2008年全国职称英语等级考试
卫生类（A级）试题
第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题l分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1With immense relief, I stopped running.
A some
B enormous
C little
D extensive
2The scientists began to accumulate data.
A collect
B handle
C analyze
D investigate
3Jack eventually overtook the last truck.
A h-l
B passed
C reached
D led
4Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.
A possible
B profitable
C easy
D wise
5The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle.
A fact
B mystery
C statement
D game
6That guy is really witty.
A smart
B ugly
C honorable
D popular
7The world champion, suffered a sensational defeat.
A reasonable
B dramatic
C humiliating
D horrifying
8It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job.
A prepared
B trained
C qualified
D guided
9This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South.
A praises
B writes
C imitates
D describes
10 The meaning is still obscure.
A vague
B transparent
C alien
D significant
11 Dumped waste might contaminate water supplies.
A destroy
B decrease
C delay
D pollute
12 Ｏne theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia.
A assumes
B expects
C predicts
D considers
13 It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules.
A remember
B follow
C understand
D learn
14 I hope th at l didn’t do anything absurd last night.
A awkward
B strange
C stupid
D awful
15 There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children.
A forbid
B advocate
C inherit
D withdraw
第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题, 每题l分, 共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供
的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Sleep Problems Plague the Older Set
Older Americans often have difficulty getting a good night’s rest. It's a huge quality-of—life problem, experts say, because contrary to popular belief, seniors require about the same amount of sleep as younger adults.
"Sleep problems and sleep disorders are not an inherent（固有的）part of aging, " said Dr. Harrison G. Bloom, an associate clinical professor of geriatrics（老年病学）and medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. "It's pretty much of a myth that older people need less sleep than younger people."
Yet, in a study published recently in The American Journal of Medicine, researchers found that more than half of older Americans have problems getting the sleep they need.
Older people tend to have "sleep fragmentation." meaning they wake up more often during the night, said study author Dr. Julie Gammack, an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Geriatric Medicine at St. Louis University.
They also seem to get less "REM" sleep, the type of sleep during which rapid eye movement occurs, Bloom added.
It's unclear what role these naturally occurring changes in sleep patterns have on a person’s quality of life, Bloom said. "What is important, though, is that older people often have actual sleep disorders and problems with sleep." he said.
And, experts say, there is usually more than one cause.
"Sleep trouble in older adults is typically associated with acute and chronic illnesses. including specific sleep disorders like sleep apnea（呼吸暂停）and restless leg syndrome that appear with greater frequency in older populations," said Michael V. Vitiello, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and associate director of the University of Washington's Northwest Geriatric Education Center.
Taking multiple medications, as many older people do, can also lead to fatigue and "hypersomnia," or being tired all the time, Bloom added.
Another big problem, he noted, is depression and anxiety. "Those are very commonly associated with sleep problems."
Despite the prevalence（流行）of sleep difficulties in older adults, many patients aren't getting the help they need. As a result, problems like insomnia（失眠）, restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea are under -diagnosed and undertreated. Bloom said.
16Sleep problems can serio usly affect one’s quality of l ife.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
17It is true that older people need less sleep than younger people.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
18Younger people in America seldom complain of sleep disorders.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
19 The number of older Americans with sleep problems is not small.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
20 〝Sleep fragmentation〞refers to a marked lack of〝REM〞sleep.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
21 The causes of sleep problems in older people remain unidentified.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
22 Actions will soon be taken in America to better help people with sleep problems：
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题, 每题l分, 共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第l～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Depression and the Elderly
1 We all feel sad at times. However, clinical depression is a serious matter. Clinical depression sometimes called major depression, is a biologically based brain disorder that affects one’s thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physical health. When people complain that they feel terrible they have no Interest or take no pleasure in things, have trouble sleeping, lack energy, have poor appetite, or cannot concentrate, depression is a definite possibility.
2 Depression in its many forms affects more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans who are 65 years or older. Most older people with depression have been suffering from episodes（发作）of the illness during much of their lives. For others, depression has a first onset（起病）in late life-even for those in their 80s and 90s. Depression in older persons is closely associated with dependency and disability and causes great suffering for the individual and the family.
3 Many older people and their families don't recognize the symptoms of depression, aren’t aware that it is a medical illness, and don't know how it is treated. Others may mistake the symptoms of depression as signs of dementia（痴呆）. Also, many older people think that depression is a character flaw（缺陷）and are worried about being stigmatized（给…带来耻辱）, so they blame themselves for their illness and are too ashamed（羞耻的）to get help. Others worry that treatment would be too costly.
4 Older persons with depression rarely seek treatment for the illness. Unrecognized and untreated depression has fatal consequences in terms of both suicide and non—suicide mortality （死亡率）. The highest rate of suicide in the US is among older white men. Depression is the single most significant risk factor for suicide in that population. Tragically, many of those people who go on to commit suicide have reached out for help-20％see a doctor the day they die. 40％the week they die。and 70％in the month they die. Yet depression is frequently missed.
23Paragraph l
24Paragraph 2
25Paragraph 3
26Paragraph 4
A How common is depression in later life?
B What is depression?
C What relieves depression in older people?
D Why does depression in older people often go untreated?
E Can depression in older people be treated?
F What are the consequences of untreated depression in older people?
27Clinical depression is different from.
28Depression in older people is strongly linked with.
29Depression is regarded by many older people as.
30Many older people commit suicide as a result of.
A a character flaw
B normal sadness and grief
C a definite possibility
D dependency；and disability
E a significant risk factor
F unrecognized and untreated depression
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇
Centers of the Great European Cities
The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere.
Squares, plazas（广场）and arcades（拱廊）form the heart of Europe's cities.
V enice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco-a beautiful square surrounded by shops, Churches restaurants and cafes in Barcelona. Spain. La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London’s Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats（杂技演员）and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, they serve as a beautiful backdrop（背景）to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames.
These vibrant（有活力的）hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, Social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently, "The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don't see all the mistakes." said Garreau, "Those have all been removed." Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to people’s homes. Today the focus of many Europeans' life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and outskirts driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people, together with tourists, provide the city centers with their reason for existence.
Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos（浓咖啡）and cigarettes.
Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic
countries used to visit the Church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafés and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops. and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community.
31It can be inferred from the first paragraph that each big city in Europe
A has many large squares.
B has many very magnificent sky-scrapers.
C draws tourists in large numbers every year。
D has a center where tourists meet their spouses.
32Which statement is NOT true of Covent Garden?
A It is crowded with people.
B It is located in London.
C It is filled with stalls.
D It is surrounded by shops, Churches restaurants and cafes.
33Why do people think that Venice is so great?
A Because it is a famous tourist attraction.
B Because you can reach anywhere by boat.
C Because it is well—known for its merchants.
D Because all the mistakes have been removed.
34What are Parisians famous for?
A Their pursuit of independence.
B Their enthusiasm for conversation.
C Their ability to keep the city flourishin9.
D Their devotion to developing a multiple culture.
35The writer cites the Duomo in the last paragraph as an example to illustrate that
A there is a tight link between church and society.
B all churches are magnificent.
C old churches are very popular.
D high-rise churches are impressive.
第二篇
Mental Retardation（智力迟钝）
Mental retardation is a condition in which people have lower than normal intelligence and are unable to function at the level expected for their age. People with mental retardation are usually born with it, or it develops early in their lire. They may also have some difficulty with daily living skills such as learning to read and write and caring for themselves.
Doctors and other professionals determine that a person has mental retardation based on their intelligence and how well they can do everyday activities. Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand. Levels of intelligence are measured by special tests called intelligence tests. The score a person gets on one of these tests gives a numerical（数字的）measure of a person's intelligence. This is called an intelligence quotient（智商）or IQ.
An average score on an IQ test is about 90to 110. A person with mental retardation will usually score below 75 on an IQ test.
The IQ test alone does not determine whether someone is mentally retarded. A person must also have trouble with everyday activities such as getting dressed, eating, washing, or learning basic reading Writing and arithmetic skills.
Mental retardation is not a disease itself. It cannot be cured and it's not contagious（传染的）. This condition can be caused by several things that injure the brain or don’t allow the brain to develop normally. Many times we don't know why a person has mental retardation.
Sometimes it may be caused by genes. Genes are chemical units found in every cell. They carry the instructions telling cells what to do. Sometimes, children receive abnormal genes from their parents.
A defective gene may also develop spontaneously. Neither parent would have passed on the gene, but the gene changes before the baby develops.
Some other problems that can cause mental retardation also happen before a child is born. It is important for the brain to develop properly if a child is to have normal intelligence. "Planning a pregnancy is the most important decision most of us will make in our lifetime. A healthy lifestyle and good medical care should begin before a woman becomes pregnant and continue throughout the pregnancy," says Jodi Rucquoi, a genetic counselor from Connecticut. If a woman abuses alcohol or drugs or doesn't eat well, there is a risk to the developing baby. Also, a premature birth or problems during childbirth can sometimes harm the baby's developing brain. While premature babies are generally fine. There is a greater chance that they may have mental retardation.
In some cases, a young child can develop mental retardation after being sick with a serious infection or other illness, or after suffering a bad head injury.
36 A child can be taken as mentally retarded If he or she
A was born prematurely.
B has lower than normal intelligence.
C has low intelligence and low daily living skills.
D has normal intelligence but difficulties In learning.
37 A person of high intelligence will probably score
A above 110 on an IQ test. B110 on an IQ test.
C90 on an IQ test. D below 75 on an IQ test.
38Which of the following is NOT true of mental retardation?
A It is not curable.
B Its victims are usually born with it.
C Its causes are not fully identified yet.
D It can spread among family members.
39Which is NOT a possible cause of mental retardation?
A Alcohol or drug abuse.
B Abnormal genes from the parents.
C A well-planned pregnancy. .
D Problems during childbirth.
40The word "While" in Line 4 from the bottom Call best be replaced by
A Unless.
B Because.
C Since.
D Although.
第三篇
Many Older Doctors Plan to Phase out Their Practice
The results of a new survey indicate that 48 percent of physicians between 50 and 65 years of age are planning to reduce or end their clinical practice in the next 1 to 3 years. The findings also suggest that many older physicians believe that their younger counterparts do not have the work ethic they do.
The survey, which was conducted by Merritt Hawkins & Associates, a Texas-based physician search and consulting firm, suggests that many older physicians are simply unhappy with the changes that have taken place in medicine over the years.
"When Baby Boom doctors entered medicine they had control over how they practiced and the fee they charged. But the rules changed on them in mid-stream and now many are looking for a ticket out." Mark Smith, executive vice president of Merritt Hawkins & Associates, said in a statement.
"Our study is the only one I am aware of that examines the career plans of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group." This age group represents more than one-third of all physicians in the U. S. if they stop working in the coming years. it will have a "significant impact" On the overall supply of physicians, Smith told Reuters Health.
The results of the survey, which included l,170 respondents（调查对象）, show that 24 percent of older physicians are planning to leave clinical practice altogether in the next l to 3 years. Specifically, 14 percent said they were planning on retiring, 7 percent said they were looking for a medical job in a non-patient care setting, and 3 percent said they were seeking a job in a non-medical field.
For those physicians not leaving clinical practice, many said they would make changes to reduce the number of patients they treat. For instance, 12 percent said they would begin working part-time, 8 percent said they planned to stop taking new patients or markedly reduce their patient load, and 4 percent expressed a desire to work on a temporary basis.
When asked about the work ethic of physicians entering practice today, 68 percent of the respondents said that these younger doctors are not as dedicated or as hard working as physicians who entered practice 20 to 30 years ago.
Fifty-seven percent of older physicians said they would not recommend medicine as a career to their own children. Similarly, 44 percent said they would not select medicine as a career if they were starting out today.
"The most ominous（不祥的）finding is that about one half of physicians surveyed plan to either abandon patient care in the next 1 to 3 years, or significantly reduce the number of patients they see." Smith said. "The U. S. already is facing a widespread shortage of physicians. Should older, 'workhorse' physicians choose to opt out of patient care, access to medical services will be further restricted."
41Which is NOT true of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group in the U. S. ?
A They are mostly baby boomers.
B They have nothing to complain about.
C Many of them plan to gradually stop their practice.
D They account for over one-third of all physicians in the country.
42The survey was focused on
A the living conditions of older physicians in the U. S.
B the career plans of older physicians in the U. S.
C the retirement plans of older physicians in the U. S.
D the achievements of older physicians in the U. S.
43Many older physicians in the U. S. view the work ethic of their younger counterparts
A with appreciation.
B with disapproval.
C with jealousy.
D with indifference.
44In the eyes of many older physicians. medicine
A comes first in their choice of a career for their children.
B remains their lifelong pursuit.
C is not as good a career as it used to be.
D is more demanding than it used to be.
45If many older physicians stop working in the coming years, Americans will have
A even less access to medical services.
B even better patient care.
C a shortage of younger physicians.
D more job opportunities.
第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题, 每题2分，共l0分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置以恢复文章原貌。
What’s Lacking in "Sicko" ?
When it comes to economic decisions, there are always trade-offs（取舍）. Gain one thing and you lose something else.（46）
The central argument of Michael Moore's movie "Sicko" - that the cure to the nation's health care problems is a single-payer system-is hardly novel and is certainly worth consideration, whether or not you agree with it. But in comparing the American system with single-payer plans of other countries—Britain, France. Canada and Cuba - Mr. Moore left out the trade-offs, characterizing those countries as health care paradises.
（47）
Kurt Loder, the film critic who is best known as the anchor（主持人）of "MTV New," wrote a critique（批评）of the film for MTV's website. "Sicko," he said. "does a real service" in portraying（描绘）victims of American insurance companies-like the people who died because their only treatment options were considered "experimental" and therefore not covered. （48）
When "governments attempt to regulate the balance between a limited supply of health care and an unlimited demand for it, they're inevitably forced to ration treatment," Mr. Loder asserted. （49）Mr. Loder cited the short film "Dead Meat," which presents anecdotes（轶事）of failure in the Canadian single-payer system In its one sidedness. "Dead Meat" might have made for a nice double feature with "Sicko," and left moviegoers with a more complete understanding of the complications of deciding on a health care system.
（50）
This all makes an otherwise "emotionally compelling film not necessarily an intellectually satisfying one," wrote Darren Barefoot, a Canadian blogger（博客作者）.
A Mr. Moore also decided to ignore problems in other countries. l ike France’s high taxes and
Britain’s cash. short hospitals.
B But the film as a whole, he concluded, is "breathtakingly meretricious（似是而非的）, " in
large part because of its characterizations of other countries’ health care systems.
C The problems have been noticed—and criticism is coming not just from Mr. Moore’s
detractors（诋毁者）.
D He ticked off a number of negative statistics to counter the positive ones offered by Mr.
Moore.
E Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness.
F This is particularly true in health care, a market in which scarce（稀罕的）goods are
ridiculously expensive, but needed by everybody.
第6部分：完形填空（第51～65题，每题l分，共15分）
下面的短文有l5处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Many Children’s Deaths Preventable：WHO
Over five million children die each year from disease. infections and accidents related （51）their environment although many of these deaths are largely preventable. says the World Health Organization.
On Monday. the WHO asked governments and citizens around the world to take action
to create healthy（52）for children as it celebrated World Health Day.
"The biggest threats to children's health lurk（潜藏）in the very（53）that should be safest—home, school and community, said Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland. director. general of the WHO at the day’s l aunch in New Delhi. India.
"Every child has the right to（54）up in a healthy home, school and community. The future development of our children - and of their world - depends on（55）enjoying good health now. We have their future in our（56）. Now we must work more effectively together to（57）the risks from the environment which our children face," Brundtland said.
This year's theme, "Healthy Environments for Children" focuses on the many dangers （58）by children in and around the places where they live and play.
These include inadequate access to safe（59）water and sanitation（卫生设备）, insect-borne diseases, air pollution, chemical hazards and injuries from traffic, falls, burns and drownings.
Communities around the world Organized events to promote awareness of children's health issues. （60）included drawing contests for schoolchildren in Vietnam, street plays in India, puppet（木偶）shows in Namibia and professional lectures for policy makers in Germany and elsewhere.
Activities also took（61）in cities across Canada on Monday, including Calgary, Montreal, Halifax and Ottawa.
Although children under five represent only l0 percent of the world's population, they bear 40 per cent of the global disease（62）, says the WHO. And as much as one-third of the total burden of disease may be caused by environmental（63）.
World Health Day has been celebrated on April 7th（64）1950. Each year the WHO chooses a theme to highlight areas of particular concern. Last years（65）, Move for Health, focuses on promoting physical activity as part of healthy living.
51 A by B to C on D at
52 A environments B foods C colors D drinks
53 A places B chances C times D posts
54 A stay B pick C grow D get
55 A our B your C his D their
56 A hands B arms C hopes D happiness
57 A run B reduce C take D regard
58 A accepted B stated C reached D faced
59 A drinking B spraying C splashing D working
60 A that B what C which D some
61 A way B order C route D place
62 A burden B penalty C suffering D difficulty
63 A reasons B courses C facts D factors
64 A after B since C in D from
65 A concern Ｂarea C theme D celebration
2008年全国职称英语等级考试试题
卫生类（A级）参考答案
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. D l0. A
11. D l2. A l3. B l4. C l5. A
16. A l7. B l8. C l9. A20. B
21. B22. C23. B24. A25. D
26. F27. B28. D29. A30. F
31. C32. D33. D34. B35. A
36. C37. A38. D39. C40. D
41. B42. B43. B44. C45. A
46. F47. C48. B49. D50. A
51. B52. A53. A54. C55. D
56. A57. B58. D59. A60. C
61. D62. A63. D64. B65. C
其中：
1－30每题l分；
31－45每题3分；
46－50每题2分：
51－65每题l分。
试卷总分：100分。
2011年全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试模拟试题（卫生类） 考试时间：120分钟考试总分：100分 （2011年卫生类职称英语考试题型：词汇选项、阅读判断、补全短文、完形填空、概括大意与完成句子、阅读理解。） 第1部分：词汇选项（第1~15题,每题l分,共15分） 下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。参考答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。 1 In 1840 Lucretia Most and Elizabeth Stanton were excluded from. The World's Anti-slavery Convention merely because they were women. A consulted by B elected to C kept out of D applauded by 2 The measures taken by the administration failed to reduce unemployment. A helped to B did not C were not intended to D were necessary to 3 Mary said that she was fed up. A disgusted B satisfied C ravenous D full 4 The mayor refused to give in to the demand of the group. A reply to B yield to C acknowledge D publicize 5 Mr. Jackson wants to give out this news as soon as possible. A furnish B announce C emit D abandon 6 Some forms of arthritis may develop when the body's ability to fight disease goes awry. A takes over B comes up C is interrupted D becomes faulty 7 The man in a rage was dead last night. A narrative B laudable C outraged D patentable 8 Sand is found in abundance on the seashore and is often blown inland td form sand hills and dunes. A at random B at high tide C in dry mounds D in great quantities 9 Some varieties of shorthorns, the most common breed of beef cattle, are in fact hornless. A credibly B actually C reportedly D potentially 10 Due to his carelessness, he was left out of an opportunity. A included in B excluded from C superior to D exhausted by考试大－全国最大教育类网站(。com) 11 The leaders of modern architecture have characteristically been vigorous and articulate thinkers in whose minds architectural theory is linked to ideas of social reform. A defined by B related to C applied to D reinforced by 12 If a foreign object becomes lodged in the eye, medical help is necessary. A deposited in B invisible to C blurred to D isolated in 13 James Was oblivious to the noise around him. A nervous about B furious about C irritated by D Unaware of
1.The V alue of Time时间的价值 1."Time" says the proverb "is money". This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed, it will either produce some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a banknote; and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time. 1.employ v. 使用，采用，雇佣，使忙于 employer n. 雇主，老板 employee n. 雇员，从业人员 employment n. 使用，职业，雇佣 Employment rate 就业率，雇用率 2.Either …or… 要么…要么…; 二者择一的 Neither… nor… 两者都不 Both… and… 两者都 3.fetch 取来，接来，到达 4.add to增添，添加，加强 5.so as to 以便，以致 6.enable sb to do sth 使得某人做某事 7.There is no doubt that…毫无疑问 8.think nothing of… 把… 视为平常 think a lot of… 看重；对… 高度评价 9.convertible adj. 可改变的，可交换的 convert v. … into… 使转变，转换，使…改变信仰 10.be equivalent to… 11.be tantamount to…相当于…; 无异于的 If you say one thing is tantamount to another, more serious thing, you are emphasizing how bad, unacceptable, or unfortunate the first thing is by comparing it to the second thing. 例句：What Bracey is saying is tantamount to heresy. 布里斯正在说的无异于异端邪说。 12.Think twice再三考虑，重新考虑 think twice about doing sth. 三思而后再决定做某事 13.Give one’s consent（n.）to sth…同意，赞成 例句：At approximately 11:30 p.m., pollard finally gave his consent to the search. 大约晚上11：30的时候，波拉得终于对搜查予以同意。
职称英语等级考试试题-综合A6 第三篇Play Play is the principal business of childhood, and in recent years research has shown the great importance of play in the development of a human being. From earliest infancy, every child needs opportunity and the right materials for play, and the main tools of play are toys. Their main function is to suggest, encourage and assist play. To succeed in this they must be good toys, which children will play with often, and will come back to again and again. Therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child’s development. In recent years research on infant development has shown that the standard a child is likely to reach, within the range of his inherited abilities, is largely determined in the first three years of his life. So a baby’s ability to profit from the right play materials should not be underestimated. A baby who is encouraged and stimulated, talked to and shown things and played with, has the best chance of growing up successfully. In the next stage, from three to five years old, curiosity knows no bounds. Every type of suitable toy should be made available to the child, for trying out, experimenting and learning, for discovering his own particular ability. Bricks and jigsaws（七巧板）and construction toys; painting, scribbling(涂鸦) and making things; sand and water play; toys for imaginative and pretending play; the first social games for learning to play and get on with others. Bt the third stage of play development-from five to seven or eight years-the child is at school. But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning, at home or at school. It is easier to see which type of toys the chills most enjoys.
2019年全国职称英语等级考试大纲 2017年全国职称英语等级考试大纲 一、概述 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的 一项外语考试。本考试遵循“严格要求、实事求是、区别对待、逐步 提升”的原则，根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专 业技术人员掌握和使用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别专业技术职 务的人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类和卫生类，每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试于每年4月份举行。A、B、 C三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。 二、评价目标 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试重点考查应试者的阅读理解 水平。考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在2小时内应完成3000 词左右的阅读任务，并能准确理解所读材料的内容;申报B级的人员在 2小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能准确理解所读材料的内容;申报C级的人员在2小时内应完成2200词左右的阅读任务，并能 准确理解所读材料的内容。
为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语汇量、语法知识和阅读理 解水平分别提出如下要求： (一)词汇量 考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。对申报不 同级别的应试者 要求认知的词汇量不等： 1. 申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语; 2. 申报B级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语; 3. 申报C级的人员应认知4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语。 (二)语法知识 考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识实行考查，但应试者必须 掌握基本的语法 知识，主要包括： 1. 英语句子的基本语序及其意义; 2. 英语句子的结构和常用句型; 3. 各种时、体的形式及其意义; 4. 各种从句的构成及其意义; 5. 句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意 义关系等。 (三)阅读理解水平
职称外语水平要求相关政策规定 根据浙人专[2007]80号（杭人专[2007]162号）、浙人专[2006]118号、浙人教[1997]146号、杭人专[2007]206号以及省人事厅关于职称外语等级考试有关问题的解答等精神，职称外语水平要求的相关政策规定如下： 一、申报专业技术资格应参加全国职称外语相应等级考 二、凡参加全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试的人员由省人事考试办公室发放成绩通知书。其中：对达到全国通用标准分数线的，在申报对应级别的专业技术资格时有效；对达到省定标准分数线的，在2年内申报对应级别的专业技术资格时有效。 三、经考试、考核认定取得全国专业技术资格和职业资格证书，受聘职务是否需要具备外语要求，由聘用单位确定。 四、申报中小学教师（含实验、教学管理）、艺术系列和文学创作、群众文化、社区卫生专业技术资格，职称外语不作要求。
五、申报会计、经济、统计、审计、新闻、出版、农业技术、技校实习指导教师、广播电视播音、律师、公证员、图书资料、档案、电影放映专业技术资格，以及长期在野外从事林业、水利、采矿、测绘、勘探、铁路施工、公路施工、建筑施工等专业技术工作，年龄在40周岁以上人员申报专业技术资格时，职称外语成绩不作为必备条件，作为专家评审的参考依据。 六、凡申报体育教练员中、高级专业技术资格的人员，可参加我省单位组织的体育教练员职称外语考试。考试成绩 七、申报评审我市评审权限内的工程技术、技校教师等中级专业技术资格，年龄在40周岁及以上人员，职称外语成绩不作为必备条件，作为专家评审的参考依据。我市实行以考代评和考评结合的人员报考、评审专业技术资格时，职称外语不作要求（杭人专[2007]162号）。 八、参加浙江省外语水平等级考试，并取得英语二级、日语三级以上合格证书的人员，3年内晋升专业技术职务可免于参加全国职称外语相应等级考试（浙人教[1997]146号），具体对应关系：
2016年. 【农民】__theirland. 丧失 ,__provedthathewasn'tworkinghardenough.非限制性定语 倒装句 Athens同位语 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 ,wedecided totakethetrain.完成被动的非谓语动词形式 与…打成一片 【记录】theplain【平常的，简单的】facts【事实，真相】ofsmalltownlife. 非谓语动词 抚养 ：为了 ''tknowmorethanyoudo. ''llmoveinsoonandweneedtobuy__furniture. 【药方】 【生物学家】doesnotmerely【仅仅】describe【描述】organisms【有机物】,buttriestolearn__actastheydo. "Hashecomeback....Yes,he__back forthreedays. 【32课】同位语 翻译：生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。 ,theearth__coveredbywater.【55课】虚拟语气
翻译：如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。 "veryhappy".【5课】 翻译：拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。【不协调的，不相配的】withgoodhealth. ' ' 2017年 .【31课】 翻译：老人把手浸在盐水里，努力保持头脑清醒。 虚拟语气（过去相反） 翻译：Smith上周非常忙，否则他就去看你了。 . 非谓语动词 翻译：她需要买所有的东西，她将要离开市场，在小镇的街上再花费一个小时。 翻译：我很感激三年前给我的出国工作的机会。 ,__isclearfromtheexpressionsonhisface.【模拟三】as引导的非限制性定语从句翻译：他得了第一名，他脸上的表情清楚地表明了这一切。 . 【大纲原句】 翻译:直到后来他们才意识到发生了多么可怕的事情。 ,airtrafficcontrollersrelyonradar. 翻译：为了追踪机场航行中的飞机，空中交通控制台要用雷达。 ……to：太……而不能
2015职称英语综合类C真题及答案(完整版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词语或短语画有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy. A way B factor C objective D source 2 The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A message B punishment C guilt D obligation 3 He said some harsh words about his brother. A proper B normal C unclear D unkind 4 I am going as a favor to Ann because I have to. A partner B help C drive D guide 5 We need to identify the potential problem. A man B possible C immediate D common 6 When did you first encounter these difficulties? A create B experience C present D resolve 7 Don’t tempt thieves by leaving valuable clearly visible. A attract B alarm C catch D spot 8 There is a need for radical changes in education.
英文职称大全 董事长Chairman 总经理General Manager; C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer) 经理Manager 销售部经理Sales Manager 副总经理Deputy General Manager 财务主管Controller 会计Accountant 采购员Purchaser 出纳员Cashier 计算机工程师Computer Engineer 高级工程师Senior Engineer 设计师Designer 机械师Mechanic 顾问Adviser Consultant Interpreter口语翻译 Technical Translator技术翻译 Translator翻译员 质检员Quality Inspector Office Controller 技师Technician Manufacturing Engineer制造工程师 Manufacturing Worker生产员工 Technical Worker技术工人 Planning Manager 企划部经理 deputy Planning manager企划部副经理 Engineering manager 工程部经理 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 采购主管Procurement charge 网络维护Network Maintenance 主管Charge 验收员Members of acceptance 保管员Custodians 质检员QA （Quality Assurance） 品牌执行经理Brand Executive Manager 技术代表Technical Representative 科技研发高级经理technology research and development senior manager
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试 课后练习及答案 目录 1.SIX GOLDEN RULES FOR MEETING MANAGEMENT主持会议六大准则（2016新增） (2) 2. NETWORK SECURITY 网络安全(2013版) (2) 3 .ALL I LEARNED IN KINDERGARTEN 幼儿园所学的... . (4) 4. HOW TO NEGOTIATE WITH AMERICANS 如何与美国人谈判(2013版) (5) 5.CARBON-BASED ALTERNATIVE 碳基替代燃料（2010版） (7) 6. AUTOMATIC AUTO: A CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF 无人驾驶汽车(2013版) (9) 7 OUR FAMILY CREED 家族的信条（2007版） (11) 8 THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 公共演讲的艺术(2007版) (13) 9. OIL AND GAS GENERATION油气生成（2016版新增） (16) 10.THE DRESS CODE FOR OFFICE LIFE办公室的着装礼仪（2016版新增） (16)
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management主持会议六大准则（2016新增） 课后练习： 1.If you are asked to chair【主持，椅子】a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting ____. A. treatment B.requirement C.management D.improvement 2.If you begin on time, group members who ____ late will realize the value of time. A.bring up https://www.doczj.com/doc/d0335455.html,e up C.dress up D.show up 3. You may need to refer back to【查阅，重新提及】an issue ____ was discussed during the meeting at a later date. A.that B.what C.who D.where 4. ____, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than【而不是】really listening to other people. A.Traditionally B.Additionally C.Conditionally D.Exceptionlly 5.Many times important issues can get sidetracked【转变话题的】in a meeting, _____ when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. A.essentially B.entirelly C.extremely D.especially 6. If you ____ a conflict【冲突】prior to【在……之前】the meeting, discuss the issue with participants【参与者】in advance【提前】. A.anticipate B.participate C.preserve D.announce 7. If an unanticipated【不曾预料到的】conflict develops once the meeting is in progress 【进行中】, either appoint a subcommittee【小组委员会】to ____ the problem A.look into B.look on C. look over D.look through 答案：1C 2D 3A 4B 5D 6A 7A 2. Network Security 网络安全(2013版) 课后练习： 1.Internet ____ theft 【失窃】is a growing—and very costly【昂贵的，expensive】—problem A.identify B.identity C. identical D.identification
2016年全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲 职称英语考试大纲是由人力资源和社会保障部统一公布的。职称英语考试内容与试卷结构：A.B.C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲 一、概述 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由人力资源和社会保障部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。本考试遵循“严格要求、实事求是、区别对待、逐步提高”的原则，根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和使用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别专业技术职务的人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类和卫生类，每个专业类别的考试各分A.B.C三个等级。 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试于每年4月份举行。A.B.C三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。 二、评价目标 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试重点考查应试者的阅读理解能力。考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在2小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报B级的人员在2小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报C级的人员在2小时内应完成2200词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容。 为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语汇量、语法知识和阅读理解能力分别提出如下要求： （一）词汇量 考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。对申报不同级别的应试者要求认知的词汇量不等： 1. 申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语； 2. 申报B级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语； 3. 申报C级的人员应认知4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语。 （二）语法知识
全国职称外语等级考试试卷 综合类A级 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 With immense relief，l Stopped running. A some B enormous C little D extensive 2 The scientists began to accumulate data. A collect B handle C analyze D investigate 3 Jack eventually overtook the last truck. A hit B passed C reached D led 4 Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance. A possible B profitable C easy D wise 5 The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle. A fact B mystery C statement D game 6 That guy is really witty. A smart B ugly C honorable D popular 7 The world champion suffered a sensational defeat. A reasonable B dramatic C humiliating D horrifying 8 It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job. A prepared B trained C qualified D guided 9 This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South. A praises B writes C imitates D describes 10 The meaning is still obscure.
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试综合类（A级）试题及参考答案 职称英语考试历年真题汇总>>https://www.doczj.com/doc/d0335455.html,/zZnTL （复制链接，点击“打开链接”即可访问） 更多精品备考资料在职称英语考试交流群：151033695 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A. inflexible B. general C. complex D. direct 2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed. A. turned dead B. passed by C. carried away D. become extinct 3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon. A. shorten B. end C. start D. resume 4. Three world-class tennis players came to content for this title. A. argue B. claim C. wish D. compete 5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive. A. simple B. reliable C. effective D. alternative 6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law. A. moral B. regular C. fundamental D. hard 7. The drinking water has became contaminated with lead. A. polluted B. treated C. tested D. corrupted 8. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down. A. shut B. set C. break D. beat 9. She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding. A. wiped B. injected C. produced D. removed 10. They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem. A. existence B. importance C. cause D. situation 11. The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years. A. unknown B. unusual C. undamaged D. unstable
花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off the conversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理
职称英语级别考试试题及答案-卫生类B级 第1某些：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请从每个句子背面所给4个选项中选取1个与画线某些意义最相近词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应位置上。 1 The high-speed trains can have a major impact on travel preferences. A influence B force C surprise D power 2 Can you follow the plot? A change B investigate C understand D write 3 Even in a highly modernized country，manual work is still needed. A mental B physical C natural D hard 4 In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed. A judgment B result C decision D event 5 Norman Blamey is an artist of deep convictions. A beliefs B statements C suggestions D claims 6 Up to now，the work has been easy. A So B So long C So far D So that 7 The report advocated setting up day training colleges.
全国职称英语等级考试综合类A级试题及答案 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
2015年全国职称英语等级考试综合类(A级)试题 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 It was unfortunate that she had?erased?the message. A heard of B rubbed out C looked at D spoken out 2 He came back home, weary and?fatigued. A exhausted B scared C worried D frightened 3 The woman living next door is extremely?slender. A slim B tall C weak D pale 4 Your accusation is?whollywithout foundation. A almost B probably C evidently D completely 5 He?was obsessed withAmerican horror movies. A kept thinking about B took advantage of C paid no attention to D cared nothing about 6 I have to apologize for my?abrupt?departure yesterday. A late B sudden C unfriendly D untold 7 I think she made a?blunder?by announcing it ahead of time. A decision B mistake C promise D plan 8 Some astronomers?contendthat the universe may be younger than previously believed A predict B think C suggest D argue 9 My room is really very?cosy. A cool B cold C clean D comfortable 10 She is a lovely and?gracious?woman. A curious B courteous C quiet D shy 11 He never?grumbled?about working overtime. A complained B talked C wrote D spoke 12 She?hugged?me like an old friend and invited me to dinner the next day. A held B embraced C kissed D patted 13 Different?hypotheses?have been put forward to explain why UFOs exist. A sentences B comments C theories D conclusions 14 I must apologize for my?outrageous?behavior.