美国文学史选读复习思考题答案

1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .the Transcendental Club2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. WashingtonIrving3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle"satires of New York life.4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and thefirst great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage againstthe British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by aneminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.”William Cullen Bryant9.__________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the worldliterature.10.Edgar Allan Poe’s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in theEnglish language.The Bells11.Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of acollection. The Raven12.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______.Civil DisobedienceBy the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists.At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of New England". Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.No other American poet ever surpassed Edgar Allan Poe’s ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories.Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he never applied the term "Transcendentalist" to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published his first book, Nature, which met with a mild reception.Ralph Waldo Emerson's prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.The harsh rhythms and striking images of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.American romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.Henry David Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an "escapist" or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from___________ .A. the romantic literature in EuropeB. neo-PlatonismC. German idealistic philosophyD. the revelations of oriental mysticismABCD8. Transcendentalists recognized__________ as the "highest power of the soul.”A. intuition10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New EnglandA. TranscendentalismB. HumanismC. NaturalismD. UnitarianismD13. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in _________ .A. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking TalesB. Henry David Thoreau’s WaldenC. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry FinnD. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet LetterABC14. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of_________ , and a host of lesser writers.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Herman MelvilleD. Mark TwainABC16. In the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.A. moral enthusiasmB. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC. adoration for the natural worldD. presumption about the corrosive effect of human societyABCD17. Choose Washington Irving' s works from the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Bracebridge HallC. Tales of a TravellerD. A History of New YorkABCD18. In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal , come the two noble red men. Choose them from the following.A. the Mohican Chief ChingachgookB. UncasC. Tom JonesD. Kubla KhanABIn 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet___________ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan PoeC To a Waterfowl Thanatopsis21. From the following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. To HelenB. The RavenC. Annabel LeeD. The BellsABCD23. Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is___________ .D. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque24. From the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry.A. being highly individualB. harsh rhythmsC. lack of form and polishD. striking imagesABCD25. Which book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Representative MenB. English TraitsC. NatureD. The RhodoraD26. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Of StudiesB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Divinity School AddressA30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.A. Young Goodman BrownB. The Great Stone FaceC. The Ambitious Guest ABCDD. Ethan BrandE. The Pearl32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne_____________ in American literature.A. the largest brain with the largest heart34. __________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the " man who lived among cannibals". Typee37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did__________ .A. Puritanism"The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere". This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England______ Transcendentalism43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. Nature45. _________ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s belief that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.A. The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman BrownBOnce upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door."Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—Only this, and nothing more. "Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.Edgar Allan PoeThe RavenDescribe the mood of this poem: A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird. Work 3: Nuture1.As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulatesynthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the "Oversoul". His emphasis on the spirit runsthrough virtually all his writings. " Philosophically considered," he states in Nature,which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, "theuniverse is composed of Nature and the Soul. " He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. "It beholds thewhole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. " Heregards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In thisconnection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one.Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of "ecstasy" which he records thus in his Nature:2.Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinitespace, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.3.Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with theoutside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscienceof the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits ofindividuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervadingeverywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. Theworld proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. "TheUniversal Being" is in point of fact the Oversoul that he never stopped talking about for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; "Each mind lives in the Grand mind," "There in one mind common to all individual men," and "Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life. " In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.4.This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that theindividual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the "infinitude of the privates man. " He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. " Know then that the world exists for you " he says. "Build therefore your own world. " "Trust thy self!" and "Make thyself!" Trust your owndiscretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest,"Emerson' s message was eventually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. "Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the mainoptimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence his famous remark, "I ask for the individuals, not the nation. " Emerson ' s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of thebuoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democraticindividualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as "Power", "Wealth", and "Napoleon"(in his The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness andself-seeking.5.To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary.Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. " Nature is the vehicle of thought,"and " particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts. " Thus Emerson' s world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, " Nature is the symbol of spirit." That is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; "The lover of nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. " Tohim nature is a wholesome moral influence on man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature is that the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.。

第一章殖民地时期的美国文学填空题1. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of ______.【答案】England【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。

其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。

2. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was ______.【答案】American Puritanism【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。

美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。

3. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ______ values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。

清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。

这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。

4. Many Puritans wrote verse, but the works of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and______, rose to the level of real poetry.【答案】Edward T aylor【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒。

5. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by ______.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。

美国文学复习题（有答案版）1. Thomas Jeffers on2. Walt Whitman3. Mark Twai n4. Robert Frost5. Ezra Pound6. Carl Sa ndburg7. Saul Bellow8. Ern est Hemi ngway9. John Stei nbeck10. Jack Lon don11. Sin clair Lewis12. Fla nnery O 'Connor13. O. Henry14. Jerome David Sali nger15. William Falk ner 美国文学复习提纲第一部分连线题(1*10=10')The Declarati on of In depe ndence O' Captai n. My Capta inJump ing FrogMending WallIn a Station of the MetroChicagoThe Adve nture of Augie March Men without Wome n The Grape of WrathThe Call of the WildBabbitA Good Man Is Hard to Fi ndThe Last LeafThe Catcher in the RyeThe Sound and the Fury第二部分单项选择(1.5*20=30 ')1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in Englandthat she became known as the “________ ” who appeared in America.A. Tenth MuseB. Ni nth MuseC. Best MuseD. FirstMuse2. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment. wasthe dominant spirit.A. Huma nismB. Rati on alismC. Revoluti onD.Evoluti on3. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic?A. The America n CrisisB. The FederalistC. Declarati on of In depe ndenceD. The Age of Reas on4. At the Reas on and Revoluti on Period, America ns were in flue need by theEuropea n moveme nt called the ______ .A. Chartist Moveme ntB. Roma nticist Moveme ntC. En lighte nment Moveme ntD. Modernist Moveme nt5. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritualcom muni cati on with _____ .A. n atureB. tran sce nden talist ideasC. huma n beingsD. celestial beings6. _______ teassimple but very moving story in which four people living in apuritan community are invoIved in and affected by the sin of adultery in differe nt ways.A. Twice-Told TalesB. The Scarlet LetterC.The House of the Seven GablesD. The Marble FaunA. poems 11. I nHawthorne A. Adultery 12. The period before the America n Civil War is gen erally referred to as _______ .A. the Naturalist PeriodB. the Modern PeriodC. the Roma ntic PeriodD. the Realistic Period13. I n the foll owi ng works, which sig ns the begi nning of the America n literature?A. The Sketch BookB. Leaves of GrassLeatherstocking Tales D. Adventures of HuckleberryFi nn14. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the foll owing exceptA. war and peace religio n 15. Emily Dick insonA. brevity obscure 16. The publicationB. bve and marriageC. life and obathD.'s poetic idiom ifontrtecfoll owing except ___B. direct nessC. pain est word s ofD.established Emerson as the most eloquent7. Washington Irving's social conservation and literary for the past is revealed,to some exte nt, i n his famous story, ___ .A. The Lege nd of Sleepy HollowB. Rip Van Win kleC.The Custom-houseD. The Birthmark8. The conven tio n of the desire for an escape from society and a retur n to n ature in America n literature is particularly evide nt in .A. Cooper Leatherstocking TalesB. Hawthorne 'The ScarletLetterC.Whitman ' Lseaves of GrassD. Irving s Rip Van Winkle9. As a philosophical and literary moveme nt, ___ flourished in New En gla nd from 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rati on alismC. sen time ntalismD. tran sce nden talism10. Edgar Alla n Poe main ly writes _____ .B. literary critic theoriesC. short storiesD. dramasThesScaret Letter, A”“ mayartd for _B. An gelC. AmiableD. All the abovespokesma n of New England Tran sce nden talism.A. NatureB. Self-Relia neeC. The American SchoarD. The Over-Soul17. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United St ates refers to the period from ________ t o ________ .A. 1861 …1914B. 1863 …1918C. 1865 …1914D.1865 (1918)18. ________ i s consieid to be Theodore Dreiser 's greatest work.A. An American TragedyB. Sister CarrieC.The FinancierD. TheTita n19. ________ i sovella about a young American girl who get s “ ed ” by the winterin Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The America nB. The Europea nsC.Daisy Miller 20. _____ _ described deformed con scienee A. Tom Sawyer B. Huckleberry Finn C. Jim D. TonyA. grand vern acular22. The book from which B. pompous C. simple D. “ralA m sdica n literaturecomes refers to A. Death in the After noonC.To Have and Have Not 24. ________ is Hemin gway “ The Lost Gen eration A. The Sun Also RisesC.In Our TimeB. Ezra Pou ndC. Richard WrightA. J. D. Sali nger Ellis on 27. “ Tender Is the Night _ is aby FitzgdralA. short storyB. no vellaC. poem28. _______ is said to be a “ historicalnovelD. Ralph D. no vel by Faulk ner 's choice between safety an ( B Home BurialD. The Portrait of a Ladyby Mark twain as a boy with “ asound heart and a21. Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a __ an guage.A. The Great (atsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC.The Adve ntures of Hucke berry Fi nn D.Moby-Dick23. In which of the foll owing works Hemingway present s his philosophy about life and death through the depict ion of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy?B.The Snows of Kilimanjaro D.The Green Hills of Africa s first true no vel in wl^ieietheacVivid portrait of B. A Farewell to ArmsD.For Whom the Bell Tolls25. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms — the sonnet, rhyming coupl ets,blank verse — with a cl ear American I ocal speech rhythm, the speech offarmers with it s idiosyncratic diction and synt ax.A. SouthernB. WesternC. New HampshireD. New Engand26. _______ , one of the most importt poets in his time, is a lead ing spokesma n ofthe “ Imagist Movement”A. Go Down, MosesB. Light in AugustC.The Sound and the FuryD.Absalom 29. ________ s tems from the ambiguity of the speakerthe unknown.A. Men di ng the wallC. The Road not Take nD. Stopp ing by Woods on a SnowyEve ning30. Hemingway 's writing stytogether with his theme and the hero, is greatly andperma nen tly in flue need by his experie nces ____ .A. i n his childhoodB. i n the warC. i n AmericaD. i n Africa31. The following writers were award ed Nobel Prize for literature exceptA. William Faulk nerB. F Scott FitzgeradC. Joh n Stein beckD. Ern est Hemi ngway,the poe' 32. ______ n ot considered to be one of the masters in the field of American fiction in the mod ernistic period .A. F Scott FitzgeradB. Ern est Hemi ngwayC. Arthur Mill erD. William Faulkner33. “ Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both In the above two lines of Robert Frost's “ The Road not Taken by implicatio n, was referri ng to _ .A. one 's course of lifeB. a marriage decisionC. a mi (dle-age crisisD. a travel experie nee34. Most of the writers in the mod ern period were abl e to probe into the inner world of huma n reality on the base of ___ .A. William James '“ stream of consciousness ” B. Carl Jung 'eetive“leoebnscious ”and “ archetypal symbol C. Sigmund Freud 's“antBrpfdreams ”D. All of the above35. Writers of the second postwar era self-consciously acknowl edged that they were _____________ . A. a Lost Gen erati on B. a Beat Gen erati onC. a Jazz Gen erati onD. none of the above36. In 1862, Preside nt Lin col n exclaimed: “ So you are the lwoman who wrotethe book that started this great war! ” The book refers to. A. Un cle Tom 's Cab inB. BebvedC.Pride and PrejudiceD.The Adve ntures of Huckfeberry Fi nn37. In Leaves of Grass, is all that concerned Whitma n.A. i ndividualismB. freedomC. democracyD. all the above 38. It is not surprising toin 's fiction a world of iungle, where “ kill or to be killed” was the law. A. Mark Twai nB. Emily Dick insonC. Theodore DreiserD. Henry James39. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of William Faulkner?A. He is master of stream-of-co nscious ness n arrative.B. His writing is often complex and difficult to understand.C. He often depicts slum life in New York and Chicago.D. He represe nts a new group of Souther n writers40. The setti ng of the novel The Scarlet Letter is in ______ .A. En gla nd during World War IB. Paris during the French RevolutionC. Purita n AmericaD. America after the Revoluti onary War第三部分判断对错(1*15=15 ')(T)1. The Calvi nist doctri ne of “ orig inal sin ”exerted great in flue nee upon Hawthor ne.(T)2. To Hawthorne sin will get punished, one way or another.(T)3. Roger Chillingworth, the scholar, the embodiment of pure intellect, committed the “ Unpardonable Sin ”.(F)4. Emily Dickinson didn ' t li ke using capital letters where small ones are n eeded.(T)5. Walt Whitma n used parallelism and refrain in his poems.(T)6. Walt Whitman was regarded as the Zenith in American romantic poetry. (T)7. Dick inson was orig in al. She n ever imitates others.(T)8. Allan Poe defined poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty.(F)9. O. Henry seldom wrote about poor people.(T)10. According to Poe, art serves for pleasure. The chief aim of poetry is beauty, n amely, to produce a feeli ng of beauty in the reader.(T)11. Accord ing to Dick inson, death means immortality.(F)12. Accord ing to Poe, truth is beauty, beauty truth.(T)13. According to Henry James, the aim of the novel is to reflect life reality. (T)14. James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of America n society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life whereas Twa in dealt largely with the lower strata of society.(F)15. America n writers, especially no velists were rather experime ntal after the World Wars.(T)16. O. Henry's short stories are famous for their surprising endings. (T)17. Allen Ginsberg was the representative of the Beat Generation.(T)18. Alla n Poe exerted great in flue nee upon many souther n America n writers, especially William Faulk ner.(F)19. Emily Dick inson was regarded as the forerunner of symbolism.(F)20. Mark Twai n n ever touched upon the problem of slavery system in his no vels.(F)21. Allan Poe was regarded as the forerunner of American Imagism.(T)22. Mark Twain was the father of America n Ian guage.(T)23 . Allan Poe advocated “ pure ”poetry.(F) 24. Mark Twain 's contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localismin America n ficti on and partly through his themes.(T)25. Toni Morris on is one of the most famous con temporary womenwriters. (T)26. O. Henry was the pen n ame of William Sidney Porter.(T)27. Thomas Jeffers on was the major writer of The Declarati on ofIndependence(T)28. Henry James discovered the trick of making his characters reveal themselves with mini mal in terve nti on of the author.(T)29. N. Hawthorne was a symbolic writer in some sen se.(T) 30. Whitman ' s poetry suggests rather than tells.第四部分术语解释(4*5=20 ')1. Tran see nden talismTranscenden talism refers to the religious and philosophical doetri nesof Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800 's, which emphasized the importa nee of in dividual in spirati on and in tuiti on, the Oversoul, and n ature. Other eon cepts that accompa nied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the in dividual is divine and, therefore, self-relia nt.2. NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually invoIves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in Franceand it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific ”status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hun ger, sexual obsessi on, and hereditary defects.3. America n DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determ in ati on one can achieve a better life for on eself, usually through finan cial prosperity. These were values held by many early Europea n settlers, and have bee n passed on to subseque nt gen erati ons.4. The Lost Gen erati onThe term Lost Gen eratio n was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of America n Literary no tables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of WWI to the beg inning of the Great Depressi on.Significant membersincluded Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T.S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemi ngway likely popularized the term, quoti ng Stein ( “ You are all a lost gen eratio n ”)as epigraph to his no vel The Sun Also Rises . Moregen erally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during WWI.They were “lost ” because after the war manyof them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move into settled life.5. Moder nismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the worldin the act of percei ving it. Moder nism implies historical disc on ti nuity, a sense of alie nati on, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the in dividual and his inner being over social man and prefers the uncon scious to the self-c on scious.6. Purita nismThe principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Purita ni sm. Purita nism accepted the doctri nes of Calvi nism: thesovereig nty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; theirresistibility of God 's will for man in ever act of l ife from cradleto grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God s will.7. Hem in gway Heroes (Code Hero)“ Hemingway Heroes” refer to some protagonists in Hemingway 's works. Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculi ne tastes, sen sitive and in tellige nt. And usually he is a man of acti on and of a few words. He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider,keeping emotions under control, stoic andself-discipli ned in a dreadful place where one can not get happ in ess.8. Jazz Age“The Jazz Age ”describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between WWI and WWII, particularly in North America; with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most represe ntative literary work of the age is America n writer F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby, a highlighting what some describe as the decade nee and hed oni sm, as well as the growth of in dividualism.第五部分选读分析25 'Textl.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from[he original Dutch settlers, this sequestered gle n has long bee n known by the n ame of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the n eighbori ng coun try. Drowsy and dreamy in flue nee seems to hang over the land , and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a high Germandoctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old In dia n chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hen drick Huds on.Questio ns:(1) Whois the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken?(2) What is the title of this short story?(3) Give a definition of “short story ” .An swer:(1) Wash ington Irving⑵The Lege nd of Sleepy Hollow(3) A short story is a brief prose ficti on, usually one that can be readin a sin gle sitt in g. It gen erally contains the six major eleme nts of fiction — characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view andstyle.Text 2.Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, l ong I stoodAnd looked dow n one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;The n took the other, as just as fair, And hav ing perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wan ted wear; Though as for that the pass ing there Had worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodde n black.Oh, I kept the first for ano ther day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telli ng this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hen ce: Two roadsdiverged in a wood, and II took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the differe nee.Questio ns:(1) Please examine the poetic form (rhyme and meter) (2 ')(2) Describe the similarities and differe nces of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take? (3 ')(3) How do you understand the word “sigh ” ? (4 ')(4) What might the two roads stand for in the speaker 's mind? ( 2')(5) What is the theme of this p oem? (2')An swer:(1) It is written in iambic tetrameter and rhymed abaab.(2) Similarities: both of the roads are beautiful;Differences: one is quiet and grassy, less-traveled, the other is troddenby many people and flatHe took the less-traveled road.(3) The word “sigh ” is a tricky word. Because sigh can be interpreted into nostalgic relief or regret. If it is the relief sigh, then thedifference means the speaker feels glad with the road he took. If it isthe regret sigh, the n the differe nee would not be good, and the speaker would be signing in regret. Henee, sigh is ambiguous here for the speaker is not show ing whether his choice is right or wrong.(4) The real road, the life road and the road in career.(5) Choices is in evitable but you n ever know what you choice will mean un til you have lived it. This is also the theme of the poem.Text 3.Tell me no t, i n mour nful nu mbers, Life is but an empty dream!For the soul is dead that slumbers, And thi ngs are not what they seem.Life is real-life is earn estAnd the grave is not its goal;Dust thou art, to dust retur nest, Was not spoke n of the soul.Questio ns:(1) . Who is the writer of the lin es?(2) . What is the title of the whole poem from which the two sta nzas are take n?(3) . Summarize the poet 's advice for living.An swers:(1) . Henry Wadsworth Lon gfellow(2) . A Psalm of Life(3) . His optimism which has characterized much of his poetry, also en deared many critics to him. Heseemedto have persevered despite tragedy. This poem is the cry of his heart, “rallying from depression ”，ready to affirm life, to regroup from losses, to push on despite momentarydefeat.Text 4.Because I could not stop for Death He kin dly stopped for me —The Carriage heldbut just Ourselves And Immortality.We slowly drove — He knew no haste And I had put awayMy labor and my leisure too,For His Civility —We passed the School, where Childre n stroveAt Recess — in the Ri ng —We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain —We passed the Sett ing Sun —Or rather — He passed Us —The Dews drew quiveri ng and Chill —For only Gossamer, my Gown —My Tippet — only Tulle —We paused before a House that seemedA Swelli ng of the Grou nd —The Roof was scarcely visible —The Cornice — in the Ground —Since then — 'tis Centuries — and yetFeels shorter tha n the DayI first surmised the Horses 'HeadsWere toward Eternity —Questio ns:(1) Who wrote this poem? In the poem, what is he/she watching and recordi ng? (3%)(2) What is death compared to in the poem? (2%)⑶What does the poet thi nk of eternity? (2%)(4) What is the attitude of the poet towards death? (2%)An swer:(1) Emily Dickinson. She is watching and recording her own funeral.(2) Death is compared to a polite gentleman or polite wooer.(3) The speaker is not quite sure whether there will be eternity afterdeath since she just s urmises that “the Horses 'Heads were toward Eternity (4) She treats death light-heartedly for she believes that death is an ecessary step towards eternity or immortality.。

美国文学史及选读期末复习重点考试题型：1.名词解释（20分）5个*4=20分2.选择题（20分）3.连线题（10分）4.判断题（10分）5.片段赏析（20分）一个10分2个一个小说一个诗歌6.论述题（20分）一个10分2个一个小说一个诗歌The Outline of American LiteratureThe Realistic Period 1865-1914Realists:Henry James and his psychological realismWilliam Dean Howells and his moral realismLocal Colorism/Regionalism: Mark TwainNaturalists:Stephen Crane /DreiserThe Modern Period 1914-1945Modern Poetry:Imagism:Ezra PoundW.C.WilliamsLyrical Poet：Robert FrostCarl SandburgWallace StevensModern Novelists:Representatives of the Lost Generation:(Jazz Age)F.Scott Fitzgerald/Ernest Hemingway/T.S.EliotEpitome of the Southern Renaissance:William FaulknerThe Leftist Novelists:John Dos Passos/John SteinbeckThe Jewish American Novelists in this period:Eugene O·NeillPart I Term Definition1.American Naturalism:美国自然主义1.Naturalism is a more deliberate kind of realism and this term describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity（客观）and detachment（冷静）to its study of human beings.2.Naturalism is a literary movement that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.3.Although naturalist literaturedescribed the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world throughsocial reform.4.It accepted the interpretation Dreiser is a leadingKey words：Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory;environment and heredity; objectivity and detachment Theodore Dreiser; Sister Carrie, Stephen Crane, etc.2.American Realism:美国现实主义1.时间：In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. 内战将浪漫主义结束，开启现实主义。

美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案陶洁(部分)Unit 1 Benjamin FranklinQuestions1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的).Unit 2 Edgar Allen Poe 1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Montresor.Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar? He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine. Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor.3.What happens to Fortunato in the end? He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar.4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts? Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives. The color schemes here represent the irony ofFortunato's death sentence. Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado. This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He lost himself on hearing the wine. At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance. When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant. He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others were stronger than him. For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏） in wine. Under the impulse of vanity, he fell into Montresor’s terrible trap. In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him. He looked down upon Montresor and others. He didn’t realize his foolishness until t he deathwas coming. Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman. He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person. His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble. Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character. We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark. It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.unit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ? No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their “Utopia,” for they know that misbehavior, evil, and death are unavoidable.This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine,which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized life What is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities. The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her. The second paragraph on page 30. The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval.Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges. One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.3.What has happened to Hester? As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live. While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl. The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin. In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” and its symbol as part of herself, just as she accepts her child.And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them. How does this tell us about her character? Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.Unit5 Herman Melville 1.What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick? Ishmael compares the legend of Moby Dick to his experience of the whale. He notes that sperm whale attacks have increased recently and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as having an intelligent, even supernatural origin. In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whalemen, suggesting that he can be in more than one place at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks that even the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth. Whales, for instance, have been known to travel withremarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Greenland ship in it. Moby Dick, who has defied capture numerous times, exhibits an “intelligent malignity”（狠毒） in his attacks on men2.Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale?First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale.Second,He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale，because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil. Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy”and call him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not? Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does indeed seem mad to try to fight the forces of nature or God.3.What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter? In the selected charpter, Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau 1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond, which belonged to Emerson’s property.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying? No, he hadn’t. He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life. Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificentworld around us. He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why? Yes, it is. Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States. Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning of regeneration at Walden. It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection?Unit 7 19th Century American Poets1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1) I Shot an Arrow…1. Why did the speaker lose sight of his arrow and song?The arrow flies too swiftly and too far away to be seen by the speaker; whereas the song is naturally invisible.2. In what circumstances did he find them again?He finds them unexpectedly years later from the trunk of a tree and the heart of a friend.3. What do arrow and song stand for in this poem? The images of arrow and song here may stand for friendship.(2) A Psalm of Life1. What kind of person is the speaker of this poem? The speaker is a man of action, always optimistic and cheerful, trying to achieve as much as possible in the short span of life.2. According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us nearer to death?We should work harder and live happier.3. Interpret the metaphor of "Footprints on the sand of time" (line 28).The metaphor refers to human deeds in real life.2. Walt Whitman(1)One's Self I Sing1. What is the significance of singing about one's self?It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3. What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.(3) O Captain! My Captain!1. Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?Life is a journey.3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.3.Emily Dickinson(1) To Make a Prairie …1. What things are needed to "make" a prairie? In what sense can one really do it?Some grass and insects and small animals. People can make a prairie with their imagination.2. How can "revery alone" create a prairie?The prairie stays in one's mind.(2) Success Is Counted Sweetest1. Why is success "counted sweetest by those who ne'er succeed"?Those who have tasted the bitterness of failure would have a keener desire for success.2. Who are "the purple host"?The so-called successful people in the world.3. Who is "he" in the last stanza?Anyone who is pursuing his success.(3) I'm Nobody!1. Who are the "pair of us" and "they" in this poem? The "pair of us" refers to the speaker in the poem and the reader, and "they" refers to the public, especially those in power.2. What does "an admiring bog" really mean?" (line 28).It Implies the vain and empty common people, who are always admiring and pursuing the celebrities.3. What is the theme of this poem?The real admirable life is a secluded and common one.4. Do you want to be "nobody" or "somebody"? Explain your reasons.Different persons would have different answers to this question. Personally, I prefer to be nobody.Unit 8 Mark Twain1: Why do you think Mr.Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?From Mr.Wheeler’s behaviors and contents of his narration we can know he is so eager to tell these stories.First, when "I" asked him to tell "me" something about W.Smiley, he “ backed me into a corner and blockaded me with his chair, and then sat down and reeled off the narrative”. And during the process of telling his stories, he never paid any attention to others'response to his story and just went on telling what amused him. At last when the listener felt boring and wanted to leave, Mr.Wheeler even didn't notice it and still asked him to sit there listening to him.2: Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories? No. the audience does not show any interest in Mr.Wheeler’ stories. In fact, the narrator was very feverish about his stories, but ,in the eyes of the listener,the stories were very boring and had nothing to do with his preoccupation. As an educated man, the listenercouldn't understand the way of laborers for joy, and he would never bother himself to understand it. So after the long time of Mr.Wheeler’ solo narration and when the audience got a chance, he fled away.3: Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why? How do you interpret their interactions?The narrator and his listener never noticed or suspected the presence of humor.During the intercourse,the narrator went vigorously on his monotonous narrative "wihout a little smiling" talking about the animals and the things like ,while the listener felt rather puzzled or bothered by his stories.It seemed to be kind of coarse things. So the two different scenes go on separately without a intersection.And their interaction was a complete failure according toour common sense about communication.But it in this sense produced the effect of humor which can be tasted by our readers due to the skills adopted by Mark Twain .Unit 14 F·Scott Fitzgerald1.Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why?（1）I think it is too complicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be ―great‖ or not.For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause.（2）In this respect, he is much ―greater‖than his contemporaries. For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him. He wasn’t sober enough to be great.2.Does “the green light” Gatsby believed in exist in reality? Why or why not ?（1）I think ―the green light‖ does not exist in reality. Because the green light which situated at the end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely visible from West Egg lawn represents Gatsby’s unattainable dream. Although the color itself can be seen as hope and bright future, Gatsby’s quest for Daisy back is doomed to be impossible. Daisy lived in ―a material world without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dream like air‖.（2）After five years when Gatsby met Daisy again, the miracle Daisy had lost her original glory. Therefore, there is no delaying that Gatsby’s dream would not come true. In the novel, the green light not only represents that innocent Gatsby looked forward to the future, but also means his longing for the history –his happy past with Daisy. The distinction between ideal and reality was huge. As if American dream between golden past and goldenfuture always suffered from the realistic betrayal and crush.3.What does Gatsby’s Schedule reveal about him and how does it relate to the American Dream?（1）The schedule is a reflection of Gatsby’s determination and ambition. It reveals that he is hard on himself in pursuit of his goal—to be an upper-class man.（2）On one hand, we can know that he is persistent in pursuing his American Dream-- to attain wealth and happiness through his struggle. On the other hand, he is too idealistic and naive.（3）He tries his best to make money and learns everything required to be an upper-class man so that he can get access to his beloved girl.Money is important，but there are other barriers difficult to penetrate. The girl he loves is as vulgar and superficial as others in her circle, she is unable to meets Gatsby’s romantic fantasy. So his dream isdestined to shatter, which indicates the disillusion of American Dream.4.When you read the line “He (the man with owl-eyed glasses) took off his glasses and wiped them again, outside and in ,” what images does it create in your mind, given the novel’s numerous references to the strikingly strange scene of the spectacled eyes? （1）From this line , superficially, owl-eyes is a person with thick and blurry glasses who can not see clearly all the things in the world. However, we know he is actually an owl-wise observer and sees more clearly than anyone else in the novel. Owl-Eyes, except Nick, is the only friend to appear at the rain-soaked burial of Gatsby, when others are unwilling to come. He feels sympathy for Gatsby’s tragedy.（2）After reading this line, I cannot help thinking of the Dr.Eckleburg billboard with its huge yellow spectacles in this novel. In many rainy days, Dr. Eckleburg’s eyes are also dimmed and seem blind. But in fact this is a pair of "all-seeing" eyes. TheOwl-Eyed Man is similar to Dr. Eckleburg, sadly looking at the people’s life and idealism of this time. Both of them symbolize an uninvolved spectator god. They watch all the activities of the humans. Owl-eyes is the avatar of the sightless Dr. Eckleburg.Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway1. How do you interpret the irony of the title after reading the story?（1）The title ―A Clean Well-Lighted Place‖ refers to the café in the text. The café was very clean and well- lighted. From the literary meaning, we may feel this place was very warm and comfortable, was a place where people need warmth wanted to go. So the old man, who was rich but deaf and lonely came here to find warmth and avoided nada. It was the only place he could go and could find some comfort.（2）However, the younger waiter was very selfish. As his wife was waiting him on the bed, he wanted to go home early. Therefore, he refused to offer the old man another cup of wine by the excuse that thebusiness was finished. In fact, there was still an hour from closing time. The younger thought an hour was more important to him than to the old man. The old man needed to leave the only place where he could get far away from nada/ nothing. This café should be warm but the younger waiter forced the lonely and deaf to leave without any sympathy. This is the irony of the title.2. Do you think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark？Why or why not? （1）I don’t think so.In our opinion, the metaphorical dark means nada，nothing in one’s inner heart. In the article, the younger waiter had both youth and confidence; however, he never made full use of them. As we can see, he didn’t understand the old man’s suicide and excessive drinking, and failed to see his tomorrow through the old man’s present situation.（2）What’s more, he had no idea that youth is not permanent, which cannot guarantee love and work. From above, there is no denying that he didn’trealize his nada. Therefore, his youth and confidence never contributed to withstanding his metaphorical dark.（3）I think that, nowadays, youth and confidence do can help to withstand the metaphorical dark, for one can bravely face the reality and overcome the nada with youth and confidence. But they only serve as two main factors. In fact, we need some other factors such as courage, dignity and so on if we want to withstand the metaphorical dark successfully.3.The older waiter said to the younger waiter:“We are of two different kinds.”In what way do you think they are different?（1）I think they are different from each other in the following four aspects：In the beginning, they are in different ages.The older waiter was in his middle age; while the other was much younger.（2）Then, they have different attitudes towards the old man. From the article, we know the older waiter had suffered a lot. He had maintained a clean andwell-lighted place in his heart, and he could understand the old man and show sympathy to him. However, the young man was very selfish. He wanted to go home early so that he finished the business one hour earlier and forced the old man to leave. He showed hatred rather than sympathy to the old man.（3）Next, they have different attitudes towards life. The older waiter had a deep sense of life. He was brave and wanted to fight again nada. Besides, he cared about others. The younger one was totally different; he has a shadow understanding of life. He satisfied with his present love and work, he only care about himself and was reluctant to take others into consideration. He even never thought of his future.（4）Finally, they have different attitudes towards nada. The older waiter had realized that it is impossible to avoid nada in one’s whole life. The only thing he can do is to keep a kind of clearness in his own mind. So he was willing to work late for the lonely old man and was pleased to help those who are suffering nada. But out of youth and confidence, he failed to overcome nada. On thecontrary, the younger waiter had the two most important factors for withstanding nada; however, he didn’t realize the nada in his heart at all. Then his youth and confidence became useless.Unit 17 20th -Century American Poets1. Ezra Pound In A Station of the Metro1. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.2. What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.2. Wallace Stevens Anecdote of the Jar1. What does the jar in poem symbolize? Why does the speaker place it on top of a hill? The jar here symbolizes a certain perspective on looking at this world. If the perspective of the viewing is creative and unique, it will change the conventional order ofthe old world. When a new perspective comes out, it will certainly hold attention from the rest.2. The jar is "round" and "of a port in air," meaning that it has a stately importance. What effect does it have on surroundings when placed on the ground? Maybe the round jar assumes the air of a domineering figure, which helps to form a certain order out of the disordered surrounding.3. How did the wilderness of Tennessee characterized? What words or phrases does the poet use to describe it? Tennessee seems to a place full of life and energy. “Slovenly,” “sprawl” and “wild” are some of the words used to describe the place. (See Anecdote of the Jar )4.Robert Frost(1)Fire and Ice1. What are the symbolic meanings of fire in this poem? Fire symbolizes natural disaster, human passion, as well as war.2. Why does the speaker say that ice is also great for destruction? Explain what ice stands for here. Ice, oppose to fire, is also a dreadful natural disaster in this world, and ice is always related to indifference, coldness, hatred, and the other negative sentiments of human beings.3. What is your opinion about fire and ice? Which one is more destructive? Both fire and ice can destroy this beautiful world if they are beyond control of human beings. Therefore we should be open-minded and reduce our prejudice and pride so as to keep this world in peace.(2)Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening1. In your opinion, what was the reason that made the speaker stop by the woods on a snowy evening? The poet was deeply attracted by the natural beauty of the scene at that very moment.2. Why did the horse give the harness bell a shake? The horse grew impatient by stopping in the middleof the dark, cold woods at midnight. It was eager to go home.3. Why couldn't the speaker stay longer by the woods to appreciate its mysterious beauty? He realized that it was late at night and he would have to hurry home to get some food and sleep, because the next morning he would have a lot of work to do.4. What is the effect of repetition in the last two lines? The refrain-like repetition in the last two lines reminds the reader a simple fact of life: whatever happens, one must go forward in the journey of his or her life.(3) The Road Not Taken1. What is the speaker's initial response to the divergence of the two roads? The speaker is at a loss which road he should choose, and he feels sorry that he cannot explore both roads at the same time.2. Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take? Two roads are similar except one of them is more“grassy,” which implies that it is less traveled by people. The speaker prefers the less traveled one, because he likes adventure.3. What might the two roads stand for in the speaker's mind? One road stands for the traditional one and the other is unconventional one and full of challenges and difficulties. To follow other people's footsteps or to open a new road for himself is really not an easy decision for us to make in our lives.Unit22 Allen GinsbergAll through the poem, the speaker is addressing to Walt Whitman. Is this poem about Walt Whitman or about modern America?-----from Allen Ginsberg A Supermarket in CaliforniaThe author in this poem wanted to emphasis his theme about showing his respect to the passed age and showing his worry about the corrupt in the part of spirit and society. As we all know, Walt Whitman’s poetry was a revolution in Americanliterature can be seen in the first publication of Leaves of G rass in 1855. His poetry is “free verse” in that the lack of meter and rhyme is known as his major technical innovation. Allen Ginsberg had a highly praise on him. As the movement of Beat Generation, Allen Ginsberg used poetry as weapon to express his own understanding of Beat---beatific and beat down.In this poem, the author wrote the sentence “shopping for images”. What he wanted to buy is the things which were listed by Walt Whitman many years ago. What is in the supermarket? The fresh fruits on the shelf fit the needs of customers and the families. We across a strange statement: shopping for images. How can we shop for images? What he refers to us is still the pure image---“dreaming of your enumerations”. The things on the shelf are the images of langu ages in Walt Whitman’s poetry. The language in Walt Whitman’s poetry and the spirit in his poetry are the things which Allen Ginsberg dreamed of. A young America which is full of energy is worth being praised. Allen Ginsbergfound the song of himself, the song full of courage and the echo of the real world among Walt Whitman’s work. The meaning of age in this poem is that the nation or the race opens the age which belongs to them and creates the history of them own. To a certain extend, the age singer equals the national singer. The world is the world which has its features of timing and events. This means that the link of combining the world is not the same as the goods on the shelf but the things which contain the world and individual spirits.There is a difference between Walt Whitman’s poetry and the successor’s poetry.The former poetry focused on the point of the combing of the poetry and the real world. It extended the full of fruit of the history through he understood the meaning of lives living on earth.The latter’s poetry showed that the nature of material has been deprived from the former world. Our moral and spirit has become the goods in the supermarket or the desire in every family in the。

Henry James’s most mature, and perhaps his best, novels areconsidered to be his last three: The Golden Bowl ,_The Ambassadors ____, and The Wings of the Dove .While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid moreattention to the “life” of the Americans, Henry Jameshad apparently laid great emphasis on the “inner world ” of man.Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local colorfiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had even done before, or since.__Stephen crane_____ had an evident influence onnaturalism. It seemed to stress the animality of man,to suggest that man was dominated by the forces of evolution.In his later novels, Mark Twain seems less hopeful aboutdemocracy, which is reflected in his work, _________.A. The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgB. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s CourtC. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountryD. The Mysterious Stranger_______’s stories still had many unrealistic qualities:“tall tales” and unlikely coincidences. He is nevera pure realist.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC.Henry DavidThoreauD. Nathaniel HawthorneThe changing consciousness of the character is the realstory ._______ gave this kind of literature a name. He called it “stream -of-consciousness”.A. Henry JamesB. William JamesC. John ConradD. James JoyceThe novel which was described by an American critic as “anoutage to American girlhood” is Henry James’_______.A. Woman in LoveB. The Portrait of a LadyC.AwakeningD. Daisy Miller__The Portrait of a Lady ___ is the best novel of Henry James’ “firstperiod”. It is a story about a young, bright American girl goes toEurope to explore life.The result of mark Twain’s European trip was a series ofnewspaper articles, later published as a book called Innocents Abroad or the New Pilgrim's Progress ._Henry James____ was a realist, but not a naturalist. He was anobserver of the mind rather than a recorder of time. His realism was a special kind of psychological realism.Mark Twain’s first novel, _______ was an artisticfailure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize.A. The Innocents AbroadB.The Mysterious StrangerC. Life on the MississippiD. The Gilded AgeIn 1902 London publishedhis first novelA Daughter of the Snows .Stephen Crane’s novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Street , is the story ofa girl_______.A. who is loved by her family but betrayed by her friendsB. who experiences the violence and cruelty of the society almost every dayC. who is evil by natureD. who is brought up in a poor area of ChicagoH. L. Menckenis regarded as “the true father of our national literature ”._Stephen Crane____, the first American naturalist, was not muchinfluenced by the scientific approach. He was a genius with amazing sympathy and imagination.With the publication of ______ in 1900, Theodore Dreisercommitted his literary force to opening the new ground of American naturalism.A. Sister CarrieB. The StoicC. The BulwarkD. An American TragedyThe most straightforward definition of realism is probably the onegiven by the American realist_William Dean __: that is, “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.Henry James probed deeply at the individualpsychology of his characters, writing in a rich andintricate style that supposed his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.is a novella about a young American girl whogets “killed” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The AmericanB. The EuropeanC. Daisy MillerD. The Portrait of a LadyThe Adventure of Huckleberry Finn was Mark Twain’smasterwork from which, as ______noted, “all modern American literature comes.”A. Ernest HemingwayB. Theodore DreiserC. Henry JamesD. William Dean HowellsDreiser’s greatest novel, _ Sister Carrie ____, reveals alast stage in his thinking; social consciousness.By 1875, American writers were moving toward_Realism__ inliterature. We can see this in the true-to life descriptions of Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Hamlin Garland.All of Stephen Crane’s characters are controlled byenvironment_____. This is what makes Crane a“naturalist”.Realism first appeared in the United States in the literatureof_ Local color__, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions ofthings immediately observable: the dialects, customs, sights and sounds of regional.“____” was a term created by the French novelist, Emile Zola.A. Psychological causesB. TranscendentalismC. RealismD. NaturalismMartin Edenis the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.We usually divide Henry James’ career as a writer intothree stages: early, middle and mature. Which of the following work belongs to James’ early stage?A. The Golden BowlB. The AmericanC. The Tragic MuseD. The Wing of DoveAt the heart of Mark Twain’s achievement is his creationof two characters: Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn_____.The novel which was described by an American critic as“an outrage to American girlhood” is Henry James’Daisy Miller .In the late nineteenth century, although Americanscontinued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorneand Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended.Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. Theyare The Financier, The Titan and .A. The TycoonB. The GeniusC. The StoicD. The GiantNorris’ novel has been called “the first fullbodiednaturalistic Ame rican novel” and “a consciously naturalistic manifesto”.In 1859, Darwin published , which exerted greatemphasis on American Naturalism.__ The Art of Fiction ____ was Henry James’ most famousand influential critical essay written in response to a lecture on fiction delivered by the English novelist Sir Walter Besant at the Royal Institution on April 25, 1884.Jack London was at his height of his powers when hewrote_______, which is deeply influenced by DarwinismA. The Call of the WildB.Martin EdenC. To Build a FireD. The Sea WolfHenry James first achieved recognition as a writer of the“_ international____”novel ----a story which brings together persona of various nationalities who represent certain characteristics.The Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as“the Gi1ded Age”._______, who became the editor of Harper’s Monthly in1891, created the first theory for American realism.A. Emile ZolaB. Hamlin GarlandC.William Dean HowellsD. Stephen CraneMark Twain was born on November 30, 1835, in the villageof Florida, Missouri, and grew up in the larger river town of Hannibal. The steamboats which passed daily were thefascination of the town and became the subject matter of Twain’s__ Life on the Mississippi ___.Ernest Hemingway, whose own style is based on Twain’s,once said, “All modern American literature comes from_The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ____.”_________ in the 1860s was the first American writer oflocal color to achieve wide popularity.A. Mark TwainB. Bret HarteC. William Dean HowellsD. Henry David ThoreauAs one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, _Mark T wain ____, the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and thongs he knew about from firsthand experiences.is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “asound heart and a deformed conscience”.A. JimB. Huckleberry FinnC. TonyD. Tom SawyerAmong the following writers, who has been entitled at onetime “Kipling of the Klondike”?A. Henry JamesB. Frank NorrisC. Mark TwainD. Jack LondonIn his works, Theodore Dreiser’s tone is always_________.A. satiricalB. seriousC. comicD. sadHenry James is considered the founder or Psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.The literary Characters of the American type in the early19th century are generally characterized by all the following features except that they .A. are simple and crude farmersB. are polite and elegant gentlemenC. are noble savages (red and white) untainted by societyD. A. speak local dialectsIn The Red Badge of Courage ____, Stephen Crane’s greatest novel, the accident of war makes a young man seem to be a hero. War changes men into animals. In the view of author, good and bad, hero and coward are merelymatters of chance, of fate.In ______, a character, Mr. Sewell, expresses William Dean Howell’s own opinions by saying: “The novelists might be the greatest possible help to us if they painted life as it is, and human feeli ngs in their true proportion and relation.”A. Through the Eye of NeedleB. A Hazard of New FortunesC. The Rise of Silas LaphamD. A Modern Instance。

美国文学复习提纲第一局部连线题〔1*10=10’〕1. Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence2. Walt Whitman O’ Captain, My Captain3. Mark Twain Jumping Frog4. Robert Frost Mending Wall5. Ezra Pound In a Station of the Metro6. Carl Sandburg Chicago7. Saul Bellow The Adventure of Augie March8. Ernest Hemingway Men without Women9. John Steinbeck The Grape of Wrath10. Jack London The Call of the Wild11. Sinclair Lewis Babbit12. Flannery O’ Connor A Good Man Is Hard to Find13. O. Henry The Last Leaf14. Jerome David Salinger The Catcher in the Rye15. William Falkner The Sound and the Fury第二局部单项选择(1.5*20=30’)1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in Englandthat she became known as the "________〞 who appeared in America.A. Tenth MuseB. Ninth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse2. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment.________ was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution3. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic"A. The American CrisisB. The FederalistC. Declaration of IndependenceD. The Age of Reason4. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by theEuropean movement called the ________.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movement5. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritualmunication with ________.A. natureB. transcendentalist ideasC. human beingsD. celestial beings6. ________tells a simple but very moving story in which four people livingin a puritan munity are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways.A. Twice-Told TalesB. The Scarlet LetterC. The House of the Seven GablesD. The Marble Faun7. Washington Irving’s social conservation and literary for the past isrevealed, to some e*tent, in his famous story, ________.A. The Legend of Sleepy HollowB. Rip Van WinkleC. The Custom-houseD. The Birthmark8. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to naturein American literature is particularly evident in ________.A. Cooper’s Leatherstocking TalesB. Hawthorne’s The ScarletLetterC. Whitman’s Leaves of GrassD. Irving’s Rip Van Winkle9. As a philosophical and literary movement, ________ flourished in New Englandfrom 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism10. Edgar Allan Poe mainly writes __________.A. poemsB. literary critic theoriesC. short storiesD. dramas11. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, "A〞 may stand for ________ .A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All theabove12. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as ________ .A. the Naturalist PeriodB. the Modern PeriodC. the Romantic PeriodD. the Realistic Period13. In the following works, which signs the beginning of the American literature"A. The Sketch BookB. Leaves of GrassC. Leatherstocking TalesD. Adventures of HuckleberryFinn14. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following e*cept ________.A. war and peaceB. love and marriageC. life and deathD.religion15. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for the following e*cept ________.A. brevityB. directnessC. plainest wordsD.16. The publication of ________ established Emerson as the most eloquentspokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over-Soul17. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers tothe period from ________ to ________.A. 1861...1914 B. 1863...1918 C. 1865...1914 D. 1865 (1918)18. ________ is considered to be Theodore Dreiser’s greatest work.A. An American TragedyB. Sister CarrieC. The FinancierD.The Titan19. ________ is a novella about a young American girl who gets "killed〞 bythe winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The AmericanB. The EuropeansC. Daisy MillerD. The Portrait of a Lady20. ________ is described by Mark twain as a boy with "a sound heart and adeformed conscience〞.A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. JimD. Tony21. Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ________ language.A. grandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacular22. The book from which "all modern American literature es〞 refers toA. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby-Dick23. In which of the following works Hemingway presents his philosophy aboutlife and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy"A. Death in the AfternoonB. The Snows of KilimanjaroC. To Have and Have NotD. The Green Hills of Africa24. ________ is Hemingway’s first true novel in which he depicts a vividportrait of "The Lost Generation〞.A. The Sun Also RisesB. A Farewell to ArmsC. In Our TimeD. For Whom the Bell Tolls25. Robert Frost bined traditional verse forms—the sonnet, rhyming couplets,blank verse—with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of ________ farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and synta*.A. SouthernB. WesternC. New HampshireD. New England26. ________, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesmanof the "Imagist Movement〞.A. J. D. SalingerB. Ezra PoundC. Richard WrightD. Ralph Ellison27. "Tender Is the Night〞 is a ________ by Fitzgerald.A. short storyB. novellaC. poemD. novel28. ________ is said to be a "historical novel〞 by Faulkner.A. Go Down, MosesB. Light in AugustC. The Sound and the FuryD. Absalom29. ________ stems from the ambiguity of the speaker’s choice between safetyand the unknown.A. Mending the wall B Home BurialC. The Road not TakenD. Stopping by Woods on a SnowyEvening30. Hemingway’s writing style, together with his theme and the h ero, is greatlyand permanently influenced by his e*periences ________.A. in his childhoodB. in the warC. in AmericaD. in Africa31. The following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature e*cept ________.A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. John SteinbeckD. Ernest Hemingway32. ________ is not considered to be one of the masters in the field of Americanfiction in the modernistic period.A. F. Scott FitzgeraldB. Ernest HemingwayC. Arthur MillerD. William Faulkner33. "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travelboth…〞In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s "The Road not Taken〞,the poet, by implication, was referring to ________.A. one’s course of lifeB. a marriage decisionC. a middle-age crisisD. a travel e*perience34. Most of the writers in the modern period were able to probe into the innerworld of human reality on the base of ________.A. William James’ "stream of consciousness〞B. Carl Jung’s "collective uncons cious〞 and "archetypal symbol〞C. Sigmund Freud’s "interpretation of dreams〞D. All of the above35. Writers of the second postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that theywere ____________.A. a Lost GenerationB. a Beat GenerationC. a Jazz GenerationD. none of the above36. In 1862, President Lincoln e*claimed: "So you are the little woman who wrotethe book that started this great war!〞 The book refers to ________.A. Uncle Tom’s CabinB. BelovedC. Pride and PrejudiceD.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn37. In Leaves of Grass, _______ is all that concerned Whitman.A. individualismB. freedomC. democracyD. all the above38. It is not surprising to find in _______’s fiction a world of jungle, where"kill or to be killed〞 was the law.A. Mark TwainB. Emily DickinsonC. Theodore DreiserD. Henry James39. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of William Faulkner"A. He is master of stream-of-consciousness narrative.B. His writing is often ple* and difficult to understand.C. He often depicts slum life in New York and Chicago.D. He represents a new group of Southern writers40. The setting of the novel The Scarlet Letter is in ________.A. England during World War IB. Paris during the French RevolutionC. Puritan AmericaD. America after the Revolutionary War第三局部判断对错(1*15=15’)(T)1. The Calvinist doctrine of "original sin〞 e*erted great influence upon Hawthorne.(T)2. To Hawthorne sin will get punished, one way or another.(T)3. Roger Chillingworth, the scholar, the embodiment of pure intellect, mitted the "Unpardonable Sin〞.(F)4. Emily Dickinson didn’t like using capital letters where small ones are needed.(T)5. Walt Whitman used parallelism and refrain in his poems.(T)6. Walt Whitman was regarded as the Zenith in American romantic poetry.(T)7. Dickinson was original. She never imitates others.(T)8. Allan Poe defined poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty.(F)9. O. Henry seldom wrote about poor people.(T)10. According to Poe, art serves for pleasure. The chief aim of poetry is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader. (T)11. According to Dickinson, death means immortality.(F)12. According to Poe, truth is beauty, beauty truth.(T)13. According to Henry James, the aim of the novel is to reflect life reality.(T)14. James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life whereas Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.(F)15. American writers, especially novelists were rather e*perimental after the World Wars.(T)16. O. Henry’s short stories are famous for their surprising endings. (T)17. Allen Ginsberg was the representative of the Beat Generation. (T)18. Allan Poe e*erted great influence upon many southern American writers, especially William Faulkner.(F)19. Emily Dickinson was regarded as the forerunner of symbolism. (F)20. Mark Twain never touched upon the problem of slavery system in his novels.(F)21. Allan Poe was regarded as the forerunner of American Imagism.(T)22. Mark Twain was the father of American language.(T)23. Allan Poe advocated "pure〞 poetry.(F)24. Mark Twain’s contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction and partly through his themes.(T)25. Toni Morrison is one of the most famous contemporary women writers. (T)26. O. Henry was the pen name of William Sidney Porter.(T)27. Thomas Jefferson was the major writer of The Declaration of Independence(T)28. Henry James discovered the trick of making his characters reveal themselves with minimal intervention of the author.(T)29. N. Hawthorne was a symbolic writer in some sense.(T)30. Whitma n’s poetry suggests rather than tells.第四局部术语解释(4*5=20’)1. TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and nature. Other concepts that acpanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.2. NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at "scientific〞 status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, se*ual obsession, and hereditary defects.3. American DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.4. The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of WWI to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T.S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein ("You are all a lost generation〞) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during WWI. They were "lost〞because after the war many of them weredisillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move into settled life.5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of e*pression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. PuritanismThe principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God’s will for man in ever act of life from cradle to grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to e*amine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God’s will.7. Hemingway Heroes (Code Hero)"Hemingway Heroes〞refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of a few words. He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people,somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness.8. Jazz Age"The Jazz Age〞 describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between WWI and WWII, particularly in North America; with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, a highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.第五局部选读分析25’Te*t1.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from[he original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. Drowsy and dreamy influence seems to hang over the land，and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a high German doctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson.Questions:(1) Who is the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken"(2) What is the title of this short story"(3) Give a definition of "short story〞.Answer:(1) Washington Irving(2) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(3) A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the si* major elements of fiction—characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style. Te*t 2.Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever e back.I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.Questions:(1) Please e*amine the poetic form (rhyme and meter) (2’)(2) Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take" (3’)(3) How do you understand the word "sigh〞" (4’)(4) What might the two roads stand for in the speaker’s mind" (2’)(5) What is the theme of this poem" (2’)Answer:(1) It is written in iambic tetrameter and rhymed abaab.(2) Similarities: both of the roads are beautiful;Differences: one is quiet and grassy, less-traveled, the other is trodden by many people and flatHe took the less-traveled road.(3) The word "sigh〞 is a tricky word. Because sigh can be interpretedinto nostalgic relief or regret. If it is the relief sigh, then the difference means the speaker feels glad with the road he took. If it is the regret sigh, then the difference would not be good, and the speaker would be signing in regret. Hence, sigh is ambiguous here for the speaker is not showing whether his choice is right or wrong.(4) The real road, the life road and the road in career.(5) Choices is inevitable but you never know what you choice will mean until you have lived it. This is also the theme of the poem.Te*t 3.Tell me not, in mournful numbers,Life is but an empty dream!For the soul is dead that slumbers,And things are not what they seem.Life is real-life is earnest-And the grave is not its goal;Dust thou art, to dust returnest,Was not spoken of the soul.Questions:(1). Who is the writer of the lines"(2). What is the title of the whole poem from which the two stanzas are taken"(3). Summarize the poet’s advice for living.Answers:(1). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(2). A Psalm of Life(3). His optimism which has characterized much of his poetry, also endeared many critics to him. He seemed to have persevered despite tragedy. This poem is the cry of his heart, "rallying from depression〞, ready to affirm life, to regroup from losses, to push on despite momentary defeat.Te*t 4.Because I could not stop for Death —He kindly stopped for me —The Carriage held but just Ourselves —And Immortality.We slowly drove — He knew no hasteAnd I had put awayMy labor and my leisure too,For His Civility —We passed the School, where Children strove At Recess — in the Ring —We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain —We passed the Setting Sun —Or rather — He passed Us —The Dews drew quivering and Chill —For only Gossamer, my Gown —My Tippet — only Tulle —We paused before a House that seemedA Swelling of the Ground —The Roof was scarcely visible —The Cornice — in the Ground —Since then —’tis Centuries — and yetFeels shorter than the DayI first surmise d the Horses’ HeadsWere toward Eternity —Questions:(1) Who wrote this poem" In the poem, what is he/she watching and recording" (3%)(2) What is death pared to in the poem" (2%)(3) What does the poet think of eternity" (2%)(4) What is the attitude of the poet towards death" (2%)Answer:(1) Emily Dickinson. She is watching and recording her own funeral.(2) Death is pared to a polite gentleman or polite wooer.(3) The speaker is not quite sure whether there will be eternity after death since she just surmises that "the Horses’ Heads were toward Eternity —〞.(4) She treats death light-heartedly for she believes that death is a necessary step towards eternity or immortality.。