还算公道——中美洲咖啡与“啡农”
Fair enough（还算公道）
MAKING good coffee is not a simple business. Coffee bushes must be grown in shade—neither too much, nor too little. A hillside is best—but it mustn't be too s______①. After three years, the bushes will start to produce bright-red coffee “cherries”, which a re picked, processed to remove the pulp, and spread out to dry for days, ideally on concrete. They are m_______②again to separate the bean, which needs to rest, preferably for a few months. （1）Only then can it be roasted, ground and brewed into the stuff that dreams are ★quelled with[1].
In Mexico and parts of Central America, as in Colombia and Peru further south but not in Brazil, most coffee farmers are smallholders. （2）They found it especially hard to deal with the recent ★slump[2] in the coffee price. The price has since recovered: the benchmark price applied to
m________③ coffee now ranges from $1.11 to $1.14 per pound. That is roughly double its ★rock-bottom[3] level of August 2002.
But the v_________④ of their income makes it hard for farmers to invest to sustain their crop, says Fernando Celis of the Mexican National Organisation of Coffee Growers. The slump forced many small farmers to switch to other crops, or migrate to cities. Mexico's exports of coffee are less than half of what they were six years ago.
（3）For farmers, one way out of this dilemma is to decouple the price they are paid from the international commodities markets. This is the a_______⑤ of Fairtrade, a London-based organisation which certifies products as “responsibly” sourced. Fairtrade determines at what price farmers make what it considers a reasonable profit. Its current calculation is that the appropriate figure is 10% above the market price.
W________⑥, sales of Fairtrade-certified coffee have increased from $22.5m per year to $87m per year since 1998. This is still only a tiny fraction of the overall world coffee trade, worth $10 billion annually. But there are plenty of other ★niche markets[4] for high-quality coffee. Some small producers can c_________⑦ more by marketing their coffee as organic—a switch which takes five years or so—or “bird-friendly” （4）because, unlike large, mechanised plantations, they have retained shade trees.
Starbucks, the Seattle-based coffee-bar c________⑧, says it uses a similar formula to that of Fairtrade in buying its coffee. All is bought at a “fair price”, says Peter Torrebiarte, who manages Starbucks' buying operation in Costa Rica.
（5）Some niches can be large. Only 6% of world o________⑨ is of top quality, but in Costa Rica and Guatemala the figure rises to 60%, says Mr Torrebiarte. Starbucks bought 37% of Costa Rica's entire coffee crop in the 2004-05 season, according to Adolfo Lizano of the country's coffee institute.
Mexico lags behind its neighbours in extracting higher prices. But 95% of the coffee in Mexico is arabica—the type of bean demanded by connoisseurs—rather than lower-grade robusta. Almost all of it is grown at a________⑩, which also improves quality. So Mexico, too, has the potential to compete on quality rather than price. Only by following the path forged by Costa Rica and Guatemala, says Mr Celis, can Mexico's coffee growers survive in the world market. （6）For their part, discerning coffee drinkers can satisfy their palate and their conscience at the same time.
[QUIZ]
（下列2题任选其一即可，认真答题者即给予80沪元奖励。不答题仅提问者，亦可得到至少20沪元奖励）
1. 根据空白后括号里面的词性提示和英文释义以及首字母，填入合适的单词（注意单词形式变化）。
①s______(adj. rising or falling at a sharp angle)
②m______（v. to crush grain, pepper, etc into flour）
③m_______（adj. not very strong or hot-tasting）
④v_________（n. likelihood to change suddenly and unexpectedly or suddenly become violent or angry）
⑤a_______（n. something you hope to achieve by doing something）
⑥W________（adj. everywhere in the world）
⑦c_________ （v. to ask someone for a particular amount of money for something you are selling）
⑧c________（n. a number of shops, hotels, cinemas etc owned or managed by the same company or
person）
⑨o________（n. the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory etc；production）
⑩a________（n. the height of an object or place above the sea）
2. 将文中划线部分英语翻译成汉语：
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
[1] quell [transitive] formal
1to end a situation in which people are behaving violently or protesting, especially by using force [= put down] 镇压
quell the violence/disturbance/riot etc
Police used live ammunition to quell the disturbances.
2 literary to reduce or stop unpleasant feelings such as fear, doubt, or worry: 压制，压抑，平息
'Jerry?' she called, trying to quell the panic inside her.
[2] slump [countable, usually singular]
1 a sudden decrease in prices, sales, profits etc （价格、销售、利润等）骤降
slump in
a slump in car sales
2 a period when there is a reduction in business and many people lose their jobs [≠ boom]: 衰退时期
The war was followed by an economic slump.
a worldwide slump
3 especially American English a period when a player or team does not play well（运动员及队伍）状态低迷期
in a slump
The Dodgers have been in a slump for the last three weeks.
[3]rock-bottom [only before noun]
a rock-bottom price is as low as it can possibly be: 极低的（价格）bargain holidays at rock-bottom prices
[4] niche markets 瞄准机会的市场
niche [only before noun]
relating to selling goods to a particular small group of people who have similar needs, interests etc:
niche marketing
a niche market
a niche product
在国内，niche market被译为“利基市场”，其中niche即拾遗补缺或见缝插
针的意思，因此所谓利基市场可以指空缺市场。在市场经济条件下，一些企业专注于市场的某一细分环节，他们不与强势企业正面竞争，“不拿鸡蛋碰石头”，而是通过专业化经营、见缝插针地占据有利的市场位置，这部分市场就可称为利基市场。而利基营销则是指企业通过整合各种营销要素，如开发产品、市场推广、客户服务等，集中力量于某一特定市场，从而形成独具特色的经营策略与经营方式，最终造就在这一领域的差异化优势。
[TIPS & BACKGROUND]
关于咖啡的产区、特性
咖啡的生产地带（俗称为咖啡带）介于北纬25度到南纬30度，涵盖了中、西非，中东，印度，南亚，太平洋，拉丁美洲，加勒比海的许多国家。咖啡的种植之所以集中在此一带状区域，主要是受到气温的限制。因为咖啡树很容易受到霜害，纬度偏北或偏南皆不适合，以热带地区为宜，此地区的热度和湿度最为理想。目前世界重要的咖啡豆主要来自Coffee Arabica 及Coffee Robusta 这两个品种。这两种咖啡豆的植株、栽培方式、生长环境、形状、成份及加工方式皆不同。一般来说，Arabica 咖啡的品质较好，价钱亦较贵。巴西是世界上最大的咖啡生产国，产量几佔全世界的三分之一，主要品种是自然的 Arabica-Natural Arabica），其次是哥伦比亚，委内瑞拉，秘鲁和厄瓜多尔（水洗 Arabica 咖啡豆-Washed Arabica ）。大多数的非洲国家生产 Robusta 品种的咖啡豆。在全世界的咖啡市场上，Arabica 品种的咖啡约佔 75~80%，Robusta 品种的咖啡则佔 20~25%。咖啡全年度的生产量约为9千1百万袋，每袋60公斤。中、南美洲的咖啡出产
量约佔全世界产量的70%，亚洲 20%，非洲 10%。
咖啡豆是一种类似樱桃似的种子，它生长在海拔6000 英尺、狭长的亚热带区域。
咖啡树是常绿植物，生长高度可达20 英尺。为了收获简单，一般将树剪成8 到10 英尺高。咖啡果成熟期并不一致，所以主要靠手工采摘。需要大约2000 个阿拉比卡樱桃果才能制造出1 磅烤制咖啡。由于每个果实有2 个豆，所以1 磅咖啡来自于4000 颗豆。每株咖啡1 年平均产1 到2 磅烘烤咖啡。咖啡树苗需要4-5 年才能开始结果。
咖啡树开白色小花，呈簇状，外形和气味与茶树相似。花期只有几天，然后结出绿色的小咖啡果，成熟后呈黄色、红色，最后几乎变成黑色。成熟期6 到9 个月。咖啡果采摘后就送去加工。有两种脱去外皮的方法：自然法，也秤干法；即晒干或烘干后用机械方法分离。湿法稍微先进，又称为浸泡法；所制备的咖啡豆又称水洗豆。绿色咖啡豆干燥、按大小分类、分级挑选，通常全凭手工。装袋后运到世界各地的烘烤店。我们日常所用的物品，很少象咖啡这样，需要这么多人力劳动。
[TRANSLATION OF FULLTEXT]（附难点讲解，一己之见，仅供参考）
还算公道
生产优质咖啡并不是一件简单的事情。咖啡树必须种在荫凉处——不宜太稠密，也不宜太稀疏，最好种在山坡上——但不能太陡。三年之后，咖啡树即可结出鲜红的咖啡“樱桃”。采摘后，经加工去除（外面的）果肉，（将里面的咖啡豆）铺开干燥数日（最好放在混凝土上），然后再次研磨，分离咖啡豆，然后最好静置数月。此后才可进行烘焙、碾磨、发酵，最后制成让人睡意全无的成品咖啡豆。（恰恰就是这些咖啡豆，压制了许多人的梦想。）。（这里的"quell dreams”，我思来想去也想不出最合适的译法，这里有两种译法，仅供参考：其一，强调的是咖啡主要功用，即“提神醒脑”、“打消睡意”。其二，如我译文中，“让梦想破灭”，一是根据quell一词本身的意义，二来我把文章的背景也考虑进去了——很多农民辛辛苦苦种植、养护、采摘、制作……，最后为我们送上了美味的咖啡，然而由于发达国家的资本家的剥削，他们得到的回报微乎其微，"指望卖咖啡来过上好日子的梦想"因此而“破灭”了。——想来想去，很是牵强。）
跟哥伦比亚、秘鲁以南（不包括巴西）一样，墨西哥和中美洲部分国家的大多数咖啡种植户都是小农。最近咖啡价格的暴跌让他们感到不知所措。目前，价格已经回升：现在淡咖啡的基准价为每磅1.11美元到1.14美元，大约两倍于2002年8月时的最低价。
不过，墨西哥全国咖啡种植者组织的费尔兰多?塞利斯说，收入的不稳定让农户难以投资维持作物的种植。价格下滑迫使许多农户改种其他作物或者迁往城市。墨西哥的咖啡出口额连6年前的一半都不到。
有一条可以帮助咖啡种植户走出这种两难困境的途径，那就是将咖啡收购价与国际商品市场脱钩。总部设在伦敦、专为产品来源提供“可靠性”认证的“公平贸易组织”的宗旨就在于此，它可根据利润是否合理来指导农户定价。按照其目前的计算方法，超出市场价10％的价格为合理价格。（译者注：对于第一句，理解的关键是decouple这个词，其意为“脱离，分离”，与后面的from构成“decouple…from…”结构，使……与……相分离开。）
从世界范围看，“公平贸易”认证的咖啡销量自1998年以来，已从每年2250
万美元增加到8700万美元。放到全世界每年100亿美元的咖啡总贸易额中来看，这只占很小一部分。但是，对于品质上乘的咖啡来说，存在足够的市场空间。（比如）有些小生产者可通过开拓“有机咖啡”（实际上要5年左右时间才能转化成功）或者“鸟类友善咖啡”市场来争取更高价格，因为这类咖啡有别于大规模、机械化种植出来的咖啡，它们都属于树荫咖啡。（树荫对于咖啡生长的意义见附录）
总部位于西雅图的星巴克咖啡馆连锁店称，它在购买咖啡时所遵循的原则近似于“公平贸易”，星巴克负责在哥斯达黎加采购咖啡的彼特?托莱比阿尔特说，买来的咖啡都“价格公道”。
有时候，小市场还可以做大做强。托莱比阿尔特说，全球咖啡总产量中高品质咖啡仅占6％，其中哥斯达黎加和危地马拉这一比例则达到60%。据哥斯达黎加咖啡研究所的阿多尔佛?里扎诺称，2004至2005年度，星巴克购买了哥斯达黎加咖啡总产量的37％。
就抬高咖啡价格以谋求更多利润而言，墨西哥落在了其周边国家的后面。不过，墨西哥有95％的咖啡属“阿拉比卡”咖啡（内行人追求的咖啡豆品种），而不是品级相对较低的“罗布斯达”，并且几乎所有咖啡都产自有利于改善质量的高海拔地区。因此，墨西哥的竞争潜力在于质量而非价格。塞利斯说，墨西哥咖啡种植户要想在世界市场中生存，只有仿效哥斯达黎加和危地马拉的模式。对这些种植户来说，掌握喝咖啡人的不同特点，就能让他们既感到有滋有味，又能问心无愧。（译者注：我的理解是，文章后四段均讨论的是高品质咖啡市场空间问题。在倒数第四段中，作者首先提到作为高品质咖啡的代表的“有机咖啡”和“鸟类友善”咖啡，该句用“口味”和“良心”正好与其一一对应。“有机咖啡”使咖啡更好喝，当然是“满足了口味”，而“鸟类友善咖啡”则强调咖啡树属于自然生长，树荫茂密，鸟儿可以自由歌唱，生态得以维持良好，人们“良心上就过得去了”。反之，如若为了大规模机械化种植而大肆垦荒伐林，让倦鸟无以归巢，试问，谁不自责呢？——一点肤浅看法）
[KEY TO QUIZ]
①steep 陡峭的；②mill 磨；③mild 口味清淡的；④volatility 易波动性；
⑤aim 目标；⑥Worldwide，世界各地的；⑦charge 收费，要价；⑧chain 连锁店；⑨output 产量；⑩altitude 海拔高度
The Brain Activity Map 绘制大脑活动地图 Hard cell 棘手的细胞 An ambitious project to map the brain is in the works. Possibly too ambitious 一个绘制大脑活动地图的宏伟计划正在准备当中，或许有些太宏伟了 NEWS of what protagonists hope will be America’s next big science project continues to dribble out. 有关其发起人心中下一个科学大工程的新闻报道层出不穷。 A leak to the New York Times, published on February 17th, let the cat out of the bag, with a report that Barack Obama’s administration is thinking of sponsoring what will be known as the Brain Activity Map. 2月17日，《纽约时报》刊登的一位线人报告终于泄露了秘密，报告称奥巴马政府正在考虑赞助将被称为“大脑活动地图”的计划。 And on March 7th several of those protagonists published a manifesto for the project in Science. 3月7日，部分发起人在《科学》杂志上发表声明证实了这一计划。 The purpose of BAM is to change the scale at which the brain is understood. “大脑活动地图”计划的目标是改变人们在认知大脑时采用的度量方法。 At the moment, neuroscience operates at two disconnected levels. 眼下，神经学的研究处在两个断开的层次。 The higher one, where the dimensions of features are measured in centimetres, has many techniques at its disposal, notably functional magnetic-res onance imaging, which measures changes in tissues’ fuel consumption. 在相对宏观的层次当中各个特征的规模用厘米来衡量，有很多技术可以使用，尤其是用来测量组织中能量消耗变动情况的核磁共振成像技术。 This lets researchers see which bits of the brain are active in particular tasks—as long as those tasks can be performed by a person lying down inside a scanner. 该技术可使研究人员找出在完成具体的任务时，大脑的哪些部分处于活跃状态。At the other end of the scale, where features are measured in microns, lots of research has been done on how individual nerve cells work, how messages are sent from one to another, and how the connections between cells strengthen and weaken as memories are formed. 而另一个度量的层次则要求用微米来测量各种特征，这一层次的研究很多都是关于单个神经细胞是如何工作的、信息在神经细胞之间是如何传递的以及当产生记忆的时候神经细胞之间的联系是如何得到加强和减弱的。 Between these two, though, all is darkness. 然而，位于这两个层次之间的研究还处于一片漆黑当中。 It is like trying to navigate America with an atlas that shows the states, the big cities and the main highways, and has a few street maps of local neighbourhoods, but displays nothing in between.
2020年中考英语阅读理解专题练习《热点话题》 新科技 Passage1(2019台州) Brooke wanted a doll house and some sugar cookies. So the 6yearold asked Alexa to get them. Alexa wasn't her mom or babysitter. It was a voiceactivated home assistant powered by AI(人工智能). And it made Brooke's wishes come true. A few days later, much to her parents' surprise, a $170 dollhouse and four pounds of cookies showed up. They ate the cookies and gave away the dollhouse to a local hospital. And that's not the end of the story. When a news reporter told the story of what happened on TV, Alexa devices(设备)in many listeners' homes woke up and tried to order dollhouses! Alexa isn't the only AI willing to serve you. Apple Homepod has Siri, Google Home has its Assistant, and the upcoming Galaxy Home device will have Bixby. People who have these devices use them mainly for listening to music, checking the weather, and setting timers. According to a report from The Information, nowadays voice shopping is rare. But many scientists predict a boom(增长) in voice shopping in the near future. Is that a good thing ________. You can shout out an order as soon as you think of it, even if you are cooking, cleaning, o r driving. In addition, people with disabilities who are unable to use a keyboard or mouse can shop without any help. But voice shopping has its disadvantages. Unwanted dollhouses aren't the biggest problem. It's usually very easy to cancel an order or return products. The thing t hat worries some people is that these assistants are always listening. They have to be able to respond when you want them. So they listen for “Alexa” or “OK Google” or another order. When they hear it, they start recording the conversation. Some have worried about what happens to these recordings. Should companies be allowed to use them to learn about people's shopping habits And what if someone hacks(入侵) the device The CIA found a way to hack smart TVs to turn them into spies that listen all the time. Others could do the same with any smart device. What do you think Are you ready to start voice shopping ( )1. From the passage, we know that Alexa ________． A. can look after the baby B. can cook delicious food C. is a toy doll sold online D. is one kind of AI device ( )2. The underlined word “rare” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________． A. unusual B. expensive C. harmful D. impossible ( )3. Which of the following is the best to fill in the “________” in Paragraph 3 A. Convenience is the main advantage of voice shopping B. The cost of voice shopping is lower than other ways C. The popularity of voice shopping is increasing D. The technology of voice shopping needs improving ( )4. Paragraph 4 mainly tells us that ________ when people try voice shopping. A. AI sometimes forgets people's orders B. personal information might be hacked C. it's difficult to cancel or return products D. the needs for products can't be satisfied Passage2(2019宿迁) Technology is developing fast and it has become an important part of our life. Then what will
《经济学家》读译参考（第13篇）：一路繁衍——你知道外来入侵物种吗？ Go forth and multiply 一往无前，生生不息 WHAT makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants—at least, that is the conclusion of a p_______①published in ★Biology Letters[1] by Naomi Cappuccino, of Carleton University, and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada. 怎样才能成功入侵？答案常常是：拥有比敌人更好的武器。人是这样，植物也是如此——至少，《生物书简》上发表的一篇论文是这么认为的，作者是来自加拿大加里敦大学的纳奥米?卡普奇诺和渥太华大学的索尔?阿纳森。 The phenomenon of alien species ★popping up[2] in unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few d________② as people and goods become more mobile and （1）?plant seeds and animal larvae have ★hitched[3] along for the ride?. Most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at all—but those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something ★goes bananas[4] and starts trying to take the place over, and an invasive species is born. Dr Cappuccino and Dr Arnason asked themselves w_______③. 过去的几十年，随着人和货物的流动日益频繁，植物种子和动物幼体也乘机“搭便车”四处播散，世界各地无意间出现了越来越多的外来物种。这些外来物种大多数都轻而易举地融入了所到之处的生态系统。（事实上，许多物种可能还没有站稳脚跟——当然，人们从未注意到这一点。）不过，偶尔也有某些物种疯狂繁殖，开始企图占领原有物种的生长空间，一种入侵物种就这样形成了。卡普奇诺和阿纳森对此感到百思不得其解。 One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators b________④. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr Cappuccino and Dr Arnason suspected this might be because native predators are [b]（2）
Central banks 各国央行 Brave new words 大胆新言论 Rich-world central banks explore more doveish strategies 发达国家央行探索更加温和的政策 FOR four years rich-world central banks have done their best to rejuvenate economies with conventional and unconventional monetary policy. Now, with short-term interest rates still stuck near zero and their balance-sheets stuffed with government bonds, the central banks of America, Britain and Japan are experimenting with a shift in approach: coupling monetary action with commitments designed to alter the public’s expectati ons of interest rates, inflation and the economy. The sense of change is reinforced by the prospect of new leaders at the Japanese and British central banks, and the increasing prominence of several doves at America’s. 4年来，发达国家央行为经济复苏想尽了一切办法，常规和非常规货币政策你方唱罢我登场。时至今日，短期利率依然近乎于零，资产负债表上依然满是政府债券。美国、英国和日本央行正在尝试改变路线：为了改变公众对于利率、通胀和经济前景的预期，他们做出一系列承诺，并将货币政策与承诺相结合。日本和英国央行新领导人即将走马上任，加上美国几位鸽派人物的声音日益突出，使改变即将到来的感觉愈发强烈。 A more doveish stance would entail tolerating higher inflation, at least temporarily, in pursuit of higher output: a significant shift given the primacy central banks have long given to low inflation. Bond investors have begun to price in higher inflation (see chart). But just how far each central bank is prepared to go is still uncertain. 为了提高产值，更加温和的政策意味着必须要容忍更高水平的通胀，至少短期内会是如此：央行长期以来将低通胀率视为第一要务的政策即将迎来重大改变。一些大胆的投资人已经开始以更高的通胀率定价（见图）。但是各国央行的新政力度到底有多大尚不得而知。 In Japan, Shinzo Abe, the prime minister, has used the term “regime change” to describe the Bank of Japan’s (BoJ’s) agreement to raise its inflation targe t to 2% from 1%, and pursue it with unlimited asset purchases. There are expectations for even more forceful action once Masaaki Shirakawa, the current governor, and his two deputies depart on March 19th. Under Mr Shirakawa the BoJ bought lots more assets, but critics said he undercut the positive impact by repeatedly saying they were not enough to end deflation and by restricting the maturity of bonds the bank bought. 日本首相安倍晋三曾以“制度改革”一词来形容日本央行的政策变化。日本央行同意将通胀目标从1%提高到2%，并表示为了实现这一目标资产收购将不设上限。有人预期现任行长白川方明和两位副行长3月19日离任之后，会有力度更大的政策出台。白川在任期间日本央行购入了大量资产，但是有人批评到，由于白川经常强调购入的资产数量仍不足以结束通货紧缩，而且对买入债券的期限种类
2019年中考英语阅读理解真题汇编 (带详细解析过程) (名师精讲解题方法与技巧+实战训练，建议下载练习) 【考点分析】 阅读理解旨在考查学生阅读、理解的能力。近几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新颖，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力、根据语篇猜单词意思的能力 的力度加大，考查学生关注细节的能力占很大部分。所以学生往往要么没能正确 理解语篇中某些句子的意思，在细节题上丢分，要么就是对语篇的整体把握不够，在综合题或者推断题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读理解这一题型呢？ 一、解题思路 （一）先读问题，弄清考查要点，以便能带着问题看文章，这样会心中有数，有 的放矢。 （二）快速浏览全文，掌握全貌，注意发现与问题有关的信息，如果时间紧，至 少要扫视一下起首段和尾段。再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想，这样全文大意便清楚了。此时，不要忙于答题。 （三）细读原文，捕捉相关信息词，掌握短文细节内容。这是解题的关键，应特 别注意以下几点： 1．抓住四个"W"和一个"H"，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把What (事件)，When （时间），Where（地点），Why（原因），How（经过）划出来。抓住了四个“W”和一个“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的问题便可解决。 2．抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有 因果，让步，递进，转折，指代，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。 这对考生分清文章层次，辨明各种关系，了解人物心理，推断作者意图，进行逻 辑推理等手段来分析难点，都具有举足轻重的作用。 3．注意领会文章的寓意。
4．根据题意，初选答案。这一步须仔细审题，领会测试要求，确定解题方法。 对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然确定，不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而浪费 时间：有些略难的题，应再查阅短文（不是重读一遍），迅速找出依据，予以排 除。常用的解题方法有如下几种： ①直接解题法。即从原文中直接找出答案。 ②归纳解题法。对于不能从原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中心和线 索的前题下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案。 ③综合推理法。读者需统观全文，认真分析，综合推理及至计算，最后归纳出 正确答案。 题干中有"suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to“等字眼时，属于推断概括型，考查内容着眼于全篇，考生应具备一 定的分析归纳，推理等逻辑思维能力。 ④捕捉关键词。在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词，近义词，反义词 或同位词等信息词来得出正确答案。 ⑤转换解题法。即原文这么说，而在问题和所给选项中则用另外的词去转 换一种说法，但仍表示同一含义。 ⑥排除法。根据语言，句法结构，信息词和常识，在没有把握的选项中用 排除法得出正确答案。 四、重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案。在解完最后一道题后，如果时间允许，再 将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各思考题，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系， 目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以便减少失误。
China in Laos Busted flush How a Sino-Lao special economic zone hit the skids May 26th 2011 | BOTEN, LAOS | from the print edition ?Tweet ? Soon all this will be jungle again AT HOME and abroad, China is a byword for fast-track development, where yesterday’s paddy field is tomorrow’s factory, highway or hotel. Less noticed is that such development can just as quickly go into reverse. Golden City, in Boten, just over the border from China in tiny Laos, is a case in point. When a Hong Kong-registered company signed a 30-year, renewable lease with the Lao government in 2003 to set up a 1,640-hectare special economic zone built with mainland money and expertise, Golden City was touted as a
Passage1 As the host city of the next Winter Games,Beijing held a wonderful eight-minute show at the closing ceremony of the 2018PyeongChang Winter Olympics on Sunday,sending a warm invitation to the whole world. The show was directed by Zhang Yimou,a famous Chinese director who was also responsible for the eight-minute summer handover in Athens in2004as well as the opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing in2008that had a big success in the world. Unlike Athens which focused on showing Chinese history with traditional culture like red lantern and jasmine(茉莉花),“Beijing8Minutes”gave special importance to the Chinese people’s sincere welcome to the world by using modern technology. Leading the team were two dancers in costumes of panda puppets that are the world’s largest but the lightest at the same time,each weighing only about10kilograms.To reduce the pressure on the two dancers,researchers had tried hundreds of different materials until ending up with high-technology ones. During the whole performance,the dancers and robots both wore LED lights on them that could be fit for the cold weather at PyeongChang Olympic Stadium without the risks of breaking. The costumes were also made with a kind of special material to
经济学人双语阅读1
经济学人杂志双语阅读 Consumer spending in Asia：Shopaholics wanted Consumer spending in Asia亚洲消费状况 Shopaholics wanted 购物狂时代该来了？ Jun 25th 2009 | HONG KONG From The Economist print edition Can Asians replace Americans as a driver of global growth? 亚洲人能够代替美国人做全球经济的发动机吗？ ASIA'S emerging economies are bouncing back much more strongly than any others. While America's industrial production continued to slide in May, output in emerging Asia has regained its pre-crisis level (see chart 1). This is largely due to China; but although production in the region's smaller economies is still well down on a year ago, it is rebounding in those countries too. Taiwan's industrial output rose by an annualised 80% in the three months to May compared with the previous three months. JPMorgan estimates that emerging Asia's GDP has grown by an annualised 7% in the second quarter. 时下亚洲新兴经济体们的恢复势头比其他任何国家都要迅猛。在美国工业生产继续下滑的5月，亚洲新兴国家的产出已经回到了它们危机前的水平(见表一)。这很大程度上要归功于中国，此外尽 管该地区较小经济体的生产比去年仍有所下降，但最近这些国家也
15年每周经济学人报刊中英文对照
空气污染英国需要采取更多措施来净化污浊的空气 Air pollution空气污染The big smoke雾都 Britain needs to do more to clean up its dirty air 英国需要采取更多措施来净化污浊的空气VISITING Oxford Street, a road teeming with tatty shops and overcrowded with people, is plainly a trial. Less plainly, levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a noxious gas, have been found to be around three times higher there than the legal limit. In 2013 the annual mean concentration of NO2 on the street was one of the highest levels found anywhere in Europe. 来到牛津街，你会看到街道两边布满了各式杂乱的商店，而道路上人满为患。行走在这条街上，很明显是个磨练。不为人觉察的是，这里有毒气体二氧化氮(NO2)测出含量超出法定水平的约三倍以上。２０１３年，这条街的NO2年均浓度是欧洲最高之一。 British air is far cleaner than it was a few decades ago. Fewer people use coal-burning stoves; old industrial plants have been decommissioned. But since 2009 levels of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, coarse or fine particles that are linked to lung cancer and asthma, have fallen more slowly. The exact number of deaths caused by dirty air is unknown. But in 2010 a government advisory group estimated that removing man-made fine particulate matter from the atmosphere would increase life expectancy for those born in 2008 by an average of six months. 英国的空气比几十年前干净多了。使用燃煤炉灶的人越来越少；老工业厂已经停产。但自2009年起，氧 化氮、微粒物质、以及与肺癌和哮喘相关的粗、细颗粒含量的下降速度减慢了。因污浊空气所引发的死亡人数是未知的。但2010年，一个政府顾问组估算如果将大气中人为造成的微粒物质除去的话，2008年的出生人口人均寿命将增加六个月。 Much of the slowdown is the result of fumes from diesel cars, which were championed by successive governments because they use less fuel and thus produce less carbon dioxide than petrol cars. In 2001 only 14% of all cars ran on diesel; by 2013 the proportion had increased to 35%. (Greener “hybrid” and electric cars have increased ninefold since 2006, but account for just 0.5% of the entire fleet.) Second-hand cars are particularly noxious, but even newer ones have not been as clean as hoped. Many cars that belched out few pollutants in tests produced more when on the roads. 下降速度放缓的大部分原因在于柴油汽车排放的尾气—这为历任政府所支持，因为柴油汽车耗用更少的能源，比汽油汽车排放更少的二氧化碳。2001年，仅14%的汽车使用柴油。2013年，这个比例上涨到了35%。（更绿色的“混合动力”和电瓶车自2006年以来增加了九倍，但仅占汽车总量的0.5%。）二手汽 车尤其有害，但新车也没所期望的那样清洁。很多车在污染物排放测试中排放量低，车在上路时却排放了更多。 Climate change and geoengineering气候变化与地质工程学Fears of a bright planet 地球发光，令人担心Experiments designed to learn more about ways of geoengineering the climate should be allowed to proceed为更好地利用工程学手段研究气候问题所设计的实验应该获准进行下去。SHINY things absorb less heat when left in the sun. This means that if the Earth could be made a little shinier it would be less susceptible to global warming. Ways to brighten it, such as adding nanoscale specks of salt to low clouds, making them whiter, or putting a thin haze of particles into the stratosphere, are the province of “geoengineering”. The small band of scientists which have been studying this subject over the past decade or so have mostly been using computer models. Some of them are now proposing outdoor experiments—using seawater-fed sprayers to churn out particles of the exact size needed to brighten clouds, or spewing sulphur particles from underneath a large balloon 20km up in the sky.发光的物体放在太阳下面会吸收较少的热量。这就意味着如果让地球发一点光的话，受到全球变暖的影响就会小一些。让地球发光的方式，比方说在低空云层上添加纳米级的盐微粒，让云变得更白，或者是将一层薄的雾状物洒向平流层，这些都属于地质工程学的范畴。过去十年左右研究这一领域的一小批科学家主要使用计算机模型，其中一些人现在提出要做室外实验――就是用装有
Topic Topical issues Reading Class：Name：Group：No： Learning Objectives： 1.Review the important words and expressions in the reading material: 2. Learn the reading skills: scanning and skimming Learning Key Points： 1.Grasp the important words and expressions in the reading material 2.Master the reading skills: scanning and skimming Learning Difficult Points： Improve the reading ability Learning Procedures： I.【Pre-class homework】 Read the passage and choose the best answer (1) T he first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot ―greener‖ toward the environment（环境）. ―We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,‖ says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA. But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. ―The understanding has increased many, many times,‖ says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day. According to US government reports, emissions（排放）from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 tons .The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9 .Although serious problems still remain and ne ed to be dealt with , the world is a safer and healthier place .A kind of ―Green thinking ‖ has become part of practices . Great improvement has been achieved .In 1988 there were only - 1 -
2017年中考英语阅读理解和完形填空 最新热点预测12篇 阅读理解 Passage 1 Since last year, city streets around China have seen colorful shared bikes, which people can rent with a smart phone app and then park wherever they choose. To reduce traffic jams and air pollution, many cities have offered bike-sharing. But sometimes, dreams can turn sour. As shared bikes become more popular, problems keep showing up. According to news reports, shared bikes are badly treated by users. When people are using the bike, some of them just throw it onto streets and even into ditches(水沟). Some bikes are stolen. Recently, a man in Shanghai was fined (罚款)1,000 yuan for stealing a shared bike. Besides, the damage to the QR codes on the bikes has brought huge losses to bike-sharing companies, like Mobike. If the QR code is damaged, the bike cannot be used any more. It can take several hundred yuan for the company workers to find a lost bike and get it repaired. Mobike has 100 credit (信用) scores for each user. Penalty (惩罚)points will be taken in case of users? bad behaviors. Once the score drops to below 80, bike rental will go up to five yuan per 30 minutes. However, punishment may not be the best way to stop shared bikes from being stolen or damaged. Bike-sharing services will work well only if people follow the rules and show respect for the bikes and other users. 1. Why do many cities have offered bike-sharing? A.To provide convenience to travelers. B. To reduce traffic jams and air pollution. C. To make money for the company by renting. D. To encourage more people to excise by riding. 2. If Mr. Li credit scores is 80, he should pay for _____ his one hour?s riding shared Mobike. A. five Yuan B. eighty Yuan C. ten Yuan D. fifteen Yuan