英语中的独立主格结构归纳
独立主格结构的概念
一：独立主格结构是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二：“独立主格结构”在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。
三：虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
四：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
五：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
独立主格结构基本构成形式
独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
1）名词／代词＋形容词
He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open．
2）名词／代词＋现在分词
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．
3）名词／代词＋过去分词
More time given，we should have done it much better．
4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式
No one to wake me up ,I might be late for the first class.
5）名词／代词十介词短语
We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。
6）名词／代词十副词
Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away．
7）名词／代词＋名词
He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon．
他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8）There being +名词（代词）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
9）It being +名词（代词）如：
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
独立主格结构的三种类型
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
（1）．不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。
（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
(2)．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）
1．表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
2．表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）
3．表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
4．表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
（3）．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.
比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处
理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）二、动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）注意：
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
C．逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）
= School was over, and we all went home.
D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
提示：
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）
三、with、without 引导的独立主格结构
介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A．with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windo ws are open.
注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
B．with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.
C．with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或
He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
F．with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
提示：
在withwithout 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1. 作时间状语
Spring coming ,the fields are full of life .
Meeting over ,every one tried to do something for the project .
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this sunday .
3. 作原因状语
There being no bus ,they had no choice but to take a taxi .
4. 作伴随状语或补充说明
The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised . (伴随状语)
We met many guests ,most of them Americans.( 补充说明)
5. 作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead .
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
五、独立主格结构注意事项
1.独立主格结构介词使用的问题
在“名词或代词+介词短语”这类独立主格结构中，当其中的介词是in时，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。如：
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。如：
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
2.独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing （假设），等等。Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。
3．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）
英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5．名词（或代词）+ 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点 一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如： Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点 特点示例 独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work 独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
独立主格结构小结 一．独立主格结构含义 独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的形式 独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。 1）名词／代词＋形容词 I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry． 我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。 He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open． 月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。 2）名词／代词＋现在分词 Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。 3）名词／代词＋过去分词 More time given，we should have done it much better． 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。 The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。 4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式 Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month． 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 5）名词／代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 6）名词／代词十副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away． 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。 Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking． 午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。 7）名词／代词＋名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon． 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8）There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立 结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是，独 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a day The storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语 =Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day 由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day 今天到此为止） 例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder. Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语 =The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。 Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语 =改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________ 造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 独立主格作：时间状语 =改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 2.名词（代词）+过去分词 例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 例句：The meeti ng gone over, every one tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 造句：工作完成后，他回家了。 The work done, he went back home.
独立主格结构介词使用的问题 在“名词或代词+介词短语”这类独立主格结构中，当其中的介词是in时，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。如： A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。如： We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕 ===================================================================== 独立主格用作伴随状语 独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作伴随状语的例子： She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。 We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。 Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。 He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着她，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。 He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他，如果上帝允许，将于下月2日前来到这个村庄。 He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity. 他死于1892年，他的逝世被认为是举国的不幸。 独立主格用作原因状语 独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作原因状语的例子： All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨，渡河不可能了。 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。 独立主格用作条件状语
英语独立主格结构用法小结 非谓语动词作状语时, 它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语, 从而在结构上与主语不发生关系, 我们称之为独立主格结构( Absolute Construction) 。其实, 所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立, 它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中, 非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。请看下面的例子： Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。(不定式) such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系, 即Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后, 他母亲开始给他讲故事。(现在分词) He seating himself at the desk 拥有了自己的逻辑主语he, 即When he se ated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙, 他只好步行去学校。(过去分词) the key 是lost 的逻辑主语, lost 也可以用完成式having been lost，即B ecause the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. 1、不定式独立主格结构 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中, 动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来, 他正在忙着准备饭菜。 (As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.) ——Will you go to the concert tonight?
独立主格结构的用法 一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词(代词)+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1.名词(代词)+现在分词 例句：The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day． The storm drawing near 在句中作：原因状语 ＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day 今天到此为止）例句：Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. Winter coming 在句中作：伴随状语 = The winter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。 Time permitting, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语 =改写：If time permits, I will go with you. 造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say. 独立主格作：时间状语 =改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn’t know what to say. 2.名词(代词)+过去分词 例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 例句：The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 造句：工作完成后，他回家了。 The work done, he went back home. = When the work was done, he went back home.
独立主格结构讲解及练习题作者：1?文章来源：网络?点击数：6217?更新时间：2013-05-1811:55:28? 我们知道，“V—ing或—ed形式”短语作状语时，其实就是状语从句在主从句主语一致的情况下省略的结果。所以通常情况下，“V—ing或—ed形式”作状语时其逻辑主语是和主句的主语一致的。在前后主语不一致的情况下，我们通常采用“V—ing或—ed形式”短语前加上其逻辑主语一起构成主句的状语部分，因此我们就把自带逻辑主语的“V—ing或—ed形式”结构叫做“独立主格结构”。 事实上，在英语中，“独立主格结构”还可以由“逻辑主语+不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等”构成，其功能相当于“with复合结构”或“非限制性定语从句”。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 下面本人就从句型转化的角度解读“独立主格结构”的“独立”之处。 1.??????与状语从句的转化 1).Alltheworkfinished,hesatdownforacoffee. 【=Whenalltheworkwasfinished,hesatdownfora?coffee.】 2).Weatherpermitting,wewillgoswimmingtomorrow. 【=Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoswimmingtomorrow.】 3).Theboybeinglate,histeacherwasveryangry. 【=Astheboywaslate,histeacherwasveryangry.】 4)Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theeventwasagreatevent. 【=Whene very thingtakenintoconsideration,theeventwasa?great?event.】 5)Therebeingsomethingmoreimportanttoattendto,hehadtocanceltheappointmentwithme. 【=Astherewassomethingmoreimportanttoattendto,hehadtocanceltheappointmentwithme.】 6).Thefloorwet,theystayedoutside. 【=Asthefloorwaswet,theystayedoutside.】