英国文学史
Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature
Chapter 1 The Making of England
1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.
2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.
The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.
It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.
And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.
3. The English Conquest
At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates(海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.
And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.
4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxon
Therefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.
5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence
The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.
Chapter 2 Beowulf
1. Anglo-Saxon Poetry
But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.
3. Analysis of Its Content
Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.
4. Features of Beowulf
The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.
Chapter 3 Feudal England
1) The Norman Conquest
2. The Norman Conquest
The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.
The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language
By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was
once more the dominant speech in the country.
3) The Romance
1. The Content of the Romance
The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.
4. Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur
The adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court
Chapter 5 The English Ballads
2. The Ballads
The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.
Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.
3. The Robin Hood Ballads
Chapter 6 Chaucer
1. Life
Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.
3. Troilus and Criseyde
Troilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement. But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.
4. The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.
6. His Language
Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.
Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies ch iefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.
The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making
dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
Part Two: The English Renaissance
Chapter 1 Old England in Transition
1. The New Monarchy
The century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.
And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.
2. The Reformation
Protestantism
The bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.
3. The English Bible
William Tyndall
Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.
The result is a monument of English language and English literature.
The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.
4. The Enclosure Movement
5. The Commercial Expansion
Chapter 2 More
1. Life
Thomas More
2. Utopia
Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.
The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.
3. Utopia, Book One
Book One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.
4. Utopia, Book Two
In Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.
Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature
3. Edmund Spenser
1) Life
The Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.
In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.
2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)
Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.
iambic feet Spenserian Stanza
4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)
the founder of English English materialist philosophy
Bacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.
Bacon is the first English essayist.
Chapter 4 Drama
7. The Playwrights
There was a group of so-called “university wits”(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).
1. Life
The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.
2. Work
Marlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.
3. Doctor Faustus
Marl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.
5. Marlowe’s Literary Achievement
Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.
It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.
Chapter 6 Shakespeare
1. Life
William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.
After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.
4. The Great Comedies
A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.
6. The Great Tragedies
Shakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.
7. Hamlet
the son of the Renaissance
9. The Poems
1) Venus and Adonis
2) The Rape of Lucrece
3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets
10. Features of Shakespeare’s Drama
Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.
Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.
Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
Chapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration
5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration
in 1688 Glorious Revolution
6. The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution
Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.
1. Life and Work
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.
2. Paradise Lost
1) Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.
blank verse.
Chapter 3 Bunyan
1. Life
The Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.
2. The Pilgrim’s Progress
1)The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.
Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets
a school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.
by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form
John Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.
Chapter 6 Restoration Literature
2. John Dryden
The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.
Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.
Part Four: The Eighteenth Century
Chapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature
1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England
2) The Enlightenment in Europe
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.
3) The English Enlighterners
The representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.
Chapter 2 Addison and Steele
1. Steele and The Tatler
Richard Sreele
In 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.
His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,”that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.
“Issac Bickerstaff”
2. Addison and The Spectator
The general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”
They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.
Chapter 3 Pope
1. Life
Alexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.
3. Workmanship and Limitation
Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.
Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.
But he lacker the lyrical gift.
Chapter 4 Swift
3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)
Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.
Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel
1. The Rise of the English Novel
the realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and Fielding
Swift’s world-famous novel Gullive r’s Travel s
Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel)
Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison
Fielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.
The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.” (Ibid.) This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.
4. Robinson Crusoe
1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece. Chapter 6 Richardson
Samuel Richardson
Pamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.
After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.
Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.
Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)
1. Life
His first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.
His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.
In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.
Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.
3. Joseph Andrews
4. Tom Jones
1) The Story
Fielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.
6. Summary
2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic Novel
As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.
He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”
Chapter 10 Johnson
1. Life
Samuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.
2. Johnson’s Dictionary
In 1755 his Dictionary was published.
His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.
Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry
1. Life
Thomas Gray
2. Pre-Romanticism
In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.
Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.
Chapter 14 Blake
1. Life
William Blake
2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
4. Blake’s Position in English Literature
For these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.
Chapter 15 Burns
1. Life
His Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)
The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs
2. The Poetry of Burns
1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.
3. Features of Burns’ Poetry
Burns is the national poet of Scotland.
Part Five: Romanticism in England
Chapter 1 The Romantic Period
the Industrial Revolution the French Revolution
Amid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.
These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.
Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.
The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.
Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.
The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.
Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Chapter 2 Wordsworth
Coleridge
In 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.
The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.
The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.
His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.
Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.
Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey
1. Coleridge
Coleridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Chapter 4 Byron
1. Life
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
He finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.
2. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
This long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.
3. Don Juan
Byron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.
Chapter 5 Shelley
4. Promethus Unbound
Shelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.
6. Lyrics on Nature and Love
Ode to the West Wind
Chapter 6 Keats
2. Long Poems
Keats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.
5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.
3. Short Poems
1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”
3) Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale
Chapter 10 Scott
2. His Historical Novels
Scott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel. According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.
In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.
Part Six: English Critical Realism
Chapter 2 Dickens
Charles Dickens critical realism
Dickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist
4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”
David Copperfield
Chapter 3 Thackeray
2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero
Vanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) Sharp
Thackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.
Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists
1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)
She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.
Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.
2. The Bronte Sisters
Charlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847. Anne: Agnes Grey
4. George Eliot
Mary Ann Evans
three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner
3) Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the
19th century.
Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlyle
the Victorian Age
Chapter 3 Tennyson
the Victorian Age prose especially the novel
1. Tennyson’s Life and Career
Alfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.
In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.
Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century
1. Naturalism
Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.
2. Neo-Romanticism
Stevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature.
Treasure Island (masterpiece)
3. Aestheticism
Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was f irst put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.
The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.
2) Oscar Wilde dramatist
Lady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895
The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.
Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature
(Modernism)
Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century
3. Henry James
He is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.
Chapter 3 Hardy
1. Life and Work
Among his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.
2. Tess of the D’Urbervillies
characters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervil lies and Angel Clare
Chapter 6 Bernard Shaw
Chapter 8 Modernism in Poetry
1. Imagism
Ezra Pound
The two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.
2. W. B. Yeats
The Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding Stair T. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this (i.e. English) language.”
3. T. S. Eliot
The Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.
T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.
Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction
Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the character’s psychological activities, sometimes has been called modern psychological fiction. One of its pioneers is https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd2113264.html,wrence. 1. D. H. Lawrence
Sons and Lovers (1913), the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical. This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”
The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover
3. James Joyce
Ulysses (1922)
June 16, 1904
character: Leopold Bloom
James Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.
His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.
His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”
4. Virginia Woolf
“high-brows”the Bloomsbury Group
Virginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day.
Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and Orlando
Part Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second
World War
Chapter 5 E. M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Group
four novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey,A Room with a View and Howards End
A Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.
In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.
Chapter 10 William Golding
William Gerald Golding
His first novel Lord of the Flies
Chapter 11 Doris Lessing
Golden Notebook
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
华南农业大学xx文学史期末考试题 (下)注:本文档主要用作题型参考,非100%原题。 考试范围:启蒙运动时期,浪漫主义时期。 一选择题。(共50题,每题1分) 类型1:作品来源。(约10-15道题) 1.” Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breast. The littletyrant of hisfields withstood, Some mute inglorious Milton here mayrest. SomeCromwell,guiltless of his country's blood.” is from ( )A.I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud B. The Cloud C. Bright Star D. Elegy 2. “But now your brow is beld, John. Your locks are lik e the snaw;But bless ingson your frosty pow…” is from ( ) A. John Anderson, My Jo B.A Red, Red Rose C. Tintern Abbey D. When We two parted 3.” I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl beforetwelve years old isno saleable commodity, and even when they come tothis age, they will not yieldabove three pounds, or three pounds andhalf a crown at most, on the exchange.” isfrom ( ) A. Gulliver’s Travel B. Robinson Crusoe
英国文学史及作品选读 （模拟试题二） Ⅰ. Multiple Choice（1′×20=20分） 1．______can be justly termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Romance of the Rose 2. Among of the following dramas, which is one of Shakespeare’s four tragedies? A.Macbeth B.As You Like it C. Twelfth Night D. The Merchant of Venice 3. _______ is called as “ father of English novels” A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Daniel Defoe D.John Donne 4. It was ____who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. A. Thomas Wyatt B. William Shakespeare C. Edmund Spenser D. Christopher Marlowe 5. Absoulute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ____, especially Britain’s sea power was established. A.James I B. Henry VIII C. Queen Elizabeth D. Charles I 6. Hamlet, the most popular of Shakespeare's plays for readers and theater audiences, tells about the story of Hamlet, Prince of _______, and son of the dead king, who seeks revenge for his father’s death. A. England B. Norway C. Scotland D. Denmark 7. Which comment on John Donne is wrong? A. He is the leading figure of metaphysical poetry. B. His poetry is characterized by mysticism and peculiar conceit. C. John Donne’s poetry is characterized regularity among irregularity D. He never shows positive attitude towards love. 8. Robinson Crosue can be termed as____. A. a self-dependent person B. a person with colonial mind C. an adventuous person D. all of the above 9. Robert Burns is the representative of _____. A. Sentimentalism B. Pre-Romanticism C. Romanticism D. English Renaissance 10. William Blake’s ____ paint a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. A.Poetical Sketches B. The Book of Thel C. Songs of Experience D. Songs of Innocence 11. The notorious “Peterloo Massacre” happened in _____. A. English Romantic period B. English Renaissance C. period of Restoration D. Neo-classical period 12. Lyrical Ballads are made by ____. A. Wordsworth and Shelley B. Wordsworth and Southey C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Shelley and Byron 13. According to____, poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings which originates in emotion and recollected in tranquillity.
英国文学简史 英美文学史名词翻译 Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴) Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义) Enlightenment (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义) Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism（美学主义） Stream of consciousness (意识流) the Age of Realism (现实主义时期) Naturalism (自然主义) Local Colorist (乡土文学) Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代) Surrealism (超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批评主义) Feminism(女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity (后现代主义) Realism (现实主义) Allegory (寓言) Romance (传奇) epic(史诗) Blank Verse (无韵诗) Essay (随笔) Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节) Three Unities (三一.原则) Meter (格律) Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人) Elegy (挽歌) . Action/plot (情节) Atmosphere (基调) Epigram (警句) The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学) Aside (旁白) Denouement (戏剧结局) parable (寓言) Genre (流派) Irony (反讽) Satire (讽刺) Lyric (抒情诗) Ode (颂歌) Pastoral (田园诗) Canto (诗章) Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image (意象) Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）Psychological novel (心理小说) Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism (象征主义) Existentialism (存在主义) Anti-hero (反面人物) Rhyme (押韵) Round Character (丰满的人物) Flat character (平淡的人物) Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步) Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend (传说) Myth (神话) Pessimism (悲观主义) Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧) Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography (传记) Foot (脚注) Protagonist (正面人物) Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景) Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣 consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复) repeated initial(开头的)
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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································
班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································
一．作家作品连线 1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事)，The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls （百鸟会议）The House of Fame(声誉之堂)、Troilus and Criseyde （特罗勒斯与克丽西德） 2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Sonnet The Merchant of Venice，Henry IV， Twelfth Night， King Lear，Macbeth Othello,Winter’s Tale,The Tempest 3.Francis Bacon培根—— Of Marriage and Single Life（论婚姻和单身）, Of Studies,Advancement of Learning,New Atlantis,Essays 4.John Donne邓恩 (Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人)—— Song and Sonnets（歌与十四行诗）The Good-Morrow,Break of Day, Holy Sonnets （圣十四行诗）,At the Round Earth’s Imagined Corners,Below,Death ,Be not Proud,Elegies,On His Mistress,To His Mistress Going to Bed 5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost（失乐园）、 Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）,Lycidas(利西达斯），Areopagitica, 6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记）、Captain Singleton(辛格顿船
What to study for the final exam of British literature 1.Get familiar with all of the literary periods in English literature along with their dates and significant events that mark the beginning and the ending of each period. 2.Learn about the main historical events that happened in the Old English period, The Middle English Period, the Renaissance period, the Restoration, Romantic, Victorian and Modern Eras. 3.Know the main authors and their literary works (notes: you don’t have to know the dates when the authors lived or the dates when their literary works were published.) 4.Be able to write a short essay on the following authors or their works: Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, Francis Bacon, Jonathan Swift, Robert Burns, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Percy Shelley, etc. 5.Be able to understand and define the following terms: Epic, Shakespeare Sonnet, ballad, heroic couplet, Spencerian form, Renaissance (humanism), neoclassicism, Romanticism, critical realism, the Lake Poets, the metaphysical poetry, Luddite movement, Comedy of Manners, soliloquy, ode, Utilitarianism, the Gothic fiction, the Byronic Hero, Aestheticism, stream-of –consciousness, etc. 6.Be able to identify some quotations from…
英国文学史 1.The statement “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”open well-known essays by_________. Francis Bacon Samuel Johnson Alexander Pope Jonathan Swift [参考答案] Francis Bacon 2.When he died, Chaucer was buried in __________ the Poet's Corner. Westminster Abbey Normandy Canterbury Southwark [参考答案] Westminster Abbey 3.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of . Piers Plowman Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Confessio Amantis The Canterbury Tales [参考答案] The Canterbury Tales 4.The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland's _________. The Legend of Good Woman The Vison of Piers the Plowman Boewulf Fables [参考答案] The Vison of Piers the Plowman 5.Which literary genra does Sir Gawain and the Green Knight belong to? epic romance novel prose [参考答案] romance 6.English literature at the Anglo-Norman Period was also a combination of ____ and Saxon elements. Latin Greek English French [参考答案] French 7.In the 14th century, the two most important writers are_____ and Chaucer Caedmon Cynewulf Langland Shakespeare [参考答案] Langland 8.Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf? Hrothgat Heorot Grendel Beowulf [参考答案] Grendel 9.The most important work of_____is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles,which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose. Alfred the Great Caedmon Cynewulf Venerable Bede [参考答案] Alfred the Great 10.The epic, The Song of Beowulf, represents the spirit of_____. monks romanticists sentimentalists pagan [参考答案] pagan ing line of 11.The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day ?” is the beginn one of Shakespeare’ｓ. comedies tragedies histories sonnets [参考答案] sonnets
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 were passed down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. 2Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist. 3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. 启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具 4-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.