本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译施工项目进度控制的关键问题
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2012年 01月 06 日
教务处制
Construction of key problems of project progress control
Abstract
Construction progress was one of the three objectives of the project which is an important component of project management. Reasonable, scientific, efficiency of project construction schedule is the key to achieve the project objectives control. Only during the preparation stage, stage of progress of the programmer design stage, plans and implementation of construction and other links, taking full account of the favorable factors, rational coordination of limited resources, can eventually achieve the progress required by the target, to create advanced, civilization and construction process and lay a solid material foundation.
Keywords: Construction projects; Progress control; Key issues
Progress, investment, quality is the three objectives of the project; there is a relationship of mutual dependence and mutual restriction between them. Project schedule control is an important component of project management and is to ensure that project objectives control is complete the prerequisite for the realization of, to ensure the project duration, the rational use of resources, and lower costs, to prevent plan changes too big and important guarantee for improving the efficiency of project. Management should focus on the following aspects:
1. Attaches great importance to project construction preparation
Project preparation is an important component of construction production, and it is intended to project goals, resource supply and selection of construction plan, spatial layout and the various aspects of time and manpower arrangement. It also is the fundamental guarantee for the smooth conduct of civil engineering construction and equipment installation. Therefore, preparing carefully for technical before construction, materials, labor organizations preparation and over-the-counter preparations for construction site preparation, has an important effect on rational supplying resources to speed up the construction speed, improving project quality ensuring construction safety and winning social reputation .To strengthen the project progress control, you must attach great importance to the project preparation, preparation before construction.
2.Deployment and construction of construction programming
Constructions of comprehensive arrangements for the deployment project as a whole is, and makes decisions on major strategic issues in construction. Prefect of construction deployment is effective control engineering progress, guarantees engineering quality, and saves engineering investment of primary protection, and its preparation should reflect reasonable of organization arrangements and task division, and establish proven of, and reasonable running of Project Manager sector; personnel of set and the division should do full mobilization its enthusiasm, and make of professional play; established of specialization construction organization system and for engineering min package; division construction stage, determines staging batch construction, and commissioning of arrangements and main project and interspersed project.
In addition to the deployment consists of perfect construction, preparation of reasonable construction plan, to ensure the effective progress of the project, construction readiness planning should also been included the development specification. Main site-wide preparations, includes materials for ideological, organizational preparation, technical preparation, and so on. Major items of works or the main unit of engineering and special projects should be developed in the construction organization to design its construction programmed. The aim is the preparation of technical and also for the construction of well under way and provides a basis for rational arrangement of the project site. Therefore, you should calculate the quantity to determine the process, select the commandments and main construction method of large construction machine.
Engineering determination of the order, need to be constructed by stages and in groups. It should be the first underground and then the ground, after the first deep-shallow, after the first line, extension, underground pipeline construction, with the supply of various types of material and technical conditions and should be balanced and rational utilization of these resources between coordinated construction of promoting balanced.
3. In accordance with the contract’s duration requirements, well construction progress control
According to the duration of the contract to complete construction, both contract requirements are also objects to achieve business goals. In this connection, the construction
units (owners) with the construction unit of the interests of both sides are fully consistent. Therefore, strengthening construction progress control ensures that the duration of the contract performance is a project manager and main content of the basic duties. Plan is a prerequisite for control, if has not it will be out of control which is to compare actual and planned values, identify deviations during, and for feedback adjustment. Preparation of construction progress plan to control the duration value is determined, and come up with a guarantee scheme implementation of effective measures to guarantee the duration planned completion of the contract period.
Preparation of progress is to decide what to when to do, or when the progress of the project to do what extent. Whatever is the process of the project itself, or with other construction-related work, should be integrated into the schedule to, or, whose progress you want to make a schedule. Types of project schedule classification based on content is targeted schemes and support schemes. Schedule for the project itself is the most basic goal plan that determines the duration of the project goals. In order to achieve this goal, you have a range of support plans, such as planning material usage, working capital planning material usage, and equipment use plans, labor use plan to use plan, semi-finished products and components, and so on. Control the length of time it came from overall progress plan and phase plan. Total progress scheme control the whole process of project construction, and phased plan includes the project construction progress plan and ten-years, quarters, months, weeks of job schedules, and so on. It has a text plan-plan with a chart from the expressions. The former is with a text description of each stage of construction, and the image of progress to achieve requirements; the latter is with image and simple charts to express the construction schedule. As far as I know, bar is the most commonly used scheme, network planning, and slash-type scheme. It has overall progress plan and the partition plan from the scope of management. Master plans are project-oriented global strategy progress of the plan, generally cruder. While the plan is for a bottle gourd or Project ~ Professional progress of the work plan, generally more detailed.
4. Preparation of project schedule
a. This project of project contract. Provision is to determine the duration of the contract duration in planned value basis. Project start and completion dates stipulated in the contract, must be implemented by schedule. Schedule of the ultimate goal is through reasonable progress design, to guarantee duration completed on time.
b. Construction of enterprise production and management of reasonable plan. Through
the construction of enterprise production and management of rational planning, to ensure project efficiency, is the major component of the plan. Obeying the business principle of guidance and meeting the requirements of enterprise balance achieve the best interests of the enterprise.
c. Drawing information. Drawing information is the basis and premise of rational design of construction schemes for construction. Construction progress plan must be linked with the progress of the design plan, and must be based on the date of delivery number agreement to arrange the appropriate part of the construction time, which is also a good way of construction risk prevention and guarantee construction quality.
d. Construction organization design of this project is one of the strong basis for the preparation of project scheduling. This information defines construction capacity deployment and method of construction and reflects the construction characteristics of the project, which forms the basis of targets at various stages in the process of determining construction plans.
e. Materials and equipment supply plan. If you already have on the material and equipment and turnover material supply plan, the construction progress plan must be coordinated with the project. In addition to the above five points making progress on a project plans as the basis for the main consideration, you should be aware of information about site construction conditions, including hydrological, climate and environmental data in the field of construction and transportation conditions, energy supply, auxiliary production capacity. Also prior to the preparation of project construction progress plan, similar to an already built or actual construction schedule needs to be collected, and you should serious analysis, organize, list control constraint, clear the influence of duration to achieve mandatory time limits, for the preparation of project progress as well prepared.
5. The project progress plan optimization
a. Adjusting the construction period. Each project is composed of many processes, the water segment of the construction have the same number of processes, each procedure is not identical in the various construction stages of the construction period, it is the importance of adjusting the construction period that how to choose a scientific and rational construction process. Construction technology that determined by the fixed construction technology can not be changed, but the order of the construction stage can be changed, Choosing a different order of construction of water, the total duration of the entire construction will be changed accordingly. Therefore you need to find the shortest period of construction of water to
optimize the order program for implementation.
b. A balanced use of resources. In preparing the construction schedule, you must take into account the optimization of resources into account. It not only requires the resources you plan to use less than the actual supply of resources, but also tries to do the balance of resource conservation use. You should make resources available for the use of control within the available supply and the amount of resources to use every day similar. If resource usage is balanced, resource usage peak is smaller and resources funding is less, also thus economic benefits will certainly be enhanced accordingly. For the human and material resources, if the construction plans of arrangement to take full advantage of them and let every single day of the entire plan period to achieve efficiency, the amount of resources used in this plan is balanced and the economic benefits will be good.
c. Optimize the cost of the project. Adopting a different construction of water order, the project cost will vary in engineering construction. Seeking the lowest cost solution to reduce costs is an important part of the construction. The cost of the project includes the two parts: direct and indirect costs. Generally speaking, low direct costs of the construction sequence, the duration will be longer. In order to shorten the duration, the need to use more efficient construction machinery or construction process so that direct costs will tend to increase. If efficiency does not change, you need more manpower or material resources, and increase the input of one-time costs, which will inevitably lead to increase in direct costs. Almost you always give high priority to increase the cost of less and can shorten the duration of the order. However, if shorten duration, you will increase the direct costs of inputs. Indirect costs and construction of the relationship is not close, and the basic fixed expenses occur every day.
6. Organization of water construction method
Another important means of ensuring project progress on a project is construction of rational flow. Water construction is continuous job, and it can save work time, which is relative to “turn job”, The means of achieving savings is “take received”, and the premise of take received is segment area; it can have rhythm to construction, and the time of the workers to work is a certain degree of regularity, which can bring good of construction along the continued, the harmonious of construction atmosphere, considerable of economic benefits and improve productivity.
Project schedule control of more than a few issues, indicates that the schedule control process does not happen overnight so the enterprise integration should as a whole to consider
elements of integration and management system. In the specific work, should pay attention to giving play to promote integration of favorable factors and avoid integration or coordination to prevent the adverse factors and pay attention to practical results and advancing as planned gradually.
摘要
工程施工进度是工程项目的三大目标之一，是工程项目管理的重要组成部分。合理的、科学的、讲求效率的工程项目施工进度是保证工程项目目标控制得以实现的前提。只有在准备阶段、方案设计阶段、进度计划阶段以及施工组织实施等各个环节，考虑各项有利因素，合理协调有限资源，才能最终达到要求的进度目标，为创建先进的、文明的施工过程打下牢固的物质基础。
关键词：施工项目；进度控制；关键问题
进度、投资、质量是工程项目的三大目标，它们之间有着相互依赖和相互制约的关系。工程项目进度控制是工程项目管理的重要组成部分，是保证工程项目目标控制是否完全实现的前提，是保证工程工期、资源合理利用、降低成本、防止计划变化太大、提高整个工程项目管理效益的重要保障。要做到有效控制建筑工程进度，应注重以下几个方面的管理：
一高度重视工程项目施工准备
工程项目施工准备是施工生产的重要组成部分，是对工程目标，资源供应和施工方案的选择，及其空间布置和时间排列等诸方面统筹安排，是土建施工和设备安装得以顺利进行的根本保证。因此，认真做好施工前的技术准备、物资准备、劳动组织准备、施工现场准备、施工场外准备等，对合理供应资源加快施工速度，提高工程质量,确保施工安全，赢得社会信誉都有重要作用，要加强工程项目进度控制，就必须高度重视工程项目准备，做好施工前准备。
二施工部署和施工方案的编制
施工部署是对整个工程项目进行的全面安排，并对工程施工中的重大战略问题进行决策。完善的施工部署，是有效控制工程进度、保证工程质量、节约工程投资的首要保障，它的编制应体现合理的组织安排和任务分工，建立行之有效的、合理运转的项目经理部门；人员的设置及分工应做到充分调动其积极性，并使之专业得到发挥；建立的专业化施工组织体系和进行工程分包；划分施工阶段，确定分期分批施工、交工的安排及其主攻项目和穿插项目。
除了组成完善的施工部署，编制合理的施工方案，要保证有效的工程进度，还应包括拟定规范的施工准备工作规划。主要指全现场的准备，包括思想准备、组织准备、技术准备、等。对于主要的单项工程或主要的单位工程及特殊的分项工程，应在施工组织
总设计中拟定其施工方案，其目的是进行技术和资源的准备工作,也为工程施工的顺利开展和工程现场的合理布置提供依据。因此，应计算其工程量，确定工艺流程，选择大型施工机诫和主要施工方法等。
工程开展顺序的确定，要分期分批施工，应按先地下、后地上，先深后浅，先干线、后支线,地下的管线先施工，应当与各类物资及技术条件供应之间的平衡以及合理利用这些资源相协调,促进均衡施工。
三按照项目合同工期要求，作好施工进度控制
按合同工期，完成施工任务，这既是合同要求也是实现企业经营目标的需要。在这一点上，建设单位(业主)同施工单位双方的利益是完全一致的。因此，加强施工进度控制，确保合同工期履约是项目经理的基本职责和主要工作内容。计划是控制的前提，没有计划，就谈不上控制，控制就是将实际值与计划值进行比较，找出期间的偏差，然后进行反馈调整。编制施工进度计划，就是确定一个控制工期的计划值，制定出保证计划实现的有效措施，保证工期计划合同工期的完成。
编制进度就是决定什么时候做什么事情，或者什么时候工程进度到什么程度。无论是项目自身的各道工序，还是与施工有关的其他工作，都应纳入进度计划之中去，或者说，都要对其进度做出计划安排。项目进度计划的种类,根据内容划分，有目标性计划与支持性计划。针对项目施工本身的进度计划是最基本的目标性计划，它确定了该项目施工的工期目标。为了实现这个目标,要有一系列的支持性计划，如材料使用计划，周转材料使用计划，机械设备使用计划,劳动力使用计划以及构件、半成品使用计划等等。从时间控制长短来分，有总进度计划与阶段性计划。总进度计划控制项目施工的全过程，而阶段性计划包括本项目的年、季、月施工进度计划和旬、周的作业进度计划等。从表达形式来分，有文字说明计划与图表式计划。前者用文字说明各阶段的施工任务，以及要达到的形象进度要求；后者用形象而简洁的图表来表达施工的进度安排。据笔者所知，最常用的是横道计划、网络计划、斜线式计划等。从管理范围来分，有总体进度计划与分区进度计划。总体计划是面向项目全局的战略性进度计划安排，一般比较粗略。而分区计划则是针对项目中的某一部分或一个专业工种的进度计划，一般比较详细。
四项目进度计划的编制
（一）本项目的工程承包合同。合同中工期的规定是确定工期计划值的基本依据，合同规定的工程开工、竣工日期，必须通过进度计划来落实。进度计划的最终目标就是通过合理的进度设计，保证工期的按时完成。
（二）企业的施工生产经营的合理计划。通过对企业的施工生产经营的合理计划，保证工程的效益性，是企业计划的重要组成部分。既要服从企业经营方针的指导，同时要满足企业综合平衡的要求，达到企业的最佳收益。
（三）图纸资料。图纸资料是施工的依据和合理设计施工方案的前提，施工进度计划必须与设计进度计划相衔接，必须根据每部分图纸资料的交付日期来安排相应部位的施工时间，这也是防范施工风险，保证施工质量的很好的途径。
（四）项目的施工组织设计也是编制项目进度计划的有力依据之一。这个资料明确了施工能力部署与施工组织方法，体现了项目的施工特点，因而成为确定施工过程中各个阶段目标计划的基础。
（五）材料和设备供应计划。如果已经有了关于材料和设备及周转材料供应计划，那么，项目施工进度计划必须与之相协调。除上述五点编制项目进度计划作为主要依据考虑外，还应注意有关现场施工条件的资料，主要包括施工现场的水文、气候、环境资料以及交通运输条件，能源供应情况，辅助生产能力等。还要在编制项目施工进度计划之前，对已建成的同类或相似项目的实际施工进度进行收集，并认真进行分析、整理，列出控制的约束条件，明确影响工期达到强制时限，为编制项目进度作好充分准备。
五项目进度计划的优化
（一）调整施工期限。每个工程都是有很多工序组成的，每一个施工的流水段也有相同的若干道工序，每道工序在各个施工阶段上的施工期限又不完全相同，怎么样选择科学合理的施工流程，就成为调整施工期限的重要性问题。而由固定的施工工艺决定的施工顺序是不能改变的，但施工阶段的前后顺序是可以改变的，选择不同的施工流水顺序，那么整个工程施工的总工期也就会相应发生改变，因此需要找出工期最短的最优化施工流水顺序方案进行实施。
（二）均衡利用资源。在编制施工进度计划时，必须考虑到资源的优化。不但要求资源的计划使用量低于资源的实际可供应量，还要尽力做到资源的均衡节约使用。要使资源的计划使用量控制在可供应量之内，而且要求每天使用的资源量都差不多。资源用量均衡了，资源用量高峰就越小，资源经费就越少，进而经济效益肯定也会相应得到提升。对于企业的人力和物力来说，如果施工计划的安排能够充分利用它们，在整个计划期中的每一天都能让其发挥效率，那么这个计划的资源用量就是均衡的，经济效益也一定会是好的。
（三）优化工程成本。在工程建设中，采取不同的施工流水顺序，工程成本会各不相同。寻求成本最低的方案，降低成本是工程施工的重要内容。工程成本包括两项：直接费用和间接费用。通常说来，直接费用低的施工顺序，工期会较长；为了缩短工期，
需要利用效率更高的施工机械或施工工艺，这样直接费用往往就会增加；如果效率不改变，就需要更多人力或物力的投入，增加一次性费用的投入，也必然导致直接费用的增加。通常总是优先考虑采取那些增加较少的费用而又能缩短工期的顺序。不过，随着工期的缩短，就会增加直接费用的投入。间接费用与工程施工的关系不紧密，每天会发生基本固定的费用。
六组织流水施工的方法
保证工程项目进度的又一重要手段就是合理组织流水施工。流水施工其实质就是连续作业，它可以节省工作时间，这里的节省是相对于“依次作业“来说的，实现节省的手段是“搭接”，搭接的前提是分段区；它可以实现有节奏地施工，工人工作作业时间有一定的规律性,这种规律性可以带来良好的施工顺续,和谐的施工气氛，可观的经济效益；它还可以提高劳动生产率。
以上工程项目进度控制的几个问题，表明进度控制的过程并非想象的那么简单，企业应把要素整合和管理体系作为整体来考虑。在具体工作中，应注意发挥促进整合的有利因素，想法避开或协调妨碍整合的不利因素，要注重实效，按计划逐步推进。
原文出处
Hegazy, T.& W.Menesi.Construction of key problems of project progress control [J]. Constr. Eng. Manage, 2008(8):31–34.
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本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
Study on Project Cost Control of Construction Enterprises By: R. Max Wideman Abstract With the increasing maturity of construction market, the competition between construction enterprises is becoming fierce. The project profit is gradually decreasing. It demands that all construction enterprises enhance their cost control, lower costs, improve management efficiency and gain maximal profits. This paper analyses the existing problems on project cost control of Chinese construction enterprises, and proposes some suggestions to improve project cost control system. Key Words ：Construction enterprises, Project management, Cost control After joining the WTO, with Chinese construction market becoming integrated, the competition among architectural enterprises is turning more intense. Construction enterprises must continually enhance the overall competitiveness if they want to develop further at home and abroad construction market. Construction Enterprises basically adopt the "project management-centered" model, therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen project cost control. 1.The Current Domestic Project Cost Classification and Control Methods Cost refers to the consumption from producing and selling of certain products, with the performance of various monetary standing for materialized labor and labor-consuming. Direct and indirect costs constitute the total cost, also known as production cost or manufacturing cost. Enterprise product cost is the comprehensive indicator to measure enterprise quality of all aspects. It is not only the fund compensation scale, but also the basis to examine the implementation of cost plan. Besides, it can provide reference for product pricing According to the above-mentioned definition and current domestic cost classification, construction project cost can be divided into direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include material cost, personnel cost, construction machinery cost, material transportation cost, temporarily facility cost, engineering cost and other direct cost. Indirect costs mainly result from project management and company's cost-sharing, covering project operating costs (covering the commission of foreign projects), project's management costs (including exchange losses of
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
中英文资料对照外文翻译 Design phase of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：工程管理 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
科技文献翻译 题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 研究建设项目的工程造价 摘要 在工程建设中，中国是拥有世界最大投资金额和具有最多建设项目的国家。它是一 项在建设项目管理上可以为广泛的工程管理人员进行有效的工程造价管理，并合理 确定和保证施工质量和工期的条件控制施工成本的重要课题。 在失去了中国建筑的投资和技术经济工程，分离的控制现状的基础上，通过建设成 本控制的基本理论为指导，探讨控制方法和施工成本的应用，阐述了存在的问题在 施工成本控制和对决心和施工成本的控制这些问题的影响，提出了建设成本控制应 体现在施工前期，整个施工过程中的成本控制，然后介绍了一些程序和应用价值工 程造价的方法在控制建设项目的所有阶段。 关键词：建设成本，成本控制，项目 1.研究的意义 在中国，现有的工程造价管理体系是20世纪50年代制定的，并在1980s.Traditional 施工成本管理方法改进是根据国家统一的配额，从原苏联引进的一种方法。它的特 点是建设成本的计划经济的管理方法，这决定了它无法适应当前市场经济的要求。 在中国传统建筑成本管理方法主要包括两个方面，即建设成本和施工成本控制方法 的测定方法。工程造价的确定传统的主要做法生搬硬套国家或地方统一的配额数量 来确定一个建设项目的成本。虽然这种方法已经历了20多年的改革，到现在为止，计划经济管理模式的影响仍然有已经存在在许多地区。我们传统的工程造价控制的
Original Article Impact of crack width on bond: confined and unconfine d rebar David https://www.doczj.com/doc/c218999021.html,w1, Denglei Tang2, Thoma s K. C.Molyneaux3 and Rebecca Gravina3 (1)School of the Built Environment, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK (2)VicRoads, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (3)School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia David W. Law Email: https://www.doczj.com/doc/c218999021.html,w@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c218999021.html, Received: 14January2010Accepted: 14Decemb er2010Published online: 23December2010 Abstract This paper reports the results of a research project comp aring the effect of surface crack width and degree of corrosi on on the bond strength of confined and unconfined deforme d 12 and 16mm mild steel reinforcing bars. The corrosion was induced by chloride contamination of the concrete and