英语语法基础
一、词性
1. 名词(noun →n.)：
表示人或物的名称，man, teacher, book, music, time等。
另有专有名词如Tom, New York, Wall Street, ATM等。
动名词也是名词，由动词+ing构成，表示某种行为，如：swimming, playing basketball, being short等。
在英语中，名词可做句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同位语。如：
I love studying English in my leisure / spare / free time. （主语、宾语）Being short is not a disadvantage. （主语、表语）
The railway bridge is to be reconstructed next month. （定语）
We made him monitor. （宾语补足语）
We Chinese people mean what we say. （同位语）
2. 各种代词(pronoun →pron.)
指代人或物，如人称代词he, she, us, them, 指示代词this, that, these, 不定代词some, any, someone, something, all, each，疑问代词what, which等。
代词类似于名词，在英语中通常做主语、宾语，少数可以做表语、同位语、定语。
What has happened to him? （主语、宾语）
This is my book. Yours is over there. （定语、主语）
They each / all got a birthday present. （同位语。当然，还有主语they 也是代词。）
注意：反身代词只能作宾语、表语、同位语，绝对不能做主语! 例如：He himself is to blame for the mistake. （同位语）
He isn’t himself / doesn’t look / feel / seem himself today. （表语）
He slipped, but didn’t hurt himself. （宾语）
3. 形容词(adjective →adj./a.)
形容词的主要功能就是作定语、表语、补足语。如：
He is said to be a handsome boy. （定语）
He is tall, handsome, and above all, very intelligent. （表语）
He fell down to the ground, dead. （主语补足语）
4. 副词(adverbial →adv./ad.)
副词通常做状语，修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词、整个句子。He plays the piano well / very well. （修饰动词短语plays the piano，very又修饰副词well）
She is very / really / pretty beautiful. （修饰形容词beautiful）Surprisingly, he passed the exam at first attempt. （修饰整个句子）
注意一词多义、一词多性现象：
She was very ill and was rushed to hospital immediately. （形容词，“生病的”，句中作表语）
ill effects / discipline / temper / humor（形容词，“不好的；糟糕的；有害的”，只能作前置定语）
ill-equipped / ill-treat / speak ill of sb （副词，“坏地；糟糕地”，做状语）
a cure for all the nation’s ills（名词，“问题；困难”，作宾语。）
The book is very good and worth reading a second time. （程度副词，“非常地”，做状语。）
He is the very man for the job. （形容词，“恰恰是；正是”等表示强调的意思，只能做前置定语。）
He played the instrument so well that he won first prize. （副词，“好地”）He’ll get well soon. （形容词，“身体好的；健康的”，只能作表语。）We used to get our water from a well. （名词，“井；水井；油井；气井）With tears well ing in his eyes, she went away. （动词，“（液体）流出；涌出”）
5. 介词(preposition →prep.)
英语中的介词不能单独使用，通常跟后面的宾语构成介词短语，一起做句子的状语、定语、表语、补足语。
I’ll put my name on the back of the envelope. （地点状语）
She didn’t remember the name on the back of the envelope. （后置定语）He was on holiday at the time. （表语、时间状语）
He left his keys in the dormitory. （宾语补足语）
6. 连词(conjunction →conj.)
英语中的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种，分别引导并列句和从句。并列连词主要有and, but, or, so, for；从属连词引导从句，按功能分有
引导状语从句的because, since, as, although, so that等，引导定语从句的that, which, who, whose, when, where等，还有引导名词性从句的that, who, which, whether, where等。
We are making good progress, but we still have a long way to go. （引导并列句，表示转折）
Before I could think of a reply, she went away. （引导时间状语从句）Since everybody is here, let’s begin. （引导原因状语从句）
Who is the man that is sitting at the back? （引导定语从句）
This is the hospital where / in which she was born. （引导定语从句）That no one remembered her birthday left Maria very depressed. （引导名词性从句的主语从句）
I’m delighted that we achieved what we set out to do. （两个从句，分别有由that和what引导，都是名词性从句的宾语从句）
The question is whether we can get in touch with him. （引导名词性从句的表语从句）
7. 动词(verb →v.)
动词在英语中最复杂，有很多种分类：
1）及物动词与不及物动词
2）动作动词（行为动词）与状态动词（静态动词，含系动词、结果动词）
3）实义动词与助动词（含情态助动词）
4）持续动词与瞬间动词
5）谓语动词与非谓语动词
关于动词用法下面还有论述，请参照下文。
二、英语的句子成分小结
1. 主语：
由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句充当
I was / They were young and energetic.
Who / What makes him so upset?
To learn / Learning English is easy.
Who will go there / Whether or not the meeting will be held is not decided yet.
2. 谓语：
由谓语动词来充当，有时态和语态（主动语态与被动语态）变化Spending money is fun.
He didn’t go with us for lack of money.
I have been working for hours and is in need of a rest.
The car must have been stolen.
3. 宾语：
由名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句充当
I want to go home right now.
I appreciate your help / your helping me.
He didn’t say why / when he was leaving.
4. 定语：
由形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、定语从句充当，分前置定语和后置定语两种。
The small boy (sitting / seated) under the tree is Tom.
The boy (who is seated / sitting) under the tree is Tom.
5. 补足语：
由名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当，有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种）
The news made me happy / on top of the world.
He was elected / made monitor.
He wanted the work to be done by Friday.
Wherever you go, you see KFC advertised.
He was caught smoking in the workshop and was fired immediately.
6. 状语：
由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句充当。英语中状语的种类繁多，常见的有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语、伴随状语、目的状语等。
He remained seated there / throughout the party.
He jumped with joy when he heard the news.
To learn English well, you should read widely.
Dressed in / Wearing a scarf, she looks younger.
7. 表语（系动词be和半系动词之后）：
由名词、形容词、反身代词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当He is like his father / a student / handsome.
The chicken smells / tastes good.
He looks worried / like his father.
The story sounds interesting.
Something must have gone wrong.
8. 同位语
英语中，只有主语和宾语才可能有同位语，由名词、少数代词和同位语从句充当
He praised us all in class. （宾语us的同位语）
They all/ each got a reward. （主语they的同位语）
I saw the president himself. （宾语the president的同位语）
We were all surprised at the news that he had resigned. （主语we的同位语；宾语the news的同位语从句）
三、助动词小结
助动词主要是帮助谓语动词改变形式，如否定式、疑问式、进行式、完成式、被动式、强调式等。
1．助动词has, have, had（后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的完成时，用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句）
I have finished all my homework. / Have you finished your homework? --- No, I haven’t.
She has gone to Shanghai to study Chinese literature.
The train had already left when she arrived at the station.
2．助动词is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be a) 后接动词的-ing形式，构成谓语动词的进行式
What are you doing now? --- I’m watching TV at home.
Two boys were playing football nearby when the accident happened.
I have been teaching English for more than 20 years and I know how to solve the problem.
She is not working in Beijing now; she has gone to Shenzhen to seek her fortune.
We will be flying over the Atlantic Ocean this time tomorrow.
b) 后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的被动语态
She was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in 5 years.
When he returned he found his house had been broken into and a lot of things (had been) stolen.
The suspension bridge will be completed next month.
I can’t lend you my bike because it is being repaired now.
3．助动词do, does, did
a) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的否定式、疑问式
We don’t go to school on Sunday. Do you?
She doesn’t work here any longer; she has moved to Shanghai.
Did you go to the cinema with her last night? --- No, I didn’t.
b) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的强调式，常译成“确实；的确；
务必”，仅用于肯定句
I did return the money to you.
She does work in this school but she is now in Shanghai on business.
I do believe that he is the best man for the job.
Do be careful next time.
4．情态助动词can/could, may/might, must, should, will/would, shall, need, ought等。情态助动词与上述助动词在用法唯一不同的是，情态助动词有特定的意义，表达说话人某种特定的感情，所以叫情态助动词。
You’ve been working for a few hours. You must be tired.
Hurry up! They must be waiting for us.
I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
You needn’t come if you don’t want to.
You needn’t have hurried. There was plenty of time left.
There is a knock on the door. Who can it be?
I can’t find my umbrella. Who can have taken it?
What shall we do now?
You should not have left her alone at home last night.
四、非谓语动词小结（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词）1．动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，但动词不定式（带to）只能作目的状语和结果状语，其他的状语（一般为时
间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语）用分词，其中，现在分词表示主动、过去分词表示被动。
To learn English well, you should read widely. （动词不定式作目的状语）
With this, he left, never to return. （动词不定式作结果状语）Hearing the news, he was wild with joy. （现在分词作时间状语，跟主语是主动关系）
He came running towards his mother. （现在分词作伴随状语，跟主语是主动关系）
She came, accompanied by her mother. （过去分词作伴随状语，跟主语是被动关系。）
（注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。）
2．动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，其中，动词不定式表示将来的行为，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。）
The bridge to be built next year will join Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong. （动词不定式作定语）
The boy wearing glasses is my next-door neighbor. （现在分词作定语）The stolen car was discovered near a river. （过去分词作定语）
需要注意的是，某些特殊结构后面只能用动词不定式作定语，它们是：序数词、only、动作性名词，如refusal, attempt, effort, willingness,
pressure等。此时则不用考虑时间概念。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
He is the only teacher to understand me.
I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport.
另外还有一种结构being + 过去分词作定语，表示一个正在进行的被动行为：
The matter being discussed is very important.
The bridge being built was designed by a world-famous designer.
（注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语，其逻辑主语必须其修饰的那个名词；动词不定式有主动和被动之分。）
3．动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，有以下3种情况：
a）动词不定式带to，跟在某些动词后，构成固定结构，如：ask / tell / order / persuade / allow / forbid sb to do，其否定式是not to do。变为被动结构时，宾语补足语相应变为祝语补足语。此种用法仅限于动词不定式。
I persuaded him not to go there alone.
We are not allowed to smoke at school.
The novel is believed / is reported / is said to have been translated into Chinese.
b）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在感官动词see, hear, notice, observe后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式
表示动作的全过程，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。
I noticed him enter the school gate.
They saw him walking towards the school.
She was frightened to see the old man knocked down by a car.
变为被动结构时，动词不定式要加to，现在分词和过去分词不变，同时宾语补足语变为主语补足语。
He was noticed to enter the school gate.
They were never heard to have a quarrel.
A woman with two children was seen begging in the square.
c）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在使役动词let, make, have后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表示动作的全过程，现在分词表示持续的行为，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。The teacher had me rewrite my composition.
She made me wash the car for a week.
I’d like to have this package weighed, please.
He soon had us all laughing at his jokes.
（注：从词义上来说，let sb do = allow sb to do，have sb do = ask sb to do，而make sb do = force sb to do，其被动式be made to do （动词不定式要加to）= have to do：He was made to wash the car for a week.）4．动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语
（动名词，顾名思义是一个名词，虽然它是由动词+ing构成，但它不
再是一个具体的动作，而是指一件事。另一方面，动名词可以加宾语或状语，也有否定式、被动式和完成式，仍然保留了一些动词的用法。）Walking is a good form of exercise. （主语）
One of his hobbies is collecting antique coins. （表语）
I’m considering immigrating to Canada. （动词宾语）
He made an apology to me for not having been able to help. （介词宾语）There was much opposition to pulling down the school and building a refuse collection point.
（介词宾语，两个并列）
Building materials often emit (= give off) volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) into the air. （定语）
注意：
a）带to的动词不定式也可以作主语，但与动名词表示一件事不同，动词不定式是一个动作，而且是一个尚未发生的动作。
To learn a foreign language well is not easy.
To start a sentence with an infinitive sounds awkward as if one is giving a formal speech.
动词不定式作主语通常会用it作形式主语：
It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.
It is important to give her all the help available.
但无论哪种形式作主语，在并列结构中，前后的形式必须一致：Buying a new TV is as cheap as repairing the old one.
It is as cheap to buy a new TV as it is to repair the old one.
Starting a sentence with an infinitive is not as common as using a gerund. b）动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但现在分词是一个正在进行的行为：a sleeping bag （动名词）/ the sleeping baby （现在分词）
a swimming-pool （动名词）/ the boy swimming in the pool（现在分词）
关于非谓语动词还有几点说明：
1．非谓语动词作定语相当于一个定语从句，作状语相当于一个状语从句（但作伴随状语时相当于一个并列句），两者基本上可以互换。The boy (who is) swimming in the pool is my half brother.
The car (which was) stolen last week has been found by the police. Looking from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole city.
= When we looked from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole city.
Looked at from this angle, the situation doesn’t seem too disappointing.
= If it is looked at from this angle, the situation doesn’t seem too disappointing.
Not having received a reply, I wrote again.
= Because I didn’t receive / hadn’t received a reply, I wrote again.
They came in, singing and dancing.
= They came in and they were singing and dancing.
2．非谓语动词都有一般式和完成式，动词不定式还有进行式，其中，
一般式表示该行为与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之后发生，而完成式表示该行为在谓语动词之前发生，进行式当然表示动作正在进行。
He is said to live / to be living in Canada.
He is said to have gone to Canada.
He sat at a table by the window, gazing into space.
Having finished all my homework, I went to the cinema.
I dream of going to Beijing University to study.
Not having been trained as a nurse is his one regret.
3．除了作定语和补足语，其他情况下的非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语：
To become a college teacher, you must at least have a master’s degree. Looking out of the window, I saw a man running after a car.
Inspired by his good deeds, I determined to do more volunteer work.
Do you mind closing the door?
非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是它所修饰的那个名词，作补足语时，则是它前面的那个名词：
The sleeping baby looks so cute.
The baby sleeping in the cradle looks so cute.
The first newspaper to be printed in English came out over 100 years ago. Life is very difficult for those laid-off workers.
Convinced / Believing that he didn’t take the money, I let him go.
His words set me thinking.
A phone call sent him hurrying to the hospital.
She left the baby crying / left the car unlocked.
（最后三句中的set/send/leave sb doing属于固定用法，表示“让某人做某事；使…处于…状态，后接形容词、现在分词或过去分词）4．现在分词、过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语也可以是另外的名词，而不是主句的主语，通常是在分词前加上该名词，构成名词+ 分词结构，叫做独立主格结构。试比较：
An old man walked past, followed by a dog. （分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
An old man walked past, a dog following him. （独立主格结构）Having lost the key, I couldn’t enter my office. （分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
The key lost, I couldn’t enter my office. （独立主格结构）
Having been damaged by the heavy rain, the bridge was no longer safe. （分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
All the flights having been cancelled because of the heavy rain, we had to wait. （独立主格结构）
5．动名词作主语、宾语、表语时也可以另带逻辑主语。试比较：
Do you mind turning down the air conditioner a little? （动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
Do you mind my / me smoking? （动名词的逻辑主语是me）
Imagine living alone on a lonely island for a few years. （动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
I can’t imagine Tom / Tom’s cooking dinner. （动名词的逻辑主语是Tom）
He is used to living in such cold weather. （动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
He is used to his students / his students’being late. （动名词的逻辑主语是his students）
动名词另带主语时，可在动名词前加名词、宾格代词或物主形容词，但作主语的动名词，要加逻辑主语就只能用物主形容词。比较：
We were very happy at Tom / Tom’s / him / his coming to visit.
Tom’s / His coming to visit made us very happy.
6．动词不定式的逻辑主语有以下三种：
a) 是主句的主语，如：I want to go home. / To find more information, visit https://www.doczj.com/doc/ce1002794.html,.
b) 是前面的名词，如：He told me to stay. / Permit me to introduce the guests to you.
c) 由for sb / of sb构成，如：It’s easy for me to make a cake. / It’s kind of you to say so.
In order for you to hear clearly, I will speak slowly and carefully.
（of结构仅用于描述人的句式中，即前面有描述人的品性的词，如kind, wise, silly等。）
五、英语句子小结
英语句子主要有简单句、并列句、主从复合句三大类。简单句又可分为肯定句、否定句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等。从语气上来说，英语句子有陈述语气（陈述句，用于陈述一个事实）、祈使语气（祈使句，用于表达命令和要求）、虚拟语气（用来表示一个与事实相反的假设）三种。
1. 简单句（一个句子）：主谓宾定补状6部分组成，最小是主谓结构，如：He left (early).
The teacher said something.
主谓（注意时态和语态）宾
The shy teacher said something.
（shy是形容词，作定语，修饰名词）
The shy teacher said something quietly / in a low voice.
（quietly是副词，in a low voice是介词短语，都作方式状语）
The shy teacher said something quietly in the classroom yesterday.
（in the classroom是介词短语，作地点状语，yesterday是时间副词，做时间状语）
The teacher asked me to write / The teacher made me write the composition again.
(to write…和write…都是动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。不带to的动词不定式只跟在感官动词如see, hear, notice, observe和使役动词make,
let, have后。)
英语中也有一种无主语的句子，就是祈使句：
Sit down please. / Please be seated. / Take a seat. 请坐。（肯定句）Don’t leave me alone. / Don’t be late again. （否定句，也可加主语：Don’t you be late again. ）
2. 并列句和主从复合句（主句 + 并列句/从句）
英语中，两个和两个以上的句子必须是一个主句+ 一个或以上的并列句/从句。
并列句和从句的标志就是前面都必须有引导词或连接词。
1) 主句+ 并列句（由并列连接词and, but, or, so引导）
The teacher said something and (he) left the classroom. （后一句是并列句）
Hurry up, or we’ll be late. （第一句是主句，没有引导词--- 是一个祈使句，即无主句）
He is world-famous but he is very modest.
（第一句是主句，第二句是并列句，有并列连接词but引导。）
注意：英语中有一种连接副词常被中国学生误用为并列连接词，常见的有however, therefore, furthermore, consequently, as a result, otherwise 等。主要原因是这些副词在意思上分别相当于but, so和or，而位置也正好在两句之间：He is not rich, however, he is honest. || He got up late, therefore, he didn’t catch the early bus.这样的句子当然是错误的。
连接副词有三种正确的形式：a) 另起一句; b) 前面用分号; c) 用and 引导。如：
I got up early and therefore I caught the early bus.
I got up early; therefore, I caught the early bus.
I got up early. Therefore, I caught the early bus.
2) 主从复合句
英语的从句有状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句（即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）三大类，相当于一个句子作状语、作定语、作主语、作宾语、作表语、作同位语。
a) 主句+ 状语从句（斜体为从句引导词）
I got up early so that I could catch the train. 主句+ 目的状语从句
As long as you work hard, you will eventually succeed. 条件状语从句+ 主句
I have put the picture where I can see it every day. 主句+ 地点状语从句
b) 主句+ 定语从句（斜体为从句引导词）
由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that引导（也有关系副词when, where, why）。关系代词、关系副词必须代替先行词（就是定语从句所修饰的那个词），是定语从句必不可少的句子成分：
The teacher who was shy said something.
（who指人，代替先行词the teacher，在定语从句（划线部分，下同）中作主语。）
00831英语语法自考模拟试题（16） 125.The guests were ____ the room to have a rest. A.got into B.stepped into C.burst into D.shown into 126.You will ____ what you have done some day. A.reply to B.pay off C.get rid of D.answer for 127.He quickly ____ all the things on the desk and put them into the drawer. A.took up B.kept up C.gave up D.did up 128.A helicopter is a plane that can ____ and land straight up and down. A.get off B.take off C.fly off D.send off 129.Now that you’re made your plan,why not ____ it? A.stick to B.keep to C.work at D.persist in 130.The girl you ____ yesterday is a friend of Lisa’s. A.came across B.dropped in C.paid a visit D.talked 131.If I ____ bird,I ____ fly freely in the sky. A.am;will B.was;can C.were;should D.had been;should 132.If he ____ tomorrow,I ____ tell him the truth. https://www.doczj.com/doc/ce1002794.html,es;would B.came;would C.were to come;will D.should come;shall 133.If she ___ today,we ____ set off tomorrow. A.arrived;might B.arrives;could C.arrived;should have D.arrived;will 134.In the eye of the woman,Einstein looked as if he ____ out of a book of fairy tales and ____ her like a spirit. A.had just stepped;had passed B.stepped just now;passed C.stepped just;had passed D.has stepped;passed 135.____ the books not properly marked and catalogued,they ____ be so easy to find. A.If;could B.Were;couldn’t C.Had;couldn’t D.Were;could
小学生语法专项练习题 名词练习 一.写出下列单数名词的复数形式 _______ 答案：1 oranges 2. Boxes 3. women 4. tomatoes 6. boys 7babies 9. Photos 10 classes 11. feet 12 houses 13 pens 14 cars 15 horses 16. radios 17 dishes 18 children 二.将下列单词的复数形式改成单数形式 ________ _________ 答案 1. doctor 2 city 3 piano 4. ear 5. church 6. leaf 7 tooth 8zoo 9brush 10 knife 12 pear 三.请从括号里选出正确的答案 1. Please give me__（two /two cups of ）coffee. 2. There are a lot of___(sheep /sheeps ) on the farm. 3. I’d like some__ (bread / breads ) and___ (potato /potatoes). 4. Look! There is a ___(mouse /mice) in the corner. 5. He bought_____(a piece of /a piece ) paper. 6. “Where is___ (Woman’s / Women’s) Room?” asked Susan. 7. ____ (The girl’s/The girls’ ) hobby is drawing. 8. Aunt Lucy sent_____ (a child’s /a children’s ) book to me. 红色为答案 冠词练习 一.在空格内填上a或an
英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace和平 英语名词可分为两大类： < 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher教师 market市场rice大米 magazine杂志sound声音production生产 2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约 United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如： shop→shops商店 bus→buses 公共汽车 library→libraries图书馆
toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如： a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个，既the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如： · the TV programs那些电视节目 the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 （三）代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括： 1。人称代词，如：I, you, they, it等； 2。物主代词，如：my, his, their, our, mine, hers等； 3。反身代词，如：myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等； 4。相互代词，如：each other, one another等； 5。指示代词，如：this, that, these, those, such, same等；
中考英语语法模拟试题（循序渐进型试题） 1、What’s your name?-----_______________ A My name is Li HangLiang B My name is Ouyang Xiu C My name is Li hong D My name is ZhangSun WuJi 2、-----What’s this _____ English? -----It’s a map A in B on C with D at 3、-----How do you _____ “red”-----R-E-D A spell B read C look D ask 4、-----What’s your sister’s favorite ____? -----Basketball A country B color C sport D subject 5、---_____ books are there on the desk? -----There are five A How much B How many C How long D How often 6、---Hi, Betty. Nice to meet you.-----_____ A Nice to meet you too. B How are you? C Nice to meet you too D Good morning. 7、_____ name is Wang Hua, and _____ is a student. A He; he B His; he C She; she D It; it 8、Welcome to ______. A Class 4 Grade 8 B Grade 8 Class 4 C Grade eight Class fourth D Class four Grade eighth 9、Daming with Lingling _____in Class One. Daming, Lingling and I _____friends. A is; are B are ; are C in ; am D are ;is 10、His_____ are very fine. A Home B house C family D houses
大学英语语法试题及答案(2) 第 2 单元题目： 1.More people visit the Air and Space Museum honoring men and women who have pioneered flight and the exploration of space than _____ any other monument or museum in the entire country. A) visit B) to visit C) visited D) visiting 题目： 2.I work in a little room off the main entrance _____ museum, checking coats and other articles which people do not want to carry around as they tour the building. A) to B) of C) at D) for 题目： 3.What apparently had happened, three years ago, was that Kate _____ to a different building. A) went B) has gone C) had gone D) would go 题目： 4.She had waited at another museum for days and had spent all her money _____ to find Sidney. A) tried B) trying C) to try D) try 题目： 5.Without facts we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge _____ our thinking. A) which to be based B) which to base upon C) upon which to base D) to which to be based 题目： 6.Helen believes if a man robs her of five dollars it is the same as if he _____ a hundred. A) takes B) will take C) took D) has taken 题目： 7.He had a cottage which consists _____ three rooms, a bathroom and kitchen. A) of B) with C) in D) by 题目： 8.Behind him Paul could hear the angry man _____ to break the door open. A) trying B) to try C) tried D) try 题目： 9.Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure _____. A) than more on efficiency B) and more efficiency C) and more on efficiency D) than efficiency 题目： 10.The gardener is taking care of the place, no one _____ there at present. A) living B) lives C) lived D) to live 题目： 11.The City Bank will pa fifty pounds to _____ who helps the police to catch the man. A) someone B) nobody C) anyone D) somebody 题目： 12.When Paul Carson saw the big red American car coming towards him, he stopped his won car at the side, _____ room for it to pass. A) to make B) made C) making D) make 题目： 13.What bothers me is _____ I paid for all this stuff that we don't want anymore. A) what B) that C) which D) who 题目： 14.A hinge joint is _____ permits forward and backward movement of a door. A) the B) whose C) what D) those 题目：15.Garage sales in the United States serve many purposes _____ cleaning out unwanted items and making money. A) besides B) except for C) except D) apart from 题目： 16.This is _____ the most difficult job I have ever tackled. A) by rights B) by itself C) by oneself D) by far
小学英语语法汇总（蓝本） 可数名词与不可数名词“分家” 一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别 可数名词是可以按个数来计算的普通名词，分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people, family 等)。不可数名词是不能按个数来计算的普通名词，分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。 强调：不可数名词默认为单数，用is或者was；不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断。 二、可数名词的家务事 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下： 1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：book → books house → houses day → days 读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 2. 以s,ss,ch,sh, x 结尾的在词尾加-es 。如：bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches dish → dishes box → boxe s 读音：[iz] 3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的，将y改为i再加-es。如city → cities factory → factories 读音：[z] 4. 以f 或fe 结尾的，将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：half → halves leaf → leaves knife → knives wife → wives thief-thieves 读音：[z] 5. 特例（常考） ①child →children mouse→mice ②man →men woman→women policeman →policemen (规律：man →men) ③tomato →tomatoes potato → potatoes [注：黑人英雄土豆西红柿加es其余加-s,,如：photo → photos ] h ero →h eroes negro→negroes 读音：[z] ④foot → feet tooth → teeth [ oo变ee] ⑤sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish单、复数同形 ⑥people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。 三、不可数名词的家务事 1. 不可数名词没有复数，作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：The food is very fresh. 2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但意义发生变化。如：water (水) → waters (水域) orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子) 3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表种类时就可数，意义不发生变化。如：fruit → fruits food → foods fish → fishes hair → hairs 4. 计算不可数名词的数量，要在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”如：a glass of water a piece of paper a bottle of juice 5.判断步骤： ↗如是am、is或was→原形 读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看be动词 ↘如是are或were→加s或es
大学英语语法模拟试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they ______________any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We______________ that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn’t stay on the farm. She______________ bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he ______________so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us ______________time. A. did they have B. had they had C. had they have D would they have 6. If you were in better health, we______________ you to join in the work last week. A. would have allowed B. would allow C. should allow D. had allowed 7. She cried for her______________ lover. A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed 8. ______________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. If it______________ tomorrow, I’ll stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “It’s getting very late.”“Yes, it’s time______________.” A. that we left B. we leave C. we’ll leave D. we have left a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk.
1．There is ____ old woman in the car. A．/ B．the C．a D．an 2．We often go to the park ____ Sundays. A．on B．in C．at D．from 3．My book ____ on the desk. A．is B．am C．are D．be 4．Which language is ____ ，English, French or Chinese? A．difficult B．the difficult C．more difficult D．the most difficult 5．---- ____ book is this? ----It's Kate's. A．When B．Why C．Where D．Whose 6．----Can you write a letter in English? ----No, I ____. A．may not B．mustn't C．can't D．needn't 7．I ____ my homework when Mike came last night A．do B．was doing C．am doing D．have done 8．He began to ____ English three years ago. A．learn B．learns C．learned D．learning 9．Jim is a driver, ____ he? A．does B．doesn't C．is D．isn't 10．“What's wrong ____ you?”the doctor asked. A．from B．with C．for D．at 11．He is rich, ____ he isn't happy. A．or B．so C．and D．but 12．----Where is Alice? ----She ____ to the library. A．goes
豆丁文档，我的最爱初三英语语法模拟试题 一. 被动语态专项练习： 选择填空。 1. In some countries , tea ______ with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2. Great changes _____ in my hometown since 1980. A. have been taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. were taken place 3. The new type of car is going to ______ in three years. A. turn out B. be turned out C. has turned out D. have been turned out 4. The woman murdered her friend and ______ to ______. A. was sentenced , death B. sentencing , die C. sentenced , death D. sentenced , die 5. －Do you like the skirt? －It _______ soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 6. Are you still here? You were here an hour ago. Who ________ for? A. are you waiting B. did you wait C. were you waiting D. do you wait 7. _____ to know Professor Zhang. A. He said B. I said C. He is said D. It says 8. －I want to sit at the table near the window. －Sorry , ______ already. A. it took B. it takes C. it is taking D. it has been taken 9. The letter _______ three days ago and it ______ yesterday. A. had post , had arrived B. was posted , arrived C. posted , arrived
英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为：“时”(time) 和“体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来 体分为：一般（在某个时间点）， 进行（延续某个时间段）， 完成（完成某个时间段） 完成进行（延续某个完成的时间段） 如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。 注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。 下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。 一．一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时 间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格，特征，能力。 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。
The sun rises in the east. 二．一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用 She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三．一般将来时 表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。 The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomorrow. 四．过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五．现在进行时 表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。 I’m doing some washing. What are you doing? 六．过去进行时 在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。 I was working in my office at eight o’clock yesterday evening. He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七．将来进行时 在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon? （明天下午三点你将在做什么哪） 八．现在完成时 表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语since 1987，for 10 hours , by the last year相连。 My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have not seen her since 1991. 九．过去完成时 在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。 He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.
2017年英语专业四级考试语法模拟测试题及答案1 1.____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown. A. Unpopular has as white been B. White has been as unpopular C. Unpopular has been as white D. Unpopular as white has been 2.____for a long time, the fields are all dried up. A. There has been no rain B. Having no rain C. There having been no rain D. There being no rain 3. The millions of calculations involved, ____by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished. A. had they been done B. they had been done C. having been done D. they were done 4. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____. A. which they are happening B. they are happening C. which they happen D. they have happened 5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet. A. That amazed B. It amazed C. Which amazed D. What amazed 6. Although she wrote a lot of short stories and poems when she was very
大学英语语法试题及答案（1） 第1单元 题目: 1.More people visit the Air and Space Museum honoring men and women who have pioneered flight and the exploration of space than _____ any other monument or museum in the entire country. A) visit B) to visit C) visited D) visiting 题目: 2.I work in a little room off the main entrance _____ museum, checking coats and other articles which people do not want to carry around as they tour the building. A) to B) of C) at D) for 题目: 3.What apparently had happened, three years ago, was that Kate _____ to a different building. A) went B) has gone C) had gone D) would go 题目: 4.She had waited at another museum for days and had spent all her money _____ to find Sidney. A) tried B) trying C) to try D) try 题目: 5.Without facts we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge _____ our thinking. A) which to be based B) which to base upon C) upon which to base D) to which to be based 题目: 6.Helen believes if a man robs her of five dollars it is the same as if he _____ a hundred. A) takes B) will take C) took D) has taken
v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词
小学英语语法入门（一） 接数字要大写首字母的单词 有些单词接数字时必须大写首字母，并且数字的首字母也要大写，这样的单词有lesson、grade、class、team、row、number等。如Lesson One第一课，Class Two, Grade Three三年级二班，Team Four第四组，Number Five第五号。但是它们不接数字时不大写首字母。 Be动词的一般用法 be动词包括am、is、are,其用法如下： 1. am只用于I的后面，如：I am a girl. I am ten. 2. is只用于she/he/it或其他单数第三人称后面，如： It is a big apple. A girl is in a bus.(a girl 一个女孩，单独一个人是单数第三人称) Mike is in Team Three.(Mike一个人名是单数第三人称) An apple is in a box.(an apple一个苹果，一个东西是单数第三人称) A book is in a desk.(a book 一本书，也是单数第三人称) 3. are只用于you、we、they或复数人称后面。如： You are Number Thirteen. They are in Grade Nine. We are at home. Mike and a girl are in a bus. (Mike and a girl Mike和一个女孩两个人是复数人称) Six boys are in Team Six.（Six boys六个男孩，多于两个人也是复数人称） A book and a box are on a desk.（A book and a box一本书和一个盒子，两个物是复数人称） Three pencils are in the pencil-box.（Three pencils三支铅笔，多于两个物也是复数人称） 如何变一般疑问句（一） 1. 提前原句中的be动词is、are，Be动词首字母要大写，原句首字母恢复小写，照抄剩余部分，然后加问号。 e.g. 1. Tom is in Grade One. Is Tom in Grade One? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. 2. This is an egg. Is this an egg? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.(an egg是物，所以用it来回答) 3. That is Rose. Is that Rose? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.（Rose是女孩，所以用she回答）
【英语】英语语法填空练习题含答案 一、高中英语语法填空 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Forbidden City in Beijing, home to the Palace Museum, houses more than 1.8 million cultural relics and is one of the world's most visited tourist attractions. ________ (mark) the 600th anniversary of the Forbidden City, the Palace Museum will hold a series of events throughout 2020. Over 20 exhibitions will be held, ________ (cover) different areas such as history, art, festivals, and so on. For the special occasion, Along the River during the Qingming Festival, one of China's most ________ (wide) known masterpieces, will go on display in September 2020. For ________ (it) best preservation, this treasured artwork is seldom fully exhibited. The painting ________ (display) for the first time back in 2005 to celebrate the museum's 80th anniversary. Such ________ rare sight is expected to draw huge crowds. In addition, the museum will also display exhibits from other ________ (country). During the past few years, the Palace Museum has been working hard to get the public familiar ________ the history and culture of the Forbidden City. And it seems that these efforts have been paying off, with its ________ (popular) reaching a new height. Over 17 million people visited the museum in 2018, of ________ 40 percent were under 30 years old. 【答案】 To mark；covering；widely；its；was displayed；a；countries；with；popularity；whom 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了北京故宫博物院所在地，拥有180多万件文物，是世界上游客最多的旅游景点之一。 （1）考查非谓语动词。句意：为了纪念故宫建城600周年，故宫博物院将在2020年举办一系列活动。本句已经存在谓语动词且句中没有连词，故mark只能做非谓语，表目的用不定式，故填To mark。 （2）考查非谓语动词。句意：将举办20多个展览，涵盖历史、艺术、节日等不同领域。本句中cover做非谓语与逻辑主语20 exhibitions构成主谓关系，故用现在分词，填covering。 （3）考查副词。known为形容词，需要副词修饰，故填widely。 （4）考查代词。preservation为名词，需要形容词修饰，故用形容词性物主代词，填its。（5）考查时态语态。句意：这幅画于2005年首次展出，以庆祝该博物馆成立80周年。本句中display与主语painting构成被动关系，且根据时间状语2005故用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为单数，故填was displayed。 （6）考查冠词。sight为名词，此处表泛指“一个罕见的景象”应用不定冠词，故填a。（7）考查名词。country为可数名词，由other修饰，故用复数形式，填countries。（8）考查介词。be familiar with sth.固定短语，“熟悉某物”后跟介词with，故填with。（9）考查名词。its为形容词性物主代词后跟名词，故填popularity。 （10）考查定语从句。句意：2018年，超过1700万人参观了博物馆，其中40%的人年龄在30岁以下。本句为定语从句修饰先行词17 million people，先行词在从句中做介词of的宾语，指人，故填whom。