Aug. 28: Languages of China/Early History Dialects in China
Putonghua
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1.
2.
3.
Struggle with invaders
1.Dynastic cycle
2.60 year cycle
a.12 year cycle -
b.Cycle of Chinese calendar
3.Personal, Temple, Burial
a.Emperor's names
4.Shang
Sources of information 1.Founder -tang the prefect
2.Authority from lineage and religious observances
3.Stratified society
4.Bronze
5.Stamped Earth Construction
6.
Zhou
Founded by King Wu
1.Former vassals of the Shang
2.Invented the 'Mandate of Heaven'
3.Feudal-like rule
4.Capital at Chang' an
5.
Recurring Themes
Tuesday, September 02, 200811:14 AM
Xun Zi
Human nature is bad ?Everyone needs to work for the greater good
?Book of Virtue and The Way ?81 Chapters
?Various interpretations ?Dao De Jing
○Later writing based on Daoist thinking ?Zhuang Zi
○The "Way" of the universe
?The driving power behind nature ?□The order behind all life
?Central Tenets: Dao
○"Thus Something and Nothing produce each other: the difficult and easy complement each other."
?Central Tenets: Yin & Yang
○Shengren -?Wu Wei -?Ziran -?Other Tenets:
○□□Celestial Masters
?□□Mystical healing arts
?Religious Daoism
○Manifested in many aspects of Chinese culture ?Daoism in Modern China
○Daoist Writings
Sept. 02: The Great Thinkers
Tuesday, September 02, 200811:37 AM
Kong Zi 500-600 BCE ○Meng Zi 370-289 BCE
○Notable People:
Analects ○Meng Zi
○Doctrine of the Mean
○Confucian Writings:Very focused on the current earthly world ○Emperor -Subject □Father -Son □Husband -Wife
□Elder Brother -Younger Brother □Friend = Friend
□Order of Society : need to act in responsibility to their place, take care of and set good example for those below them.?Sough a stable, focused society
○Junzi -gentleman ○Ren -human feeling ○Xiao -filiality ○Yi -righteousness ○Imperial sacrifice
?Respect/prayer to ancestors ?Funerary rites ?Li -rites
○Self Cultivation
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Central Tenets:
Han adopt Confucianism as state orthodoxy 120 BC
○Reformers try to adapt Confucianism to modern society in early 1900s ○Communists try to abolish Confucianism
○Resurgent respect for Confucianism in Modern China
○Mozi ?Zunzi ?Han Feizi
?Other Literati Confucianism, State, and Society
Sept. 04: Confucianism
Thursday, September 04, 200811:10 AM
Unified by Qin Shi Huang ○Military Development ○Rule of Law
○New Bureaucracy ○Qin :
Taxing households ○Universal conscription ○Buy and sell land
○Public works: highways, canals, great wall ○Notable People: Qin Shihuang
○Fall blamed on overly burdensome taxes and conscription
○Qin (221-206 BC)
Established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu)○Returned to vassal-like system ○Capital in Chang' an
○Established state monopolies ○Experimented with using coins ○Promoted Imperial Confucianism
○Struggled with growing gap between rich and poor ○Expansionist
○Tried bribery
?Tried creating alliances ?Unstable northern border due to looting by Turkish nomads ○
Liu Bang ?Han Wu Di ?Si Ma Qian ?Notable People:
○Yellow Turbans and Celestial Masters ?Factional in-fighting ?The End:
○Han (206-220 AD)
Eunuchs
Guards of Imperial Concubines -castrated ?Despised ?Powerful
?Early Chinese
Thursday, September 04, 200811:45 AM
Siddhartha Gautauma ○500-600 B.C.
○Came to China 0-100 A.D.○Buddhism
Karma and Reincarnation Central Tenets
Life is pain
1.Pain is caused by desire
2.End desire and you can end pain
3.The easy to end desire is through the eightfold path
4.Four Noble Truths of Buddhism Worship of Guanyin i.Salvation by Faith ii.Pure Land Buddhism
○Meditation i.Koan
ii.Chan Buddhism
○Meditation and Prayer techniques i.Rebirth of Spiritual leaders
ii.Buddha manifested in human form
iii.Tibetan Buddhism
○How To Get There
Buddhism
Tuesday, September 09, 200811:09 AM
Founded by a nameless general of the last 5 dynasties of the Tang-Song
○Problems with those five dynasties was that the military generals had too much power, so for the Song Dynasty they made the generals retire so they're wouldn’t be that power struggle.○Origins :
Capital Kaifeng
□Political center shifted to East
?Northern Song (960-1126)
○Temp capital Hangzhou ?S. Song (1127-1279)
○Huge military ○Factions
○Uneasy treaty with the Jing -tribute to leave them alone ○Examination system for civil services -social mobility ○Gentry class -a lot of educated people with nothing to do
○Government/Political Developments:Didn’t like the reforms, were a threat to the large land owning classes
?Wang Ashi reforms
○Industry ?Agriculture ?Commerce
?But since they were looked down on couldn’t go
high enough, they couldn’t invest profits in higher industry, had to just buy more land Close to Capitalism, commerce flourishing, had a paper currency, large merchant class, land transactions
□Merchant class looked down on
?Economic changes in
○Economic / Social Developments:Enemies with Hans
○Tried to bribe enemies, they'd just come back ○Surrounded by strong foreign states
○Foreign Relations
Tuesday, September 16, 200811:32 AM
After Genghis Khan died, his grand sons Kublai Khan and Ariq Boke struggled over who ruled. Kublai Khan won and got control over the whole Mongol people.
○The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan
○He adopted many customs from earlier Chinese dynasties, such as their bureaucracy and traditions.
○He built new capital in Beijing -Dadu, and sort of gave up all of the Mongol empire for a Chinese emphasis.
○Use of Terrors and Massacre in warfare
?Helped to power in the North by Southern Song who later became targets
?Eliminated the Southern Song in 1279, and united China under one rule for the first time since the Tang Dynasty.
○Origins :
Centralized Government, Kublai Khan was an absolute monarch.○Hans were discriminated against politically, positions were given to Non-Hans after Mongols
?Kept local governments but put Mongol people in official positions.
○Taxation controlled locally ○Mongols, allies, northerners, southerners ?Four tiered class system:
○Heavy taxation
?Water systems not maintained ?Northern economy not so good
○Southern economy continued to do well ○Government / Political Developments:
Infighting ○Song loyalists ○Natural disasters
○Peasant rebellions and secret societies
○The End
Tuesday, September 16, 200811:56 AM
Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang ( Taizu Hong Wu)
○Lasted from 1368-1644, capital in Nanjing moved to Beihing in 1403○Policial system modeled after Tang -delegated ministries
○Political Developments
Restoration of examinations system -1382○Improved Agriculture ○Neo-Confucianism ?Encyclopedias
?The Novel -Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Golden Lotus, Journey to the West
?Intellectual developments
○Imperial city in Beijing ○Silk and porcelain trade
○Development of lineage clans ○Li-Jia system ○Trade
○Silver Standard
○Economic and Social Developments
Greater in size than Song ○Mongols ?Japanese
?Foreign threats
○Portuguese first game to Canton in 1516?Dutch ?English
?Missionary efforts -Jesuits ?Early Western Contact
○Tribute system main form of trade
○Foreign Relations/Territory Founder
?Became paranoid and launched a campaign of terror against his own officials killing thousands
?Hong Wu (Taizu)
○First notable Jesuit guy ?Matteo Ricci
○Notable People
Rival Court factions, poor leadership Peasant revolt
Invasion by Manchus -descendants of the Jin ruler Bad finances
The End
Ming Dynasty
Thursday, September 18, 200811:16 AM
Supported Chinese culture and art -in turn supported by Chinese nobility.○Manchu elite did not intermarry with Chinese and maintained their own customs ?Hair queue as a sign of subjugation ?Manchus maintained distinction
○Political Developments
State and local run granaries
○Fostered schools and moralistic imperial announcements ○Dream of the Red Chamber
?Complete library of Four treasuries -15,00 copyist produced 36,000 volumes ?Destroyed all negative references to Manchu in literature ?Literature
○New food crops: Indian Corn, Sweet Potato, peanuts ?Commercial crops: tea, mulberry, tobacco, hemp, sugar ?Agriculture
○Manufacturing: ceramics. Papermaking, mining, metal working ○Trade in Chinas favor during 1800s. Silver poured into China ○Huge Gab between rich and poor ○Population growth
○Economic/Social/Cultural Developments State reached greatest geographical extent ○Canton System
○Signed treaty with Russia ○Rites Controversy
○Foreign Relations Territory
Kangxi (1662-1772)○Qianlong
○Zheng Chenggong (Coxinga)
○Notable People
Manchu Dynasty
Tuesday, September 23, 200811:06 AM
Wenyan (early Chinese) develops 32d century B.C.○Paper (widespread by 100 AD)○Block printing (around 800 AD)
○Movement to popularize writing the way you talk, vernacular.?Baihua Movement (Begins end of Qing)
○Pushed for literature to focus and talk of social issues.?May 4th Movement
○Intellectual repression under Mao ○Literature since Mao ○Literature Developments
ShiJing (Book of Poems or Odes)
○Yi Jing (Changes) -Used for divination ○Shang Shu Jing (Documents)
○Qun Qiu (Spring and Autumn Annals)○Yi Li (Book of Rites)
○Five Classics
Shi Ji (Historical Records) -Sima Qian (Ssu Ma Chien)History of the Former Han Han Histories
Chinese language lends itself well to poetry ○Height during Tang
○Li Bai ?Du Fu ?Two most famous poets
○Poetry
Romance of the Three Kingdoms Water Margin
Journey to the West
The Plum in the Golden Vase Ming
Story of the Stone
Qing
Novels
Diary of a Madman Story of Ah Q Lu Xun
Midnight
Mao Dun
Revolutionary Authors
Martial Arts
Post Revolutionary
Literature
Thursday, September 25, 200811:18 AM
Martial Arts ○Scar Literature
○Gao Yuan -Revolutionary Autobiography
Ha Jin -"Waiting" -Disillusionment with Cultural Revolution Wang Shuo
Contemporary Issues
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