politeness)是和“宫廷”(court)及“城市”(city)联系在一起的。首先，从词源上说，“politeness”和“polite”都与词根“polis，polit”有直接联系，这两个词根由希腊词根“polis”和“politeia”派生而来，而这两个希腊词根就指城市或城市的管理(city orgovernment of city)。其次，英语中polite的同义词有COLtrte-OIls，urbane和civil，这些词原本都用来指宫廷中或城市中人们良好的言行举止。何兆熊指出：“不少学者的研究结果已证明礼貌和宫廷及城市之间的词汇上的联系。历史上某个时期城市中人们的行为被认为是礼貌的，而另一个时期宫廷中人们的行为被认为是礼貌的。”如上所述，汉英两种文化中，“礼貌”的渊源迥然不同，这种差异必将导致“礼貌”的内涵不同，人们所遵循的礼貌原则及准则也不同。 可以看出，两者的历史渊源差异是很大的。在经历了千百年的历史文化变迁后，不管是汉文化，还是英语文化，都起了沧海桑田的变化。而礼貌，作为文化的一部分，都已形成了两个互不相同体系。近百年来，汉英文化的交流取得了空前的发展。同时，也有许多的专家学者进行了深入的研究，为汉英交际提供了参考。其中，比较具有代表性有中国的胡文仲、顾日国等，英语文化方面的则有利奇、格莱斯等人。 汉英文化各自的礼貌准则 1.利奇的礼貌六原则 20 世纪 60年代，美国语言学家Grice提出了言语交际中的合作原则，即:量的准则(Quantitymaxim)、质的准则(Quality maxim)、关系准则(Relationmaxim)和方式准(Manner maxim)。他发现，人们在交际过程中有时并不遵守交际原则，甚至故意违反这些原则。针对这一现象，英国语言学家利奇Leech在总结P. Brown和S. Levinson研究成果时，认为人们违
【语言文化论文】英汉语言文化的礼貌原则对比 摘要：礼貌是人类语言文化中的重要要素，它普遍存在于任何一种人类的语言文化中，其目的都在于最大可能地减少交流中的话语冲突。比较Leech的礼貌原则六条与顾曰国的即贬己尊人准则，称呼准则，优雅准则，求同准则及德、言、行准则五个准则中体现文化差异，并加以运用，将促进跨文化交际的开展。 关键词：礼貌原则；相似性；差异性；跨文化交际 礼貌是人类语言文化中的重要要素，它普遍存在于任何一种人类的语言文化中，其目的都在于最大可能地减少交流中的话语冲突。三十多年来，随着语用学的快速发展，关于语言使用过程中的“礼貌”问题逐渐演变为一大研究主题，就当前的研究成果来看，英汉两种语言文化在礼貌语用方面受到文化因素的制约最多。 一、国内外研究现状 1.国外研究现状基于语言表达的礼貌原则理论，是在国外语用学研究过程中逐渐发展并完善起来的。20世纪50年代，美国学者戈夫曼在其著作《AnchorBooks》(1967)中从社会学角度提出了“面子行为理论”，建立了语言礼貌原则的雏形。1987年，英国学者Brown和Levinson根据Goffman的解释进一步提出了“面子保全论”，指出礼貌是社会中具有正常交际能力的人，即“具有面子需求的理性人”，为满足其面子需求而采取的各种理性行为。在20世纪80年代，英国语言学家利奇出版了自己的著作《PrinciplesofPragmatics》（1983），在这本书中，利奇在“合作原则”的基础上，从修辞学、语体学的角度出发，提出了六条著名的“礼貌原则”。Leech的礼貌原则概括地说就是在其他条件相同的情况下，把不礼貌意思的表达减弱到最低限度，把礼貌意思的表达增大到最高限度。 2.国内研究现状在我国，顾曰国是该领域研究的第一人，在1992年《外语教学与研究》第四期刊物上，他发表了论文《语用与文化》。在此，他根据“礼”与“礼貌”的历史渊源提出了符合我国文化的礼貌五准则。纵观国内外，Leech的礼貌六原则和顾曰国的礼貌五准则同被我国大多数学者所接纳并认同，并由此开展广泛的研究。随着社会生产力的发展和中国国力的不断增强，特别是众多外国机构在中国社会经济发展中发挥的越来越重要的作用，社会对于跨文化交际表现出了更高的需求，越来越多的研究者积极进行英、汉语的礼貌准则科学地分析、对比，形成了研究著作及论文若干部（篇），学者们普遍认为该准则是防止语用失误、促进交际顺利开展的有效途径。 二、中英文中“礼貌原则”的异同点