计算机专业英语阅读材料submitted at 2004-9-29 17:51:00
计算机英语（1）Desktop Pattern In the graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows 98,a graphical pattern-called wallpaper-displayed on the desktop (the background "beneath" windows, icons, and dialog boxes). The pattern or picture in the screen background that can be chosen by the user. To change the desktop pattern, choose Display from the Control Panel.
桌面图案在Microsoft Windows 98的图形用户界面中,一种显示在桌面上称为壁纸(Wallpaper )的图形图案(窗口、图标和对话框后面的背景),屏幕背景可由用户选择图案样式或画面。要改变桌面图案时,从控制面板上选择显示方式。
计算机英语（2）Federated Database In scientific networking ,a collaborative database (part of a collaborator) in which scientists pool their knowledge and discoveries .Federated databases are one proposed solution to the Grand Challenges——problems that are so complex that they far outstrip the capabilities of individual scientists ,or even individual research institutions ,to tackle them independently. 联合式数据库在科学联网中,科学家们汇集其知识和发现的一种合作数据库(合作的一部分)。联合数据库是对种种重大挑战问题(Grand Challenges)的一种建议性的解决方案——这些问题太复杂,以致于超出单个科学家的能力,甚至单个研究所都无法来单独解决它们。
计算机英语（3）Collapse When creating an outline or viewing a directory tree (such as in the Windows Explorer ),the process of hiding all the outline levels or subdirectories below the selected outline heading or directory.
折叠当生成一个题纲或观察一个目录树(如在Windows资源管理器中)时,在选定的题纲标题或目录下隐藏所有的题纲层或子目录的过程。
计算机英语（4）Collision In local area networks (LANs) ,a garbled transmission that results when two or more workstations transmit to the same network cable at exactly the same time . Networks have means of preventing collisions.
冲突在局域网(LANs)中,当两个或多个工作站恰好在同时向同一个网络线路上传送(数据)时产生的错乱传输。网络拥有防止冲突的方法。
计算机英语（5）Shift key A key that ,when pressed in combination with another key ,gives the other key an alternative meaning ;for example ,producing an uppercase character when a letter key is pressed .The Shift key is also used in various key combinations to create nonstandard characters and to
perform special operations .Early IBM keyboards labeled the Shift key only with a white arrow .Later keyboards label this key with the word Shift.
上档键(又译为换档键) 当一个键与另一个键组合使用时,它可改变另一个键的含义,例如，在按下某个字母键时产生大写字母。上档键也可用在各种键组合中，以生成非标准字符和执行特殊操作。早期IBM键盘仅用一个白色箭头标明换档键,后来的键盘用Shift标明这个键。
计算机英语（6）Shortcut In Microsoft Windows 98,an icon that provides fast access to a program .A fter you create the shortcut ,you see the program's icon on the desktop ,where you can start it quickly by double-clicking the icon.
快捷方式在Microsoft Windows 98中提供的对程序进行快速访问的图标。当你建立了快捷方式后,你在桌面上就看到了该程序的图标,通过双击图标你就可以迅速地启动该程序。
计算机英语（7）Shortcut Key A key combination that provides one-stroke access directly to a command or dialog box ,bypassing any intermediate menus.
快捷键是一组提供直接对命令或对话框一次敲击访问的键组合,绕过任何中间菜单。
计算机英语（8）Signature In electronic mail and UseNet newsgroups ,a brief file (of approximately t hree or four lines )that contains the message sender's name ,organization ,address ,e-mail
address ,and (optionally )telephone numbers .You can configure most s ystems to add this file automatically at the end of each message you send .Ne tiquette advises against long ,complicated signatures ,especially when posting to UseNet .In virus-protection utilities ,program code identifiable as belongi ng to a known virus.
签名
在电子邮件和UseNet你好中,包括消息发送者的姓名、机构、地址、e-mail地址和(任选的)电话号码的简要文件(大约3或4行)。你可将多数系统配置成在你所发送的每一条消息的最后自动加上这个文件。网上礼仪建议不要有太长太复杂的签名,特别是当邮送到UseNet时更是这样。在病毒保护实用程序中,当病毒已知时,程序码是可以识别的。
计算机英语（9）Wait state A microprocessor clock cycle in which nothing occurs .A wait state is programmed into a computer system to allow other components ,such as random-access memory (RAM) ,to catch up with the central processing unit (CPU) .The number of wait states depends on the speed of the processor in relation to the speed of memory .Wait states can be eliminated—resulting in a "zero wait state" machine—by using fast (but expensive )cache memory ,interleaved
memory ,page-mode RAM ,or static RAM chips.
等待状态微处理器不执行任何动作的时钟周期。等待状态编入计算机系统中,以使其他部件(如随机RAM)跟上CPU的速度。等待状态的次数取决于与存储器速度相关的处理器速度。通过使用快速(但昂贵)的高速缓冲存储器、交错存取存储器、页面式RAM或静态RAM芯片,等待状态可消除,从而产生“零等待状态”机。
计算机英语（10）Portal A Web site that serves as a gateway to the Internet .A portal which may be a search engine or a directory web page is a collection of links ,content , and services designed to guide users to information they are likely to find interesting —news , weather , entertainment , commerce sites , chat rooms , and so on . Yahoo! ,Excite ,https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc17359073.html, ,Infoseek ,AOL ,Lycos and Netscape NetCenter are examples of portals .A web page is the starting point for web surfing .
门户一种Web站点,其作用是相当于Internet入网的网关。门户可能是一种搜索引擎或目录网页,是链路、内容和服务的总称,旨在将用户引导到他们很可能感兴趣的信息——消息、天气、娱乐、商业站点、聊天室等等。Yahoo!、Exicte、https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc17359073.html,、Infoseek、AOL、Lycos 以及Netscape NetCenter等即为门户的实例。一个网页是Web浏览的起始点。
计算机英语（11）Packet Internet Groper (PING) A program used to test whether a particular network destination is online ,by sending an Internet control message protocol (ICMP) echo request and waiting for a response .(Also called packet internet gopher).
包因特网查询工具(PING) 用于通过发送一个Internet控制消息协议(ICMP)回送请求并等待应答来测试一个特定网络目的地是否联机的一种程序。也称作包因特网gopher工具。
计算机英语（12）Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) A style sheet mechanism that has been specifically developed for Web page designers and users .Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens ,in print ,and even in spoken voice. Style sheets allow the user to change the appearance of hundreds of Web pages by changing just one file .A style sheet is made up of rules that tell a browser how to present a document .Numerous properties may be defined for an element ;each property is given a value.
层叠样式表(CSS) 专门为Web网页设计者和用户开发的一种样式表机制。样式表描述了文件怎样显示在屏幕上,怎样被打印出来,甚至怎样用语言说出来。样式表允许用户通过仅更改一个文件来改变数百个Web页的外观。一个样式表由许多告诉浏览器怎样表示一个文件的规则组成。可以为一个元素确定许多特性;每个特性给出一个值。
计算机英语（13）Y2K The year that many computers may develop problems because of lack of foresight on the part of programmers .In the 1980s and before ,most computer programs were designed to store only the last two digits of the years on all dates .When the Year 2000 comes ,these programs will show dates of 00,which maybe interpreted the same as 1900.This discrepancy may cause widespread problems ,especially in the large computer systems used in government and big industries.
两千年问题由于程序员方面缺乏预见性而造成许多计算机可能出现问题的一年。在80年代以及之前,大多数计算机程序被设计成在所有日期上只存储年份的最后两位数字。当2000年到来时,这些程序将显示日期00,这可能得到与1900年相同的解释。这种不一致性可能会引起普遍的问题,特别是在政府和大工业部门使用的大型计算机系统中。
计算机英语（14）Dynamic HTML (DHTML) HTML documents with dynamic content ;the three components of DHTML pages are HTML ,JavaScript ,and cascading style sheets .The three components are tied together with DOM ,the Document Object Model. 动态HTML文件(DHTML) 含有动态内容的HTML文档;DHTML页面的三个组成部分为HTML、JavaScript和层叠样式表。这三个部分与DOM(文档对象模型)联结在一起。
计算机英语（15）Gopher A document retrieval system from the University of Minnesota .Through Gopher ,a user can access files from many different computers by looking through hierarchical menus to find specific topics .A document may be a text ,sound ,image ,or other type file .A program calle d Jughead can be used to search for topics found within Gopher files .Gopher sites can now be accessed through the World Wide Web.
Gopher工具明尼苏达大学的一个文档检索系统。通过Gopher工具软件,用户可通过浏览分级菜单查找具体主题而从许多不同的计算机中访问文件。文档可以是文本、声音、图像或其它类型文件。可用一种称为Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation and Display的缩写)的程序来检索在Gopher文件内发现的主题。现在Gopher网址可通过WWW访问。
计算机英语（16）Quality Assurance A system of procedures carried out to ensure that a product or a system adheres or conforms to established standards .Also called quality control.
质量保证是为了确保一种产品或一种系统依附或符合已建立的标准而实施的一种系统过程,也称为质
量控制。
计算机英语（17）Quality of Service Generally ,the handling capacity of a system or service ;the time interval between request and delivery of a product or service to the client or customer .In computer
technology ,the guaranteed throughput (data transter rate) level.
服务质量(QoS) 通常,指一个系统或服务的处理能力。从提出请求到向用户或客户提交一种产品或服务之间的时间间隔。在计算机技术中,指所保证的吞吐(数据传输率)水平。
计算机英语（18）Query In database management ,a search question that tells the program what kind of data should be retrieved from the database .An effective database management system lets you retrieve only the information you need for a specific purpose .A query specifies the characteristics (criteria) used to guide the computer to the required information.
查询在数据库管理中,告诉程序应从数据库检索何种数据的一种检索问题。一个有效的数据库管理系统使你仅检索特定目标的信息。查询规定了用来引导计算机至所需要信息的特征(条件)。
计算机英语（19）Query By Example (QBE) In database management programs ,a query technique ,developed by IBM for use in the QBE program ,that prompts you to type the search criteria into a template resembling the data record .The advantage of query-by-example retrieval is that you don’t need to learn a query language to frame a query .When you start the search ,the program presents a screen that lists all the data fields that appear on every data record ;enter information that restricts the search to just the specified criteria .The fields lift bland ,however ,will match anything.
按例查询在数据库管理程序中,由IBM开发的用于QBE程序的一种查询技术,提示你将检索条件键入一个类似的数据记录的模板中。按例查询检索的优点在于你不需要学习查询语言来构建查询。当你开始检索时,程序便展示出一个屏幕,列出出现在每个数据记录中的数据段;输入将检索限制在仅为规定条件的信息。然而剩下的空白字段将可匹配任何内容。
计算机英语（20）Query Language In database management programs ,a retrieval and data-editing language you use to specify what information to retrieve and how to arrange the retrieved information
on-screen or when printing .The dot-prompt language of dBASE is a full-fledged query language ,as is Structured Query Language (SQL) ,which is used for m inicomputer and mainframe databases and is growing in popularity in the world of personal computers .The ideal query language is a natural language ,such as English. 查询语言在数据库管理程序中,用来规定检索何种信息以及屏幕上如何安排检索信息或何时打印的一种检索和数据编辑语言。dBASE的点提示符语言是非常成熟的查询语言,如结构化查询语言(SQL),这种语言用于小型机和大型机数据库,并且正在个人机领域普及。理想的查询语言是自然语言,如英语。
计算机英语（21）ARPAnet A wide area network (WAN) .A network that connected Department of Defense research sites across America. Created in 1969 with funding from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) .Undergoing constant research and development in the early-to
mid-1970s,ARPAnet served as the test bed for the development of TCP/IP( the protocols that make the Internet possible ).A Major goal of the ARPAnet project was to increase the military's command a nd control capability by enabling communication across a variety of physically dissimilar media ,including satellites .An allied goal was to create a robust network capable of withstanding outages ,such as those that might result from a nuclear exchange .ARPAnet met these objectives ,but it also surprised its creators :It was found in short order that most ARPAnet users preferred to use the network for communication ,such as electronic mail and discussion groups .Initially ,the ARPAnet was available only to government research institutes and to universities holding Department of Defense (DoD) research contracts .In 1983,ARPAnet was divided into a high-security military network (Milnet )and an ARPAnet that was recast as a research and development network .Although it formed the foundation of the Internet ,it was decommissioned in 1990. ARPA网;阿帕网ARPAnet系一种广域网(WAN),一种连接整个美国的国防部研究机构的网络。它是由美国高级研究规划署(ARPA)提供资金,于1969年创建的。ARPA网作为开发TCP/IP(一种使互连网成为可能的协议)的试验台,在70年代的早期到中期就进行了不断的研究和开发。ARPA网项目的主要目标是通过能够在各种实际不相似的媒介(包括卫星)上进行通信来提高军事指挥与控制的能力。一个相关联的目标是建立一种能够耐受故障(诸如那些可能由核交换导致的故障)的健壮网络。ARPA网满足了这些要求,但也令其创建者惊奇的是,立即就发现大多数ARPA网用户更愿意将该网用于通信,如电子邮件和讨论组。最初,ARPA网仅用于政府研究机构和持有国防部研究合同的大学。1983年,ARPA网被分成高安全性军事网(Milnet)和作为一个研究和开发网络而重建的ARPA网。尽管ARPA网构成了因特网的基础,但它最终于1990年退役。
计算机英语（22）Artifact An unwanted graphic ,usually small ,that remains on a screen after an image is distorted by a mistake ,omission ,or limitation in graphics software or hardware .Artifacts may cause pixels to be dropped or to clump together .Other types of artifacts occur when the quality of a videotape is poor (if metal particles flake off the tape ,for example )or when decompression is faulty. 假象由于错误、删除或图形软硬件中的局限性,而使图像失真以后留存在屏幕上的一种不想要的图形,通常很小。假象可能会造成像素丢失或组合到一起。当录像带质量低劣(例如,如果金属粒子从磁带上脱落)或当解压缩出现故障时,就会出现其他类型的假象。
计算机英语（23）Access Site Location on a network where users can find data or programs .Each site has a unique name .For example ,at Washington University State Library ,there is an archive database stored on a particular computer .It can be accessed by someone who has logged onto the Internet and entered the name "https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc17359073.html,." A woman in Florida or a man in Beijing can each retrieve the files they need from the database .A site’s address generally says something about what kind of organization is offering the data. 访问站点网络上的位置,用户可从那里找到数据或程序。每个站点都有一个唯一的名称。例如,华盛顿大学州立图书馆有一个存储在特殊计算机上的档案数据库,它可由登录到因特网上访问并输入"https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc17359073.html,."这个域名的某个人访问。佛罗里达州的一位女士或北京的一位先生可各自从该数据库中检索他们所需要的文件。一个站点的地址一般告诉什么机构在提供这些数据。
计算机英语（24）Artificial Life A scientific research area devoted to the creation and study of computer simulations of living organisms .Computer viruses have forced a renewal of the debate on the definition of life .Besides forcing us to re-examine our definition of life ,artificial life research may create more effective technology .By applying artificial life concepts to real广告problems ,we can program computer-generated solutions to compete for survival based on their capability to perform a desired task well. 人工生命致力于建立和研究计算机模拟生命组织(有机体)的一种科研领域。计算机病毒已迫使关于生命定义的辩论重新展开。除了迫使我们重新检查生命定义之外,人工生命研究可能会创造更有效的技术。通过将人工生命概念应用于现实生活问题,我们可以对计算机生成的解决方案编程,以在其有能力很好地完成所要求任务的基础上为生存而竞争。
计算机英语（25）Alias An alternative name for software ,hardware ,or user that points to the real name .For example ,on your computer ,you can name your hard drive Thelma instead of the insipid manufacturer identification ,like Q540.An alias applied to a software program will allow it to be opened via different names or icons in different windows .Most E-mail providers allow you to choose an alias in place of your real user name on the network ,so a message addressed to joesmith@https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc17359073.html, will get to a user registered as mjsmith .Alias is a secondary or symbolic name for a file ,a collection of data ,or a computer device .In a spreadsheet ,a range name ,such as Income ,is an alias for a range ,such as
A3..K3.In networks ,group aliases provide a handy way to send electronic mail to two or more people simultaneously. 别名指对软件、硬件或有真实名称的用户的替换名称。例如,在你的计算机上,你可对硬盘驱动器命名为Thelma,而不是命名为枯燥无味的厂商标志,如Q540。软件程序的别名将使软件通过不同窗口中的不同名称或图标打开。大多数E-mail提供者允许你在网络上选择一个别名来代替真实用户名。因此,发送给joesmith@https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc17359073.html, 的一条消息将被送到以mjsmith注册的用户。别名是一个文件、一组数据或
一台计算机设备的第二个名字或符号名。在电子数据表中,像Income这样的区域名是一个区域的别名,如
A3..K3。在网络中,组别名提供了同时向两个或多个人发送电子邮件的便利方法。
计算机英语（26）Video Wall A wall of multiple rack-mounted video monitors or rearprojection displays that together produce a very large image or combinations of images .Video walls can be dramatic attention-grabbing devices for advertising or art ,when a single image is spread across many adjacent monitors .Video walls can be fed from computer output or from real time television
signals .Software divides the image and routes the pieces to each monitor ,and can create special effects . 视频墙是由多个安装在机架上的视频监视器或后投影式显示器组成的大屏幕,一起生成一幅非常
大的图像或图像组合。当单幅图像分散在许多相邻监视器上时,视频壁可成为用于广告或艺术的引人注目的装置。视频壁可由计算机输出或实时电视信号传送信号。软件将图像分割并向每个监视器传送图像片断,而且可产生特殊的效果。
计算机英语（27）Whois A Unix utility ,run by a whois server ,that enables users to locate the electronic mail address ,and often the telephone number and other information ,of people who have an account on the same computer system .In Novell networks ,a command that displays a list of all users logged on the network. Whois 由whois服务器运行的一种Unix实用程序,它可使用户对那些在相同计算机系统上有一个账号的人们对电子邮件地址(常常是电话号码或其他信息)定位。在Novell网络中,是显示登录在该网络上的所有用户清单的一个命令。
计算机英语（28）Wild Card Characters, such as asterisks and question marks, that stand for any other character that may appear in the same place .Microsoft Windows 95 uses two wild cards :the asterisk(*) which stands for any character or characters, and the question mark(?), which stands for any single character. 通配符诸如星号和问号这样的字符,它们代表可能出现在同一地方的任何其他字符。Microsoft Windows 95使用两种通配符:星号(*)──代表任何一个或多个字符;问号(?)──代表任何单个字符。
Fast Reading Materials for Senior I完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5，满分 30 分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从 36~55 各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 While I studied at school, I felt a great difficulty in learning my Latin translations. I was always very 36 in using a dictionary, and 37 it most difficult, while to other boys it seemed no 38 . I formed an alliance（盟友）with a boy in the Sixth Grade .He was very clever and 39 read Latin as easily as English .My friend for his part was almost as 40 troubled by the English essays he had to write for the headmaster as I was 41 these Latin words .We agreed together that he would 42 me my Latin translations and that I should do his essays. The arrangement 43 wonderfully. The headmaster seemed quite 44 with my work, and I had more time to myself in the morning. On the other hand, once a week 45 I had to compose the essays of my friend. For several months no difficulty 46 , but once we were nearly caught out. One afternoon, the headmaster 47 my friend to discuss one essay with him in a lively spirit. “I was interested in this48 you make here. I think you might have gone further .Tell me 49 you had in your mind.” The headmaster continued in this50 for some time to the fear of my friend. However the headmaster, not wishing to 51 an occasion of praise into 52 of fault-finding, finally. 53 him go. He came back to me like a man who had had a very narrow 54 and I made up my mind to make every effort to study my 55 . 36．A．quick B．slow C．hard D．good 37．A．made B．got C．found D．left 38．A．trouble B．difference C．labor D．worry 39．A．might B．would C．should D．could 40．A．very B．little C．much D．few 41．A．for B．by C．in D．to 42．A．change B．take C．forgive D．tell 43．A．worked B．tried C．happened D．developed 44．A．angry B．satisfied C．frightened D．sad 45．A．or so B．or else C．as usual D．as far 46．A．became B．seemed C．lay D．appeared 47．A．called B．taught C．arranged D．sent 48．A．aim B．goal C．point D．opinion 49．A．why B．how C．which D．what 50．A．excitement B．way C．meaning D．disappointment 51．A．turn B．leave C．grow D．become 52．A．none B．one C．either D．some 53．A．ordered B．asked C．took D．let 54．A．surprise B．escape C．hope D．chance 55．A．reading B．writing C．translations D．essays II 阅读理解
V. Reading Comprehension (15%) A It was 3.21 a. m. when nine-year-old Glenn Kreamer awoke to the smell of burning. Except for the crackling （爆裂声）of flames somewhere below there was not a sound in the two-storey house at Baldwin, Long Island. With his father away on night duty at a local factory, Glenn was worried about the safety of his mother, his sister Karen, 14 and his 12-year-old brother Todd. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each on through the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn. The nine-year-old raced back into the house and upstairs to his mother's room. He found it impossible to wake her up. Mrs. Kreamer, a victim of the smoke, was unconscious, and there was nobody to help Glenn carry her to the garden. But the boy remained calm and, as a fireman said later, "acted with all the self-control of a trained adult." On the bedroom telephone, luckily still working, Glenn called his father and, leaving Mr. Kreamer to telephone the fire brigade and ambulance service, got on with the task of saving his mother. First he filled a bucket with water from the bathroom and threw water over his mother and her bed. Then, with a wet cloth around his head he went back to the garden. He could hear the fire engine coming up, but how would the firemen find his mother in the smoke-filled house where flames had almost swallowed up the ground flo or? Grasping firmly a ball of string from the garage, Glenn raced back into the house and dashed upstairs to his mother's room. Tying one end of the string to her hand he ran back, laying out the string as he went, through the hall and back out into the ga rden. Minutes later he was telling fire chief John Coughlan :"The string will lead you to mother." Mrs. Kreamer was carried to safety as the flames were breaking through her bedroom floor. 71．Why did Glenn run downstairs first? A．He wanted to find out what was happening. B．He was worried about his mother's safety.
第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 2009-11-15 23:36:27| 分类：我的世界| 标签：|字号大中小订阅 第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 P249（1）记叙文 Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He’s a world famous scientist and expert on space and time. Stephen is trying to find the answers to some very big questions, such as: how did the universe being? How will it end? 斯蒂芬在1942年出生。他是研究空间和时间领域的一位举世闻名的科学家和专家。斯蒂芬设法发现一些非常大问题的答案，例如：宇宙未来会怎样？它会怎样结束？ Stephen was a student at Oxford University. He studied math and science. Then, at the age of twenty, he became very ill. He was so young, but the doctor said to his family, “He has only two years to live.” The doctors were wrong-he didn’t die. He can’t walk now but he uses a wheelchair. He talks with the help of a computer. After Oxford, Stephen went to Cambridge University. Three years later, in 1963, he became a doctor of philosophy. 斯蒂芬曾经是牛津大学的学生。他学习数学和科学。然而，在20岁时，他生病了。他是如此年轻，但医生告诉他的家人，“他只活两年。”医生是错误的，他没有死。他现在虽然不能走路，但他可以使用了轮椅。随着计算机的帮助，他可以通过计算机举行会谈。牛津大学毕业后，斯蒂芬前往剑桥大学学习。3 年后，在1963年，他成为哲学博士。 Because of his health problems, it was difficult for him to draw diagrams or to write. So he started to think in pictures. With this new way of thinking, he became one of the most famous scientists in the world. In 1981, he met Pope in Rome. They talked about his ideas. Then, in 1988, he wrote his first important book, A Brief History of Time. It sold more than 5.5 million copies in 33 different countries. 由于他的健康问题，出图或写作对于他是很难的。因此他在图片上开始思考。这种新的思维方式，使他在世界上成为了一位最著名的科学家。在1981年，他在罗马遇见了教皇。他们谈论了他的想法。然后，在1988年他写了他的第一本重要的书，《时间的简史》。它在33个不同国家卖了超过550万本。 （2）说明文 One type of solar collector is not very expensive. It is put on the roof of a building. It is usually put on the sunny side of the roof. The sun is most direct in this side, and the unit will collect more heat. The surface is black because black collects more heat from the sun. Inside, there are pipes with water. The top is a piece of glass. The sun shines through the glass and air inside. It heats the water that is also inside. A pump, a machine to move the water, starts when water is warm enough. Then hot water goes into a storage tank. This tank stores or keeps the hot water. Then there is hot water to use for washing clothes or taking baths and showers.
初一英语阅读训练 阅读理解 1 I am Tony Smith. I am twelve. I am in No.101 Middle School. I in Class 2, Grade 7. My good friend is Jim Green. He is an English boy. He is twelve, too. He is in my class. He can speak Chinese well. Jane is in Class 2, too. I think she is a good girl. My Chinese teacher is Mr. Wang. His students like him. He is very cool. 根据短文填空，每空一词。 1.Tony ______ is _______ years old. His first name is ________ .His ________ name is Smith. 2.Tony and Jim are ____ the same _______. Jane is _____ Class Two, too. 3.Tony and Jim _____ good ________. 4.Jim ’ s ______ is very good. 5.Mr. Wang is their ________ teacher. He is ________. His students him very much. 阅读理解 2 Linda ： Hello, Paul, is this your pencil? Paul ： Yes, it is. Thank you. Linda ： Is this your book? Paul ： No, it isn’ t. Maybe（也许）it’ s Mary’ s. Linda ： Mary, is this your book? Mary ： No, it isn’ t. My book is here. AskBill. Maybe it’ s his. Linda ： Bill, is this your book? Bill ：Yes, it is. Linda ： Here you are. Bill ：Thank you very much. But where is my bag? 根据对话判断正（ T）误（ F）。 () 1.This is Linda’ s pencil. () 2. Bill is a student. () 3.The book is Bill’ s.第 1页共 9 页 ()4. Mary can ’ t find（找到） her book. (’)5. Paul knows （认识） Linda and Mary. m 阅读理解 3 Look at these things. This is Mr. Wang’ s ID card. AndisJimthis ’ s watch, that ’ s Mary ’ s key. Gina’ s notebook is over there. Look! What that on the floor? Oh, it a gold’rings. It’ s Jenny ’ s ring. It’ s very n 根据短文选择最佳答案。 1.This is Mr. Wang’ s _____. A. notebook B. key C. ID card D. watch 2._____ notebook is over there. A. Jim ’ s B. Gina ’ s C. Jenny ’ s D. Mary ’s 3.Is this Jim’ s watch? ____ A. Yes, it is. B. No, it isn’Ct. Yes, he is. D. No, he isn’ t. 4.Is Jenny ’ s ring very nice? ______ A. Yes, she is. B. No, she isn’ t. C. Yes, it is. D. No, it isn’ t. 5.Mr. Wang ’ s name is on his______. A. ring B. watch C. key D. ID card 阅读理解 4 This is my friend John Wilson and his family. This is his grandfather. His name is Fritz. This is his grandmother. Her name is Evenly. This is his mother. Her name is Anna. This is his father. His name is Earl. These are his sisters, Christie and Carina. 根据短文，判断正（ T）误 (F) 。 () 1.Fritz is John’ s grandfather. () 2.Anna is his grandmother. () 3.John has two sisters. () 4.Earl is his father. () 5.Christie is Anna’ s daughter.
2020年高三英语材料之阅读理解精品版
高三英语材料之阅读理解 阅读理解1 A Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival ,or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour. We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods. The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame（芝麻）, osmanthus flowers(桂花), rose petals, sweetened tangerine（橘子）peel, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣子酱）. A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling . The salty variety is filled with minced meat（肉末儿）, vegetables or a mixture. The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nutmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size. The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers. 1.Which of the following is NOT true? A．The custom of eating Yuanxiao dates back to the fourth century. B．Sugar, rose petals and minced meat are all fillings of Yuanxiao. C．Sweet Yuanxiao are usually made in southern China. D．People in northern China usually make Yuanxiao by rolling like a snowball. 2.Which country does the Lantern Festival come from? A．China B．South Korea C．Jin Dynasty D．Tang and Song periods. 3.Choose the right order of making Tangyuan in southern provinces. ① make a hole and insert the filling ② roll the dough between your hands ③ shape the dough of rice flour into balls ④ close the hole ⑤ prepare some rice flour A．⑤③②①④ B．③⑤①②④ C．③①④②⑤ D．⑤③①④② 4.What is the best title of this passage? A．The Lantern Festival
①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。
小学英语阅读理解的常见题型设置及解题技巧 在小学阶段，阅读理解题型灵活多样，但主要有以下题型： 一、读一读，然后选一选。 这种题型的特点是在短文后给出若十个不完整的句子或若干个根据短文内容提出的问题，针对每一题都提供三到四个备选的答案，要求同学们在正确理解短文内容的基础上，从选项中选出一个正确的答案。这类试题的问题一般是紧扣短文内容编排的，既会涉及文章中的细节内容，如文中出现的人物、时间、地点、事件的前因后果等；也会涉及文章中某个词或某个句子的含义以及文章的主旨、大意和标题等。 The big day comes at last! Mrs Jones' third grade students are waiting quietly for her to come into the classroom. Today Amy brings some cakes, Joy brings some napkins, Carlos brings some soda water and Kate brings some cups. Everyone wants the party to he a surprise. Mrs Jones doesn't know the children have known today is her birthday. When she comes into the classroom, the children shout,“Happy birthday, Mrs Jones!”And then the children get a surprise,too. Mrs Jones brings everyone a party hat and an ice cream! 阅读短文，选择最佳答案。 ( ) 1. Mrs Jones' grade students are waiting for her. A. three B.third C.No.3 D.the third ( )2. Carlos brings some _____ ． A. cola B.napkins C.soda water D.cups ( )3．_____ brings some cakes. A. Amy B.Carlos C.Joey D.Kate 分析 题1短文的第二句话告诉我们是琼斯老师的三年级的学生们正静静地等候她的到来。在年级前面应该用序数词来表示，如果是在年级后面就应该用基数词表示。如：the third grade,=Grade Three.同时因为前面有定语Mrs Jones'，所以这里也应该不要the。 题2.3 短文介绍了几个同学分别带了一些东西。卡洛斯带了soda water （汽水），艾米带了蛋糕。 正确答案：1.B 2.C 3. A 二、读一读，然后判断句子正误。 该题型的特点是在短文后给出若干个句子，要求同学们根据短文内容，判断所给的句子意思是否与原文相符。做这类题应该联系短文内容进行发挥，主要是考查对意思相近或相反的几个句子进行鉴别、判断，或是变换词语、句子结构来测试同种意思的不同表达。 There are some public numbers. Do you know when to use these numbers? 110 is a number for calling policeman when you have meet some illegal things. 119 is a number using for a fire accident.
八年级上册语篇阅读综合训练 一、完形填空：阅读下面短文，然后根据短文内容从短文后各题所给的选项中选择能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。 Yesterday was Father's Day. Many things happening between my father and me crowded my mind. But one thing made a deep impression on me. It was a Sunday morning, and I was in a 1 mood(情绪).Two of my friends had gone to the movies the night before and hadn't invited me. I was in my room 2 ways to make them sorry when my father came in. “Want to go for a rid today, Beck? It's a beautiful day.” “No! Leave me alone!” Those were 3 words I said to him that morning. My friends called and 4 me to go to the mall with them a few hours later. I forgot to be 5 with them and then went with them. When I came home, I found a 6 on the table. My mother put it where I would be sure to see it. “Dad has had an 7 .Please meet us at Highland Park Hosp ital.” When I reached the hospital, my mother came out and told me a car hit my father and his injuries were extensive(大面积的). “Your father told the driver to leave8 alone and just call 911, thank God! If he had moved Daddy, ...” My mother may have said but I didn't hear. I didn't hear anything 9 those terrible words: Leave me alone. My dad said them in order to 10 himself. He didn't want to be hurt more. How much had I hurt him 11 I shouted out those words at him earlier in the day? It was several days later that he was 12 able to have a talk. I held his hand gently，afraid of hurting him. "Daddy...I am so sorry...” “It's okay，sweetheart. I'll be okay.” “No，”I said，"I mean about 13 I said to you that day. You know, that morning?" He looked at me and said, “Sweetheart, I remember14 about that day, not before, during or after the accident. I remember telling you goodnight the night before, though.” He managed a weak smile. My English teacher once told me that words have great power. They can hurt or they can heal(治愈). And we all have the power to 15 our words. I am going to do that very carefully from now on. 1. A. good B. terrible C. peaceful 2.A thinking up B. giving up C. looking up
1.A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night(英语阅读理解) A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later, they wake up again. Strange, isn't it? 一个奇怪的事情发生在几乎每个人身上，并且都在晚上。他们关上灯，拉上了窗帘和闭上他们的眼睛。六或七小时的睡眠后，他们再次醒来。奇怪，不是吗？ Sleep is a great puzzle. Scientists and doctors would like to talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure what causes sleep. 睡眠是一个伟大的谜。科学家和医生谈谈为什么不能入睡。他们不知道什么是睡眠的原因。 You will sleep best both when you are in good health and when you don't eat too much or too little. No worries and a comfortable place to sleep are important, too.你会睡得最好当你身体健康时，你不要吃太多或太少。不用担心，一个舒适的睡眠环境是重要的。 Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you often move. You would feel tired ever if you didn't move. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. 奇怪的事情发生在睡眠期间。例如，你经常搬家。你会觉得累，如果你没有动。你也做梦。你大脑的一部分仍然是清醒的时候，您也做梦。做梦时发生的记忆和想象的部分你的大脑仍然清醒。 Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were finished while the writers were dreaming. 别担心，如果你有梦想。一些伟大的故事和诗歌的作家会完成梦想。 根据短文内容,判断下列句子正(T)、误( F) 。 1. A strange thing happens to only someone at night.T 2. Scientists and doctors are both sure what causes people's sleep.F 3. When you are in good health, you can sleep very well at night.T 4. The writer means that some dreams are good for people.T 5. If you eat too much or too little before sleep, you won't sleep well.T 2. At the Barber's Shop 在理发店 Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he 杰克去一家理发店剪了头发，但是当他出来时，他 was not happy with the result. When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed 是不满意的结果。当他的朋友鲍波看到他时，他笑了 and said, "What has happened to your hair,Jack?" 说，“你的头发怎么了，杰克？” Jack said, "I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied 杰克说，“我今天尝试了新的理发店，因为我不是很满意 with my old one, but this one seems even worse." 旧的，但是这一次似乎更差。” Bob agreed. "Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what 他同意了。”是的，我想你是对的，杰克。现在我要告诉你 to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, 做的时候，你走进一家理发店下时间：看所有理发师的头发， find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him."