毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
文献、资料中文题目：1.发动机基本原理2.发动机结构3.发
动机工作原理
文献、资料英文题目：
文献、资料来源：
文献、资料发表（出版）日期：
院（部）：
专业：
班级：
姓名：
学号：
指导教师：
翻译日期： 2017.02.14
Engine Fundamentals
Automobiles have operated successfully by electric motors，steam engines and internal combustion engines.The internal combustion engine burns fuel within its cylinders and converts the expanding force of the burning fuel,or combustion,into a rotary force used to propel the vehicle.
There are several types of internal combustion engines: two-and four-cycle reciprocating piston engines,gas turbine engines. However,four-cycle reciprocating engines have been refined to such a degree that they have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.Engines of other types are described later,Diesel and Other Engines.
Many things are demanded of an engine used to propel an automobile.Some of the requirements are:
(1)Ease of Starting.
(2)Reliability.
(3)Power.
(4)Responsiveness.
(5)Economy in fuel,oil,and,repairs.
(6)Ease of handing.
(7)Quiet operation.
Some of these factors conflict.For example,a great amount of power can be saved from an engine of sufficient size,but a super-size engine is not economical to operate. Therefore,all automobile engines are a compromise in order to obtain the desirable combination of performance and economy.
Engine Fuels
Internal combustion engines can be made to operate on almost anything that can be converted into a combustible gas,such as wood,coal,alcohol,vegetable gas,mineral oils,etc. However,because of convenience,a variety of petroleum products are commonly used as fuels:gasoline,kerosene,fuel oil,liquefied petroleum gas(LP-Gas) etc.What kerosene,fuel oil,or LP-Gas is used it is necessary to alter the design of the engine to achieve efficient operation.
Engine Design
Gasoline engines used in automotive vehicles are of two basic types:four-cycle engines and two-cycle engines.Either type may be water-cooled,or air-cooled.Four-,six-,and eight-cylinder engine are common.However,three-,five-,ten-,and twelve-cylinder engine are available.
Almost all automobile engines have more than one cylinder.These cylinders can be arranged in an inline,opposed,or V-type configuration.Engines for other purpose,such as aviation,are arranged as radial,inverted inline,inverted V ,and X-shaped configurations.
Reciprocating Engines
In the typical automobile engine,a piston reciprocates(moves back and forth)within each cylinder,Each piston is connected to the crankshaft by means of a link known as a connecting rod.
Other types of reciprocating engines substitutes an eccentric,an inclined plate,or a cam mechanism for the crankshaft.The piston engine has no crankshaft or connecting rods.
Engine Components
The typical automotive engine is made up of several essential components.These components are designed to provide efficient and reliable engine operation.The basic components in a four-cycle automotive engine include the following:
(1)Cylinder block.
(2)Crankshaft.
(3)Piston.
(4)Piston rings.
(5)Connecting rods.
(6)Piston pin.
(7)Cylinder head.
(8)Valve train(includes valves and valve operating mechanism).
发动机基本原理
汽车已经工作地非常成功通过电子马达，蒸汽机和内燃机，内燃机在气缸里燃烧并且将燃料燃烧发出的膨胀力转换成旋转力来推动汽车。
内燃机有好几种类型：两冲程或四冲程的活塞发动机，涡轮发动机，自由活塞的发动机。然而，四冲程的发动机改进的程度如此之高，已经几乎统治垄断了汽车的领域。其他类型的发动机，如柴油机在以后再叙述。
发动机上的许多东西都是有要求的，它们常用语推动发动机，许多的要求如下：
（1）容易启动性能；
（2）可靠性；
（3）动力性；
（4）灵敏性；
（5）燃料，机油，维修的经济性；
（6）轻便的操纵性；
（7）安全的工作性能。
有些性能是相互冲突的，例如，很大的动力需要以尺寸足够大的发动机上获得，但是这
么大的尺寸的发动机工作时经济性不好，因此，所有汽车的发动机都是为获得满意的性能和经济性。
发动机的燃料
内燃机能被制造成依靠几乎任何东西运行的，只要这些东西能转换成燃料的气体。例如木材，煤矿，酒精，植物油，矿物油等，因为适合方便，各种各样的石油产品被用来作为燃料，汽油，煤油，液化气等当煤油，燃油或液化气被使用时，必须改变发动机的设计从而获得较高的效率。
发动机的设计
用于车辆上的汽油发动机有两种基本类型，四冲程发动机和两冲程发动机，任何其中一种类型都应是水冷或风冷，四缸六缸和八缸的发动机都是普通常见的，而三缸，五缸十缸的发动机都是可以利用的。
几乎所有的汽车发动机的气缸都不少于一个。这些气缸都被设计成线性排列对置或V 型的结构，其他途径的发动机例如航空应用的都被设计成辐射状的倒置反转的V型的结构。
往复式发动机
在这种类型的汽车发动机里，活塞在各自的气缸里往复运动。每个活塞通过连杆被连接在曲轴上。
其他类型往复式发动机的代表是离心，有斜向的盘子，或在曲轴上有一个凸轮机构。自由活塞的发动机没有曲轴或连杆。
发动机的部件
典型的汽车的发动机是由许多必须的部件组成的，这些部件被设计成用来提供发动机运行的可靠性和高效率性。四缸汽车发动机的基本部件包括：
（1）气缸体；
（2）曲轴；
（3）活塞；
（4）活塞环；
（5）连杆；
（6）活塞销；
（7）汽缸盖；
（8）气阀结构。
Engine Construction
Cylinder Block
The cylinder block is cast in one https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd17842745.html,ually,this is the largest and the most complicated single piece of metal in the automobile.
The cylinder block is a complicated casting made of gray iron(cast iron) or aluminum.It contains the cylinders and the water jackets that surround them.To make the cylinder block,a sand form called a mold is made. Then molten metal is poured into the mold.When the metal has cooled the sand mold is broken up and removed.This leaves the tough cylinder-block casting.The casting.The casting is then cleaned and machined to make the finished block.
Cylinder blocks for diesel engines are very similar to those for spark-ignition engines.The basic difference is that the diesel-engine cylinder block is heavier and stronger.This is because of the higher pressures developed in the diesel-engine cylinders.
Several engines have aluminum cylinder blocks.Aluminum is relatively light metal,weighing much less than cast iron,also,aluminum conducts heat more rapidly than cast soft to use as cylinder wall material.It wears too rapidly.Therefore,aluminum cylinder blocks must have cast-iron cylinder liners or be cast from aluminum alloy that has silicon particles in it.
Some manufactures made an aluminum cylinder block that does not have cylinder liners,or sleeves.Instead,the aluminum is loaded with silicon particles.Silicon is a very hard material.After the cylinder block is cast,the cylinder are honed.Then they are treated with a chemical that etches eats away,the surface aluminum.This leaves only the silicon particles exposed to the piston.The cylinder block is cast in one https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd17842745.html,ually,this is the largest and the most complicated single piece of mental in the automobile.
Piston
The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy that turns the crankshaft.The piston is a cylindrical shaped hollow part that moves up and down inside the engine?s cylinder.It has grooves around its perimeter near the top where the ring are placed.The piston fits snugly in the cylinder.The pistons are used to ensure a snug”air tight” fit.
The piston in your engine?s cylinder are similar to your legs when you ride a bicycle.Think of your legs as pistons:they go up and down on the pedals,providing power.Pedals are like the connecting rods;they are “attached”to your legs.The pedals are attached to the bicycle crank which is like the crank shaft,because it turns the wheels.
To reverse this,the pistons(legs) are attached to the connecting rods(pedals) which are attached to the crankshaft(the bicycle rank).The power from the combustion in the cylinders powers the from the combustion rods to turn the crankshaft.
Connecting Rod
The connecting rod shown in is made of forged high strength steel.It transmit force and motion from the piston to the crank pin on the crankshaft.A steel piston pin,or “wrist pin”,connects the small end of the connecting rod.Some rod have a lock bolt in the small end.As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder,the pin rocks back and forth in the hole ,or bore,in the piston.The big end of the connecting rod is attached to a crank pin by a rod bearing cap.
Connecting rod and rod-bearing caps are assembled during manufacture.Then the hold for bearing is bored with the cap in place.This is called line-boring.It make each rod and its cap a matched https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd17842745.html,ually,the same number is stamped on the rod and cap.This prevents the caps setting mixed during engine service.If the caps are mixed,the bearing bore will not be round.An engine assembled with the rod bearing caps switched will probably lock the crankshaft.If the crankshaft turns,the bearing will probably have improper clearance and the early bearing failure will result.
Another reason for keeping the cap and rod matched is to prevent unbalance and unwanted vibration.All connecting rods in an engine must be as light as possible.But they must all weigh the same.If one rod is heavier than the other,the engine will vibrate.This could damage the engine.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft then main rotating member,or shaft,in the engine.It has crank-pins,to which the connecting rod from the pistons are attached.During the power strokes,the connecting rods force the crank-pins and therefore the crankshaft to rotate.The reciprocating motion of the piston is changed to rotary motion as the crankshaft spins.This rotary motion is transmitted through the power train to the car wheels.
The crankshaft is a strong,one-piece casting,or forging,or heat-treated alloy steel.It must be strong to take the downward force of power strokes without excessive bending.It must be balanced so the engine will run without excessive vibration.
发动机结构
气缸体
气缸体是铸造而成一体的。通常，这是发动机上最大的，最发杂的铁质的部件。
气缸体是由灰铸铁或铝铸造成的。它包括气缸体本身和环绕在周围的水套。要做气缸体需要一个沙模模型，然后将金属溶液导入模型中，当金属溶液冷却后，将模型打破拿走，只剩下了一个粗糙的气缸体，然后将它清洁机加工，最后完成一个气缸体。
柴油机用的发动机与汽油机用的非常相似，最根本的不同是柴油机的比汽油机的更加稳固更沉，这是因为柴油机产生的气缸压力更大。
有许多发动机用的是铝制的气缸。铝也是一种金属，重量比铸铁要轻得多，并且铝的导热速度比铸铁的要快。这就是说它发生爆炸的可能性较小。然而，铝作为气缸体材料来说比
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试
外文翻译 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的交互式仿真程序 Henryk Josiński, Adam ?witoński, Karol J?drasiak 著；李泽辉 译 摘要：本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则，代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统，然后扩展 形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程，以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型，和使用Matlab 的软件包来实现仿真。本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验，以及几种算法的计算，实现了每个单一步骤的整合。 1 简介 科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。数学模型 使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。模型试验，可以使人们不必真正的实 验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。 本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型，以增加模型的连续性和如何 避免不连续为原则。这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。其使用matlab 程 序包创建的数字模型，可以仿真人类运动。 文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都 有涉猎。动态的平面人体运动模型，提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。还值得一提的 是这类项目的参考书目，布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型，这个以人的 物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。人腿 模型虽然简单，但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。布鲁贝克等人还 介绍，在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上，从生物力学的角度而言，符合人体步行的 特征。这个模型具有一个躯干，双腿膝盖和脚踝。它能够合理的表现出人多样的步 态风格。一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。 图1. 力的分解 2 力的分解
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中) 学院(全称，宋体三号，居中) 专业(全称，宋体三号，居中) 班级(宋体三号，居中) 学生(宋体三号，居中) 学号(宋体三号，居中) 指导教师(宋体三号，居中) 二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致)
（英文原文装订在前）
Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7): 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处：即文章是何期刊上发表的，X年X 卷X期，格式如上例所示，四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。) [点击输入译文题目-标题1，黑体小二] [点击输入作者，宋体小四] [点击输入作者单位，宋体五号] 摘要[点击输入，宋体五号] 关键词[点击输入，宋体五号] 1[点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号] [点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1.25倍行距] 1.1[点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 1.1.1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 说明： 1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。 2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。 3.必须要有外文翻译的封面，使用学校统一的封面； 封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目； 封面上时间与开题时间一致。 4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后； 5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献，翻译要条理
清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应。 6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体， 标准字符间距。 7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。 8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。 例如： 图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16-卟啉识别排列分析(b)。为了得到b 的 数据矩阵，样品用16-卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从 b 中 萃取的。