冠词、名词和主谓一致
【考点分析】
冠词
1.不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法；定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法；
2.考查冠词在固定搭配中的用法，包括零冠词（即不用冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法；
3.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法；
4.考查冠词在比较级前的用法；
5.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法；
6.考查用不用冠词意义大相同的短语。
名词和主谓一致
1.对名词的可数与不可数性的考查：
①最常见的形式是主谓一致的考查；分数和百分数作主语、数量词作主语仍是考查重点（as well as; together with; along
with; not only…but also…; rather than; neither…nor…;
either…or…; the number of与a number of等要特别关注）；
②有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义；
③有些名词通常用作不可数名词；
④有些名词用作不可数名词时，表示抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表示个体事物；
⑤有些名词，既可以作可数名词，也可以用作不可数名词，但意思不一样；
⑥某些集体名词，如果把它们所表示的人或事物当作整体来看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果把它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看，谓语动词用复数形式。
2.对名词词义及词义辨析的考查；
3.对名词与介词固定搭配的考查；
4.对名词句法功能的考查：重在考查名词作定语的用法。
【冠词】
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词
泛指首提为最多，有时表示某“一个”；
物质抽象表“一场”，so加形容再加“a”；
可数名词为“一类”，序数词前“又一个”
quite等词常放后，固定短语须琢磨。
II 定冠词
特指双方都熟悉，上文原来已提及；
世上独一无二份，后接序数最高级；
某些专有名词中，习语乐器别忘记。
III 零冠词
下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前；
专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭；
复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；
颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
冠词活用
1.有水无湖：海、洋、海湾、河等，都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the);
the Red Sea,the Pacific Ocean,the Persian Gulf,
the Yangtze River The Great Lakes(五大湖）；
Lake Erie(伊利湖）
2.有球无星：地球，月亮用the;行星不用the；
Mars,Venus
3.有山无峰：The Huangshan Mountains(黄山）；
Mount Everest(珠穆朗玛峰）；Mount(or Mt.) Tai(泰山）4.有独无欧（偶）：独一无二的，the earth,the moon,the sun 欧洲等七大洲不用the.Europe,Africa,Asia,North America,South America,Antarctica,Oceania
5.有（足）族无球（运动）：种族用the
the Indians(印第安人)；
球类运动baseball,basketball
6.有文无章：历史性的文件用the;The Constitution(宪法）; 小说等的章节不用the. chapter one
7.学而不专：学校放在词组的前面时用the;
专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the;
The University of Fudan; Fudan University
纠错体验
1. There are over 58000 rocky objects in __ space, about 900
of which could fall down onto __ earth.
A. the; the
B. / ; the
C. the; /
D. a; the
2. --Do you know __ English for "兔子" ？
--I'm afraid I don't . I'm not interested in __ English
language.
A. the; the
B. the; /
C. /; the
D. /; /
3. Since tasting the excitement of _____ big city life, she
never wants to live in _____ country again.
A. the, the
B. /，/
C. the, /
D. /，the
4. The operation is _____ success and the patient is now out
of _____ danger.
A. a, the
B. a, /
C. /, the
D. /，/
5. As _____ writer, he was _____ complete failure.
A. a, a
B. a, the
C. /，/
D. a, /
6. How strange! These years my birthday always falls _____.
A. on the Sunday
B. on a Sunday
C. on Sunday
D. at a Sunday
7. This is _____ best kind of _____ pen you can get here.
A. the, the
B. the, a
C. the, /
D. a, the
8. As is known to us all, _____ tiger is in _____ danger of
becoming extinct.
A. the, a
B. the, /
C. a, /
D. /, the
9. He spent too much time talking on ______ phone while we
were all busy at _____ work.
A. the, /
B. a, /
C. /, /
D. the, the
10. As ____ unemployment is very high at the moment, it’s
very difficult for people to find _____ work.
A. the, /
B./，/
C. the, a
D. an, the
【名词】
I.名词的分类
专有名词普通名词
国名地名人名可数[C]不可数[U]团体机构名称个体集体抽象物质
名词类别的相互转换
1. 个体名词与抽象名词的转换
①She held some flowers in her hand. 花儿→个体名词
②The trees are now in flower开花→抽象名词
①Youth is beautiful.青春→抽象名词
②He is a youth of twenty.年轻人→个体名词
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.成功→抽象名词
②—How about the Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was a success. 成功的事→个体名词
2. 物质名词与个体名词的转换
①Iron is a kind of metal.铁→物质名词
②Please lend me your iron.熨斗→个体名
①He broke a piece of glass.玻璃→物质名词
②He broke a glass.玻璃杯→个体名词
①I bought a chicken this morning.
小鸡→个体名词
②Please help yourself to some chicken.
鸡肉→物质名词
3. 抽象名词与个体名词的转换
具有动作意义的抽象名词与某些动词如：have等连用，表某一次短暂的动作。
①—I’d like______information about the management of your
hotel,please.
—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be
helpful
A.some,a
B.an,some
C.some,some
D.an,a
②They sent us____word of the latest happenings. 消息（抽象名词）
A.a
B.an
C./
D.the
③Could we have____word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）
A.a
B.an
C./
D.the
类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash /a discussion/a look
take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)make an early
start(早点出发)make a decision make a change
give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声)give a try
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分
①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must
in____international trade today.
A.a, /
B.the, an
C.the, the
D. /, the
a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)
give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)
have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)
②If there were no examination, we should have______at
school.
A.the happiest time
B.a more happier time
C.much happiest time
D.a much happier time
③is money.
A.The time
B.A time
C.Time
D.Times
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰
①Oh, John. _____you gave me!
A.How a pleasant surprise
B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise
D. What pleasant surprise
②She looked up when I shouted.
A.in a surprise
B.in the surprise
C.in surprise
D.in some surprise
e.g：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have
had some unpleasant surprise
③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at
it.
A.so unusual
B. such unusual
C.such an unusual
D.so an unusual
I I.名词的数
1.规则变化
注意：
①有些名词的复数有特殊的意义：
papers报纸，文件考卷manners礼貌、习俗goods货物
works工厂、作品、著作looks容貌,外表glasses眼镜，杯子greens青菜times时代，次数、倍数sands沙滩，沙地irons脚镣，手铐,熨斗spirits酒精，情绪customs海关letters文学forces军队riches财富
wishes祝愿airs气派，架子,姿态arms军火
damages赔偿金compasses圆规waters水域
woods树林goods货物manners礼貌greens青菜ruins废墟
give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯
have words with sb. 同某人吵架
②物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。
some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡
three coffees三杯咖啡
some drink一些饮料 a drink一杯饮料
three drinks三杯饮料
his hair他的头发 a few grey hairs几根白发
③用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示其全家人，或是其夫妇二人。姓氏复数前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓……的人The Wangs are our good neighbors.
There are three Smiths in our group.
我们小组有三个姓smith的。
2.不规则变化
III.名词的所有格(“谁的”)
一般情况下名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。
's所有格(life)of+n. (life)of+'s双重所有格my sister's cap the cover of the book a friend of my son's the girls' game some friends of hers Children's Day
the Johnsons' car
at the teacher's
Tom and Mary's room
Tom's and Mary's room
......