经济学人官方译文3
Health care
Things are looking app
Mobile health apps are becoming more capable and potentially rather useful
医疗保健
应用越来越有用
移动健康应用功能日渐强大，而且可能相当有用
SAVILE ROW in London is best known for producing some of the world’s finest bespoke suits. But tucked away in a quiet corner of the same street is a firm that gives tailored health advice through a smartphone app. Your.MD uses artificial intelligence to understand natural-language statements such as “I have a headache” and ask pertinent follow-up questions. The app typifies a new approach to mobile health (also known as
m-health): it is intelligent, personalised and gets cleverer as it gleans data from its users.
伦敦萨维尔街（Savile Row）最出名的便是制作世界上最好的定制西服。但就在这同一条街道的一处安静街角，隐匿着一家通过智能手机应用为用户提供有针对性健康建议的公司。这款应用就是Your.MD，它利用人工智能来理解诸如“我头疼”等自然语句，并询问相关的后续问题。该应用代表了移动健康（又称为m-health）的新方式：它智能化、个性化，并在收集用户数据过程中变得越来越聪明。
There are now around 165,000 health-related apps which run on one or other of the two main smartphone operating systems, Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android. PwC, a consulting firm, forecasts that by 2017 such apps will have been downloaded 1.7 billion times. However, the app economy is highly fragmented. Many providers are still small, and most apps are rarely, if ever, used.
如今在苹果的iOS和谷歌的安卓这两个主要的智能手机操作系统上运行的健康相关应用约有16.5万个。咨询公司普华永道（PwC）预测，到2017年，这类应用的下载次数将达到17亿次。当然，应用经济高度分散。许多供应商依然很小，而且，大多数应用只有很少人使用，甚至没有人使用。
That said, the successful ones are highly popular. As apps and wearables become increasingly capable and useful, and smartphones continue their march of dominance,
m-health has a promising future. BCC Research, which studies technology-based markets, forecasts that global revenues for m-health will reach $21.5 billion in 2018 (see chart 1), with Europe the largest m-health market.
尽管如此，成功的应用还是受到热捧。随着应用和可穿戴设备的功能越来越强、用处越来越大，以及智能手机继续雄霸天下，移动健康的发展前景一片光明。BCC研究（BCC Research）专注于基于技术的市场的分析，它预测，全球移动健康的收入将在2018年达到215亿美元（见图表1），而欧洲将成为最大市场。
So far, most smartphone health apps fall squarely into the category of “wellness”. Along with portable sensors such as the Fitbit wristband, such apps help people to manage and monitor their exercise, diet and stress levels (see chart 2). Other types of app, such as WebMD and iTriage, repackage medical information already found online, and offer information about symptoms and treatments. Some, such as ZocDoc, let users book consultations with doctors.
到目前为止，大多数智能手机的健康应用都属于“健康”范畴。与Fitbit手环等便携式传感器一道，这些应用帮助人们管理和监控自己的锻炼、饮食与压力水平（见图表2）。诸如WebMD 和iTriage等其他类型的应用把已经找到的在线医疗信息重新打包，并提供有关症状和治疗的信息。一些应用，如ZocDoc，让用户预约医生就诊。
However, m-health increasingly promises to do more of the heavy lifting in medicine. First, there is a growing range of apps through which users can talk directly to doctors and therapists. These include Teladoc, DoctorOnDemand, HealthTap and Pingmd. Since late 2014 Walgreens, an American pharmacy chain, has been offering an app called MDLive, which provides 24-hour access to a doctor for $49 a consultation. Patients will soon be able to chat with artificial-intelligence health advisers rather like Your.MD, but through messaging apps. Second, and with potentially more far-reaching effects on the quality of care, there is an emerging breed of apps that monitor and diagnose patients with a variety of ailments, in some cases predicting and thus helping to avert health crises.
然而，移动健康越来越有望担负更多的医学重任。首先，用户用以同医生和治疗师直接沟通的应用不断增多。这些应用包括Teladoc、DoctorOnDemand、HealthTap和Pingmd。自2014年底以来，美国连锁药店沃尔格林（Walgreens）提供了一款名为MDLive的应用，
花费49美元即可在任何时间找医生诊断一次。很快，患者便可通过即时通讯应用与人工智能健康顾问聊天，就像Your.MD一样。其次，目前有一类新兴的应用，可以对有多种疾病的患者进行监测和诊断，在一些情况下，还能预测病情从而帮助避免突发急症。这些发展对护理质量有更深远的潜在影响。
Cerora, a firm from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, has created a headset, with an associated smartphone app, which monitors brain health. The headset measures brainwaves and tracks eye movement; the app uses the smartphone’s internal sensors to test patients’ balance and reaction times. Cerora plans to launch the product this year, subject to review by America’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA); it could help diagnose concussion and other neurodegenerative diseases. Cellscope, of San Francisco, offers a smartphone attachment that lets parents see inside a child’s ear, take photos or video, and send them to a doctor.
美国宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒市（Bethlehem）的Cerora公司发明了一款用来监控大脑健康的耳机以及相关的智能手机应用。这款耳机测量脑电波并跟踪眼球运动；其应用则利用智能手机内部的传感器来测试患者的平衡和反应时间。Cerora公司计划今年推出这款产品，前提是通过美国食品药品管理局（FDA）的审查。它可以帮助诊断脑震荡和其他神经退行性疾病。旧金山的CellScope公司提供了一款智能手机配件，让父母能够看到孩子的耳朵内部，拍摄照片或视频，并把它们发给医生。
A small number of patients, mostly the chronically sick, are disproportionately costly in any health-care system. M-health offers a continuous, long-term means of monitoring them, with the potential to improve the way conditions such as cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, asthma and diabetes are managed.
在每一个医疗保健系统中，总有一小部分患者，大多是慢性病患者，其治疗费用远高于其他病患。移动健康为他们提供了一种连续而长期的监控手段，并有可能改善心血管疾病、癫痫、哮喘和糖尿病等病症的治疗。
Patients with diabetes constantly have to make decisions on medication, food and activity, says Hooman Hakami of Medtronic Diabetes, a maker of medical devices; and most will go for months between doctor’s appointments. Medtronic, allied with IBM’s Watson, an artificial-intelligence system, is creating an app to predict, three hours in advance, when a patient will experience high or low blood-sugar levels. It will gather data from Medtronic’s insulin pumps and glucose monitors, worn by the patient, and combine these with
inf ormation on the user’s diet, and data from activity trackers. Among other providers of diabetes-related m-health services is Diabetes+Me, whose app is already showing that it can improve patient outcomes while reducing costs. Novartis, a Swiss drugs giant, is set to test a glucose-monitoring contact lens, developed by Google.
医疗器械制造商美敦力糖尿病部门（Medtronic Diabetes）的胡曼?哈卡米（Hooman Hakami）表示，糖尿病患者经常要决定如何使用药物、选择饮食和进行活动；而且，大多数患者要好几个月才找医生诊断一次。美敦力联合IBM的人工智能系统沃森（Watson），正在设计一款应用，在病人出现高血糖或低血糖水平之前3小时做出预测。这款应用通过穿戴在患者身上的美敦力胰岛素泵和血糖监测仪收集数据，并把这些数据与用户的饮食信息及活动跟踪器的数据相结合。其他与糖尿病相关的移动健康服务提供者还有Diabetes+Me，其应用已经证实能够改善患者的治疗效果并降低成本。瑞士制药巨头诺华（Novartis）正准备测试一种由谷歌开发的监测葡萄糖的隐形眼镜。
Apps on prescription
Constant, wireless-linked monitoring may spare patients much suffering, by spotting incipient signs of their condition deteriorating. It may also spare health providers and insurers many expensive hospital admissions. When Britain’s National Health Service tested the cost-effectiveness of remote support for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, it found that an electronic tablet paired with sensors measuring vital signs could result in better care and enormous savings, by enabling early intervention. Some m-health products may prove so effective that doctors begin to provide them on prescription.
处方上的应用
通过发现患者病情恶化的初期迹象，经由无线连接的持续监测也许会为患者避免许多痛苦。它也可能为医疗机构和保险公司免除多项高昂的住院费用。在考核对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者远程支持的成本效益时，英国国民健康服务体系（National Health Service）发现，通过早期干预，一种与测量生命体征的传感器配对的电子片剂可能会带来更好的护理并极大地节省费用。一些移动健康产品可能证明非常有效，因而医生们开始把它们写进处方。
So far, big drugmakers have been slow to join the m-health revolution, though there are some exceptions. HemMobile by Pfizer, and Beat Bleeds by Baxter, help patients to manage haemophilia. Bayer, the maker of Clarityn, an antihistamine drug, has a popular
pollen-forecasting app. GSK, a drug firm with various asthma treatments, offers sufferers the MyAsthma app, to help them manage their condition.
到目前为止，大型制药公司加入移动健康革命的步调缓慢，但也有一些例外。辉瑞（Pfizer）的HemMobile和百特（Baxter）的Beat Bleeds帮助患者应对血友病。生产抗组胺药氯羟他定（Clarityn）的拜耳（Bayer）有一款花粉预报应用颇受欢迎。有多种哮喘药物的制药企业葛兰素史克（GSK）向患者提供一款名为MyAsthma的应用，帮助他们控制自己的病情。
GSK, along with Propeller Health, is developing custom sensors for GSK’s Ellipta asthma inhaler, so that the pharma company can gather information on how patients use it. GSK wants to know how well patients comply with instructions on when to take it, and to see how compliance relates to the safety, efficacy and economic benefits of the drug.
葛兰素史克正与Propeller Health公司联手，为前者的Ellipta哮喘吸入器研发定制的传感器，以便收集患者如何使用该产品的信息。葛兰素史克想知道患者是否遵照说明书规定的时间用药，以及这样做与药物的安全性、疗效和经济效益之间存在何种关联。
All pharmaceutical companies are under pressure from regulators and health insurers to do more to demonstrate the value of their medications, and m-health may be a big help with this. Clinical trials of a proposed new drug will be able to use apps to measure disease progression more accurately, and thus demonstrate the efficacy of the treatment. After a drug is approved and perhaps many thousands of patients are taking it, the use of apps to monitor their condition will constitute a huge trial o f the product’s long-term benefits. However, it could spell disaster for drug firms if such post-approval testing shows that their medicines do not in practice deliver the expected benefits, or shows up undesirable side-effects.
所有的制药企业都受到来自监管机构和健康保险公司的压力，需要更加努力地证明其药物的价值，移动健康可能对此有很大帮助。在对提交审批的新药进行临床试验时，这些应用将派上用场，更准确地测量病情的发展，从而证明治疗的功效。在药物获批并且有或许成千上万的患者服用后，使用应用来监控他们的情况，这将对产品的长期功效构成重大检验。当然，如果这种审批后的测试表明其药物实际上没有达到预期效果或表现出不良的副作用，就可能为制药企业招致灾难。
As m-health apps take on more serious work, they will require more serious regulation. Inaccuracy is fairly harmless in a pedometer but less so in a heart-rate monitor. In August a popular product, Instant Blood Pressure, was removed from the Apple app store after
serious concerns were raised over its accuracy. In 2011 a developer who claimed his AcneApp could treat pimples with light from an iPhone screen was fined.
随着移动健康应用担任更重要的工作，它们将需要更加严格的监管。不准确对于计步器而言无伤大雅，但对于心率监测仪来说则是另一回事。去年8月，一款流行产品“即时血压”（Instant Blood Pressure）的准确性受到严重关切，它随之被苹果应用商店下架。2011年，一位开发者声称其AcneApp应用能借iPhone屏幕的光线来治疗青春痘，结果被罚款。
Last year the FDA finished drawing up its regulatory regime for m-health, indicating that it will calibrate its approach, paying little attention to low-risk apps, such as ones that just promote a healthy lifestyle; and scrutinising those in areas where any misinformation could be dangerous. This sensible approach may be followed by regulators in other countries.
去年，FDA完成了移动健康方面监管体系的制定工作，这表明它将调整方法，较少关注低风险的应用，例如那些仅仅提倡健康生活方式的应用；而仔细审查那些任何错误信息都可能造成危险的应用。这种明智的做法可能会被其他国家的监管机构所效仿。
But other regulatory questions are harder to answer. As health apps become more popular, concerns about how patients’ data are stored, used and shared will become mor e pointed. A new study in the Journal of the American Medical Association finds that many health apps may be sharing patients’ health data without their knowledge. Four-fifths of 211 diabetes apps it examined did not have privacy policies.
但是，其它的监管问题则更难回答。随着健康应用日益流行，对如何存储、使用和分享患者数据的担忧将变得愈加尖锐。《美国医学会杂志》（Journal of the American Medical Association）的一项新研究发现，许多健康应用可能在患者不知情的情况下就分享了他们的健康数据。在它调查的211个糖尿病应用中，五分之四没有隐私政策。
America’s rules on the storage and transmission of personal-health data have not been changed since the advent of the iPhone. So doctors and hospitals may be reluctant to embrace health apps until the rules are updated to make it clear they can do so without breaching the stringent standards on data security. And conscientious providers and prescribers of m-health apps risk being tarred by association with any data-misusing rogues that emerge.
自从iPhone问世以来，美国对于个人健康数据存储和传输的规则就一直没有改变过。因此，医生和医院可能不愿意接受健康应用，除非更新规则以明确他们可以这样做而不违反数据安全方面的严格准则。认真负责的移动健康应用供应商和治疗方（开处方者）可能会因为与滥用数据的流氓有关联而遭受污名。
The fragmented, nascent m-health market seems likely to consolidate in time, with its most promising startups perhaps being bought by, or entering alliances with, trusted health brands. That would help it to realise its substantial potential to help patients, doctors, health insurers and researchers alike.
分散的而方兴未艾的移动健康市场似乎迟早会被整合，最有前途的创业公司或许会被值得信赖的健康品牌所收购，或者与这些品牌组成联盟。这将有助于它发挥巨大的潜力来帮助患者、医生、医疗保险公司以及研究人员。
才思教育是全国知名的考研考博高端辅导机构，由中国人民大学师资团队创办于1995年，至今已经有20年的辉煌历史。其主要课程体系为考研考博全日制集训营、考研考博一对一辅导等考博高端培训项目。经过近20年的发展，已经成为考研考博高端辅导领域的旗舰品牌，参加辅导的学员，有超过98%考取全国几十所高校。作为考研考博个性化辅导的代表机构，完全专注考研考博辅导的针对性和有效性，充分诠释了新商品经济时代的“长尾理论”，开拓了考研考博培训领域的一片蓝海。中国青年报、中国教育报、中国人事报等多家知名媒体对这种辅导模式进行过专题报导.
What went wrong IN RECENT months many economists and policymakers, including such unlikely bedfellows as Paul Krugman, an economist and New York Times columnist, and Hank Paulson, a former American treasury secretary, have put “global imbalances”—the huge current-account surpluses run by countries like China, alongside America’s huge deficit—at the root of the financial crisis. But the IMF disagrees. It argues, in new papers released on Friday March 6th, that the “main culprit” was deficient regulation of t he financial system, together with a failure of market discipline. Olivier Blanchard, the IMF's chief economist, said this week that global imbalances contributed only “indirectly” to the crisis. This may sound like buck-passing by the world’s main interna tional macroeconomic organisation. But the distinction has important consequences for whether macroeconomic policy or more regulation of financial markets will provide the solutions to the mess. In broad strokes, the global imbalances view of the crisis argues that a glut of money from countries with high savings rates, such as China and the oil-producing states, came flooding into America. This kept interest rates low and fuelled the credit boom and the related boom in the prices of assets, such as houses and equity, whose collapse precipitated the financial crisis. A workable long-term fix for the problems of the world economy would, therefore, involve figuring out what to do about these imbalances. But the IMF argues that imbalances could not have caused the crisis without the creative ability of financial institutions to develop new structures and instruments to cater to investors’ demand for higher yields. These instruments turned out to be more risky than they appeared. Investors, overly optimistic about continued rises in asset prices, did not look closely into the nature of the assets that they bought, preferring to rely on the analysis of credit-rating agencies which were, in some cases, also selling advice on how to game the ratings system. This “failure of market discipline”, the fund argues, played a big role in the crisis. As big a problem, according to the IMF, was that financial regulation was flawed, ineffective and too limited in scope. What it calls the “shadow banking system”—the loosely regulated but highly interconnected network of investment banks, hedge funds, mortgage originators, and the like—was not subject to the sorts of prudential regulation (capital-adequacy norms, for example) that applied to banks. In part, the fund argues, this was because they were not thought to be systemically important, in the sense that banks were understood to be. But their being unregulated made it more attractive for banks (whose affiliates the non-banks often were) to evade capital requirements by pushing risk into these entities. In time, this network of institutions grew so large that they were indeed systemically important: in the now-familiar phrase, they were “too big” or “too interconnected” to fail. By late 2007, some estimates of the assets of the bank-like institutions in America outside the scope of existing prudential regulation, was around $10 trillion, as large as the assets of the regulated American banking system itself. Given this interpretation, it is not surprising that the IMF has thrown its weight strongly behind an enormous increase in the scale and scope of financial regulation in a series of papers leading up to the G20 meetings. Among many other proposals, it wants the shadow banking system to be subjected to the same sorts of prudential requirements that banks must follow. Sensibly, it is calling for regulation to concentrate on what an institution does, not what it is called (that is, the basis of regulation should be activities, not entities). It also wants regulators to focus more broadly on
[2009.11.17]How to feed the world 如何养活世界 Nov 19th 2009 From The Economist print edition Business as usual will not do it 一切照旧已不再可行 IN 1974 Henry Kissinger, then America’s secretary of state, told the first world food conference in Rome that no child would go to bed hungry within ten years. Just over 35 years later, in the week of another United Nations food summit in Rome, 1 billion people will go to bed hungry. 1974年，在罗马举行的第一届世界粮食会议上，当时的美国国务卿亨利?基辛格宣称10年内将没有小孩再饿着肚子入睡。而35年之后的罗马，在又一届联合国粮食峰会在罗马召开的这一周内，仍有10亿人饿着肚子上床睡觉。 This failure, already dreadful, may soon get worse. None of the underlying agricultural problems which produced a spike in food prices in 2007-08 and increased the number of hungry people has gone away. Between now and 2050 the world’s populat ion will rise by a third, but demand for agricultural goods will rise by 70% and demand for meat will double. These increases are in a sense good news in that they are a result of rising wealth in poor and middle-income countries. But they will have to happen without farmers clearing large amounts of new land (there is some scope for expansion, but not much) or using up lots more water (in parts of the world, water supplies are stretched to their limit or beyond). Moreover, they will take place while farmers also wrestle with the consequences of climate change, which, on balance, will do more harm than good to farmland round the world. 这样的失败虽已甚为可怕，但很快将会变得更糟。现存的农业问题推动了2007-08年粮食价格的上涨，使饥饿人数有所增加，而这些问题无一得到解决。现在至2050年间，世界人口将增长1/3，但农产品需求将上涨70%，而肉类需求更将翻番。这些增长在一定意义上是个好消息，因为这是中低收入国家财富增长的结果。但是伴随这些增长的却是一些不容乐观的景象：农民无法清理出大量的新地（可耕地有扩大的空间，但并不多），更多的水资源会被耗尽（在世界某些地方，供水量已至其极限甚至超过了极限）。此外，与此同时农民还需应对气候变化造成的影响。总的来说，气候变化对其全球的耕地来说将是弊大于利的。 It may be too late to avoid another bout of price rises. Despite a global recession and the largest grain harvest on record in 2008, food prices are heading up again. Still, countries have a brief window of opportunity in which to set long-term policy goals without being distracted by panic measures. They need to do two things: invest in the productive capacity of agriculture and improve the operation of food markets. 或许想避免下一轮的价格上涨为时已晚。尽管全球经济衰退，而2008年收获了有记录以来
The Brain Activity Map 绘制大脑活动地图 Hard cell 棘手的细胞 An ambitious project to map the brain is in the works. Possibly too ambitious 一个绘制大脑活动地图的宏伟计划正在准备当中，或许有些太宏伟了 NEWS of what protagonists hope will be America’s next big science project continues to dribble out. 有关其发起人心中下一个科学大工程的新闻报道层出不穷。 A leak to the New York Times, published on February 17th, let the cat out of the bag, with a report that Barack Obama’s administration is thinking of sponsoring what will be known as the Brain Activity Map. 2月17日，《纽约时报》刊登的一位线人报告终于泄露了秘密，报告称奥巴马政府正在考虑赞助将被称为“大脑活动地图”的计划。 And on March 7th several of those protagonists published a manifesto for the project in Science. 3月7日，部分发起人在《科学》杂志上发表声明证实了这一计划。 The purpose of BAM is to change the scale at which the brain is understood. “大脑活动地图”计划的目标是改变人们在认知大脑时采用的度量方法。 At the moment, neuroscience operates at two disconnected levels. 眼下，神经学的研究处在两个断开的层次。 The higher one, where the dimensions of features are measured in centimetres, has many techniques at its disposal, notably functional magnetic-res onance imaging, which measures changes in tissues’ fuel consumption. 在相对宏观的层次当中各个特征的规模用厘米来衡量，有很多技术可以使用，尤其是用来测量组织中能量消耗变动情况的核磁共振成像技术。 This lets researchers see which bits of the brain are active in particular tasks—as long as those tasks can be performed by a person lying down inside a scanner. 该技术可使研究人员找出在完成具体的任务时，大脑的哪些部分处于活跃状态。At the other end of the scale, where features are measured in microns, lots of research has been done on how individual nerve cells work, how messages are sent from one to another, and how the connections between cells strengthen and weaken as memories are formed. 而另一个度量的层次则要求用微米来测量各种特征，这一层次的研究很多都是关于单个神经细胞是如何工作的、信息在神经细胞之间是如何传递的以及当产生记忆的时候神经细胞之间的联系是如何得到加强和减弱的。 Between these two, though, all is darkness. 然而，位于这两个层次之间的研究还处于一片漆黑当中。 It is like trying to navigate America with an atlas that shows the states, the big cities and the main highways, and has a few street maps of local neighbourhoods, but displays nothing in between.
经济学人：中国乡村教育 写在前面的话： 篇章阅读一直是高考英语拉分重点，也是同学们一直头疼的问题。对于阅读部分，同学们一方面要掌握答题技巧，扩充词汇量，另一方面也要拓展自己的阅读面，尤其是阅读一些外刊原文，体会英文地道表达和文章结构的呈现方式。虽然一开始会很难，但是长期坚持下去，阅读能力就会有质的提升！ 对于本资料的使用： 如果你是阅读一般，平时不能完全看懂文章，答题正确率较低的同学，先不要阅读原文，直接阅读每个段落的词汇详解部分，打好词汇基础。然后看每个段落的句子分析，再打开本文，进行阅读，回顾词汇及句子分析，感受原文风采。 如果你是阅读能力强，词汇储备量高，答题正确率高的同学，可直接阅读本篇外刊文章，挑战自己，尽最大能力去理解文章中的句子含义，了解文章大意。之后再看下面的词汇详细介绍，查缺补漏。如此，进一步提升自己的阅读能力，强化语言实力。 So, are you ready now ? Let's read it! 篇章总览 来源：本文来自经济学人2017.4.15. 主要内容：中国乡村教育现状。 语言特点：中国特色表达；高频中等词汇；写作亮点短语；固定搭配短语；熟词僻义。Rural education in China ：Separate and unequal Last year some images spread on the internet in China. They showed children descending an 800-metre (2,600-foot) rock face on rickety ladders made of vines, wood and rusty metal. Their destination: school. The photographer was told by a local official that "seven or eight" people had died after losing their grip. Yet the children did this regularly—there is no school at the top of the mountain in Sichuan province where they live. The photographs conveyed two striking aspects of life in the Chinese countryside: a hunger for education so strong that children will risk their lives for it, and a lack of government attention to the needs of rural students. In many ways, education in China is improving. Since 2000 the annual tally of students graduating from university has increased nearly eightfold, to more than 7.5 million. But many rural students are neglected by China's school system, and they are not the only ones. So too are the children of migrants who have moved to the cities from the countryside and poor students who want to go to senior high school. This is not only unfair; it is also counterproductive. China faces a demographic crunch: its workforce is shrinking and it can no longer depend on cheap, low-skilled migrant labour to
18Bitcoin’s future比特币的未来 Hidden flipside另一面；反面隐藏的另一面 How the crypto-currency could become the internet of money 加密货币是怎样变成互联网货币的 Mar 15th 2014 | From the print edition Bitcoin: the original 比特币的由来 1.THE father has been found in time for 及时赶上his child’s funeral. That would appear to be 似乎是，仿佛，显示为the sorry 遗憾的state of affairs 事态，状态，情况好坏in the land of Bitcoin, a crypto-currency, if recent press coverage 新闻报道is to be believed. On March 6th Newsweek新闻周刊（美国一杂志）reported that it had足迹，踪迹tracked down 追踪Satoshi Nakamoto,中本聪Bitcoin’s elusive [?'l(j)u?s?v]难以捉摸的creator. And on March 11th Mt Gox, the Japanese online exchange 交易所，交换，交流，兑换that had long dominated控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位the trade in the currency before losing $490m of customers’Bitcoins at today’s prices, once more再一次，重新filed 提出for 再一次申请bankruptcy protection, this time in America. “父亲奔赴孩子的葬礼。”如果最近的新闻报道属实的话，那似乎会是比特币领域很遗憾的情况。3月6日，据《新闻周刊》报道，业已追踪到比特币发明人中本聪的踪迹，此人难以捉摸。日本的在线交易所Mt Gox长期以来一直是比特币行业的佼佼者，而如今，这一平台4.9亿客户的比特币被盗，于是，3月11日Mt Gox又在向美国申请破产保护。 2.In reality, things are rather different. Evidence证据，证明；迹象；明显is mounting 增加；爬上that Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto, whom Newsweek identified as Bitcoin’s father, is not the relevant Satoshi. More importantly, Bitcoin’s best days 得意时代；全盛时代may still be ahead of优于，超过it—if not as a fully fledged成熟的；快会飞的；羽毛丰满的currency, then as a platform for financial innovation金融创新. Much as虽然，尽管（表让步）；非常像，和…几乎一样the internet is a foundation for digital services数字化服务, the technology behind Bitcoin could support a revolution革命in the way people own and pay for things. Geeks极客，专业人士of all sorts各种各样的are getting excited—including a growing number of 越来越多的venture capitalists,风险投资家，风险资本家who know a new platform when they see one. 事实上，一切都是迥然不同的。不断增加的证据表明《新闻周刊》的报道是错的，多利安-蒲伦蒂斯-中本聪(Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto)和比特币之父中本聪并不是同一个人。更重要的是，如果比特币没有作为一种完全成熟的货币，而是作为金融创新的平台，那么达到比特币的全盛时代依然任重而道远。如同互联网是数字化服务的基石一样，比特币背后的科技可以引领一场革命，而这场革命可以改变买方和卖方的交易方式。各路极客们都异常兴奋，其中不乏渐多大批风险资本家，一旦一个新平台出现，这些人就会对其了如指掌。 3.To understand the enthusiasm in this modern currency, it helps to think about a very old one. Until the early 20th century the people on Yap,[j?p]雅浦岛an island in the Pacific Ocean,太平洋used large stone disks 圆盘，磁盘(pictured) as money货币，钱，钱币for big expenses, 开支；消费；损失，代价such as a daughter’s dowry.嫁妆，陪嫁，天资Being very heavy, they were rarely 很少地；难得；罕有地moved when spent. Instead, they simply changed owners. Every
《经济学家》读译参考（第13篇）：一路繁衍——你知道外来入侵物种吗？ Go forth and multiply 一往无前，生生不息 WHAT makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants—at least, that is the conclusion of a p_______①published in ★Biology Letters[1] by Naomi Cappuccino, of Carleton University, and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada. 怎样才能成功入侵？答案常常是：拥有比敌人更好的武器。人是这样，植物也是如此——至少，《生物书简》上发表的一篇论文是这么认为的，作者是来自加拿大加里敦大学的纳奥米?卡普奇诺和渥太华大学的索尔?阿纳森。 The phenomenon of alien species ★popping up[2] in unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few d________② as people and goods become more mobile and （1）?plant seeds and animal larvae have ★hitched[3] along for the ride?. Most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at all—but those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something ★goes bananas[4] and starts trying to take the place over, and an invasive species is born. Dr Cappuccino and Dr Arnason asked themselves w_______③. 过去的几十年，随着人和货物的流动日益频繁，植物种子和动物幼体也乘机“搭便车”四处播散，世界各地无意间出现了越来越多的外来物种。这些外来物种大多数都轻而易举地融入了所到之处的生态系统。（事实上，许多物种可能还没有站稳脚跟——当然，人们从未注意到这一点。）不过，偶尔也有某些物种疯狂繁殖，开始企图占领原有物种的生长空间，一种入侵物种就这样形成了。卡普奇诺和阿纳森对此感到百思不得其解。 One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators b________④. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr Cappuccino and Dr Arnason suspected this might be because native predators are [b]（2）
China in Laos Busted flush How a Sino-Lao special economic zone hit the skids May 26th 2011 | BOTEN, LAOS | from the print edition ?Tweet ? Soon all this will be jungle again AT HOME and abroad, China is a byword for fast-track development, where yesterday’s paddy field is tomorrow’s factory, highway or hotel. Less noticed is that such development can just as quickly go into reverse. Golden City, in Boten, just over the border from China in tiny Laos, is a case in point. When a Hong Kong-registered company signed a 30-year, renewable lease with the Lao government in 2003 to set up a 1,640-hectare special economic zone built with mainland money and expertise, Golden City was touted as a
Iran’s election and the internet 伊朗总统选举与互联网 Behind a thick curtain 重重幕帘后的伊朗总统选举 In the run-up to the presidential poll, the authorities are blocking the web 总统选举民意测验姗姗走来，互联网转身离开 Jun 15th 2013| TEHRAN |From the print edition AFTER a string of strong performances on the world stage in recent years, Iran’s national kick-boxing team has had to drop out of an international championship in Greece this month. The Greek embassy in Tehran, citing “communications disruptions in Iran”, said that poor internet c onnectivity, which has drastically slowed down in the run-up to the presidential election on June 14th, was to blame. Apparently the Greeks could not get onto an essential server to process the fighters’ visas. “When the elections come, the internet goes,”explains a 31-year-old Iranian teacher. “We are behind a thick curtain at the moment. It happens at every election, even the parliamentary ones.” 这个月，曾经叱咤风云几度春秋的伊朗国家跆拳道队不得不黯然离开希腊国际大奖赛的舞台。希腊驻德黑兰大使馆指责伊朗境内几乎停滞的缓慢网速是罪魁祸首。6月14日，总统选举前夕，“伊朗出现了‘沟通混乱’”。慢得掉渣的网速使希腊大使馆完全无法展开正常工作，更别提给这些跆拳道选手们发放Visa了。“大选迎面走来，但是互联网离我们远去”，一个31岁的伊朗教师解释道，“一块深深幕帘遮挡住了我们。这种‘遮挡’发生在每次选举的前夕，即便是国会选举也是如此。” Wary of the role social networks and videos played in fomenting massive street protests after the disputed re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinej ad as president in 2009, the state’s cyber sleuths are taking no chances this time. Since March, virtual private networks (VPNs), the chief means whereby many of Iran’s 43m internet users evade censorship filters, have been blocked. This is the first time the authorities have managed so protracted and comprehensive a blockage of the VPNs, which means that thousands of foreign websites, including The Economist’s, are blocked, along with Twitter and Facebook. Users trying to get access to such sites are redirected to a slide-show of flowers and mosques. 2009年，内贾德几经波折，终于再次当选总统之后，席卷而来的社交网络与宣传短片煽动了规模庞大的街头抗议。这次教训使得今年的网络侦探们格外谨慎行事。早在三月份，虚拟的私营网络（VPNs）——这个曾经帮助43，000，000伊朗网民摆脱网络监视的“法宝”，就被政府封锁了。这是有史以来伊朗权威部门如此兴师动众地大规模封锁VPNs，这一举动意味着包括经济学人、推特、脸书等在内的成千上万的国外网站一同从伊朗网络上消失。那些仍不死心的网民打开输入这些网址时，发现进入的是一些满是鲜花与清真寺的幻灯片。 The only way netizens can reach censored sites is by using an array of “proxy” applications that work only sporadically and are considered less safe from the Revolutionary Guard’s snooping internet police. Speeds on these proxies are often intolerably slow, uploading virtually impossible. An owner of an engineering firm in Tehran says he has stopped sending technical drawings to clients over the net and uses an expensive private courier instead. 唯一的能打开这些“禁网”的方法就要靠一系列“代理软件”了。即便如此，这些软件也动不动就“罢工”。伊朗革命自卫队的网络警察眼里，这些网站极不安全。经过代理软件处理的网速通常是极其缓慢，想要下载任何东西几乎也是天方夜谭。德黑兰的一位工程公司的老板无奈地表示，形势逼迫他放弃了用网络给客户发技术草图，转
Disney Star Wars, Disney and myth-making How one company came to master the business of storytelling FROM a galaxy far, far away to a cinema just down the road: “The Force Awakens”, the newest instalment of the Star Wars saga, is inescapable this Christmas. The first Star Wars title since Lucasfilm, the owner of the franchise, was acquired by Disney in 2012 for $4.1 billion, it represents more than just the revival of a beloved science-fiction series. It is the latest example of the way Disney has prospered over the past decade from a series of shrewd acquisitions (see article). Having bought Pixar, Marvel and Lucasfilm, Disney has skilfullycapitalised on their intellectual property—and in so doing, cemented its position as the market leader in the industrialisation of mythology. Its success rests on its mastery of the three elements of modern myth-making: tropes, technology and toys. From Homer to Han Solo Start with the tropes. Disney properties, which include everything from “Thor” to “Toy Story”, draw on well-worn devices of mythic structure to give their stories cultural resonance. Walt Disney himself had an intuitive grasp of the power of fables. George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, is an avid student of the work of Joseph Campbell, an American comparative mythologist who outlined the “monomyth” structure in which a hero answers a call, is assisted by a mentor figure, voyages to another world, survives various trials and emerges triumphant. Both film-makers merrily plundered ancient mythology and folklore. The Marvel universe goes even further, directly appropriating chunks of Greco-Roman and Norse mythology. (This makes Disney's enthusiasm for fierce enforcement of intellectual-property laws, and the seemingly perpetual extension of copyright, somewhat ironic.) The internal mechanics of myths may not have changed much over the ages, but the technology used to impart them certainly has. That highlights Disney's second area of expertise. In Homer's day, legends were passed on in the form of dactylic hexameters; modern myth-makers prefer computer graphics, special effects, 3D projection, surround sound and internet video distribution,