中石油职称英语考试2013版60篇通用选读学习心得
（20篇新课文，考过的大题已标出）
目录
31 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES 石油地质学与其它科学 (2)
32. THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH加利福尼亚淘金热(2016新版) (5)
33 WHAT DO PARENTS OWE THEIR CHILDREN 父母欠子女什么？ (10)
34. SHOULD YOU GO ORGANIC? 你应该“有机”吗？（N2016新增） (14)
35 YOU BET YOUR LIFE 以命相赌 (18)
36. TO BE CONTENT WITH ONE'S LOT乐天知命 (21)
37 I DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO TEACH UNTIL I MET YOU 直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学 (27)
38 RESERVOIR PRODUCTION MECHANISMS油藏开采机理（2016新版） (32)
39 A $210,000 WALLET 价值21万美元的钱包 (35)
40 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN HANDLING PEOPLE 处理人际关系的基本技巧 (40)
31Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学
1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry,physics,and biology,involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective,but they are now increasingly physical and chemical,and therefore more objective. Geology,in general,and petroleum geology,in particular,still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.
1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。
2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of explorationcertain general conclusion s as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gross lithology. For example,the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related,whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enable s estimate s to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial,and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoir s. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation,preservedin its original form,or enhance d by solution of minerals by formation waters.
2、化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细资料在许多方面(at many levels)很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量而言(as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir)我们可以从总的岩性（their gross lithology）得出某些通用的结论（certain general conclusions）。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与“相”(facies)
有关，而(whereas)一般在碳酸盐岩中则并非如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在埋藏过程中(during burial)孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用(solution of minerals)而提高。
3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissue s in sedimentsand the way in which the resultant organic compound,kerogen,generates petroleum.
3、有机化学（organic chemistry）则可应用于分析原油和天然气，可用于研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作用(diagenesis)，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物（课文中没有相应的英文），揭示（研究）由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根(kerogen)生成石油的方式。
4. The application of physics to the study of rocks (geophysics) is very important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution tounderstanding the earth's crust and,especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory,the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. More specially,physical concepts are required to understand folds,faults,and diapirs,and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.
4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的广泛应用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因(genesis)和潜在石油资源做出了重要贡献(make a contribution to)。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。
5. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of magnetism,gravity,and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps. Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology,porosity,and petroleum content of a reservoir.
5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和地震勘探(seismic survey)，是不可想象的(unthinkable)。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。
6. Biology is applied to geology in several ways,notably through the study of fossil s (paleontology),and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in emphasis from the use of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation,caused by oil exploration,has already been noted. Ecology,the study of the relationship between living organism s and their environment,is also important in petroleum geology. Carbonate sediments,in general,and reefs,in particular,can only be studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora. Biology,and especially biochemistry,is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation. 6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于(be applied to)地质学，较为明显(notably)的是用于化石研究(古生物学)，同时，生物学对区域地层对比(regional stratigraphical correlation)和建立生物层序地层带(establishing biostratigraphic zones)具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘探引起的（caused by oil exploration）划带重点化石已经显然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。总体而言，碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成果（开展有益地研究）。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成石油和天然气的研究很重要。
7. Geologists,in contrast to some non-geologists,believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and,furthermore,often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonym s,which they are not. Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted and are examined in more detail. If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted,then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.
7、地质学家相对于(in contrast to)非地质学家(如下面提到的勘探学家)来说，更相信了解地质概念有助于(help to)寻找石油。而且(furthermore)，常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词(synonym)，而实际上并非如此。石油并不是由沉积物中的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上(in more detail)得以证实。如果石油地质学者关于油气生成
和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改变。
8. Some petroleum explorationist s still do not admit to a need for geologist s to aid them in their search. In 1982 a successful oil finder from Midland,Texas,admitted to not using geologists because when his competitor s hired them,all it did was to increase their costs per barrel of oil found. The South African State Oil Company (SOEKOR) is under a statutoryobligation imposed by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method,be it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique. These examples are not isolated cases,and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.
8、一些石油勘探学家(explorationists)仍然不承认(admit to + n. or doing)在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位来自德州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣(hire)了地质学家，这样做的结果(all it did)只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行规定下(under a statutory obligation imposed by its government)，对每种发现石油的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是独一无二的，它说明(it has been argued that)寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探(random drilling)，而不是应用科学原理。
32. The California Gold Rush加利福尼亚淘金热(2016新增)
1.A chance discovery by an employee of John A. Sutter, feudal baron of the Sacramento Valley, set off the rush to California. In January 1848 James W. Marshall was supervising the construction of a sawmill in Coloma Valley, about 40 miles up the south fork of the American River from Sutter 's Fort. On the morning of the 24th, while inspecting work on the excavation of the channel of the stream, he noticed the glint of metal on the bottom of it. Placing the flakes in the dented crown of his slouch hat, he excit edly rashed to the mill and shouted, “Boys, I believe I’ve found a gold mine.”
1.约翰?A ?萨特是萨克拉门托谷的封建贵族，他的雇员的一个偶然发现引发了涌向加利福尼亚的人潮。1848年1月，詹姆士?马歇尔正在克罗马山谷监督锯木厂的工程，那里位于美利坚
河南支流，距离萨特的城堡40 英里。24日早晨，正当他检查河流上开掘的坑道时，注意到底部有一些闪亮的金属。他把这些亮片放在宽边软帽的帽檐上，激动地朝工厂跑去，边跑边喊：“天呐，我想我发现金矿了。”
2. After making tests at the mill for a few days and being unable to determine whether or not the flakes were actually gold, Marshall carried a sample to his employer at the Fort. The two men tried every test that they could think of or that the American Encyclopedia suggested. Finally they proved that the sample was gold. In the course of time it became a fact that Marshall had discovered a huge vein of gold-bearing quartz more than 150 miles in length that lay along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada—the fabulous Mother Lode of California. Weathering and erosion had broken off particles of the vein, carried them down mountain streams, and deposited them in sandbars or rock crevices.
2. 经过几天的试验，马歇尔仍然无法确定这些小薄片是否就是黄金。于是他带着一些样品来到他雇主的城堡。他俩尝试了能够想到的、美利坚百科全书提供的所有办法，最终证明这些样品就是黄金。经过一段时间后，消息终于被证实，马歇尔发现了一个长达150英里的含有黄金的石英矿脉，这条矿脉沿着内华达山的西部山麓延伸，正是那条传说中的加利福尼亚主矿脉。由于风化和侵蚀作用，细小的矿物微粒从矿脉上剥落，被溪水冲刷下来，慢慢沉积在沙洲和岩石缝隙中。
3. Sutter could see that news of the gold discovery would spell disaster to his other businesses—but such news could not be kept secret. In May an energetic San Francisco businessman and Mormon elder named Sam Brannan returned to the city from the diggings. His appearance on the streets holding high a quinine bottle full of glistening gold dust and sho uting, “Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River,”started the stampede. Shopkeepers hung signs on their doors, “Gone to the Diggings.” Schools closed as teachers and pupils alike left. San Francisco became a ghost town: everyone headed toward the strike.
3. 萨特预见到发现金子的消息将会给他的其他生意带来灾难——但这样重大的消息不
可能一直秘而不宣。5月份，山姆?布兰南，一位精力充沛的旧金山商人同时也是摩门教的长老，从矿区回到城市。他手里举着一个装满了闪闪发光金粉的金鸡纳霜瓶子，高声喊着：“金子！金子！美利坚河里的金子！”他的出现引发了街头的骚乱，一时间店主们纷纷关张，店门上挂出“已去矿区！”的牌子；学校也关闭了，因为老师和学生们都已离开。旧金山一瞬间变成了鬼城：所有人都罢工了。
4. At Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and other California settlements, soldiers deserted their posts, sailors abandoned ships, lawyers left clients, and editors suspended publication of newspapers. And before the end of the year gold seekers had already arrived from Hawaii，Mexico, British Columbia, and South America.
4. 在蒙特利、圣巴巴拉、圣迭戈，以及其他加利福尼亚的聚居地上，士兵们离开了岗位，水手们弃船而走，律师们放弃了客户，编辑们推迟了报纸的出版。到那年的年尾，淘金者们纷纷从夏威夷、墨西哥、大不列颠哥伦比亚甚至南美洲涌向这里。
5. Westward Ho
5. 西行记
6. Stories of the discovery gradually drifted to the Eastern United States, but
most people dismissed them as rumor. Then in December 1848 they were confirmed. President Polk included official telegrams from California in his message to Congress and stated, “The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by the authentic reports of officers in the public service.” Two days later a Government messenger arrived in Washington with a tea caddy full of gold. Sanity vanished. The tea caddy did for the Nation what Sam Brannan's quinine bottle had done for San Francisco.
6. 发现金子的故事逐渐传到了美国的东海岸，但大部分人认为它是个谣言。1848年12月，消息终于被确认。波尔克总统将加利福尼亚发来的政府电报加到给国会的信息中：“尽管那个地区金矿储量惊人，但如果公共服务部门的官员没有用可信的报道强化它们的话，这个信
息也很难被公众相信。”两天之后，政府的信使带着一个装满金子的茶叶盒抵达华盛顿。一瞬间人们的理智土崩瓦解，这个茶叶盒对这个国家所起的作用就像山姆的金鸡纳霜瓶子对旧金山的作用。
7. Within a month, eager gold seekers chartered more than 60 ships, some of doubtful age and condition, and weighed anchor for California. The New York Herald, in a special California edition, stated: “In every Atlantic seapo rt, vessels are being fitted up, societies are being formed, husbands are preparing to leave their wives, sons are parting with their mothers, and bachelors are leaving their comforts; all are rushing head over heels toward the El Dorado on the Pacific.” W henever and wherever men gathered that winter the talk was of California and the riches to be found there.
7. —个月之内，急不可耐的淘金者们租了60多艘船起航向加利福尼亚行进，尽管其中一些船的年限和状况都令人担忧。《纽约先驱论坛报》在加州特刊上写到：“大西洋的每个港口都聚集着满载的船只，人们集合成团体，丈夫准备离开妻子，儿子正告别母亲，而单身汉们正放弃自己的舒适生活。所有人都一门心思地朝太平洋的黄金之国进发。”不论何处、不论何时，那个冬季人们聚在一起时的话题都离不开加州和那里的财富。
8. Routes To The Goldfields 通往采金区的道路
9. The gold seekers used four principal routes to California, two each by sea and land. Easterners mainly used the sea routes, and residents of the Mississippi Valley and Southerners the land routes.
9. 淘金者们通过四条道路前往加州，两条海路，两条陆路。东部的人主要选择海路，而密西西比河谷和南方人主要选择陆路。
10. The most popular way to California was overland, either by the central or southern trails.
10. 而人们最常走的是通过中部或南部的山路。
11. Tens of thousands of “forty-niners” flocked to the embarkation towns —Independence, St. Joseph, Westport, and Kanesville — and waited until the grass along
the trail was high enough to hold the stock. Then the great wagon trains rolled out on the prairie, climbed steadily until they crossed South Pass, then dropped down to the Great Basin desert. Those who thought that nothing was so deadly as plodding through the choking dust of the desert forgot that annoyance when they met the hardships of passing wagons and oxen over the Sierra and then lowering them by rope down deep canyons.
11. 成千上万的“四九人们/淘金者们”蜂拥到出发的小镇一一因第彭登(Independence)、圣约瑟夫（St. Joseph)、韦斯特波（Westport)以及肯斯维尔（Kanesville)。他们聚集在那里等待着，等待着沿途的草长大，就可以给牲口提供充足的食物。然后，浩浩荡荡的车队在大草原上出发了，他们一直缓坡而上穿过南通道，然后下行进入大盆地的沙漠。开始有人认为没有什么能比穿过沙尘飞扬的沙漠更单调乏味了，但当他们到达山脊时就很快忘记了沙漠的艰难，因为他们必须拼命把牛车和牲口赶上山，然后又用绳子把他们送下深谷。
12. Other gold seekers, especially Southerners, moved west by way of the southern trails. Drawing traffic from the Santa Fe Trail and the west Texas trails, the chief route followed the wagon road blazed by Lt. Colonel Philip St. George Cooke from the Rio Grande by way of the Gila to the Pacific during the Mexican War. It offered the advantages of few mountain ranges and a milder climate.
12. 另一些淘金者，尤其是南方人，沿着南部山路一直向西。圣菲贸易通道和西德克萨斯通道交汇在主路上，这条路是墨西哥战争期间由圣乔治库克的菲利普上校（Lt. Colonel Philip)标注的牛车道，从格兰德河（Rio Grande) 经由基拉（Gila)到达太平洋。这条路线山路较少而且气候温和。
13. Whatever their route, those who finally arrived at the gold mines after the
2,000-mile overland trip, which usually required 5 or 6 months, had faced a severe test. Only the hardiest survived trail life. Asiatic cholera alone in 1849 marked the central trails with 5,000 graves before the wagons reached the Rocky Mountains. But the dangers and privations ——on land or at sea ——were all forgotten upon arrival at the
goldfields. There the newcomers found those who had arrived earlier working every large stream along the Mother Lode, from the Feather to the Tuolumne Rivers. Tent camps sprang up everywhere as the forty-niners, washing pan in hand, set out to seek the riches so widely reported. A few lucky souls did find wealth, but the majority were quickly disappointed.
13. 不论走那条路线，人们需要五六个月的时间，跋涉2000英里的陆路，经历严峻的考验之后才能到达矿山，只有那些最强壮的人才能活下来。1849 年中部路线上流行亚洲霍乱，牛车队到达落基山脉之前就在路边留下了5000 座新坟。当人们经由陆路或海路到达金矿时，一路上的危险与窘困都被抛到了九霄云外。抢先一步到达的人们挖掘主矿脉上的每一条河流，从费勒河（the Feather)到图奥乐米河（the Tuolumne)。淘金者们带上淘洗盘出发去寻找财富，沿途的帐篷营地随处可见。只有一些极幸运者找到了财富，但绝大多数人都很快失望了。
33What Do Parents Owe Their Children 父母欠子女什么？
1.If I had to select a word that best describes the majority of American parents,that word would be guilt-ridden. How sad it is to see parents become the willing victim s of the "give-me game",only to discover that,no matter what they do,it isn't enough. In the end,they are despise d for their lack of firmness and blamed when their spoiled children get in trouble. With this in mind,I shall first answer this question:" What do parents owe their children?" and I shall start with what they don't owe them.
1. 如果我必须挑选取一个词，来描述美国的大多数父母，这个词便是“内疚”(guilt-ridden)。目睹父母们甘愿做“给我游戏”的牺牲者(the willing victims of the “give-me game”)是很令人伤心的。但我们发现无论他们怎么做，都还是不够。到最后（in the end），父母们都会因自己的软弱(for their lack of firmness)而受到蔑视(despised)，因他们宠坏的孩子(their spoiled children)惹出事端而受到责备(blamed)。认识到这些，我们应该首先回答这个问题：“父母欠子女些什么？”而我首先要从他们不欠子女什么谈起(start with)。
2.Parents don't owe their children every minute of their day and every ounce of their energy. They don't owe them round-the-clock car service,singing lessons,tennis
lessons,expensive bicycles,a motorcycle or a car when they reach sixteen,or a trip to Europe when they graduate.
2. 父母不必把分分秒秒的时间（every minute of their day）、点点滴滴的精力(every ounce of their energy)都花在孩子们身上。不必时时准备（round-the-clock 全天候的）替他们开车外出，不必让他们上音乐课和网球课，不必给他们买很贵的自行车、摩托车、或在他们满十六岁时给他们买汽车，也不必在他们毕业时出钱让他们去欧洲旅游。
3.I take the firm position that parents do not owe their children a college education. If they can afford it, fine; they can certainly send them to the best universities. But they must not feel guiltily if they can't. If the children really want to go,they'll find a way. There are plenty of loan s and scholarship s for the bright and eager who can't afford to pay.
3. 我还确信(take the firm position)父母并不欠孩子高等教育的费用。如果付的起，很好，他们当然可以将子女送进一流大学。但付不起亦无须感到愧疚（guiltily）。假如子女们真愿意上大学，他们自己会找到办法。因为有许多(plenty of)为聪明好学(the bright and eager)而又无力支付学费的年轻人设立的贷款项目(loans)和奖学金(scholarships)。
4.After children marry,their parents do not owe them a down payment on a house or money for the furniture. They do not have an obligation to baby-sit or to take their grandchildren in their house when the parents were on vacation. If they want to do it,it must be considered a favor,not an obligation.
4. 孩子结婚后，父母无须为他们分期付款买房子而出定金(a down payment，首付)，无须为他们购买家具，也不一定要照顾孙辈，或是在子女旅行时看管孙儿孙女。倘若父母乐意这么做，子女应把这看作（be considered）恩惠而不是义务。
5.In my opinion,parents do not owe their children an inheritance,no matter how much money they have. One of the surest ways to produce a loafer is to let children know that their future is assured.
5. 在我看来，无论父母多么有钱，都不一定要给子女一笔遗产。让子女知道自己前途已有保障无疑最能使他们变为懒虫(loafer)。
6.Do parents owe their children anything? Yes, they owe them a great deal.
6. 那么，父母难道就不欠子女什么了吗？不，欠得很多很多。
7.One of their chief obligations is to give their children a sense of personal worth of self-esteemis the basis of a good mental health. A youngster,who is constantly made to feel stupid and unworthy,constantly compared to brighter brothers,sisters or cousin s,will become so unsure,so afraid of failing,that he (or she) won't try at all. Of course,they should be corrected when they do wrong; this is the way children learn. But the criticisms should be balanced with praises,preferably with a smile and a kiss. No child is ever too old to be hugged. Parents owe their children firm guidance and consistent discipline. It is frightening for ayoungsterto feel that he is in charge of himself; it's like being in a car without brake s. The parents who say "No" when other parents say "Yes" sends a double message. He is also saying: "I love you,and I am ready to risk your anger,because I don't want you to get into trouble."
7.父母最主要的责任之一就是使孩子们尊重自己的价值。因为只有自尊自重才是健康的精神状态(a good mental health)的基础。如果总让孩子感到自己愚蠢无为(stupid and unworthy)，总是把他与聪明的兄弟姐妹比较，他就会变得缺乏信心，惧怕失败，结果(that)连尝试一下的勇气都没有了。当然，孩子有错误应当及时纠正，这样孩子才能有所长进。不过有批评也须有表扬，微笑和亲吻是比较好的方式。孩子再大也可以拥抱。(No child is ever too old to be hugged.)父母有义务对孩子进行不间断的引导和管束。让十几岁的孩子觉得自己可以随心所欲(he is in charge of himself)是危险的，那就和坐在没有刹车的汽车里一样。当别的父母让孩子放任自流时，管束孩子的父母实际上让孩子接收到了一种双重信息。在说“不行”的同时，他们的意思也包含了：“我们爱你。我们知道你会生气，但我们不愿让你陷入困境（get into trouble）。”
8.Parents owe their children some religious training. The fact that so many strange cult s are enjoying such success is proof that children feel the need for something spiritual in their life.
8.父母有义务给予孩子一些宗教训练。事实上，很多奇怪的宗教团体享受着成功，这正说明了孩子们在他们的生活中，需要（feel the need for）一些精神上的东西。
9.Parents owe their children a comfortable feeling about their body,and enough information about sex to balance the misinformation that they will surely receive
from their friends.
9.父母也有义务注意孩子的身心健康，教给孩子必要的性知识，使他能够抵御(to balance)那些将来无疑会从朋友们那儿得到的错误概念(misinformation)。
10.Parents owe their children privacy and respect for their personalbelongings. This mean s not borrowing things without permission,not reading diaries and mail,not looking through purses,pockets,and drawers. If a motherfeels that she must read her daughter's diary to know what is going on,thecommunication between them must be pretty bad.
10.父母还应给予孩子们个人空间，尊重属于他的物品。这包括未经孩子同意不使用他的东西。不看他的日记和信件，不检查他的钱包、抽屉或衣袋。倘若一位母亲感到不看女儿的日记就不知道女儿的情况时，她们之间的关系便已到了相当(pretty)糟糕的地步了。
11.Parents owe their children a set of solid values around which to build theirlives. This means teaching them to respectthe rights and opinions of others; itmeans being respectful to elders,to teachers,and to the law. The best way to teachsuch values is by example. A child who is lied to will lie. A child who sees hisparents steal tools from the factory or towels from a hotel will think that it is allright to steal. A youngster who sees no laughter and no love in the home will havea difficult time laughing and loving.
11.最后，父母还有责任教给子女一系列处世准则，包括教育他们尊重别人的权利与意见，尊重长辈(be respectful to sb.尊敬某人)，尊重师长，遵守纪律。而最好的教育方法便是以身作则(by example)。受到骗的孩子(a child who is lied to)会去骗人。孩子若看到家长从工厂里偷工具或在旅馆里偷毛巾便会以为偷窃不是错事。在家里看不见家长的笑脸，得不到爱抚的孩子将来很难变得开朗（laughing）和友爱(loving)。
12. No child asks to be born. If you bring a life into the world,you owe the children something. And if you give him his due,he'll have something of value to pass along to your grandchildren.
12.没有任何孩子是自己要求出世的。倘若你将一个生命带到世界上来，你便对他负有义务。如果你给予了他应得的，他也将会把一些有价值的东西传给你的孙辈们。
区别：be in charge of 和 be in the charge of
●be in charge of 是主动的,指对...有掌控权；如：He is in charge of the island.
●be in the charge of 是被动的,指被...控制/支配/管理, 如：The island is in the charge of
him.
34. Should You Go Organic?你应该“有机”吗？（N2016新增）
1. The trend toward “eating to live” rather than “living to eat” also includes
a pervasive issue totally separate in character from arguments swirling around specific claims for specific foods and is virtually guaranteed to produce controversy among both the ill-informed and the well-informed: Are — or are not —organically grown foods superior?
1. 现在的潮流倾向于“为生而食”而不是“为食而生”，这根本不是围绕特定食物展开的特定争论，而是人们普遍关注的话题。事实上，不论是对此一无所知者还是见多识广者都会争论这个问题：有机食品是否比普通食品更好？
2. Frequently caught amid the arguments is the consumer, who may harbor no overwhelming enthusiasm for alfalfa or acerola cherries but who becomes almost involuntarily a participant in the health-food scene when encountering the terms organic and natural displayed on package and carton by merchandisers who fully appreciate contemporary America’s interest in the dietary route to health. Moreover, consumers are probably uncertain whether organic is better than natural or even whether it matters.
2. 消费者经常被这些争论困扰。尽管他们对紫花苜蓿或者针叶樱桃没有多少热情，但精明的商人完全了解现代美国人对食品健康的兴趣。当消费者们面对包装盒上“有机”、“天然”等字样时，也会不由自主地成为参与者。他们甚至不清楚“有机”是否比“天然”更好，更不清楚它到底意味着什么。
3. Should the consumer decide that it matters, he or she will rapidly discover that the issue is not clear-cut, nor are the answers conveniently simple, for arguments on both sides of the organic question are substantial and are supported by reputable and experienced adherents.
3. 如果消费者想确定有机的重要性，他们会很快发现这个问题并不明确，其答案也模棱两可，因为对有机问题持正反两种观点的双方都有充分的证据以及备受尊敬、经验丰富的支持者。
4. In considering the issue, the consumer needs to understand at the outset these three commonly used terms: organic,inorganic, and natural. The first two belong to the language of chemistry and have precise definitions within that field; however, they also possess generally accepted meanings which apply especially to health foods. The third can mean almost anything.
4. 就这个问题而言，消费者首先需要理解三个常用的术语：有机、无机和天然。前两个属于化学范畴，有非常严格的定义，然而，当它们用于健康食品时又存在被普遍接受的意义。第三个词则含义广泛。
5. organic — foods grown in soil fertilized with organic fertilizers (manure, compost, ground bone meal, etc.) and without the use of chemical pesticides or of additives. In reference to meat, organic means raising livestock without administering hormones (or, sometimes, antibiotics), residues of which remain indefinitely in the meat.
5. 有机——不使用任何化学杀虫剂和添加剂，在施用有机肥料（粪肥、堆肥、骨粉等）的土地里生长出来的食品。对于肉类而言，有机是指在牲畜的喂养期没有使用激素（或抗生素），肉中绝对没有残留。
6. inorganic —foods grown in soil fertilized with commercial (chemical) fertilizers and, usually, with the use of chemical pesticides.
6. 无机——使用了化学杀虫剂，在施用商业化学肥料的土壤中生长的食物。
7. natural — a term which provides very little actual information but which is supposed to indicate food which contains no additives (although it could, nonetheless, have been produced morganically!) Additives range from vitamins (reasonably harmless) to coloring agents (not always so harmless) to preservatives (known toxic substances in some cases but said to be essential in certain foods to prevent spoilage and/or the development of salmonella and other food-poisoning bacteria.)
7. 天然——这个词提供的确定信息非常之少，但是却多少暗示了该食品没有添加剂（尽管它有可能是用有机方式生产的！）。所谓添加剂的范围很广，从维生素（基本无害）到色素（危害不大）再到防腐剂（在某些情况下有毒，但据说对于某些食品的防腐或抑制沙门氏菌以及其他能致使食物中产生毒素的细菌是必不可少的）。
8. Many foods on the market shelves are natural, whether so labeled or not, in that they contain no additives; however, they or some of their ingredients may have been grown with commercial fertilizers. Furthermore, any food, unless it has been produced in a test tube, is a natural food in the general sense. So, unless you really know what the word natural means in each case, don9t depend upon it as a buying guide.
8. 无论是否明确标示出来，市场上的许多食品都是天然的，因为不含添加剂。然而，这些食品或是某些原材料可能用过化学肥料。通常意义上讲，任何食物都是天然的，除非它是试管中长出来的。因此，除非你真正明白在某个情况下“天然”的真正含义，否则不要把它当做你购买时的指导。
9. Should consumers go organic? Ideally, they’ll form their own conclusions, taking into consideration arguments such as those summarized below.
9. 消费者应该购买有机产品吗？他们可以参考以下观点得出自己的结论。
10. Are Organic Foods Better Nutritionally?
10. 有机食品更有营养吗？
11. Yes? say proponents: Chemical fertilizers reduce the nutritional value of foods; therefore, all food should be grown in soil enriched only by fertilizers such as manure and compost.
11. 支持者说，是的。因为化肥会破坏食物中的营养价值，所以种植食物的土地都应该施用粪肥和堆肥。
12. Not so, say experts like the Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration, and Dr. Thomas H. Jukes of the University of California at Berkeley calls the idea a “myth.” Dr. Frederick Stare of Harvard University notes that the nutritional value of a plant is determined more by the quality of the seed and the maturity of the plant when it is harvested than by the fertilizer. Soil scientists point out that the plant obtains its food inorganically anyway, for it can’t utilize organic fertilizers until they have been broken down by bacteria into inorganic form, that is, chemical components such as nitrate, phosphorus, and potassium.
12. 但美国农业部和食品药品管理局等权威以及加州大学伯克利分校的托马斯? H ?朱克斯博士的回答是：不。他们认为有机食品是一个“神话”。哈佛大学的弗雷得里克?斯塔尔博士说，植物中的营养价值更多地取决于种子的质量和收获时的成熟度，而不是肥料。土壤专家们指出，植物是通过无机方式获取营养的，因为它不能吸收利用有机肥料，除非有机肥料被细菌分解成无机肥，即常见的化学物质硝酸盐、磷、钾等。
13. Are Organic Foods Safer?
13. 有机食品更安全吗？
14. Yes, say proponents: Commercial fertilizers introduce into the soil chemical poisons which are absorbed by the growing plant and eventually by the consumer. Furthermore, the dangers of harmful organisms from human wastes and animal manure (when used as organic fertilizers) can be eliminated by pasteurization.
14. 支持者说：是的。化肥会给土壤带来化学毒素，植物吸收毒素，最终被消费者吸收。如果施用人粪尿和动物杂肥，有害生物体带来的危险可以通过巴斯德氏杀菌法消除。
15. In reply, scientists say there is no known chemical difference between, for example, the nitrogen which enters the soil from organic fertilizers and that which enters it from commercial fertilizers. They also warn that manure is a bountiful source of salmonella bacteria and assorted viruses and that pasteurization of manure is actually conducted on a very limited basis.
15. 科学家们认为，通过有机肥料或化肥进入土地的氮在化学特性上没有差异。他们还警告说，粪肥里有大量的沙门氏菌以及各种病毒，用巴斯德氏杀菌法对粪肥消毒的作用非常有限。
16. Are Organic Fertilizers Better For The Soil?
16. 有机肥对土壤更有益吗？
17. Yes, say proponents: Chemical fertilizers adversely affect the quality of the soil, and only organic fertilizers will bring the soil into proper balance.
Referring to the vast amounts of organic nutrients (garbage, etc.) being discarded and wasted in urban areas, they suggest recycling the material into organic fertilizer, with consequent advantages both economically and environmentally.
17. 支持者说，是的。化肥会损害土质，只有有机肥料可以使土壤回复平衡。鉴于大量的有机营养物质（例如垃圾）在城市地区被丢弃浪费，他们建议把这些材料回收利用并制成有机肥料，这样从经济和环境方面都有很大的益处。
18. Soil scientists agree that organic fertilizers can be extremely helpful in replenishing the soil and that it makes good sense to put plant and animal wastes back
into the soil; they do, however, disagree with the practice of exclusive reliance on organic fertilizers. They remind us that the main purpose of fertilizer is to increase crop yields and that starvation by large groups of people is already a fact in many parts of the world; there is no possibility, they state, of producing sufficient food without commercial fertilizers.
18. 土壤专家同意这样的说法，认为有机肥料对于土壤的修复非常有帮助，让植物和动物肥料重归土地是非常有益的。然而，他们认为不应该完全依赖有机肥料，因为肥料的主要作用是增加作物的产量，世界上很多地区的人民都面临着饥荒，如果没有化肥就不可能生产出足够的粮食。
19. Are Pesticides Harmful?
19. 农药有害吗？
20. Yes, say organic farmers, who use no chemical pesticides at all, citing the potential damage to both the consumer and the environment; furthermore, they explain, there are available many non-chemical materials and techniques which perform pesticidal functions without damage to the environment.
20. 有机农业的从业者说：是的。他们从来不用化学农药，理由是它对消
费者和环境有潜在的危害。他们解释说，有许多非化学材料和技术完全可以具有控制虫害的功能，同时对环境没有伤害。
21. Nutritionists, FDA experts and the like, though agreeing with organic farmers that there are pesticide residues on much of our food, deny that the levels even approach the danger point. They also state that proper washing of fresh produce will eliminate such residues and that there has been no case of illness that could be traced to the pesticides on fruits and vegetables sold commercially.
21. 美国食品药品管理局的营养专家也同意有机农场主们的说法，认为很多食品上的确有农药残留，但他们不认为残留量达到危险的程度。他们还说正确地清洗新鲜的农产品就能去除这些残留，目前没有任何病例与水果和蔬菜上的农药残留相关的报告。
22. The organic farmer’s strongest argument, perhaps, is that of environmental danger from pesticides. Almost everyone concedes, at least to some extent, that pesticides are an important problem; consequently, numerous efforts are being directed toward developing both environmentally safe pesticides and workable alternatives (the use of natural enemies of crop-destroying pests, for example). The most significant argument to date for pesticides is the claim that without them it would be impossible even to maintain our present level of production, much less to increase it.
22. 有机农业的从业者最强烈的质疑来自于农药对环境的危害。几乎所有人，至少在某种程度上，都承认农药是一个非常重要的问题，因此，人类开始致力于开发对环境安全的农药或是有效的替代品（例如，使用天敌抑制破坏作物的害虫）。但到目前为止，有一个关于农药问题的最重要的论断，那就是——没有农药就无法维持现有的粮食产量，更不要说提高产量了。
23. There are no easy answers.
23. 因此，没有简单的答案。
35You Bet Your Life 以命相赌
1. Life insurance is not really betting although it can be compared to it. You pay the money just in case. In this day and age,we think of insurance as a natural thing. If we scrape a fender or injure ourselves at work,we know that there is some sort of payment that we can get through insurance. Of course,we don't get it for nothing; we make payments to the companies. If we don't use the insurance,the companies keep the money.
1、生命保险不是真正意义上的赌博，虽然它能与赌博相比较，你花了钱以防意外(just in case)。在今天和这个时代（in this day and age），我们认为保险是一件很自然的事(thaink of insurance as a natural thing)。如果我们划破了汽车的挡泥板或者在工作中伤到了自己，我们知道通过保险我们能获得（we can get through insurance）某种赔款。当然，我们不是无功受禄(for nothing 免费)，我们给保险公司付了钱。我们如果没有使用这项保险，保险公司就赚了这笔钱。
2."Insurance" is the term that we understand today. Some companies are beginning to use the term "assurance”. As a matter of fact,Charles Babbage,over one hundred year s ago,felt that "assurance" was a better term. Apparently few others did,because "insurance" has stayed with us until today.
2、“保险”是我们今天可以理解的一个词语。某些公司现在开始用“保证”这样的词语。事实上(as
a matter of fact)，早在一百余年前(over one hundred years ago)，查尔斯先生就认为“保证”是一个更恰当的词语。显然（apparently）很少有别的人(few others)这样认为，因为“保险”这个词已经伴随我们至今(has stayed with us until today)。
3. How old is insurance? Two hundred years? A thousand? Or is it as old as man? I suppose that would depend upon what you mean. We might say that "insurance" was with us while man was just beginning to develop civilization. One family or tribe might feel that they would be helpedif they helped to protect another family or tribe. In this way,both groups got what they needed-protection from enemies. Of course,you and I don't need that kind of protection today.
3、那么“保险”到底有多久的历史？两百年？一千年？或者和人类历史一样长远？我认为问题将取决于(depend upon)你的问题的本意到底是什么。我们可以说，在人类开始发展自己的文明时(while man was just beginning to develop civilization)，“保险”就与人类在一起了。一个家庭或者部落(tribe)去帮助了另外一些家族或部落不受侵袭，他们认为自己也会得到帮助。这样，两个集体都得到了他们所需要的东西(what they needed)：防御敌人(protection from enemies)。当然，今天你我都不再需要这种保护。
4. This system of trading services with each other has been with us for quite a while. The idea of an old age pension is certainly older than you might think. Today you think of social security or some other system. Most people who retire are still able to receive money that they have paid into the systemduring their working days. The idea of a reward for services like this is quite an old one. The trouble was that the reward was not always given to everyone,nor was it given to those who deserve d it most (nor 引导的倒装句).
4、这个互相交易服务(trading services with each other)体系已经伴随我们相当一段时间(for quite a while)了。关于老年退休金理念的产生比你想象的要早得多(older than you might think)。今天，你想到社会保障系统或其它别的社会系统。大多数人退休后仍然能够拿到钱，这些钱是他们工作期间支付给社会保障系统的。像这样给服务以回报的理念（the idea of a reward for services like this）是很古老的。问题在于：回报并不总给每一个人，甚至不是给那些最应该得到回报的人（those who deserved it most）。
5. What happened when man began to move into the cities from the farms? He found that he could no longer support himself by growing his own food. His children and relative s might move away to another city,and there might be no way of earning enough money. Perhaps because of this,the idea of social security and insurance developed. Now insurance companies are near the top of the list of the biggest business in the United States.
5、当一个人从农村移居城市时会发生什么事？他发现，他用自己生产的食品(by growing his own food)养活自己的日子一去不复返。他的孩子和亲属可能搬往其它城市，但是那里可能没有办法赚到足够的钱。也许恰恰因为这些，社会安全和保险的思想发展了。如今，在美国，保险公司的名字正名列最大企业名单的榜首。
6. Some of the first commercial insurance companies began around 1580 in England. These companies were some of the first to accept payment for insurance. Fire insurance became more popular after the fire in London in 1666.This was one of the most terrible firesin history. It lasted for five days. London had to be rebuilt almost completely. No wonder that many people decided to try fire insurance after that.
6、1580年前后，英国第一批商业保险公司开始营业。这几家是最早接受为保险付费的公司中的一部分(some of the first to accept payment for insurance)。1666年伦敦大火之后，火灾保险变得普及（became more popular）。伦敦大火是历史上最严重的火灾之一，它持续(last for)了五天。伦敦几乎需要全部重建。(London had to be rebuilt almost completely.)难怪(no wonder)很多人在其后决定试买火灾险。
7. We think today's insurance companies are large,but there was also a pretty big company about two hundred years ago in England. The company still does business. The name of the company is Lloyd's of London. It carried more than ￡600,000 of insurance between1793&1815.The England pound was then worth many times what it is worth today; so you can see how big Lloyd's was then. Of course, it didn't make money all the time. For example,around 1795 the company paid a claim of ￡190,000.In American money,that would be nearly half a million dollars.
7、我们觉得今天的保险公司都很大，但在200年前的英国，也有一家相当大的保险公司。这家名叫伦敦劳埃德的保险公司至今仍在营业，1793到1815年间，该公司包括了60万英镑保险。当时英镑的价值是它今天价值的很多倍，你可以想象当时的劳埃德公司有多大。显然，它不可能所有时间都赚钱。例如，1795年，它支付给客户19万英镑保险金(a claim of ￡190,000：19万英镑索赔金)。折算成美元，它差不多是五十万美金(nearly half a million dollars)。
8. Lloyd’s has become famous for some of the unusual things it has insured. For instance Lloyd has insured against the birth of twins. If twins had been born to the family insured,the company would have had to paya certain amount of money to the parents. You can see in this example that some insurance is a little like gambling. There have also been many cases of famous performers or athletes who have insured themselves against accidents. Suppose a very good actor fear ed that his looks could be injure d. If they were,he would not be able to make a living as an actor. Therefore,he
模拟试題一 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1.I could just see a car in the distance, but I couldn't ____ what color it was. A. make out B. look to C. look out D. take in 2.He mumbled something and blushed as though a secret had been____ A. imposed B. exposed C. composed D. opposed 3.You should these tables and buy new ones. A. throw off B. throw down C. throw up D. throw away 4. _ ____ their suggestions， we will discuss them fully at the next meeting. A. In regard for B. In regard to C. With regard of D. Regardless for 5.On cloudy nights it is not possible to see the stars with ____ eye. A. naked B. bare C. flesh D. pure 6.Many new _____ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. A. opportunities B. necessities C. probabilities D. realities 7.I found myself completely _ ____ by his vivid performance. A. carried out B. carried off C. carried away D. carried on 8.Although the examination he had passed was unimportant, his success ____ him in his later study. A. persuaded B. promised C. urged D. encouraged 9.This is the first time you have been late. A. under no circumstances B. on no account C. by no means D. for no reason 10.The taxi had to _ because the traffic light had turned red. A. set up B. catch up C. shut up D. pull up Section B Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet.- 11.The roof of the house was practically falling in and the front steps were rotting away. A. almost B. essentially C. always D. conveniently
1.The V alue of Time时间的价值 1."Time" says the proverb "is money". This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed, it will either produce some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a banknote; and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time. 1.employ v. 使用，采用，雇佣，使忙于 employer n. 雇主，老板 employee n. 雇员，从业人员 employment n. 使用，职业，雇佣 Employment rate 就业率，雇用率 2.Either …or… 要么…要么…; 二者择一的 Neither… nor… 两者都不 Both… and… 两者都 3.fetch 取来，接来，到达 4.add to增添，添加，加强 5.so as to 以便，以致 6.enable sb to do sth 使得某人做某事 7.There is no doubt that…毫无疑问 8.think nothing of… 把… 视为平常 think a lot of… 看重；对… 高度评价 9.convertible adj. 可改变的，可交换的 convert v. … into… 使转变，转换，使…改变信仰 10.be equivalent to… 11.be tantamount to…相当于…; 无异于的 If you say one thing is tantamount to another, more serious thing, you are emphasizing how bad, unacceptable, or unfortunate the first thing is by comparing it to the second thing. 例句：What Bracey is saying is tantamount to heresy. 布里斯正在说的无异于异端邪说。 12.Think twice再三考虑，重新考虑 think twice about doing sth. 三思而后再决定做某事 13.Give one’s consent（n.）to sth…同意，赞成 例句：At approximately 11:30 p.m., pollard finally gave his consent to the search. 大约晚上11：30的时候，波拉得终于对搜查予以同意。
2016年. 【农民】__theirland. 丧失 ,__provedthathewasn'tworkinghardenough.非限制性定语 倒装句 Athens同位语 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 ,wedecided totakethetrain.完成被动的非谓语动词形式 与…打成一片 【记录】theplain【平常的，简单的】facts【事实，真相】ofsmalltownlife. 非谓语动词 抚养 ：为了 ''tknowmorethanyoudo. ''llmoveinsoonandweneedtobuy__furniture. 【药方】 【生物学家】doesnotmerely【仅仅】describe【描述】organisms【有机物】,buttriestolearn__actastheydo. "Hashecomeback....Yes,he__back forthreedays. 【32课】同位语 翻译：生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。 ,theearth__coveredbywater.【55课】虚拟语气
翻译：如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。 "veryhappy".【5课】 翻译：拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。【不协调的，不相配的】withgoodhealth. ' ' 2017年 .【31课】 翻译：老人把手浸在盐水里，努力保持头脑清醒。 虚拟语气（过去相反） 翻译：Smith上周非常忙，否则他就去看你了。 . 非谓语动词 翻译：她需要买所有的东西，她将要离开市场，在小镇的街上再花费一个小时。 翻译：我很感激三年前给我的出国工作的机会。 ,__isclearfromtheexpressionsonhisface.【模拟三】as引导的非限制性定语从句翻译：他得了第一名，他脸上的表情清楚地表明了这一切。 . 【大纲原句】 翻译:直到后来他们才意识到发生了多么可怕的事情。 ,airtrafficcontrollersrelyonradar. 翻译：为了追踪机场航行中的飞机，空中交通控制台要用雷达。 ……to：太……而不能
36 To Be Content with One's Lot乐天知命 （be content with 对…满足；lot n. 命运） 1. Peter Hessler described two lifestyles and asked his Chinese students to choose the one they preferred, either a very long yet<但是> ultimately
4 How to Negotiate<谈判> with Americans 如何与美国人谈判 1.美国是一个富有吸引力的市场。它给世界带来的诸如“股东价值”和“首次公开募股”的商业文化近几年来一直引导着商业思想，并且在未来几年内还将保持。但是无论是谁，想要在美国取得成功，都必须记住游戏的规则。 2.美国的商业，在《纽约，纽约》这首歌的歌词中是这样描述的：“如果你能在这里取得成功，你就能在别的任何地方取得成功!” 但是愉快的做生意的方法是绝对不够的。虽然在美国的商业沟通是愉快的和自在的，但是它同时也因为不讲情面而成为焦点。
3.沟通是美国人与生俱来的才能。双方谈判的时候，闲聊和微笑是很重要的。美国人比英国人更幽默也更直接。（that 引导定语从句，可以译为：美国人自由地使用幽默感，这种幽默感比英国人更加直接。）如果你和美国人谈话，要很放松并且要准备很多笑话来吸引听众的注意力。 4.美国人不拘礼节。商业伙伴不会在他们的名片上写他们的毕业院校。会议期间会提供一些用塑料瓶或盒子装的三明治和饮料。你的生意伙伴很可能会在办公室随意地做一些事情或聊他们的家庭。
5.“时间就是金钱”这种态度在美国的生意场上的影响力比其他任何领域都强。在简单的寒暄之后，美国谈判双方很快地切入主题，甚至社会上举办的联欢会都会被利用来讨论生意。 6.美国人做生意很注重实效，他们就是想赢。相比之下，发展与商业伙伴的个人关系（与得到的谈判结果相比）就不是那么重要了。 7.而且美国谈判者想最快地获得结果。金融情况时刻受到关注（或直译为“财务业绩每季上报”），这对在短期内保证收益很重要。因此，许多美国契约在前言里面包含“时间就是生命”这一条款。所以美国人谈判很性急，但这不应该被理解为无礼，而是因为“时间就是金钱”的理念在起作用。
花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off the conversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试 课后练习及答案 目录 1.SIX GOLDEN RULES FOR MEETING MANAGEMENT主持会议六大准则（2016新增） (2) 2. NETWORK SECURITY 网络安全(2013版) (2) 3 .ALL I LEARNED IN KINDERGARTEN 幼儿园所学的... . (4) 4. HOW TO NEGOTIATE WITH AMERICANS 如何与美国人谈判(2013版) (5) 5.CARBON-BASED ALTERNATIVE 碳基替代燃料（2010版） (7) 6. AUTOMATIC AUTO: A CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF 无人驾驶汽车(2013版) (9) 7 OUR FAMILY CREED 家族的信条（2007版） (11) 8 THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 公共演讲的艺术(2007版) (13) 9. OIL AND GAS GENERATION油气生成（2016版新增） (16) 10.THE DRESS CODE FOR OFFICE LIFE办公室的着装礼仪（2016版新增） (16)
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management主持会议六大准则（2016新增） 课后练习： 1.If you are asked to chair【主持，椅子】a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting ____. A. treatment B.requirement C.management D.improvement 2.If you begin on time, group members who ____ late will realize the value of time. A.bring up https://www.doczj.com/doc/c316926168.html,e up C.dress up D.show up 3. You may need to refer back to【查阅，重新提及】an issue ____ was discussed during the meeting at a later date. A.that B.what C.who D.where 4. ____, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than【而不是】really listening to other people. A.Traditionally B.Additionally C.Conditionally D.Exceptionlly 5.Many times important issues can get sidetracked【转变话题的】in a meeting, _____ when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. A.essentially B.entirelly C.extremely D.especially 6. If you ____ a conflict【冲突】prior to【在……之前】the meeting, discuss the issue with participants【参与者】in advance【提前】. A.anticipate B.participate C.preserve D.announce 7. If an unanticipated【不曾预料到的】conflict develops once the meeting is in progress 【进行中】, either appoint a subcommittee【小组委员会】to ____ the problem A.look into B.look on C. look over D.look through 答案：1C 2D 3A 4B 5D 6A 7A 2. Network Security 网络安全(2013版) 课后练习： 1.Internet ____ theft 【失窃】is a growing—and very costly【昂贵的，expensive】—problem A.identify B.identity C. identical D.identification
2016年中石油职称英语考试真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences inthis section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are tochoose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase.Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries,the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my motherabout my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feelawkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off theconversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理 begin v.开始；启动；起始；开始存在（或进行） discontinue v.停止；终止；中断；终止（生产）
模拟试题五 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this pari. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1.He is a man you can rely on. He never goes back on his _____ . A. word B. words C. permission D. saying 2.After second thought, she ____ a better solution. A. came up with B. added up to C. put up with D. made up for 3.The club has ______ a new rule allowing women to join. A. brought forth B. associated with C. turned over D. laid down 4.The performance will begin ____ at eight thirty. A. precisely B. consequently C. accordingly D. exceedingly 5.His joke went too far. It was more than I could ________ . A. get rid of B. put up with C. keep up with D. do away with 6.At the gathering, he talked_____ about the matter, dampening everyones spirits. A. in detail B. with ease C. on end D. in a confusing way 7.1 wish my son would stop ______ a nd do something realistic. A. hanging about B. hanging on C. hanging up D. hanging off 8.We all can’t ____ why she married a man like this. A. reason out B. figure out C. make believe D. take in 9.John wants to dispose ____ his old car and buy a new one. A. on B. in C. of D. to 10.Ted agreed to ____ the strike if the company would satisfy the demand of the workers. A. call out B. call to C. call off D. call on
中石油职称英语考试大纲(不断更新） 附录1：晋升职称英语水平考试大纲 一、等级的划分 晋升职称英语水平考试共分为A、B两个等级。申报高级职称的人员需参加A级考试，申报中级职称的人员需参加B级考试。 二、评价目标 考试对应试者的英语词汇量、英语语法知识、阅读理解能力和翻译能力的要求分别如下：（一）词汇 1、申报A级的人员应熟练认知5000个左右的单词和短语。 2、申报B级的人员应熟练认知4000个左右的单词和短语。 （二）语法知识 应试者必须懂得英语基本语法结构和常用句型，能正确理解用这些结构和句型写成的句子。 1、名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法。 2、动词基本时态=语态的构成及其用法； 3、形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法； 4、常用连接词的词义及其用法； 5、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法； 6、虚拟语气的构成及其用法； 7、各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）的基本用法及强调句型的结构； 8、常用倒装句的结构。 （三）阅读理解能力 应试者能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解英语书面材料。阅读能力重要包括下列几个方面： 1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意； 2、了解阐述主旨的事实和细节； 3、根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义； 4、既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系； 5、根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和理解； 6、领会作者的观点、意图和态度。 （四）翻译能力 应试者应具备在词汇、语法、句型等方面综合运用语言的能力。翻译文章难度相当于《通用英语选读》教材中课文的难度。要求理解正确，译文达意，无重大语言错误。 三、题型、题量和计分 题型、题量和所占分值如下表： 题型分主观题型和客观题型。第一部分为主观题型，第二部分为客观题型。客观题占总分的80%，主观题占20%。答题时间总计为120分钟。 第一部分、客观题。 本部分包括四种题型。 一、词汇 本部分20 小题，每小题1分，共20分，主要考查单词和词组的用法。要求应试者从每题四个选择项中选一最佳答案。
2016年中国石油职称英语考试真题及参考答案
花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Managemen t主持会议六大准则 1.If you are asked to chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management. 1.如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。 2.Always start the meeting on time. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow. 2.总要准时开会。如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。准时开始反应了一位善于掌握时间的人的技巧，也给其他人树立了榜样。 3.Assign a note-taker or arrange to have the meeting audiotaped. You may need to refer back to an issue that was discussed during the meeting at a later date. Good record-keeping is a sign of a good meeting manager as well. 3.安排一位会议记录或给会议录音。日后你可能需要参考会议中商讨的某个问题，做好记录也是优秀会议主持人的一个特点。 4.Learn to listen. So many times we think about what we are going to say and, in the process, block out valid points that other group members may be contributing. Additionally, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than really listening to other people. Meeting that are characterized by effective listening are successful meetings. 4.学会倾听。常见的是，我们想的是我们将要说些什么，因此就妨碍了听取别的与会者说出的合理论点。再有，我们经常只听我们想要听的，而不是真正地倾听他人的意见。能有效倾听意见的会议是成功的会议。 5.Keep the discussion on track. Many times important issues can get sidetracked in a meeting, especially when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. If you anticipate a conflict prior to the meeting, discuss the issue with participants in advance. If an unanticipated conflict develops once the meeting is in progress, either appoint a subcommittee to look into the problem, or ask participants involved in the conflict to meet with you after the meeting. Doing so will help keep the discussion on track and minimize the chances of wasting participants’valuable time. 5.让讨论紧扣主题。往往许多重大问题在会议上容易离题，特别是当每位与会者对问题意见不同时。如果会前你已预料到会有冲突发生，那就提前与当事人交换一下意见。如果会议期间有未曾预料到的冲突发生，委派一个小组委员会对出现的问题予以调查，或者请卷入冲突的人员会后与你再谈。这样能够让讨论紧扣主题，并尽可能少浪费与会者的宝贵时间。 6.Give everyone an opportunity to be heard. Some people tend to monopolize meetings, whereas others wait to be asked their opinions. As the leader of the meeting, you need to keep an open mind and make sure everyone feels welcome to contribute and express ideas without criticism. 6.给每位与会者说出自己看法的机会。有些人易于滔滔不绝占据会议的大部分时间，而有些人则等着被别人叫才开口。作为会议主持人，你需要思想开阔，无偏袒之心，确保每位与会者都能感到，表达自己的想法是受欢迎的，不会受到别人非难。 7.End on time. If you said the meeting would last no longer than one hour, make sure the meeting lasts for noly an hour. Meeting participants tend to plan the rest of their day around the time allotted for the meeting. Running late with a meeting makes members tardy for other appointments, increases the chances that members will mentally leave the meeting, and reduces your credibility as an effective meeting manager. 7.准时结束会议。如果你说了会议不会超过1小时，那就要保证会议只持续1小时。与会者的日程安排往往受到会议的左右。会议超时会导致他们迟赴别的约会，增加他们心不在焉的可能性，也会降低你作为一位善于主持会议